范文一:古代“老师”有哪些称谓
古代“老师”有哪些称谓
“老师”一词是对在学校中从教者的称谓,“传道、授业、解惑”是其基本职责。“老师”最初指年老资深的学者或传授学术的人,如《史记·孟子荀卿列传》:“齐襄王时,而荀卿最为老师。”后来,人们把教学生的人也称为“老师”,如金代元好问《示侄孙伯安》:“伯安入小学,颖悟非凡儿,属句有夙性,说字惊老师。”明清以来,一般称教师为“先生”。19世纪末,中国现代教育奠基人何子渊先生等辛亥革命元老将“西学”引入中国,创办新式学校后,遂开始在《学生操行规范》里明确将教师称谓定义为“老师”,但绝大部分学生约定俗成将“先生”改称为“老师”,则是从民国时期开始的,并一直沿用至今。
其实,在“老师”之外,古代对教师的称呼还有很多,而且有些已经相当陌生——
师长:含有视老师为尊长之义,是古时候对教师的尊称之一。《韩非子·五蠹》:“今有不才之子,父母怒之弗为改,乡人谯之弗为动,师长教之弗为变。夫以父母之爱、乡人之行、师长之智,三美加焉,而终不动,其胫毛不改。”
夫子:原为孔子门徒对孔子的尊称,后来夫子成为人们对教师的尊称。《论语·子张》:“夫子焉不学,而亦何常师之有!”
山长:是历代对山中书院的主讲教师的称谓,其出处源于《荆相近事》。五代十国时期,蒋维东隐居衡山讲学,受业者众多,蒋维东被尊称为“山长”。此后,“山长”成为对教师的一种尊称。元代时,各路、州、府都曾建有书院,设山长。明清沿袭元制,乾隆时期曾一度改称院长,清末仍叫山长。废除科举之后,书院改称学校,山长的称呼废止。
师傅:古时老师的通称。“师傅”一词原本是太师、太傅、少师、少傅等官职的合称,因为这些职位负责教习太子,所以师傅也成为老师的代称。《谷梁传·昭公十九年》:“羁贯成童,不就师傅,父之罪也。”师傅这一称谓迄今仍在使用,但一般指工商曲艺戏剧等行业的老师。
师父:古代有“一日为师终身为父”的说法,所以也将老师尊称为师父。《吕氏春秋·劝学》:“事师之犹事父也。”
西席:也称西宾,是对教师的一种尊称。其来源为这样一个典故:汉明帝刘庄当太子时,曾拜桓荣为师,登皇位后,他对桓荣仍十分尊敬,常到桓荣住的太常府内,听桓荣讲经。汉代席地而坐,室内座次以靠西向东为尊。汉明帝虽贵为皇帝,仍然给桓荣安排坐西面东的座席,表示对启蒙老师的尊敬,此后,“西席”或“西宾”就成了对教师的尊称。
师保:原为古代辅弼帝王和教导王室子弟的官员,亦师亦保,统称“师保”。《易·系辞下》:“无有师保,如临父母。”后来泛指老师。如清代龚自珍《抱小》:“小学者,子弟之学。学之以侍父兄师保之侧,以待父兄师保之顾问者也。”
宗师:原为掌管宗室子弟训导的官员。《汉书·平帝记》:“其为宗室自太上皇以来族亲,各以世氏、郡国置宗师以纠之,致教训焉。”后逐渐演变为众人所崇仰、堪称师表的人。北宋孔平仲《谈苑》卷三:“石介,字守道,徂徕山人也。文章学术,天下宗师,皆呼为徂徕先生。”
教授:如今的教授一词是高等教育体系中的一种职称,但在古代太学中则是讲学的博士。中国汉、唐两代太学都设有博士,宋代中央和地方的学校始设教授,元代各路、州、府儒学以及明清两代的府学也都设有教授。
助教:在国子监任教的教师。西晋咸宁二年立国子学,始设助教,协调国子祭酒、博士传授儒家经学。此后除个别朝代外,国子监中都设经学助教,称国子助教、太学助教、四门助教、广文助教等。
学博:原为唐代府郡的学官。唐代府郡置经学博士各一人,掌以五经教授学生,后泛称学官为学博。清代小说家吴敬梓的《儒林外史》第三十六回:“这人大是不同。不但无学博气,尤其无进士气。”
讲郎:原为讲授经书的官员。《后汉书·儒林传》:“又诏高才生受《古文尚书》、《毛诗》、《谷梁》、《左氏春秋》,虽不立学官,然皆擢高第为讲郎。”
教谕:原为宋代京师小学和武学中的学官名。明清时期,县设“县儒学”作为一县之最高教育机构,内设教谕一人,另设训导数人。训导是指辅助教谕的助手。府学教谕多为进士出身,由朝廷直接任命。《明史·职官志四》:“儒学:府,教授一人,训导四人。州,学正一人,训导三人。县,教谕一人,训导二人,教授、学正、教谕,掌教诲所属生员,训导佐之。”
先生:“先生”一词的最初含义是先出生的人,引申指长辈、知识丰富的人。《孟子》中的“先生何为出此言也”以及《国策》中的“先生坐,何至于此”,其中的“先生”均是称呼有学问、有德行的长辈。后来,“先生”一词被引申为从事教育工作的人。《礼记·曲礼上》:“从于先生,不越路而与人言。”郑玄注:“先生,老人教学者。”
范文二:古代老师有哪些称谓
古代老师有哪些称谓, 格物致知京报网-北京晚报2013-09-09
“老师”一词是对在学校中从教者的称谓,“传道、授业、解惑”是其基本职责。“老师”最初指年老资深的学者或传授学术的人,如《史记?孟子荀卿列传》:“齐襄王时,而荀卿最为老师。”后来,人们把教学生的人也称为“老师”,如金代元好问《示侄孙伯安》:“伯安入小学,颖悟非凡儿,属句有夙性,说字惊老师。”明清以来,一般称教师为“先生”。19世纪末,中国现代教育奠基人何子渊先生等辛亥革命元老将“西学”引入中国,创办新式学校后,遂开始在《学生操行规范》里明确将教师称谓定义为“老师”,但绝大部分学生约定俗成将“先生”改称为“老师”,则是从民国时期开始的,并一直沿用至今。
其实,在“老师”之外,古代对教师的称呼还有很多,而且有些已经相当陌生——
师长:含有视老师为尊长之义,是古时候对教师的尊称之一。《韩非子?五蠹》:“今有不才之子,父母怒之弗为改,乡人谯之弗为动,师长教之弗为变。夫以父母之爱、乡人之行、师长之智,三美加焉,而终不动,其胫毛不改。”
夫子:原为孔子门徒对孔子的尊称,后来夫子成为人们对教师的尊称。《论语?子张》:“夫子焉不学,而亦何常师之有~”
山长:是历代对山中书院的主讲教师的称谓,其出处源于《荆相近事》。五代十国时期,蒋维东隐居衡山讲学,受业者众多,蒋维东被尊称为“山长”。此后,“山长”成为对教师的一种尊称。元代时,各路、州、
府都曾建有书院,设山长。明清沿袭元制,乾隆时期曾一度改称院长,清末仍叫山长。废除科举之后,书院改称学校,山长的称呼废止。 师傅:古时老师的通称。“师傅”一词原本是太师、太傅、少师、少傅等官职的合称,因为这些职位负责教习太子,所以师傅也成为老师的代称。《谷梁传?昭公十九年》:“羁贯成童,不就师傅,父之罪也。”师傅这一称谓迄今仍在使用,但一般指工商曲艺戏剧等行业的老师。 师父:古代有“一日为师终身为父”的说法,所以也将老师尊称为师父。《吕氏春秋?劝学》:“事师之犹事父也。”
西席:也称西宾,是对教师的一种尊称。其来源为这样一个典故:汉明帝刘庄当太子时,曾拜桓荣为师,登皇位后,他对桓荣仍十分尊敬,常到桓荣住的太常府内,听桓荣讲经。汉代席地而坐,室内座次以靠西向东为尊。汉明帝虽贵为皇帝,仍然给桓荣安排坐西面东的座席,表示对启蒙老师的尊敬,此后,“西席”或“西宾”就成了对教师的尊称。
师保:原为古代辅弼帝王和教导王室子弟的官员,亦师亦保,统称“师保”。《易?系辞下》:“无有师保,如临父母。”后来泛指老师。如清代龚自珍《抱小》:“小学者,子弟之学。学之以侍父兄师保之侧,以待父兄师保之顾问者也。”
宗师:原为掌管宗室子弟训导的官员。《汉书?平帝记》:“其为宗室自太上皇以来族亲,各以世氏、郡国置宗师以纠之,致教训焉。”后逐渐演变为众人所崇仰、堪称师表的人。北宋孔平仲《谈苑》卷三:“石介,字守道,徂徕山人也。文章学术,天下宗师,皆呼为徂徕先
生。”
教授:如今的教授一词是高等教育体系中的一种职称,但在古代太学中则是讲学的博士。中国汉、唐两代太学都设有博士,宋代中央和地方的学校始设教授,元代各路、州、府儒学以及明清两代的府学也都设有教授。
助教:在国子监任教的教师。西晋咸宁二年立国子学,始设助教,协调国子祭酒、博士传授儒家经学。此后除个别朝代外,国子监中都设经学助教,称国子助教、太学助教、四门助教、广文助教等。 学博:原为唐代府郡的学官。唐代府郡置经学博士各一人,掌以五经教授学生,后泛称学官为学博。清代小说家吴敬梓的《儒林外史》第三十六回:“这人大是不同。不但无学博气,尤其无进士气。” 讲郎:原为讲授经书的官员。《后汉书?儒林传》:“又诏高才生受《古文尚书》、《毛诗》、《谷梁》、《左氏春秋》,虽不立学官,然皆擢高第为讲郎。”
教谕:原为宋代京师小学和武学中的学官名。明清时期,县设“县儒学”作为一县之最高教育机构,内设教谕一人,另设训导数人。训导是指辅助教谕的助手。府学教谕多为进士出身,由朝廷直接任命。《明史?职官志四》:“儒学:府,教授一人,训导四人。州,学正一人,训导三人。县,教谕一人,训导二人,教授、学正、教谕,掌教诲所属生员,训导佐之。”
先生:“先生”一词的最初含义是先出生的人,引申指长辈、知识丰富的人。《孟子》中的“先生何为出此言也”以及《国策》中的“先
生坐,何至于此”,其中的“先生”均是称呼有学问、有德行的长辈。
后来,“先生”一词被引申为从事教育工作的人。《礼记?曲礼上》:
“从于先生,不越路而与人言。”郑玄注:“先生,老人教学者。”
范文三:中国古代皇帝称谓
中国古代帝王的称谓,除了称王、称皇帝、称谥号、称庙号、称年号以外,还有一些别称,散见于一些典籍当中。平时读书,搜集了一些。下面列出一些,供大家参考。
1、皇王:对君王的敬称,犹言大王。见于《诗经?大雅?文王有声》:“四方攸同,皇王维辟,皇王烝哉。”朱熹《集传》:“皇王,有天下之号,指武王也。”
2、皇祖:帝王的祖先。明朝规定,朝廷祭告宗庙,高祖以上概称皇祖。
3、皇辟:帝王的别称。《隋书?王劭传》:“皇辟出者,皇,大也;辟,君也。大君出,盖谓至尊受命出为天子也。”
4、主:古代对国君的称呼。《商君书?君臣》:“故国治而地广,兵强而主尊。”
5、主上:臣下对国君的称呼。《资治通鉴》卷二一四,李林甫曰:“此主上家事,何必问外人。”
6、主公:臣下对君主的称呼。《三国志?蜀志?法正传》:“或谓诸葛亮曰:?法正于蜀郡太纵横,将军宜启主公,抑其威福。?
7、主君:国君的别称。《墨子?贵义》:“且主君亦尝闻汤之说乎,”
8、君:君主、天子。《尚书?大禹谟》:“奄有四海,为天下君。”
9、君王:对帝王的称呼。《国语?吴语》:“今君王不察,盛怒属兵,将残伐越国。”
10、人主:人民的主宰,指君主。《商君书?慎法》:“人主莫能世治其民,世无不乱之国。”
urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
11、君人:指皇帝。《商君书?慎法》:“君人者不察也,非侵于诸侯,必劫于百姓。”
12、先帝:当朝帝王已死的父亲。诸葛亮《前出师表》:“先帝创业未半,而中道崩殂。”
13、先君:古代帝王称其先代君王的称呼。《诗经?邺风?燕燕》:“先君之恩,以勖寡人。”
14、先后:先世君王的称呼。《汉书?韦贤传》:“我既此登,望我旧阶,先后兹度,涟涟孔怀。”颜师古注:“先后,即先君也。”
15、先正:先代君长,已故的帝王。《礼记?缁衣》引逸诗云:“昔吾有先正,其言明且清。”郑玄注:“先正,先君长也。”
16、先皇:前代帝王的称呼。唐,杜甫《忆昔》诗之一:“忆昔先皇巡朔方,千乘万骑入咸阳。”
17、先主:对开国君主的称呼。《三国志》有《先主传》。
18、先公:对天子、诸侯祖先的尊称。《国语?鲁语上》:“诸侯祀先王先公。”韦昭注:“先公,先君也。”
19、先圣王:古代的贤明君主。《吕氏春秋?论人》:“此先圣王之所以知人也。”
20、大家:宫中近臣或后妃对皇帝的一种称呼。《新唐书?李辅国传》:“代宗立,辅国等以定策功,愈跋扈,至谓帝曰:?大家第坐宫中,外事听老奴处决。”
21、大王:对帝王的尊称。《旧唐书?玄宗纪上》:或曰“先启大王。” urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
22、大君:古时天子的别称。宋。范仲淹:《六官赋》:“伊六官之设也,所以经纶庶政,辅弼大君。?
23、大皇:对帝王的尊称。《昭明文选?晋?陆机?辨亡论》:“大皇既没,幼主莅朝。”
24、大庭:传说上古帝王的名称。《庄子?胠箧》:“昔者容成氏、大庭氏、……神农氏,当是时也,民结绳而用之。”
25、大行、大行皇帝:对初死皇帝的讳称。《后汉书?安帝纪》:“大行皇帝,不永天年。”
26、圣、圣主、圣明主、圣上、圣君、圣明、明哲:都是对皇帝的尊称。班固《东都赋》:“于是圣上赌万方之欢娱,又沐浴于膏泽。”
27、上:在上者,有时特指君主、帝王。《礼记?王制》:“尊君亲上,然后兴学。”
28、今上:对当时帝王的称呼。有时也称当今。《史记?史公自序》:“汉兴五世,隆在建元,外攘夷狄,内修法度,封禅。改正朔,易服色。作《今上本纪》第十二。”
29、上皇:上古的帝王。郑玄:《诗谱序》:“诗之兴也,谅不于上皇之世。”
30、王:先秦以前帝王的称呼。《荀子?王霸》:“百王之法不同。”
31、足下:战国前后,臣下对君主的敬称词。相传起于春秋时晋文公怀念介之推。《战国策.燕一》:“足下以为足,则臣不事足下矣。”
32、万岁:古代臣民对王侯的祝贺之词,秦汉以后演变成皇帝的尊称。
urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
33、陛下:秦以后专称皇帝为陛下。
34、孤、寡、孤寡、寡人、不彀:古代王侯的自称的谦词。《老子》:“贵必以贱为本,高必以下为基,是以侯王自谓孤、寡、不彀。”《左传》僖公二十三年:“楚王飨之,曰:?公子若反晋国,则何以报不彀,?”
35、寡君:人臣对别国称自己国家君主的谦词。《左传》僖公四年:齐侯曰:“岂不彀是为,先君之好是继。与不彀同好何如,”对曰:“君惠憿福于鄙邑之社稷,辱收寡君,寡君之愿也。”
36、国王:君主或帝王的称呼。亦是最高封爵。自汉至明一直沿用。
37、国主:国君、国王。《文选.李陵,〈答苏武书〉》 :“故欲如前书之言,报恩于国主耳。”
38、帝、帝王:古代君主的称号。如,三皇五帝。
39、后王:古代君主的称呼。《荀子?不苟》:“天地始者,今日是也;百王之道,后王是也。”后王:当今之王。
40、素王:远古帝王的称呼。道家称有帝王之德而不必居帝王之位者为素王。儒家称孔子为素王。
41、世主:国君。
42、少主:年轻的皇帝。《大唐新语》卷十一:“高宗大渐,顾命裴炎辅少主。”
43、社稷主:国君的代称。《大唐新语》卷一:“宋璟昌言曰:?太子有大功于天下,真社稷主,安敢妄有异议,?”
44、元后:对天子或君主的称呼。后世又称帝王嫡妻为元后。
45、社君:对幼主的称呼。
urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
46、元首:君主。
47、元君:善良的君主。
48、嗣皇、嗣君、嗣圣、嗣王:继位的帝王。《礼记?曲礼下》:“践阼,临祭祀,内事曰孝王某,外事曰嗣王某。”
49、驾、大驾、车驾、御驾、圣驾、尊驾:原为帝王车乘的总称,后来常用为帝王的代称。《旧唐书.宦官传》:“车驾频致播迁,朝廷渐加微弱,原其祸作,始自中人。”
50、万乘:帝王的代称。《孟子?梁惠王上》:“万乘之国,弑其君者,必有千乗之家。”周制:天子地方千里,出兵车万乘;诸侯地方百里,出兵车千乗。故以万乘称天子。
51、乘舆:帝王的车舆,后亦代称帝王。《后汉书?耿弇传》:“乘舆且到,臣子当击牛醨酒,以待百官。”
52、皇舆:帝王的车舆,后亦代称帝王。屈原《离骚》:“岂余身之殚殃兮,恐皇舆之败绩。”
53、真主:帝王别称,即所谓真命天子。《后汉书?王常传》:“常大悟曰:?王莽篡弑,残虐天下,百姓思汉,故豪杰并起。今刘氏复兴,即真主也。?”
54、真人:帝王的别称。《史记?秦始皇本纪》:“三十五年,始皇曰:?吾慕真人,自谓真人,不称朕。?”
55、天子:君主。《礼记?曲礼》:“君天下曰天子。” urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
56、天王:殷周时天子只称王。春秋以后,一些诸侯例如楚、吴等相继称王,于是尊称周王为天王。后来泛指封建帝王。杜甫《忆昔》诗:“犬戎直来坐御床,百官跣足随天王。”
57、天颜:帝王的容颜,代称帝王。
58、天囚:对帝王的蔑称。章炳麟《驳康有为论革命书》:“夫戴此失地之天囚,以为汉族之元首,是何异取罪人于囹圄而奉之为大君也。”
59、所天:帝王的别称。旧时又代指父亲和丈夫。《后汉书.梁竦传》:“(窦)宪兄弟奸恶继伏辜诛,海内旷然,各获其宜。妾得苏息,拭目更视,乃敢昧死自陈所天。”
60、小童:周代帝王居丧时的自称。《左传》僖公九年:“凡在丧,王曰小童,公侯曰子。”
61、冲人:帝王年幼即位者自称的谦词。
62、太祖、高祖:对开国帝王的尊称。多用为庙号。如,汉高祖、唐高祖、宋太祖、明太祖等。
63、世祖:对开国帝王的尊称。多用为庙号。如元世祖、清世祖等。
64、皇考:本为人名。(元寿生太原太守惠嘏,嘏生平原太守烈,烈生宁远将军祯,祯生皇考忠)常在清代,指当朝皇帝已死的父亲。
65、大行:是指刚刚崩逝,未称庙号、谥号的皇帝。
66、太上:本指远古帝王时代。《礼记?曲礼》上:“太上贵德。”释文:“太上,谓三皇五帝之世。”后世尊称帝王为太上。
67、太宗:对开国第二代皇帝的尊称。
urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
68、可汗:古代鲜卑、柔然、突厥、回纥、蒙古等族对最高统治者的称呼。三世纪时最先用于鲜卑族。
69、单于:两汉时匈奴称其君长为单于。郎主:辽、金时期对北方君主的称呼。
70、人牧:国君的别称。即治理人民的人。《孟子?梁惠王上》:“今夫天下之人牧,未有不嗜杀人者也。”
71、九重:原指宫禁,帝王之居处。《楚辞.九辩》:“君之门以九重。”后又代称天子。《旧唐书.宦官传》:“万机之与夺任情,九重之废立由己。”
72、朝廷:本来指帝王接见臣下纥处理政事的地方,也用作中央政府和帝王的代称。
73、明上、明王:对帝王的尊称。
74、后主:后嗣君主。有些末代帝王习惯上也称后主。如南朝陈后主、五代李后主。
75、县官:皇帝的代称。古时称王畿内都邑为县,所以又以县官为朝廷的代称。
76、官家:皇帝、朝廷的别称。胡三省:“西汉谓天子为县官,东汉谓天子为国家,故兼而称之。或曰:五帝官天下,三王家天下,故兼称之。”白居易《喜罢郡》诗:“自此光阴为己有,从前岁月属官家。”
77、至尊:皇帝的代称。贾谊《过秦论》:“履至尊而制六合,执棰拊以鞭笞天下。”
urban area 2.5.2 Yibin city in Yibin city, according to resource and environment characteristics Urban population and urban spatial distribution, spatial distribution of industries, major infrastructure Corridor layout, combined with the future development trend of synthetic judgments, planning, urban spatial structure of urban system can be summarized as: "a pole along the two axes". "A" refers to the metropolitan area along the Yangtze River, is the core area of the development of the city. Plans to build for the Yangtze River economic belt on the pillar, advancing along the ... Guanghe River, Yiliang, prestige of the external cohesion of zhaotong, Yunnan, internal connecting Yibin city to the North. The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area of Yibin, in the city of zhaotong, liupanshui three, zhaotong city, the most populous and most extensive regions, the most economically backward, to the North in Wumeng mountain area of yanjin, shuifu, suijiang counties radiation power is relatively weak. Yibin city and infrastructure in such areas should be strengthened and docking, extending southward to public services, promote the development of mineral resources in Northeast Yunnan, expand our economic hinterland, driving synchronous lifting in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border area. This urban axis with mineral resource advantages, focus on the development of advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of resources of higher energy, new building materials, chemical industry, developing new energy and mining towns. Urban space organization-in gongxian County, Gao, junlian County Center for area organizations, improve, Gao, Gong, junlian County comprehensive services, and promoting regional economic development and population growth of the agglomeration. Along the main traffic arteries to implement "point-axis development" mode key repeatedly, Shahe town, Xiao Zhen, Luo table Zhen, Luo town, love Mu Zhen and other towns as district development focuses on cities and towns, promote the development of district
范文四:古代对人的称谓有哪些
古代对人的称谓有哪些
【称名】大致有三种情况:1、自称姓名或名。如“五步之内,相如请得以颈血溅大王矣”,“庐陵文天祥自序其诗”。2、用于介绍或作传。如“遂与鲁肃俱诣孙权”,“柳敬亭者,扬之泰州人”。3、称所厌恶、所轻视的人。如“不幸吕师孟构恶于前,贾余庆献谄于后”。
【称字】古人幼时命名,成年(男20岁、女15岁)取字,字和名有意义上的联系。字是为了便于他人称谓,对平辈或尊辈称字出于礼貌和尊敬。如称屈平为屈原,司马迁为司马子长,陶渊明为陶元亮,李白为李太白,杜甫为杜子美,韩愈为韩退之,柳宗元为柳子厚,欧阳修为欧阳永叔,司马光为司马君实,苏轼为苏子瞻,苏辙为苏子由等。
【称号】号又叫别号、表号。名、字与号的根本区别是:前者由父亲或尊长取定,后者由自己取定。号,一般只用于自称,以显示某种志趣或抒发某种情感;对人称号也是一种敬称。如:杜甫号少陵野老,白居易号香山居士,苏轼号东坡居士,陆游号放翁,辛弃疾号稼轩,李清照号易安居士,罗贯中号湖海散人,关汉卿号已斋叟,吴承恩号射阳山人等。 【称谥号】古代王侯将相、高级官吏、著名文士等死后被追加的称号叫谥号。如称陶渊明为靖节征士,欧阳修为欧阳文忠公,王安石为王文公,范仲淹为范文正公,王翱为王忠肃公,左光斗为左忠毅公,史可法为史忠烈公,林则徐为林文忠公。而称奸臣秦桧为缪丑则是一种“恶谥”。
【称斋名】指用斋号或室号来称呼。如南宋诗人杨万里的斋名为诚斋,
人们称其为杨诚斋;姚鼐因斋名为惜抱轩而被称为姚惜抱、惜抱先生。再如称蒲松龄为聊斋先生,梁启超为饮冰室主人,谭嗣同为谭壮飞(其斋名为壮飞楼)。
【称籍贯】如唐代诗人孟浩然是襄阳人,故而人称孟襄阳;张九龄是曲江人,故而人称张曲江;柳宗元是河东(今山西永济)人,故而人称柳河东;北宋王安石是江西临川人,故而人称王临川;明代戏曲家汤显祖被称为汤临川(江西临川人);清初学者顾炎武是江苏昆山亭林镇人,被称为顾亭林;康有为是广东南海人,人称康南海;北洋军阀首领袁世凯被称为袁项城(河南项城人)。清末有一副饱含讥刺的名联:“宰相合肥天下瘦,司农常熟世间荒。”上联“合肥”指李鸿章(安徽合肥人),下联“常熟”即指出生江苏常熟的翁同和。
【称郡望】例如韩愈虽系河内河阳(今河南孟县)人,但因昌黎(今辽宁义县)韩氏为唐代望族,故韩愈常以“昌黎韩愈”自称,世人遂称其为韩昌黎。再如苏轼本是四川眉州人,可他有时自己戏称“赵郡苏轼”、“苏赵郡”,就因为苏氏是赵郡的望族。
【特殊的称谓有以下四种】
一、百姓的称谓。常见的有布衣、黔首、黎民、生民、庶民、黎庶、苍生、黎元、氓等。
二、职业的称谓。对一些以技艺为职业的人,称呼时常在其名前面加一个表示他的职业的字眼,让人一看就知道这人的职业身份。如《师
说》中的“师襄”和《群英会蒋干中计》中提到的“师旷”,“师”,意为乐师,表明职业。《柳敬亭传》中的“优孟”,是指名叫“孟”的艺人。“优”,亦称优伶、伶人,古代用以称以乐舞戏谑为职业的艺人,后亦称戏曲演员。
三、友情的称谓。贫贱而地位低下时结交的朋友叫“贫贱之交”;情谊契合、亲如兄弟的朋友叫“金兰之交”;同生死、共患难的朋友叫“刎颈之交”;在遇到磨难时结成的朋友叫“患难之交”;情投意合、友谊深厚的朋友叫“莫逆之交”;从小一块儿长大的异性好朋友叫“竹马之交”;以平民身份相交往的朋友叫“布衣之交”;年龄相差较大的朋友叫“忘年交”;不拘于身份、形迹的朋友叫“忘形交”;不因贵贱的变化而改变深厚友情的朋友叫“车笠交”;在道义上彼此支持的朋友叫“君子交”;心意相投、相知很深的朋友叫“神交”等等。
四、年龄的称谓。古人的年龄有时不用数字表示,不直接说出某人多少岁或自己多少岁,而是用一种与年龄有关的称谓来代替。垂髫是三四岁至八九岁的儿童;总角是八九岁至十三四岁的少年;豆蔻是十三四岁至十五六岁;古代男子二十岁行冠礼,表示已经成人,因为还没达到壮年,故称“弱冠”;而立是男子三十岁;不惑是男子四十岁,不惑是指“不迷惑、不糊涂”之意;知命是男子五十岁,知命是指“知天命”之意;花甲是六十岁。古稀是七十岁。耄耋指八九十岁。期颐指一百岁。
范文五:古代对教师的称谓有哪些
? ? ? ?古代对教师?的称谓有哪?些
古代对?教师的称谓?有哪些 老?师 一词是?对在学校中?从教者的称?谓, 传道?、授业、解?惑 是其基?本职责。 ?
老?师 最初指?年老资深的?学者或传授?学术的人,?如《史记 ?孟子荀卿列?传》:史记? 孟子荀卿?列传》》:?
?伯安入小学?,颖悟非凡?儿,属句有?夙性,说字?惊老师。 ?
明?清以来,一?般称教师为? 先生 。?19世纪末?,中国现代?教育奠基人?何子渊先生?等辛亥革命?元老将 西?学 引入中?国,创办新?式学校后,?遂开始在《?学生操行规?范》里明确?将教师称谓?定义为 老?师 ,但绝?大部分学生?约定俗成将? 先生 改?称为 老师? ,则是从?民国时期开?始的,并一?直沿用至今?。
? 其实,在? 老师 之?外,古代对?教师的称呼?还有很多,?而且有些已?经相当陌生? 师长:?学生操行规?范》里明确?将教师称谓?定义为 老?师 ,但绝?大部分学生?约定俗成将? 先生 改?称为 老师? ,则是从?民国时期开?始的,并一?直沿用至今?。
? 其实,在? 老师 之?外,古代对?教师的称呼?还有很多,?而且有些已?经相当陌生? 师长》?:
? 今有不才?之子,父母?怒之弗为改?,乡人谯之?弗为动,师?长教之弗为?变。夫以父?母之爱、乡?人之行、师?长之智,三?美加焉,而?终不动,其?胫毛不改。?
? 夫子:
? 原为?孔子门徒对?孔子的尊称?,后来夫子?成为人们对?教师的尊称?。《论语 ?子张》:论?语 子张》?》。五代十?国时期,蒋?维东隐居衡?山讲学,受?业者众多,?蒋维东被尊?称为 山长? 。此后,? 山长 成?为对教师的?一种尊称。?元代时,各?路、州、府?都曾建有书?院,设山长?。明清沿袭?元制,乾隆?时期曾一度?改称院长,?清末仍叫山?长。废除科?举之后,书?院改称学校?,山长的称?呼废止。 ?
师?傅:
? 古时老师?的通称。 ?
师?傅 一词原?本是太师、?太傅、少师?、少傅等官?职的合称,?因为这些职?位负责教习?太子,所以?师傅也成为?老师的代称?。《谷梁传? 昭公十九?年》:谷梁?传 昭公十?九年》》:?
?事师之犹事?父也。
? 西?席:
? 也称西宾?,是对教师?的一种尊称?。其来源为?这样一个典?故:
? 汉明帝刘?庄当太子时?,曾拜桓荣?为师,登皇?位后,他对?桓荣仍十分?尊敬,常到?桓荣住的太?常府内,听?桓荣讲经。?汉代席地而?坐,室内座?次以靠西向?东为尊。汉?明帝虽贵为?皇帝,仍然?给桓荣安排?坐西面东的?座席,表示?对启蒙老师?的尊敬,此?后, 西席? 或 西宾? 就成了对?教师的尊称?。
? 师保:
? 原为?古代辅弼帝?王和教导王?室子弟的官?员,亦师亦?保,统称 ?师保 。《?易 系辞下?》:易 系?辞下》》:?
?小学者,子?弟之学。学?之以侍父兄?师保之侧,?以待父兄师?保之顾问者?也。
? 宗师?:
?原为掌管宗?室子弟训导?的官员。《?汉书 平帝?记》:汉书? 平帝记》?》卷三:
? 石?介,字守道?,徂徕山人?也。文章学?术,天下宗?师,皆呼为?徂徕先生。?
? 教授:
? 如今?的教授一词?是高等教育?体系中的一?种职称,但?在古代太学?中则是讲学?的博士。中?国汉、唐两?代太学都设?有博士,宋?代中央和地?方的学校始?设教授,元?代各
路、州?、府儒学以?及明清两代?的府学也都?设有教授。?
?助教:
? 在国子?监任教的教?师。西晋咸?宁二年立国?子学,始设?助教,协调?国子祭酒、?博士传授儒?家经学。此?后除个别朝?代外,国子?监中都设经?学助教,称?国子助教、?太学助教、?四门助教、?广文助教等?。
? 学博:
? 原为?唐代府郡的?学官。唐代?府郡置经学?博士各一人?,掌以五经?教授学生,?后泛称学官?为学博。清?代小说家吴?敬梓的《儒?林外史》第?三十六回:?儒林外史》?第三十六回?》:
? 又诏高?才生受《古?文尚书》、?《毛诗》、?《谷梁》、?《左氏春秋?》,虽不立?学官,然皆?擢高第为讲?郎。
? 教谕?:古文尚书?》、《毛诗?》、《谷梁?》、《左氏?春秋》,虽?不立学官,?然皆擢高第?为讲郎。 ?
?教谕》:
? 儒?学:
? 府,教授?一人,训导?四人。州,?学正一人,?训导三人。?县,教谕一?人,训导二?人,教授、?学正、教谕?,掌教诲所?属生员,训?导佐之。 ?
?先生:
? 先生? 一词的最?初含义是先?出生的人,?引申指长辈?、知识丰富?的人。《孟?子》中的 ?先生何为出?此言也 以?及《国策》?中的 先生?坐,何至于?此 ,其中?的 先生 ?均是称呼有?学问、有德?行的长辈。?后来, 先?生 一词被?引申为从事?教育工作的?人。《礼记? 曲礼上》?:孟子》中?的 先生何?为出此言也? 以及《国?策》中的 ?先生坐,何?至于此 ,?其中的 先?生 均是称?呼有学问、?有德行的长?辈。后来,? 先生 一?词被引申为?从事教育工?作的人。《?礼记 曲礼?上》》:
? “齐?襄王时,而?荀卿最为老?师。”
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