神评论-少
范文一：通用考博英语历年真题
2008-2016年浙江大学博士研究生入学考试英语历年试题及参考答案
目录
2016年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2015年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2014年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2013年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2012年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2011年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2010年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2009年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
2008年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
第一部分:2016年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案 Part Ⅱ Structure & Written Expression
Directions: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (25%) 1. Thomas Wolfe portrayed people so that you came to know their yearnings, their impulses, and their warts-this was effective______. A . motivation B. point of view
C . characterization D. background
2. The appeal to the senses known as______is especially common in
poetry .
A . imaginative B. imaginable
C . ingenious D. imagery
3. If you've got a complaint, the best thing is to see the person concerned and______with him.
A . tell it B. have it out C. say it D. have it known 4. There have been several attempts to introduce gayer colors and styles in men's clothing, but none of them______.
A . has caught on B. has caught him out
C . has caught up D. take roots
5. The retired engineer plunked down $ 50,000 in cash for a mid-size Mercedes as a present for his wife______a purchase with money made in the stock market the week before.
A . paid off B. paid through C. paid out D. paid for 6. He has courage all right, but in matters requiring judgment, he has often been found sadly______.
A . lack it B. absent C. in need of it D. wanting 7. Danis Hayes raised the essential paradox and asked how people could have fought so hard against environmental
degradation______themselves now on the verge of losing the war. A . only found B. finding only
C . only to find D. have only found
8. The once separate issue of environment and development are now______linked.
范文二：浙大考博英语历年真题答案
浙江大学考博英语历年真题答案
04 年春季入学考试
听力
1、nutritious
2、European community farms 3、retain nutrition
4、pure beef
5、Vitamin C
6、motorcycling and fishing 7、73.8 years
8、new surgical techniques
9、getting healthier
10、check up unhealthy people 13 C D C 11-
14-16 C B B
17-20 C B A D
词汇
21-25 B B A A C
26-30 B D A B C
31-35 A B D A B
完形填空(Cloze Test)
36-45 BDDDA ADCAB
46-55 DABAA DCBDA
阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)
56-60 AACBD
61-65 CBACA
66-70 ABCDD
71-75 BDCCA
汉译英(Translation)
现在的年轻人心怀不切实际的抱负，追逐地位和财富，正在吧自己弄得很痛苦。 Nowadays, the young are suffering from the impractical aspiration and striving for chasing
wealth and fame. According to a recent survey, at the age of 30 more than half of them feel like a
loser without a long-term partner, savings in the bank, a high-ranking position, a luxurious car and
a house. Obviously, this is a remedy for pain. However, only a few can ready attain these goals
with most of us being losers inevitably. Moreover, those seem winners are also at the risk of
failure.
浙江大学考博英语历年真题答案
04 年秋季入学考试
词汇
21-25
26-30
31-35
完形填空(Cloze Test)
36-45 DABDC BDADB
46-55 ABAAD BDABC
阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)
56-60 CDADA
61-65 ABADC
66-70 CADAA
71-75 ACDAB
汉译英(Translation)
在人类的事务中，诸如政治、社会、经济和商业之类的事务，试图预测其未来是毫无意义的，
更不用说去考虑75 年以后的情景了。
In human affairs-political, social, economic, and business-it is pointless to try to predict the future, let alone attempt to look ahead 75 years. But it is possible-and fruitful-to identify major events that have already happened, irrevocably, and that therefore will have predictable effects in the next decade to two. It is possible, in other words, to identify and prepare for the future that has already happened.
The dominant factor for business in the next tow decades-absent war, pestilence, or collision with a comet-is not going to be economics or technology. It will be demographics. The key factor for business will not be the overpopulation of the world, of which we have been warned these last 40 years. It will be the increasing underpopulation of the developed countries-Japan and those in Europe and in North America.
浙江大学考博英语历年真题答案
05 年春季入学考试
听力
1、clear but muggy
2、cooler
3、light scattered showers
4、mid-Sunday morning
5、partial lunar eclipse
6、marble
7、representing 36 states
8、the capital and Washington storm front
9、Linton’s two great Monument accomplishments
10、8am to midnight
11-13 D C A
14-16 C D B
17-20 C B BA
词汇
21-25 BDDBA
26-30 BADDC
31-35 BDBDC
完形填空(Cloze Test)
36-45 CADBA ACBDA
46-55 DACBC DCBAD
阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)
56-60 DACBA
61-65 DBBAC
66-70 BCCAD
71-75 DDCCB
汉译英(Translation)
Money is a symbol and one of the functions of symbols is to gather things together. Money gathers together every aspect of our lives. When you pull the money thread the person unravels. Not only is their economic history revealed but also their whole social and emotional history. British social policy expert, Professor Jan Pahl, says money acts as “a tracer of relationships”. When you ask
someone about their money attitudes you uncover an underlying emotional and relationship tapestry which dates back to early childhood.
The first obvious thing that needs to be said about this is that it’s very different from the way
in which economics, banking, accountancy and other financial areas treat money. The world of official money averts its gaze from this personal picture of money and prefers to go on pretending that money is an impersonal medium of exchange. But have you observed someone you know trying to avoid telling their child what they earn? People actually blush as they bluster their way out of giving a direct answer. Especially men. It’s not only because children don’t understand relative value-though this is
the common justification.
浙江大学考博英语历年真题答案
05 年秋季入学考试
听力
1、12:30
2、The ordinary road
3、a pub lunch
4、7:30 pm
5、meals in London
6、activities and sports
7、50%
8、jogging
9、Saturday
10、2%
13 C B B 11-
14-17 B C C A
18-20 B C C
词汇
21-25 BCCCD
26-30 DDCBB
31-35 ACABA
完形填空(Cloze Test)
36-45 ABBAD DACDA
46-55 DDCDC ADDDA
阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)
56-60 BBACB
61-65 CDCAB
66-70 DACCB
71-75 AABBD
汉译英(Translation)
Ten years have passed since U.S. corporation began hiring more than token numbers of women for jobs at the bottom rung of the management ladder. A decade into their careers, how far up have these women climbed? The answer: not as far as their male counterparts. Despite impressive progress at the entry level and in middle management, women are having trouble breaking into senior management. “There is an invisible ceiling for women at that level, “ says Janet Jones-Parker, executive director of
the Association of Executive Search Consultants Inc. “After eight or ten years, they hit a barrier.”
The trouble begins at about the $75.000 to $100,000 salary level, and seems to get worse the higher one looks. Only one company on Fortune’s list of the 500 largest U.S. industrial corporations has a
woman chief executive. That woman, Katharine Graham of the Washington Post Co., readily admits she got the job because her family owns a controlling share of the corporation.
More surprising, given that women have been on the ladder for ten years, is that none currently seems to have a shot at the top rung. Executive recruiters, asked to identify women who might become presidents or chief executives of Fortune 500 companies, draw a blank. Even companies that have women in senior management privately concede that these women aren’t going to occupy the chairman’s office.
浙江大学考博英语历年真题答案
06 年春季入学考试
一、听力
1、bad breath
2、Bud music
3、the beach
4、causal clothes
5、doesn’t like TV
6、she say in England
7、Mexico
8、at David house
9、No more than minutes
10、on the plane
11-13 CBB 14-16 ADB 17-20 CBDD
二、词汇
21-25 ADDAB 26-30 CCCCD 31-35 ACACA
三、完形填空(Cloze Test)
36-45 CDACB DAABB
46-55 AACBD CBACD
四、阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)
56-60 BBDBC
61-65 ADABC
66-70 BDDCB
71-75 DBAAD
汉译英(Translation)
遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大,从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一
生的作为。因此遗传是命运，是命中注定的东西。然而，基因并不是在真空中发挥作用的;
一旦我们开始认识到基因在个人发展中所起的作用，我们就会明白，没有与其相互作用的环
境，就不可能有任何个人的发展。没有一个特点是完全由环境或者完全由基因造成的。
遗传和环境的相对影响在同卵双胞胎中最易观察到。大多数的同卵双胞胎是在一起抚
养长大的，因而无论在外表还是行为上都惊人地相像。这些实例证明，具有相同基因的个体，
若在同样的环境中长大，就会以几乎同样的方式对环境作出反应。但这些例子并不能说明如
果把这些同卵双胞胎分开抚养会发生什么情况。
对分开抚养的同卵双胞胎已进行了许多研究。被研究的这些双胞胎都生活在美国，成
长的自然环境几乎相同。并且具有几乎相同的营养史。因而，正如所料，他们在外表、身高
和体重上及其相似。也有例外:一对双胞胎中的一个患了相当严重的疾病而另一个却没生病;
但总体而言，同卵双胞胎之间，甚至从婴儿时就分离的同卵双胞胎之间，在心理和身体上会
如此相似，给每个人留下了深刻的印象。
Heredity and environment, which one is more important? To some extent, the potentials which a person is born with will determine what he will do in life. Therefore, heredity is fate. However, genes do not work in a vacuum; As soon as we begin to realize the function of them in the development of the individual, we understand that there will be no development without interacting environment. No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes The relative influences of heredity and environment are most clear to be seen in identical twins. Most of them are raised together are surprisingly alike in both appearance and behavior. These cases show that individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will react to it in almost the same way. But they do not indicate what would happen if these identical twins are raised separately.
A number of studies have been made on the identical raised twins separately. These all live in
America with the same surroundings and nutritional history. Therefore, as one might expect, they
are extremely alike in appearance, height and weight. There are exceptions: one twin develops
from a severe illness and the other does not; but on the whole it is very impressive that identical
twins are so much alike psychologically and physically, even those have been separated from
infancy/ when they are babies.
2006 年秋攻读博士生学位研究生入学考试题答案 听力
1、the statistics/figures 2、three categories
3、other activities
4、19.8%
5、0.3%
6、June 13th
7、One pound
8、a games room
9、30 kilometers
10、by credit card
11-13 A B C
14-17 A B B D
18-20 A C C
词汇
21-25 CADAC
26-30 BDCBB
31-35 ADCBB
完形填空(Cloze Test)
36-45 CADCB ACACB
46-55 DDACB ACBBA
阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)
56-60 BADDC
61-65 CDCCD
66-70 CAABD
71-75 ADBDB
汉译英(Translation)
范文三：考博英语历年真题 中国农科院历年考博试题
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(8。3)中国农科院历年考博试题
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ferry(金币+6):thanks
(8。3)中国农科院历年考博试题
中国农科院历年考博试题
2002年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
一、简答题
1、聚丙烯酰胺、琼脂糖在DNA电泳中的区别是什么,
2、举出动物转基因的两种方法，并说明其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理。
4、以拟南芥或玉米为例，说明转座子标签法进行基因转移
1
的原理。
5、Southern印迹的原理及应用。
三、试论述植物基因工程研究进展以及在农业生产上的意义。
2001年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
一、名词解释
1、限制性内切酶 2、同裂酶 3、核酶 4、2μ环 5、hat选择
6、Ti质粒 7、T-DNA 8、同功tRNA 9、反义tRNA 10、有义链
11、α互补 12、基因文库 13、cDNA 14、染色体步查
二(简答题
1、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、Southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别,
4、AFLP的原理及其应用
5、普通PCR与RAPD有何区别，何谓普通PCR,
6、何谓双元载体，简述其组装过程及其作用机理,
三、判断题
1、无论用哪种转化方法均可用PBR322作载体
2、进入细菌的外来DNA之所以被降解，是因为细菌只修饰自身DNA，不修饰外来DNA
2
3、只有粘粒端才可以被连接起来
4、用自身作引物合成的cDNA链，往往cDNA并不完整
1998年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
一、什么是基因工程，基因工程在农业生产上有何意义,
二、简答:
1、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳应用有何特点,
2、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理
4、转座子标签法克隆植物基因的原理
5、Southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用,
6、在DNA复制过程中会形成一种复制体(replisome)的结构，它是由哪几部分组成的,
7、Sanger测序法的基本原理是什么,
1999年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
一(名词解释:
1(CDNA 2 Ti质粒 3. 2u环 4. HAT选择 5 a互补 6 YAC 7 转导 8 基因文库 9 限制性内切酶 10 染色体步查
二(问答题:
1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
2 Phagmid和cosmid作为载体的特点。
3 AFLF原理及其应用。
4 双元载体的概念及构建原理。
3
5 Southern吸印杂交的原理及应用。
1995年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题同98年
1994年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
1 AP-PCR和普通PCR的区别。
2 用于植物动物的基因转移方法有何区别。
3 植物基因组和动物基因组结构有何区别。
4 目前已克隆转录因子有那些，采用什么方法克隆。
5 RNA的自我剪切有几种方法其过程。
6
获得某一基因，如何得知其功能。
7 评价转基因安全性。
基因工程原理2003年试题考了5个名词解释(20分)，5个判断题(10分)，简答题(30分)，问答题(40分)。名词解释、判断题我大都记不清了。
简答:1. RNAi(RNA干涉)的工作机理和作用。
2. 双脱氧测序法的原理。
3. 基因芯片的种类和工作原理。
4. PCR的工作原理。
问答:1. 研究DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法有几种。
2. 如何提高外源基因片段在原核细胞中的表达量。
4
3 叙述功能基因组学的内容与意义。
名词: 脉冲电场电泳法
RNA保护(RNA protection)
(80%的题都出自这里)
1( 什么是基因工程,试述在农业生产上的意义。
2( 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳与琼脂糖电泳在应用中有何不同和特点。
3( 双脱氧法测序的基本原理是什么,
4( SOUTHERN印迹的基本原理及其应用。
5( 试述两种转基因方法并说明其原理.
6( 双元载体的概念及其构件原理
7( AFLP的原理及其应用.
8( PLASMID和COSMID作为载体的特点.
9( 试述RFLP
10( 试述转座子标签法克隆目基因
11( 试述定位克隆技术
12( 试述RNA编辑.
13( 试述YAC
14( 试述染色体步移
15( 试述基因芯片
我想基因工程原理无非就是这些基本原理，2004年的论述
5
题是获得一个克隆怎么研究功能，
生化题
一、 名词解释:
拼接体 异构酶 变构酶 锌指蛋白，RNAi ，Western blotting, RT-PCR,顺式作用元件，反式作用因子，核酶，结构域，分子伴侣，复制体，蛋白质靶向到位
二、 问答题
1简述真核生物基因表达的主要调控环节和蛋白质合成后靶向运送的类型
2生物大分子之间的相互作用是生命现象的具体表现，试以蛋白质之间以及蛋白质与核酸分子之间的相互作用为例加以说明
3真核与原核转录的区别
4生物膜有那些主要的生物功能清举例说明膜蛋白参与那些重要的生命过程
5酶调控是代谢调控的实质，为什么?酶水平调节层次
6何谓蛋白质的磷酸化和脱磷酸化，试以实例说明其对生长和发育的调节的作用
大题同2004基因工程题
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范文四：医学考博英语历年真题摘要写作范文
医学考博英语历年真题摘要写作范文
97年题
A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition
This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.
What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.
Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without. Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD)
In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China.
Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.
University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties. Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先
Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these
hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This article discusses this problem and the solution to it.
First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.
In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.
Writing Drill 6
Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions.
Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do.
范文五：医学考博英语历年真题摘要写作范文
医博考博英语历年真题摘要写作范文 医博考博英语历年真题摘要写作范文 考博英语历年真题摘要写作
97年题 A Blind Zone in Childr-Nutrition This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has lead to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai. What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies,about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provide the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition. Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrients, none of which can be done without. Writing Drill 4(98 FATMD) In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation(PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about the consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. PC is now gradually accepted by college students in China. Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been reports on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstanding about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide. University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique course in universities. Though it contributed to
students’ healthy growth, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties. Writing Drill 5 老年健康饮食为先 Aging usually brings about recession in many bodily functions such indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits.
This article discusses this problem and the solution to it. First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, less staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because overconsumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Fifth, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance. In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food are of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life. Writing Drill 6
Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions. Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do.
Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it is advocated by many doctors and health experts. It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future. Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health
It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows
that smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lungs, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking. While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar collected in the lungs can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be simulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological process that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting. In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or k
ind should try to give it up. 这篇短文的主旨是说明吸烟对健康危害及造成危害的原因，通读全文，根据其要点可以分 为四个部分：1）吸烟有害；2）吸烟有哪些具体的害处；3）为什么吸烟会有害，亦即其致害机 理是什么；4）总结：吸烟有害要戒烟。 总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，这样可以向阅卷老师 表明你的逻辑。 Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health
Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting pathogens by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) is increasingly big today. A simple and effective way of prevention is handwashing. But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patient contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their hands with chlorinated lime before and between all patient contacts. As a result, the rate fell sharply. His methods were used by some other hospitals but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time. In the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that handwashing be imposed. But it has not been well compiled, even in ICUs, despite some efforts to improve compliance. The traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet. HCWs have their own excuse for the resistance, such as no time, skin irritation, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant pathogens on the increase. HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs: wash your hands before or between patient contacts. 本篇短文主要讲了通过洗手防止和减少医院获得性感染的问题， 这篇短文总的说来结构
比较清晰，总结归纳起来相对容易，摘要写作当中，首先要将摘要分成三个部分，先象一般的论 文一样写个引言，介绍主题，其次写 Semmelweis 首先发现了医务工作者不洗手而接触病人会 造成感染， 而洗手可以减少这种感染及引起的死亡率， 尽管他的方法没有得到当时医学界的认可， 最后是结论部分，写20世纪80年代，政府健康机构也要求强制洗手，但执行情况并不尽如人意。 总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，细节引用尽量地少， 这样才可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。 Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing
On their way to adulthood, adolescens are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual encounters with HIV carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults. What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for attention from the medical profes
sion to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty for more and proper attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community. Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat teenagers. Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric morbidity, which can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly. However, there is a lack of psychiatric care of these patients, which has to be addressed in no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange formal services for these patients, which may not be efficient in the future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly cooperative relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry and general medicine makes the already difficult task of caring for patients with coexisting mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for relevant services. In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge and approaches to treatment and psychiatric services.
本文的内容根据标题便可不言自明了；患有身体疾病的同时伴有心理疾病的人越来越多， 但这些人的心理护理亟需要得到科学的治疗和护理。 摘要中要突出这种内科病人的心理护理缺医 少药的问题，如缺乏正规的治疗和医护人员，费用昂贵等，结论断要包含专家就此问题提出的建 议和看法。 摘要可以分成三个部分，一是引言段，引出问题；二是正文段，概述问题并加以讨论；三 是结论段，用专家的建议作为结尾。 总之，摘要写作时切忌“见木不见林”，要体现出层次感，结构要明快，不要拘泥于细节，这 样可以向阅卷老师表明你的逻辑性强，抓住了要点。
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