realistic portrayal of the 1andscape and social surfaces brought toperfection the vernacular style and explored and exploited the literarypossibilities of the interior life.The major writers in the Realistic PeriodI. Mark Twain 1835--19l0 马Ke吐温Mark Twain is

a great literary giant of America whom H.L.Menckenconsidered “the true father of our national literature.” With works likeAdventure of Huckleberry Finn 1884 and Life on the

Mississippi 1883Twain shaped the world’s view of America and made a more extensivecombination of American folk humor and serious literature than previouswriters had ever done.(一)一般Shi记Mark Twain’s life and writing:Mark Twain Pen name of

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born onNovember 30 1835 in Missouri and grew up in the river town of Hannibal.After his father died he began to seek his own fortune .He once worked as ajourneyman printer a steamboat pilot a newspaper colunist and as adeadpan lecturer. Twains writing took the form of humorous journalism ofthe time and it ennabled him to master the technique of narration.二 识记Mark Twain’s major

works:1.《汤姆索亚历险记》(The Adventures of TomSawyer 1876)这部小说通常被

Ren为是一个儿童故事;它围绕汤姆和他的伙伴Zhan开。夏日里汤姆与波莉姨妈生活在

Chen寂的密西西比河沿岸的一个村庄里。在那儿，他和小伙伴哈克以及乔进行了一系

Lie的冒险活动。他们目睹了尹俊乔犯下的恐怖Mou杀。在揭露了乔的罪行后，汤姆回

Dao学校，并成为穆夫波特案的英雄。尹俊死后，他的财宝被汤姆和哈克平分，后者

You寡妇道格拉斯收养。马克吐温把汤姆变成为Liao美国儿童的英雄人物，该小说也像

《独立宣言》一样成为学校的经典读物。在更Da的程度上，马克吐温通过讲述这个

Gu事，实现了他和其他成人关于理想的孩童时Dai的梦想。童年时代的所有残酷与恐

Ju、好奇与喜悦都得到了淋漓尽致的体现.2.《哈克贝利费恩历险记》(Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn 1884)3. 《亚瑟王朝中的康涅狄格》(A Connecticut Yankee in King

Arthurs Court1889In l865 he pub1ished his frontier tale “The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaveras County” which brought him recognition from a wider public. Buthis full

literary career began to blossom in 1869 with a travel book InnocentsAbroad an account of American tourists in Europe which pokes fun at thepretentious decadent and undemocratic Old World in a satirical tone. MarkTwain’s best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life. Allthese masterworks drew upon the scenes and emotions of his boyhood andyouth. The first among these books is Roughing It 1872 in which Twaindescribes a journey that works its way farther west. Life on the Mississippitells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot. Two of thebest books during this period are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 1876 andAdventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classicbook written for boys about their particular horrors and joys while the latterbeing a boy’s book specially written for the adults is Twain’s mostrepresentative work describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken bytwo fugitives Huck and Jim. Their episodic set of encounters presents asample of the social world from the bank of the river that runs through theheart of the country.His social satire is The Gilded Age written in collaboration with CharlesDudley Warner. The novel explored the scrupulous individualism in a world offantastic speculation and unstable values and gave its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post-Civil War era. Twain’s dark view of the society becamemore self-evident in

the works published later in his life. In A ConnecticutYankee in King Arthur’s Court 1889 a parable of colonialization. A similarmood of despair permeates The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson 1894 whichshows the disastrous effects of slavery on the victimizer

and the victim alikeand reveals to us a Mark Twain whose conscience as a white Southerner wastormented by fear and remorse. By the turn of the century with thepublication of The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg l900 and The MysteriousStranger 1916 the change in Mark Twain from an optimist to an almostdespairing pessimist could be felt and his cynicism and disillusionment withwhat Twain referred to regularly as the “damned human race” becameobvious.三 领会1.Twain as a local coloristDi方色彩

Twain is also known as a local colorist who preferred to present social lifethrough portraits of the local characters of his regions including people livingin that area the landscape and other peculiarities like the customs dialectscostumes and so on. Consequently the rich material of his boyhoodexperience on the Mississippi became the endless resources for his fictionand the Mississippivalley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1lsMark Twain wrote about the lower-class people because they were thepeople he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived.Moreover he successfully used local color and historical settings to i1lustrateand shed light on the contemporary society.2.His use of vernacularAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language hisuse of vernacular. His words are col1oquial concrete and direct in effect andhis sentence structures are simp1e even ungrammatical which is typical ofthe spoken 1anguage. And Twain skillfully used the colloquialism to cast hisprotagonists in their everyday life. Whats more his characters confined to aparticular region and to a particular historical moment speak with a strongaccent which is true of his 1ocal colorism. Besides different characters fromdifferent literary or cultural backgrounds talk differently as is the case withHuck Tom and Jim. Indeed with his great mastery and effective use ofvernacular Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted respectable1iterary medium in the literary history of the country. His style of languagewas later taken up by his descendants Sherwood Anderson and ErnestHemingway and influenced generations of letters.3.His humorMark Twains humor is remarkable too. It is fun to read Twain to begin withfor most of his works tend to be funny containing some practical jokes comicdetails witty remarks etc. and some of them are actually tall ta1es. Byconsidering his experience as a newspaperman Mark Twain shared thepopu1ar image of the American funny man whose punning facetiousirreverenl articles filled the newspapers and a great deal of his humor ischaracterized by puns straight-faced exaggeration repetition and anti-climax let alone tricks of travesty and invective. However his humor is notonly of witty remarks mocking at small things or of farcical elements makingpeople laugh but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injusticeand satirize the decayed romanticism.?. Henry James

1843-1916 亨利詹姆斯Henry James was the first American writer to conceive his career ininternational terms. Today with the development of the modern novel and thecommon acceptance of the Freudian approach his importance as well as hiswide influence as a novelist and critic has been all the more conspicuous.一 一般识记His life and

writing:Henry James was born in New York City. His father was a theological writerand his elder brother was the distinguished philosopher and psycho1ogistWil1iam James who made a great contribution to the theory of the stream-of-consciousness technique. James was one of the few authors in theAmerican literary history who was not ob1iged to work for a living. Heexposed early to an international society. In 1862 he entered Harvard LawSchool where he developed a lifelong friendship with William Dean Howells.There he read intensively Balzac Merimee George Sand George Eliot andHawthorne. Later he

toured Europe and met Flaubert Maupassant Zola andTurgenev who exerted a great influence on him. While Mark Twain andWilliam Dean Howells satirized European manners at times Henry James wasan admirer of ancient European civilization. The materialistic bent of Americanlife and its lack of culture and sophistication he believed cou1d not providehim with enough materials for great literary works so he settled down inLondon in 1876 and in 1915 he became a naturalized British citizen.二(识记His major

works:(1)《美国人》(The American 1877)(2)《贵妇画Xiang》(The Portrait of a

Lady 1881)这是一个关于美国姑娘，伊莎贝尔阿切尔的故事。她来到英国，立即Xi

Yin了老托契特先生、他体弱的儿子拉尔夫，以Ji他们富有的邻居沃伯顿公爵。卡斯

Po古德伍德，一个真诚而执着的美国追求者，Ye来到英国。老托契特死后，伊莎贝

Er成了富有的继承人。在佛罗伦萨，她遇到默Er夫人，既而结识了吉伯特奥斯蒙德，

Yi个美国鳏夫。未能识破奥斯蒙德对她财产的Qi图，她嫁给了他并照料他纤弱的女

Er，潘西。仍然爱着伊莎贝尔的沃伯顿经常来Bai访她，试图娶潘西为妻。潘西表示

Ta并不喜欢这桩婚事，所以伊莎贝尔回绝了沃Bo顿的要求。而这又加大了她与丈夫

Zhi间的分歧，并被丈夫指责为与沃伯顿有不正Dang的关系。拉尔夫病危，伊莎贝尔回

Dao英国。她不想再回意大利了，尤其是知道了Pan西的母亲就是默尔夫人之后。拉尔

Fu去世后，她又遇到了卡斯坡，并承认了自己Dui他的感情。但良心和责任感使她无

Fa抛下潘西，于是她放弃了卡斯坡而回到那个Bu幸的家。 这部小说可谓是詹姆斯的

Dai表作，并将他的文学生涯推向顶峰。读完小Shuo，读者们或许要问为什么伊莎贝尔

Zai可以选择第二次幸福时还毅然回到旧的不幸Sheng活中去,事实上，她返回罗马并不

Shi出于对奥斯蒙德的责任，而是对自我负责——这时的自我已不再是天真幼稚，纯

Jie单一，而是有了经历与体验，处于更高层次De纯真。现在她已经看到了世上的邪

E，并做好了勇敢面对的准备。因此，小说本Shen并不是悲剧;它令人信服的现实主

Yi一部分源于它拒绝一个幸福美好的结局，甚Zhi对 “正确的道路”能带来幸福不作任

He暗示。但它带来了人性的满足与自由——自You来自于不屈服世俗的统治，来自于

Dui服务于完美自由的爱情力量的拥抱(3)《Ning紧螺丝》(The Turn of the Screw 1898)

San(领会1. James’s international theme:Jamess fame generally rests upon his nove1s and stories with theinternational theme. These nove1s are always set against a largeinternational background usual1y between Europe and America andcentered on the confrontation of the two different cu1tures with two differentgroups of peop1e representing two different value systems. Americanpersonalities of naivety innocence enthusiasm vulgarity ignoranceunsophistication freshness eagerness to learn freedom individuality are incontact and contrast with European personalities of over-refinementdegeneration artificiality complexity high cultivation urbanity. Jamesadmire European cultures. The typical pattern of the conf1ict between the twocultures wou1d be that of a young American man or an American gir1 whogoes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny. The unsophisticated boy or girlwou1d be beguiled betrayed cruelly wronged at the hands of those whopretend to stand for the highest possible civilization. Marriage and 1ove areused by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two valuesystems and the protagonist usual1y goes through a painful process of aspiritual growth gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict:However we may misinterpret Henry James if we think he makes anantithesis in his international novels of American innocence versus Europeancorruption.2.James’s

literary criticism The theme of “The Art of Fiction”Jamess literary criticism is an

indispensable part of his contribution toliterature. It is both concerned with form and devoted to human values. Thetheme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of thenovel is to present life so it is not surprising to find in his writings humanexperiences explored in every possible form: illusion despair rewardtorment inspiration delight etc. He also advocates the freedom of the artistto write about anything that concerns him even the disagreeable the uglyand the commonplace. The artist should be able to quotfeelquot the life tounderstand human nature and then to record them in his own art form.3. James’s realism psychological realismJames’s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subjectmatter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of humanbeings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature works willrender the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-moment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And weobserve people and events filtering through th.

躺下去会舒服点 “中间代”作家曹寇 “无聊现实主义”代表作

Tang下去会舒服点 “中间代”作家曹寇 “无Liao现实主义”代表作

Zuo者：曹寇???? 分类：中国当代文学

Jian介： 《躺下去会舒服点》收录了曹寇的二Shi一个短篇小说，其中部分在网络刚刚流行的Nian代就已在文学BBS发表。这些以单纯的文Xue热情和严谨如工匠的态度琢磨出来的作品，Yi出手便即成熟，冷静狠雄，风格独具。相较Yu后来的作品，它们“更加曹寇”。

Chu版社：中国华侨出版社

Guan键字： 中间代 短篇小说 曹寇 无聊现Shi主义

1 自序

1.自序（1）

2 大队部

1.大队部（1） 2.大队部（2）

3 三角进洞

1.三角进洞（1） 2.三角进洞（2） 3.三角进洞（3） 4.三角进洞（4）

4 训练小猪天上飞

1.训练小猪天上飞（1） 2.训练小猪天Shang飞（2）

5 许多人的命运

1.许多人的命运（1） 2.许多人的命运（2）

6 盛夏

1.盛夏（1） 2.盛夏（2） 3.盛夏（3） 4.盛夏（4）

7 长胡子的李芫

1.长胡子的李芫（1） 2.长胡子的李芫（2） 3.长胡子的李芫（3）

8 我们兄弟去干架

1.我们兄弟去干架（1） 2.我们兄弟去Gan架（2）

9 本命年

1.本命年（1） 2.本命年（2） 3.Ben命年（3）

现实主义美术代表作 现实主义美术

Dao读:就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“现实主义Mei术”的资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!

第六课 追求生活的真实——欧洲现实主义Mei术

Da连市第四十四中学 殷振宇

教学目标:

知识与技能目标:

Liao解并感受19世纪欧洲现实主义美术的主要Te点及其主要代表人物和代表作品。

过程与方法目标:

1

Tong过讲授、讨论、对比分析等方法，初步掌握Xin赏和分析现实主义美术作品的方法。

Qing感、态度和价值观目标:

Rang学生感受现实主义美术的艺术魅力，学习美Shu家们热爱大自然、关注底层劳动人民的崇高Jing神，善于在生活中发现真实、朴素的美。

教学重点:

Liao解并掌握19世纪欧洲现实主义美术的主要Cheng就和主要特点，能对一些经典作品进行比较Shen入的分析研究。

教学难点:

Zhe些优秀的现实主义美术作品所蕴含的深刻的Nei涵和社会意义。

Jiao学准备:多媒体课件

教学课时:1课时

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教学过程:

一、导入:

Ke件展示:罗丹的雕塑作品《思想者》、《加Lai义民》等，这些作品是否有印象，我们是否Zeng经学习过,(引导学生在初中学过罗丹的作Pin)，罗丹就是19世纪欧洲现实主义雕塑大Shi，欧洲的现实主义美术不仅表现在雕塑方面，在绘画领域也取得了非凡的成就，出现了众Duo成绩卓著的美术家们，今天我们就来学习欧Zhou现实主义美术。

(教师课件出示学生初中所学过的现实主义雕Su作品，导入本课并出示课题《追求生活的真Shi——欧洲现实主义美术》)

二、讲授新课:

(一)欧洲现实主义美术产生的历史背景

Jin入19世纪中期，欧洲流行的新古典主义和Lang漫主义美术逐渐走向衰落，同时，欧洲资本Zhu义国家的阶级矛盾日益突出尖锐，一些批判Xian实的社会思潮开始传播，主张艺术要大

3

Dan的直面人生，注重艺术的社会意义的现实主Yi文艺运动应运而生。现实主义文艺运动在美Shu领域取得广泛的反映，以法国为中心，后影Xiang整个欧洲。

Dai表美术家:库尔贝、米勒、杜米埃、罗丹等。

(二)欧洲现实主义美术重要的美术家及其代Biao作品

1(课件展示:文艺复兴绘画波提切利的《春》、库尔贝的《打石工》、米勒的《拾穗》。

Shi:提出问题引导学生进行分析:1、这两幅Hua中所表现的人物和《春》的人物不什么不同,2、他们在干什么,在同学们的印象中，我Men所学过的西方绘画作品中是否有表现这些内Rong的,(生回答)

Jie绍画家库尔贝和米勒及他们的作品《画室》《打石工》、《拾穗》《晚钟》(学生介绍，Jiao师引导补充)

2(英国画家康斯太布尔和法国的“巴比松画Pai”

4

Zhan示康斯太布尔的作品《甘草车》、《汉普斯Te荒野》和科罗的《孟特芳丹的记忆》、《忙Te的嫩叶》等

3(现实主义雕塑巨匠——罗丹、杜米埃及其Dai表作品

Jiao师出示吕德作品《马赛曲》和罗丹的《加莱Yi民》、达鲁的《农民》做一下对比，从题材、表现手法及精神内涵等方面分析浪漫主义美Shu与现代主义美术的区别，从而进一步深刻认Shi现实主义本质与特色。

(三)欧洲现实主义美术对中国及欧美国家美Shu创作的影响

Jiao师出示作品《血衣》、《愚公移山》、《伏Er加河的纤夫》等。

Jiao师提问:这些作品在哪些方面看到了现实主Yi的风格,(学生讨论回答，教师总结。)

(四)课堂小结

1、师生共同总结欧洲现实主义美术的特点。

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2、这些优秀的美术家哪些精神值得我们学习。

(五)思考与探究

Jiao师出示作品列宾作品《伏尔加河的纤夫》、Zuo恩《我们每天的面包》，勒帕热《麦草堆》、莱尔米特《收割的报酬》，选择你喜欢的作Pin，写下对作品的感受。

百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学Xi,尽在就爱阅读网92to.com,您的Zai线图书馆

6

批判现实主义作家

Oliver Twist

The novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist. He is born in a workhouse (贫济院) and brought up under miserable conditions. After experiencing an unhappy apprenticeship at an under-taker, he runs away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves. Then he made to be a pickpocket. A benevolent rich old man called Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him home, but the thieves kidnap him and make him join them again. A bad person named Monks, who turns out to be Oliver’s half-brother, helps the thieves in keeping Oliver in the gang, in order to ruin him and obtain the whole of his father’s property. One day Oliver is made to help one of the thieves in breaking into a lady’s house. He gets wounded, and comes into the hand of her aunt. Finally the thieves in the gang are punished and Oliver’s half brother is compelled to confess his evil doings and then put into prison. And Mr. Brownlow adopts Oliver in the end.

So they established the rule that all poor people should have the alternative (for they would compel nobody, not they) of being starved by a gradual process in the house, or by a quick one out of it. With this view, they contracted with the waterworks to lay on an unlimited supply of water, and with a corn-factor to supply periodically small quantities of oatmeal, and issued three meals of thin gruel a day, with an onion twice a week and half a roll on Sundays. They made a great many other wise and humane regulations . . . kindly undertook to divorce poor married people . . . instead of compelling a man to support his family, as they had theretofore done, took his family away from him, and made him a bachelor! There is no saying how many applicants for relief, under these last two heads, might have started up in all classes of society, if it had not been coupled with the workhouse; but the board were long-headed men, and had provided for this difficulty. The relief was inseparable from the workhouse and the gruel, and that frightened people.

1

This passage, from Chapter 2, describes the conditions in the workhouse to which the orphan Oliver has just been sent. The function of this description is twofold: first, to provoke our sympathies for young Oliver and his fellow unfortunates, and second, to register Dickens’s protest against the welfare policy and practice of charity in the England of his time. Three years before the publication of Oliver Twist, the British Parliament passed a controversial amendment to the nation’s “poor-laws.” This amendment

stipulated that the poor could receive public assistance only if they took up residence in official workhouses and abided by their regulations. In these workhouses, husbands were separated from wives, and living conditions were often abysmal. Lurking behind the establishment of workhouses were the assumptions that moral virtue lay in work, that work led necessarily to success, that economic failure was the result of laziness, and that, therefore, poverty was a sign of moral degeneracy. In Dickens’s opinion, charity based on

this kind of premise did far more harm than good to the material and moral situations of its recipients. In this passage, and throughout the early chapters of the novel, he adopts a sarcastic, harshly satirical tone to make this point. Dickens, in fact, says the exact opposite of what he really means and does no more than state the truth. All of the conditions he describes did actually exist. Rather than exaggerating to make his point, Dickens relies on the inherent absurdity of the way English society treated the poor to manifest itself through his description.

Dombey and Son

Dombey, selfish and proud, needs a son to inherit his property. To him his wife is only the means of bearing an heir. He pouts all of his hopes on his son but neglects his daughter, and even drives her out of the house. Unfortunately, his son is killed by the strict education. After his first wife dies, Mr. Dombey marries again. But later on, his wife elopes with his business manager. Finally Dombey goes bankrupt in a financial crisis, and loses his fortune. He lives in humiliation and solitude. Then his daughter, who has been driven from home, returns to him.

(The hero, Dombey, in the novel is a capitalist, a true representative of the English bourgeoisie. The pride of wealth, or “purse-pride”, (富You引起的傲慢) is the

theme of the novel. His social criticism became deeper and more powerful.) David Copperfield

(Of all his novels, David Copperfield is regarded by many as his masterpiece.

The story is told in the first person, through the mouth of the hero. Dickens makes good use of his own life experiences to expose the social evils of his day. And he

2

shows his sympathy for the working people.)

The hero, David Copperfield, is a posthumous/p?s?tju:m?s/ (born after the

father’s death遗腹子) child. After his father dies, his mother marries again. His stepfather treats them very badly. His mother dies not long after the marriage. Then David is taken from school and sent to work as a child-laborer in a blacking factory(皮鞋油厂). He lives in poverty and misery. Later he runs away and throws himself on the mercy (pity) of his aunt. His aunt adopts him and sends him to a good school. Therefore David begins a new life.

After he leaves school, he begins to study law. Then he meets his schoolmate Steerforth, who comes from a rich family. David introduces Steerforth to the family of his old nurse, Clara Peggotty. This family consists of Clara, Mr. Peggotty, their nephew Ham and a pretty orphan girl called Emily, who has been engaged to Ham. The handsome villain Steerforth induces Emily to run away with him. Then he abandons her, and is shipwrecked and drowned off Yarmouth on his return to England. Ham is drowned in an attempt to save him. Emily is found by Mr. Peggotty, and they, together with the Micawbers, emigrate to Australia, where they live happily ever after.

David has undergone a series of love adventures. He falls in love with, and then marries a pretty, empty-headed girl called Dora. After his wife dies, David marries Agnes, the daughter of his aunt’s lawyer. He now becomes famous as an author. They live in happiness.

Great Expectations

The hero, Pip, a poor village boy, is asked to accompany and play with a rich old lady, Miss Havisham. He falls in love with the lady’s adopted daughter, Estella, but

the girl is very proud and cold to him, because of his lower social position. Pip determines to become a rich gentleman. An unknown benefactor (supporter) secretly assists him. Then he enters the high society. But finally his unknown benefactor proves to be an escaped convict (prisoner). After the policemen have caught the convict, the great expectations of the young man fade away and he returns to labor in the countryside. There, he meets Estella, now a widow. The two join their hands for the first time.

(It is a satire upon the society and those people who dream to enter the higher society.)

Characteristics of Dickens’ Novels

Charles Dickens created as many as twenty novels during his life. His novels

thoffered us a profound complete realistic picture of the English society of mid-19

century.

1) Generally speaking, the striking feature is the wide spreading of critical realism.

In his novels, Dickens revealed thoroughly the exploitation of the British

bourgeoisie, and their rapacity/r??p?s?ti/ (greed), hypocrisy and all kinds of

unreasonable rules and regulations existing in that unreasonable society. And

Dickens uncovered the hypocritical institution with sharp satire. He created many

unforgettable figures with simple and clear language.

2) The second feature is the spirit of democracy and humanism. Dickens was

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excellent in character-portrayal and also adept at (expert in) combining comic with

tragedy, laughter and tears, humor and satire. So Dickens is a great humorist and

satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire.

3) Thirdly, the construction of plot in Dickens’ novels is pretty complicated. Besides

the main core of the story, there are always more than one minor clues that are

usually very loosely mingled with each other.

That is why the readers are deeply impressed by his criticism to the exploiters and oppressors, by his spirit of humanism and democracy, by the unforgettable figures he created, especially by his rich humor and satire, and by his simple and clear language. He is the greatest representative of English critical realism and one of the greatest novelists in the whole development of English literature.

A Brief Analysis of Vanity Fair

1) The Story

The main plot centers on the story of two women: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Sharp. Both of them are typical women in a bourgeois society, in sharply different ways. Rebecca Sharp is crafty (cunning诡计多端De), unscrupulous (immoral,),

resourceful(quick-witted ), while Amelia Sedley is simple, sentimental, weak, but good at heart.

The story begins with the departure of the two girls, Rebecca and Amelia, from their school in a London suburb, where they have studied for six years. Amelia is the daughter of a wealthy merchant, and Rebecca (Becky) is an orphan. Becky is determined to worm(小Xin慢慢地进入) her way into upper society at all costs. First

she attempts to entrap Amelia’s brother Joseph for a husband, but she fails. Then she manages to become governess in Sir Pitt Crawley’s family. She soon gains the favor of her master, who is so captivated (fascinated) by her charm that he proposes to her after his wife dies. But Becky has to give up this good chance, because she has been already secretly married to the old man’s younger son Rawson, who has the bright

prospect of inheriting his aunt’s property. But Rawson’s aunt disinherits him on

account of his marriage with a dowryless(无嫁妆的) girl. So Becky’s hopes of being

married to a rich man are dashed.

Amelia is married to a light-minded (轻率的) young lieutenant(中Wei、中校)

called George Osborne. When British troops are sent to the Continent, George goes to war, and is killed in the battle of Waterloo.

A few years later, Rebecca meets her former friend Amelia again. Amelia still holds the dear memory of her dead husband George. But Becky discloses an old secret. She shows Amelia a letter written to her by George. In his letter, George asks Becky to elope with him on the eve of the battle of Waterloo. Amelia feels very disappointed. Then she is married to a man who has a lifelong affection for her. Becky now lives with Amelia’s brother, Joseph, until he dies in the West Indies, leaving his

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property to her. Then she returns to England and tries to live like a lady.

In the novel, Becky Sharp is a classic example of this money-grubbing instinct. Everyone wishes to gain something in Vanity Fair and acts almost in the same manner as Becky.

2) The Characteristics of the Book

(1) Vanity Fair has a sub-title, A Novel Without a Hero, which intends to portray the

bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.

(2) Vanity Fair is work of social criticism, and is noted for the author’s realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism. (3) In Vanity Fair, Thackeray gives block characters(硬心肠的人 ).

(4) Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair.

(5) Thackeray employs an omniscient (无所不Zhi的)narrator to tell the story

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英国现实主义文学杰出代表作

内容提要

《雾都孤儿》是英国作家查尔斯狄更斯的第一Bu伟大的社会批判小说，以雾都伦敦为背景，Yi孤儿奥利弗为主人公，讲述了一个孤儿的身Shi之谜及悲惨遭遇。奥利弗在孤儿院长大，经Li了学徒生涯，艰苦逃难，误八贼窟，又被迫He狠毒的凶徒为伍，历尽无数艰辛，终于在好Xin人的帮助下，查明身世并获得了幸福。《雾Du孤儿》描写了善与恶、美与丑、正义与邪恶De斗争，赞扬了人的天性中的正直和善良，也Wu情地揭露了当时英国慈善机构的虚伪和治安Jing察的专横。

精 彩 页

Di一章 讲述奥利弗特威斯特的诞生地及出生Shi的情况 在某座城镇一个历来常见的机构:Ji贫院，一个婴儿诞生了，他的名字就写在本Zhang的标题中。 教区医生将这婴儿迎进了这个Chong满悲哀和苦恼的世界之后，孩子究竟能不能Huo下来，并拥有自己的名字，长期来一直是一Ge相当值得怀疑的问题;事实是，要诱使奥利Fu利用自己呼吸的功能有相当的难度。他在褥Dian上躺了一会儿，喘息着，在今生与来世之间Pai徊。显然，在徘徊中后者占上风。他身边除Liao一个贫民老太太和教区医生外，再没有任何Ren。老太太因啤酒喝得太多而处于迷迷糊糊的Zhuang态，而医生则是按照合同来履行义务的。经Guo几番挣扎之后，奥利弗呼吸了，打了个喷嚏，并发出一声啼哭，开始向济贫院的居住者们Xuan告:从此教区又添了一张嘴、增加了一个新Fu担。 当奥利弗首次证明自己肺部自如和独Te的功能时，他被草草地丢在铁床架上的拼缀Qi来的床罩上，一位年轻妇人的苍白的脸从枕Shang无力地抬起，一个细若游丝的声音断断续续Di吐出这样一句话:让我看看孩子，然后再死。 那位外科医生站起身来，朝那张床头走去，以亲切的语气说道: 哦，你还不可以谈到Si。 天哪，不～护士插嘴道，天啊～先生，Dang她活到像我这样的年纪，并且生了十三个孩Zi，除了活着的两个，跟我一起住在济贫院时，她就该懂得当母亲的滋味吧，一个可爱的小Bao宝呢，千万想一想。 显然，以一位母亲的Qian景来宽慰这位女子未能产生预期的效果。病Ren摇了摇头，将一只手伸向孩子。 外科医生Jiang婴儿放入她的怀里。她把自己冰冷、苍白的Zui唇深情地印在孩子的前额上。她双手摸了摸Zi己的脸，惊恐地凝视四周，浑身战栗起来。Jie着，身子往后一仰便死了。 全完了，丁古Mi太太～医生终于说道。 护士，如果孩子哭Liao，随时叫我，不必在意，医生极其审慎地戴Shang手套说道，婴儿很可能会吵闹的，如果他闹Liao，就喂他一点粥。他戴上帽子，在朝房门走Qu时又停在病床边，补充道，她还是个漂亮女Ren，她从哪儿来的, 她是昨晚被送进来的，Lao妇人回答道，奉教会执事济贫助理之命。有Ren发现她躺在街上，她已经走了相当远的路，Yin为她的鞋已破烂不堪。可是她从哪儿来，要Wang哪儿去，谁也不知道。 医生俯身向着尸体，抬起了她的左手。还是老一套，他摇摇头，Shuo道，手上没有戴戒指。啊，晚安～ 医生离Kai那儿用晚餐去了。护士在火炉前面的一张矮Yi子上坐下来，开始为婴儿穿衣。 奥利弗一Ge劲地哭着。倘若他知道自己是个孤儿，将任Ping教会执事和济贫助理摆布，也许会哭得更起Jin。 P13-15

作者简介

Di更斯(1812,1870年)，英国作家。他一生共创作长篇小说13部半，其中多数Shi近百万字的大部头作品，中篇小说20余部，短篇小说数百篇，特写集一部，长篇游记两Bu，《儿童英国史》一部，以及大量演说词、Shu信、散文、杂诗。其代表作有:《老古玩店》、《荒凉山庄》、《艰难时世》、《远大前Cheng》、《双城记》等。狄更斯的活动和创作，Yu时代潮流同步。他

Zhu要以写实的笔法揭露上层社会和资产阶级的Xu伪、贪婪，他满怀激愤和深切的同情来展示Xia层社会，特别是妇女、儿童和老人的悲惨处Jing，并以严肃、审慎的态度描写开始觉醒的劳Ku大众的抗争。与此同时，他还以理想主义和Lang漫主义的豪情讴歌人性中的真、善、美，憧Zuo更合理的社会和更美好的人生。 马克思把Ta和萨克雷等称誉为英国的一批杰出的小说家。

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