blida
和普通高校的学习方式不同，参加成人高考的考生被录取后有3种学习方式可选，学习形式灵活。从行的成招规定看，成人高等教育的学习形式主要有脱产、业余(夜大学)和函授3种。脱产学习形式和普通高等教育相似，一般以全天面授为主，周末休息；业余学习一般在周六、周日或晚上授课追问
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【中英文文献翻译】怎么检索一篇外文文献然后翻译成中文
[编辑本段]什么是社会资本？ 根据世界银行社会资本协会（the world bank's social capital initiative）的界定，广义的社会资本是指政府和市民社会为了一个组织的相互利益而采取的集体行动，该组织小至一个家庭，大至一个国家。
[编辑]社会资本的分类 罗伯特·科利尔把它分为政府社会资本和民间社会资本.前者被定义为影响人们为了相互利益而进行合作的能力的各种政府制度.这些制度已有文献分析的包括契约实施效率，法律规则，国家允许的公民自由度. 民间社会资本包括共同的价值观，规范，非正式网络，社团成员这些能够影响个人为实现共同目标进行合作的能力的制度因素. 两者的共同点在于这两类社会资本都通过克服集体行动中出现的各种问题，从而解决社会秩序这个问题.[编辑本段]社会资本的特点 尽管社会资本是无形的，而且其形式也各不相同，它还是有着自己显著的特征。
首先，社会资本与物质资本、金融资本、人力资本具有很大的相似性——它们都能够促进经济发展，有助于控制经济资源。
具体地说，这些资本相同的特点包括：（1）是通过积累而形成的；（2）具有规模效应；（3）需要不断地更新；（4）具有生产性。
社会资本不同于上述形式资本的特点有： 1. 对于收益者来说。
社会资本不仅是一种私人资产，更具有公共物品的性质，也就是说社会资本更具有集体而不是个人的特性。
社会资本具有公共物品的特性是社会资本与其他资本最基本的差别。
虽然社会资本可以为个人所用，但这种资本形式并不完全受个人支配。
社会资本不象金融资本那样容易转移，也不象人力资本那样具有流动性； 2.社会资本的所有者可能是个人也可能是组织，甚至有可能是社会整体。
但无论属于谁，社会资本具有不可转让性或者说不可让渡性。
每个人拥有的社会资本都是独特的。
社会资本与拥有者共存，并有其使用范围； 3. 利用得越多，社会资本价值就越大。
不同于物质资本，社会资本不会由于使用而减少但会由于不使用而枯竭。
它具有可再生性，是非短缺的，会由于不断地消费和使用增加其价值； 4.虽然社会资本是随着时间而“慢慢地”产生的。
但它可以很快地失去。
一个人或者一次失误都会极大地浪费集体地信任资源和社会联系。
5.社会资本是社会结构和社会关系的一种特性， 社会资本的作用不仅体现在生产价值上，而且体现在有关方面可以共享收益上，体现在对利益共同体的维持和促进上。
因此较之其他形式的资本，社会资本更具有社会性，收益具有更大的扩散性。
6.社会资本具有生产的不可模仿性。
社会资本更多地表现为历史制度的沉淀，即人们共同遵守的行为准则、规范、情感等；它是社会大众或绝大多数人认可的价值观体系和文化资源，是一种“以人为本”的人文环境。
这决定了社会资本的积累很难通过外部干预和主观努力而形成。
7.社会资本对社区治理、公民社会和国家福利、经济增长也具有重要意义。
世界银行（World Bank）认为社会资本的特点在于它塑造了一个社会交往质量和数量的制度、关系和规范。
社会资本不仅仅是支撑一个社会的制度的加总，它更是把它们合在一起的粘合剂，社会资本是经济增长、公民社会和有效政府的重要前提条件。
[编辑本段]社会资本的作用 国外研究经验证明，社会资本能够减少不确定性和交易成本，提高交易的效率，鼓励专业化，增加在人力资本，物资资本和观念创新上的投资.社会资本决定了与生产（制造）和掠夺（拿走）之间的权衡. 社会资本除了正面的影响外，还存在负面的影响，而且后者也很重要.例如，一个集团内部加强合作，对集团内部成员带来好的影响，而对于非集团成员往往不会带来很好的影响.[编辑本段]社会资本的衡量指标 1 加斯蒂尔自由屋（freedom house）的公民自由和政府自由指数. 2 国际风险指标（international country risk guide,ICRG） 3 商业环境的风险智慧（business environment risk intelligence,BERI） 4 国际商业（business international,BI） 5 哈门那世界指南（humana's world human rights guide） 6 经济自由指数（economic freedom indexes） 7 竞争力指数（competitiveness indexes） 8 国际腐败透明度指数（ transparency international's corruption perceptions index） 9 世界价值调查（world values surveys）
英语专业毕业论文中 关于翻译著作的英文参考文献
没想到，还有人和我一样和找相关的参考文献：About Translation P. Newmark《论翻译》A Practical Guide for Translators G. Samuelsson-Brown《译者实用指南》Can Theory Help Translators? A Dialogue Between the Ivory Tower and the Wordface A. Chesterman & E. Wagner《理论对译者有用吗？象牙塔与语言工作面之间的对话》Corpora in Translator Education F. Zanettin et al.《语料库与译者培养》Corpus-based Approaches to Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies S. Granger《基于语料库的语言对比和翻译研究》Crosscultural Transgressions: Research Models in Translation studies Ⅱ， Historical and Ideological Issues T. Hermans《跨文化侵越——翻译学研究模式（Ⅱ）：历史与意识形态问题》Electronic Tools for Translators F. Austermuhl《译者的电子工具》Intercultural Fautlines: Research Models in Translation Studies Ⅰ， Textual and Cognitive Aspects M. Olohan《超越文化断裂——翻译学研究模式（Ⅰ）：文本与认知的译学研究》Method in Translation History A.Pym《翻译史研究方法》Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation- Orented Text Analysis(Second Edition) C. Nord《翻译的文本分析模式：理论、方法及教学应用》（第二版）The Translator's Turn D. Robinson《译者登场》Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies J.S. Holmes《译稿杀青！文学翻译与翻译研究文集》Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context《文学翻译：比较文学背景下的理论与实践》Translation and Empire : Postcolonial Theories Explained D. robinson《翻译与帝国：后殖民理论解读》Translation and Language : Linguistic Theories Explained P.Fawcett《翻译与语言：语言学理论解读》Translation and Literary Criticism: Translation as Analysis M.G. Rose《翻译与文学批评：翻译作为分析手段》Translation and Nation : Towards a Cultural Politics of Englishness R. Ellis & L. Ley-Brown《翻译与民族：英格兰的文化政治》Translation and Norms C. Schaffner《翻译与规范》Translation and Norms C. Schaffner《翻译，权力，颠覆》Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives G. Anderman & M.Rogers《今日翻译：趋向与视角》Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies L. Bowker et al.《多元下的统一？当代翻译研究潮流》Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche D. Robinson《西方翻译理论：从希罗多德到尼采》以上全是外研社的，建议你挑几个.千万别全写上，一定穿帮
英文文献翻译,毕业论文用的。
题目：生活化的科学课堂更精彩。
需要...
论文要想写好，写出色，先确定题目，一定要和老师商量，因为你喜欢的并不一定是老师喜 欢的，然后把要写作的论点确定了，然后再找资料选择论据证明你的论点是正确的。
最后给 老师列个大纲看一下确定框架，同意了在开始着手写。
你如果需要什么参考资料和范文我可以提供给你。
还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可 以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。
以下总结几点技术上的经验，未必是对的（对其他方向的可能还是错的），但或许对后 面几级的师弟师妹有参考作用。
一、长编1、 遇到可能有用的材料就随手记下。
写作论文过程中，我不止一次地听到有同学抱怨，脑子里有一些判断，却不记得根据什 么材料，或者是某一段材料很重要，因是辗转搜来的，要用到时反而搜不到了。
所以遇上有 关的、可能有用的材料就随手记下吧，不一定要录全，但至少给自己留下关键词和路径。
有时写论文是一个从“听材料说话”到“向材料问话”的过程，对材料的收集、排比、 分类，也是一个整理思路的过程。
2、 录材料要注明出处、页码。
我最初录材料时并不注意注明出处、页码，觉得这段材料将来未必会用上，而且书就在手边 ，将来成文了再找不迟。
后来发现并非如此，即时注下只要多花几秒钟，过后翻检的时间数 倍于此，另外，写作学术史时，安排论著前后的一个根据即是最初发表的时间，录材料时注 明版次，写学术史也方便许多，特别是处理一堆年份相近的论著。
二、初稿 尽可能全面地写下自己的思考。
初稿是提交给导师看的，我一开始总觉得这个不成熟那个太琐屑，什么都不太敢写。
师兄教 育之后，我在初稿中就将长编中的想法都写给老师看。
导师毕竟是导师，看到你的初稿，就 能判断什么在有限的时间里是可行的，什么是有继续挖掘的空间的。
我的定稿和初稿相去甚 远，初稿中的一些琐屑之处已经连缀，不成熟之处也被导师点醒，在有限时间里不可能做好 的部分也被安排在本科论文之后。
三、答辩稿1、 古代纪年第一次出现时括号标明公元年份。
2、 注意格式。
答辩稿要按照学校的规范修改。
可能需要注意的有以下六点：1、答辩稿使用脚注，方便老 师阅读；2、使用“下一页分节符”，摘要、目录、正文、参考文献、致谢、附录之间可使 用分隔符，方便标页码和将来转尾注，分节符word07在“页面引用”中第二栏“分隔符”下 拉菜单第二栏第一个；3、正文开始之后重新标页码，如已使用分节符，插入页码之后，点 击页码进入编辑状态时，在“设计”中第一栏中“页码”下拉菜单中选择“设置页码格式” ，起始页码输入“1”，就可重新标页码了，若参考文献、致谢、附录等也重新标页，选择 “续前节”即可；4、引用第一栏提供自动生成目录功能；5、自动生成目录之时，需要对文 档分级，若使用“格式”，修改原格式比较麻烦，若使用“大纲视图”分级，可能会在前面 带点，我是用右键选择“段落”，弹出的“段落”对话框中选择“缩进和间距”标签，编辑 第一栏“常规”中的“大纲级别”，这样不会修改原文格式；6、慎用格式刷，格式刷会把 注释标号也刷上的。
3、 关键词的翻译可参考学位论文。
如果是一些专业而冷僻的术语（比如我遇上的“诗史互证”），可以到论文库检索用到该“ 关键词”的学位论文。
4、 引言和结语要认真写。
因为我们交论文有一个共同的宗旨，“能拖就拖”，即使你不拖也会有别人拖，所以论 文收半齐并发到各位老师手上，可能已经很晚了。
而且老师可能对你所作的论文并不是太熟 悉。
所以引言和结语对答辩很重要，决定了老师的第一印象。
引言要对一些常识作简要的介 绍，结语要好好总结全文，最好能总结文章的创见及与学界对话之处。
四、定稿 脚注转尾注。
如果答辩稿已经写好致谢，那就只剩下“脚注转尾注”一事了。
可能要注意四点：1、如果 编号是罗马数字，注意转成阿拉伯数字（可以不用圈圈）；2、右键点击“便笺选项”，在 弹出的“脚注和尾注”对话框中，第三栏“应用更改”中将更改应用于“本节”，这样格式 会结束于分页符之前，尾注格式才不会影响到后面的“参考文献”和“致谢“；3、“尾注 ”部分上下有横线，需要去除，选择“视图”中的“普通视图”，再选择“引用”中的“显 示备注”，在跳出的框框中选择“尾注分隔符”，下面会出现一条短线，删除，再选择“尾 注延续分隔符”，出现一条长线，删除；4、更改完成后，要记得更新目录。
求一篇关于酶的英文文献翻译,急需,追加100分。
Etymology and historyEduard BuchnerAs early as the late 1700s and early 1800s, the digestion of meat by stomach secretions[7] and the conversion of starch to sugars by plant extracts and saliva were known. However, the mechanism by which this occurred had not been identified.[8]In the 19th century, when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Louis Pasteur came to the conclusion that this fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force contained within the yeast cells called ＂ferments＂, which were thought to function only within living organisms. He wrote that ＂alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells.＂[9]In 1877, German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) first used the term enzyme, which comes from Greek ενζυμον， ＂in leaven＂, to describe this process.[10] The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word ferment was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms.In 1897, Eduard Buchner began to study the ability of yeast extracts that lacked any living yeast cells to ferment sugar. In a series of experiments at the University of Berlin, he found that the sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture.[11] He named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose ＂zymase＂.[12] In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ＂for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation＂. Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out. Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix -ase is added to the name of its substrate (e.g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose) or the type of reaction (e.g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers).[13]Having shown that enzymes could function outside a living cell, the next step was to determine their biochemical nature. Many early workers noted that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins, but several scientists (such as Nobel laureate Richard Willst?tter) argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins per se were incapable of catalysis. However, in 1926, James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a pure protein and crystallized it; Sumner did likewise for the enzyme catalase in 1937. The conclusion that pure proteins can be enzymes was definitively proved by Northrop and Stanley, who worked on the digestive enzymes pepsin (1930), trypsin and chymotrypsin. These three scientists were awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[14]This discovery that enzymes could be crystallized eventually allowed their structures to be solved by x-ray crystallography. This was first done for lysozyme, an enzyme found in tears, saliva and egg whites that digests the coating of some bacteria; the structure was solved by a group led by David Chilton Phillips and published in 1965.[15] This high-resolution structure of lysozyme marked the beginning of the field of structural biology and the effort to understand how enzymes work at an atomic level of detail.
求助,英文文献的翻译稿 中文版
Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative StudyDigest:Introduced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic feasibility.Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :2.185-2 .465 yuan / ton. One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 2.185 yuan / ton. Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very attractive. Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。
China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, industry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are increasing.At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water shortages. Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all issues. To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very crucial.In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, due to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water produce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【4】 .Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very important. Urban and industrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, industrial production, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】.Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reduced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace contaminants. Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater reclamation. Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also reduce pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection industry 【6】.Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application OverviewThe serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water technology. In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and role. Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the industrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation technology.Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light industry, food and beverage industry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social benefits. The needs of the ...
frivolousproduct怎么翻译？一篇英文文献中的词语,
奢侈品，时尚商品。
“You can describe clothes and things in your house as practical when they are suitable for a particular purpose rather than just being fashionable or attractive.” practical product 是指实用的衣服或物品，而不是时尚的吸引人的。
所以，相对的frivolous product 就是时尚品，奢侈品的意思了。
转载请注明出处范文大全网 » 这些参考文献怎么翻译成英文？
