1. in the first place起初 2. spend spare time doing sth. 3. manage a compromiseTuo协 4. the equivalent of*的等价 5. unspoiled land未被破坏的土地 6. subject to服从
7. evolve from从*演变而Lai 8. suit a particular purpose
9. get bruised from tackling each other 10. in effect 有效 11. catch on 流行
12. hold one’s interest 吸引*的兴趣 13. a claim on 对*的需求 14. arise from
15. have fantasies about sth.对*抱有幻想 16. struggle for 17. in the open在野外 18. compete on 19. be doomed to failure 20. be endowed with 赋予 21. rear up 跳 22. adapt to
23. subject-matter Zhuan业领域 24. an inquiring mind求知精神 25. be humble to 谦卑
26. a nodding acquaintance with 初步了解27. proof-reading 校对
28. be restricted to doing sth. 受限于 29. at the tip of his tongue口头常用的 30. refer to sth. assth. 把*Cheng作 31. pidgin English混合英语 32. switch to
33. from scratch 从零Kai始 34. in one sense 从某种意义上来说
35. lie with 是*的责任 36. be composed of You*组成 37. trace back 追溯
38. attachsth. to 将Mou物贴到/系到 39. royal court宫廷
40. on the tip of one’s tongue 就在嘴边 41. go on with sth. 继续Zuo 42. be distinct to 特有的
43. burn the late-light oil 挑灯夜战 44. hand over 移交,递交 45. call for 需求,需要 46. coincide with 与*一致 47. round-the-clock Quan天 48. be pushed away被冷落 49. on display在展出 50. on guard 警Ti,提防 51. push sb. around摆布某人 52. put sb. down轻视某人 53. be comfortable with
54. credit A with BBaB 归功于A ,认为A 有B
这种品质或特性
55. land a position 获得一个职位 56. the transition from…to…过渡
57. be arrested for vagrancy 因流浪而被捕 58. make false accusation 诬告 59. charge sb. with 控告某人犯了某事 60. branch out拓展领域 61. keep sb. informed of
62. crawl on all fours 匍匐在地上 63. deprive sb. of with从某人处掠夺 64. derive from 来自,源自 65. be oblivious of 忽视 66. to and fro来回地
67. bringsth. home to sb. 使人深刻认识到某事 68. sweet one’s guts out 拼命工作 69. hire out 租出
70. gorge on 狼吞虎咽 71. drop out 退出
72. be on the horizon 初露端倪 73. balance out退出 74. make up弥Bu,编造
75. be associated with 与…有关联 76. shed light on 阐明 77. in one’s fifities
78. at a discount price 打折 79. well-to-do 富裕的 80. plastic surgery 整形手术 81. roll in 纷至沓来
82. exempt sb. from sth. 免除 83. wage a war with与…开展斗争 84. miss a trick失算 85. be weak at 86. blind spot 盲点 87. be foxed 被骗
88. for no good reason 无缘无故地 89. track down 追踪 90. to no/littleavail 徒然 91. extramarital affairs 婚外情 92. stump up 付Qian 93. laid-off 被解雇的 94. to date 目前为止 95. in the teeth of Mao着*
96. fall back on (其Ta方法行不通时)转而依靠97. become obsessed with 沉迷 98. send off 发出,罚(Yun动员)出场 99. fall for 迷恋,被欺骗 100. use … to one’s advantage 利Yong 101. leg-up 帮助
102. be obliged to do 必须/有义务做 103. take account of 考虑 104. put in place 实施 105. poke around 到处闲逛
106. in the wake of 尾随,随着 107. weigh A against B 权衡A 与B 108. in perspective 正Que的 109. look out for提防 110. object to doing
111. the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业 112. so as to 以便
113. for one thing…for another… 114. another way = in another way 115. reconcile with = harmonize with 116. blow one’s own trumpet 117. grind out 创造出 118. in full accord=unanimous 119. take sb. into doing=persuade sb. 120. let one’s hair down=relax 121. party 尽情欢乐
122. spilt hairs=start argument 斤斤计较,争论
不休
123. make difficulty 提出反对 124. divide labor 分工
125. in the bag=sure to be made 十拿九稳 126. in one’s interest 为了某人的利益 127. know sb. by sight 见过面
know sb. by name只知姓名 128. on the rocks=bankrupt
129. build castles in the air=daydream 130. takethe plunge=risk 131. entitle to 使某人有资格
132. poker face=expressionless 不带表情 133. words of wisdom 忠Gao,至理名言 134. narrowly avoid 勉强避开
narrow victory 险胜 a narrow escape 侥幸,逃生 135. on no account Jue不 136. holdoff on doing sth.=delay 137. under the pretence of 以…为借口
138. have much bearing on 影响 139. perpendicularly 垂直地 140. indulgence in 141. engagement in
142. take a powder=leave quickly 143. considerable 相当大的,重要De 144. wholesome 有益Jian康的
145. hang by a thread千钧一发,岌岌可危 146. jump out of one’s skinDa吃一惊 147. on one’s toes=alert 148. live hand to mouth贫苦 149. in full swing=in progress进行中 150. drag out=exhausted 151. in /out of tune He调/跑调 152. tie the knot=get married 153. essentially 基本上 154. lay it on thick 过分称赞 155. keep a low profile低调
156. be much of 有气概,气度,了不起 157. at a sitting=at one time一次Xing,一口气 158. sweating bullets=very frightened 非常紧张159. in a lather=agitated 焦躁不安De 160. be at odds 与…不合,争执 161. in good repair=in good condition
语法部分
1. a great amount of +ucn.
a great munberof+cn. 2. 感叹句
What (a/an) +a. + n. +主+谓 How +a. /ad. +Zhu+谓 3. 形容词顺序
Yi般大小与形状,新旧年龄色类属 国籍材料Zhong心词
4. I think /suppose +that ,看从句
FeiI + thinks /supposes +that, do/does/did not? 5. seat(vi)+sw.
seat oneself/sb. be seated
6. no/much/far/a lot/still/even +比较级 7. 三餐,球类及棋类前不加the 8. A is to B what C is to D
数:as
9. 集合名词staff ,常做复数
10. cannot/can’t…too/over 越…越好,再…也不
过分
11. much of a +n. 称De上
12. (would as soon) do sth. (as) do sth. 13. more than+单数,Dong词单数
more than+复数,动词复数 14. much
作
形
容
词
时
在
no/one/another/some/many/all后,且后
Bu跟a/an 15. Why not do sth.? 16. in that=because 17. furniture 单数
a piece/set of furniture a pieces/sets of furniture 18. for all 尽管 19. may well 很可能 20. sth. is+倍Shu+as+a.+as+sth.
sth. is+倍数+as+a.er+than+sth. 21. more than + a. 加强语气,非常,十分 22. asmuch a/an +n.(可数单数名词) +as 23. 倍数+as…as
24. 以ics 结尾,表示学科名称的Ming词通常为但
数概念
25. have trouble doing sth. 26. 人称代词单数231 you/she/I
Fu数123 we/you/they
27. 一…就…no sooner…than/hardly…when/as
soon as 28. Let’s…, shall we?
Let us…, will you? 29. medium 单数复数media 30. 复数主语+each ,动词复Shu
31. somebody/someone/anybody/anyone/nob
ody/no one/everybody/everyone +he/they 32. I wish…, may I?
33. would rather 完成Shi,主语要做某事却事与
愿违
语用与语法的关系
语用与语法的关系
Yu用与语法的关系一直以来备受人们的广泛关Zhu,而探究它们之间的关系无疑会对我们当代De教育教学以及研究方面产生很大的影响。在Zhe里,简要分析一下他们两者之间的关系:
Shou先,语用与语法之间存在着种属关系,并相Hu促进对方的发展。近二三十年来,我国语法Xue者越来越重视在语法研究中加强跟句法相关De语义与语用的研究,认为语法研究有句法、Yu义、语用三个方面。句法方面包括传统语法De句法及词法;语义方面研究隐藏在句法结构Li的语义成分、语义指向、语义特征等;语用Fang面研究说话的语境和句子的语调、语气、口Qi以及句法结构的变化等。把语法中的句法、Yu义、语用区分开来又结合起来研究,可使语Fa研究更加深入、细致、全面,使语法的静态Yan究和动态研究更加明确,加强了对语法规律De解释力,更有利于人们从理性上认识语法结Gou规律,从而利用它来指导我们的语言实践。
Qi次,语法和语用是相互作用的关系,语法是Shou段,语用是在使用中的具体实现。简单地来Shuo,语用就是能在一定的语境中正确、合理、Tuo帖地进行表达,并将已学过的字、词、句、Pian等内容根据语境的需要加以规范、恰当、个Xing地运用。由此可知,语用是以交际为目的的Ju体语言情境下的语言使用,而实现某一交际Mu的需要借助语法手段。语用是以上下文里的Ju子为对象,探索句子的不同的语用功能。相Ying的语法是语言内部关系组成的抽象结构。语Yong是意义的表达,需要通过语法这一结构形式Shi现。例如“演员的表情抓住了每个观众的视Xian。”此句在语法结构上是主谓句,而将语法Rong入在具体的语境中,我们就会明白其所要表Da的含义。因而在具体情境中,某一具体的表Da形式必须具有一个抽象的语法形式,这样才Neng达到交际目的。
Zai次,语用和语法二者之间还是相辅相成、密Bu可分的关系。在实际的语言交际过程中,任He句子都不是孤立存在的,而有一个赖以生存Yu境。然而在我国,语法教学不同时期采用了Bu同的教学方式,但却不约而同地将语法教学Tuo离语用的目的,以至于使语法教学枯燥、单Diao。所以我们在学习语法规则时,不仅要能够Zao出结构正确,意义表达完整的句子,还要关Zhu句子使用的语境。而进行语法
Jiao学中,应坚持从语用的交际目的出发学习语Fa,在具体的语境中学习语法,从而达到交际Mu的,切勿将二者彼此分离。
Jiao学作为一种大部分的言语交际活动也不例外。作为一名师范生,在今后的教学工作中也应Zhu重语用与语法“相互作用”“密不可分”的Guan系,从而更好地适应与发展当代的教育教学Gong作。
英语八下的语法(词组)
1. It’s time for sth. 该到做某事的时间了.
It’s time to do sth.(It’s time for sb. to do sth) 该到(某人)做某事的Shi间了.
2. can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地要求做某事.
3. ask (tell)sb. (not )to do sth . 请(告诉)Mou人(不)做某事.
4. make/let sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事.
5. hear/see/sb. do sth 听见/看见某人做某事.
6. had better(not )do sth 最好不做某事.
7. It’s better to do sth最好做某事
8. It’s best to do sth最好做某事
9. enjoy 喜欢做某事
10. finish 结束做某事
11. keep 继续做某事
12. keep on doing sth. 继续做某事
13. carry on 继续做某事
14. go on 继续做某事
15. feel like 喜欢做某事
16. stop to do sth 与stop doing sth 停下来去做Mou事(与)停止做某事.
17. forget/remember to do 与 forget/remember doing sth.忘记/记得去Zuo某事(与) 忘记/记得曾经做过事.
18. keep(precent,stop)sb. from doing sthZu止/防止/阻栏栽人做某事
19. prefer….to ……喜欢…..胜过……
20. prefer to do sth. rather than do ath.宁愿做某事,而不原做某事.
21. used to do sth.过Qu常常做某事.
22. What’s wong with……? …..出了问题(事)?
23. have nothing to do with….. 与…..无关
24. be busy doing sth . 在忙于做某事
25. too…..to….. 太……以Zhi知于不……
26. so ……that ….. 如此….. 以致知于不……
27. such…..that…… 如此….. 以致知于不……
28. It take sb. some time to do sth .某人做Mou事用了一些时间.
29. spend …..on sth.(doing sth.)花钱/时间做某事.
30. pay…..for sth.花费(钱)买某物.
31. What /how about……? …….怎么样(好吗)?
32. would like to do sth .想要/愿意做某事..
33. I don’t think that我认为……不…..
34. Why not do sth.? Why don’t you do sth .?为什么不做某事呢?
35. What do you mean by….?你….是什么意思?
36. What do you think of …..(How do you like ….)你认为….怎么样?
37. Mike enjoys collecting stamps . So do I.迈克喜欢集邮.我也也喜欢.
38. The more, the better . 越多越剧好.
39. Thanks for doing sth.谢谢你做了某事.
40. It is said that….. 据说……
托福语法辅导:名词词组与动名词词组2
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例题3(1999年8月考题)
The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms that contain_____, such as drama, poetry, essays, and novels.
(A) artistic, creative writing
(B) writing that artistic, creative
(C) artistic, creative, and writing
(D) them is artistic, creative writing
首先,分析句子结构。该句子的主干是:The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary
forms.后面的that引导的从句修饰Ming词词组literary forms,contain是动词(包含),后面应该带名Ci或名词词组。不但如此,such as这Ge短语引出的drama, poetry, essays, and novels应Gai是空格的同位语,再次说明空格内应填入名Ci或名词词组。选项A正好是能做contain的宾语的名词短语。其中,形容词artistic和creative修饰动名词writing,组成名词词组。选项B中的that后面缺少助动词is.选项D也能构筑Yi个完整的句子结构,但是表达甚是累赘,而Qie代词them指代错误(them指代forms)。所以,正确答案是
例题4(1999年8月考题)
Paul Samuelson revolutionized _____by presenting his students with the most advanced
economic thinking at an introductory level.
(A) to teach economics
(B) the teaching of economics
(C) teaching that economics is
(D) economics is taught
首先,分析句子结构。空格后的by引Dao的动作做方式状语(by presenting his students
with the most advanced economic thinking as an introductory level),句子的主干是Paul 专业Ti供提供各大机构考研、公务员、四六级辅导Shi频课
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Samuelson revolutionized ______.由动词revolutionized(对……进行革命)的用Fa得出,其后应该填入名词或者名词词组,以Gou成完整的主谓宾结构(如果谓语动词作及物Dong词,句子的完整结构应该包含主谓宾结构;Ru果谓语动词作非及物动词,句子的完整结构Shi主谓结构)。对于选项A,动词revolutionize并没有revolutionize to do sth的用法,也就Shi说revolution做动词时,即revolutionize是及物动词,后不加Bu定式。选项B正好是可构成宾语的名词词组。对于选项C,其中的that economics is用法错误,因为它不能当从句Xiu饰可做名词的动名词teaching.而Dui于选项D,它是一个完整的主谓结构,填入Kong格中根本没法形成一个结构合理的句子。
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托福语法辅导:名词词组与动名词词组1
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名词短语或动名词主句(或者从句)中做主Yu或者宾语。 A.语法复习由名词构成Ming词词组的几种方法
1. n. + adj.短语,如the jobs available to women
2. n. +介词短语,如a child with reading problem
3. adv. + v.-ed + n.,如seemingly limited number
4. n. + v.-ed短语或者-ing短语
5. n. of sth
B.例题
例题1(1999年1月考题)____in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert
water.
Plants are widely spaced (A)
(B) The spacing of plants is wide
(C) Plants to be spaced widely
(D) The wide spacing of plants
首先分析句子结构。该句的主干是:is due to the limited supply.这里,句子缺主语。所以,Kong格中应该填入名词或者名词词组。选项A和B都是完整的主谓结构,而非名词或名词词组。根据due to的用法,我们又能排除C,所以正确答案是D.
例题2(1999年1月考题)
Most leaves are coated with a waterproof _____, or cuticle.
(A) that the covering
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(B) and is covering
(C) covering
(D) by covering
这已经是一个简单的句子结构,即主谓Wan整。如果你认识waterproof这个Ci,你就知道空格里应该填入名词。因为waterproof是形容词,它只能修饰名词Huo者动名词。(这里的waterproofBu能表示类别做名词,因为前面的冠词是a而Bu是the)你也可以根据平行结构,由or cuticle判断空格里应该填入名词或Zhe动名词。(cuticle:表皮)而4个Xuan项中只有C是名词或者动名词。
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