范文一:中西思维差异与英语写作
中西思维差异与英语写作
摘 要:英汉语言的思维模式存在较大的差异。结合英语教学实践, 探讨汉语思维对中国学生英语写作的影响, 提出相应的对策, 以使学生能注意到两种思维模式的差异, 克服母语的干扰, 提高英语写作水平。 There exist differences between English and Chinese thought patterns. Based on teaching practice, the restriction of Chinese thought modes on English writing by Chinese students is dealt with and some suggestions are put forward for its improvement. In English writing Chinese students should be aware of the differences of the two different thought patterns and avoid L1 negative transfer so as to improve English writing.
大量的研究表明, 学生的外语写作过程具有双语特征。有研究发现初级阶段的二语写作不是一个纯粹的二语思维过程, 二语水平较低的学生在二语写作中常常依赖母语思维。随着二语水平的提高, 母语思维量逐渐减少, 不同的思维活动中的母语参与量不等。本文从东西思维方式的差异出发, 结合英语教学实践, 探讨学生的英语写作由于受汉语思维负迁移的影响而产生的种种弊病, 以使学生能注意到两种思维模式的差异, 并对两种思维模式进行有效的模仿, 克服英语写作中汉语的影响, 提高英语写作水平。
(一) 用词差异
(1)用词的虚实问题
(2)动、名词和介词使用频率的问题
(3)用词的具体与概括的问题
(4)修饰词运用频率的问题
1.1 英语: 思维抽象(method of abstract diction),虚概括,静态的, 名词、介词;
汉语: 思维具象(method of concrete diction), 实概括, 动态的, 动词;
(1)用词的虚实问题
1. 在封建社会,中国人民生活在水生火热之中”,
a. In the past, the Chinese people led a life in deep water and hot fire. b. In the past, the Chinese people led a life of extreme hardship”
评价:a 句非常形象生动, 句子通顺, 看上去也没有语法错误, 而英语母语者读起来却感到非常吃力, 不容易理解。b 句更符合英语主虚的特点。中国学生的英语写作充满了意象性,虚词汇,
2. 安东尼彻夜未眠,因为他对于是否得插手此事举棋不定。
Anthony didn ?t sleep the whole night because he raised the chess and can?t decide whether or not to take a hand in the matter.
Anthony stayed up all night because he just could not make up his mind whether or not to take a hand in the matter.
3. 他非常刻苦,一直在脚踏实地学习英语。
“I study very hard and have been learning English on the ground”,这会 人山人海; people mountain people see.
不要虎我:don ?t tiger me.
上火:catch fire
评价:这种用法非常形象生动, 但却让英美人士迷惑不解,
(2)动、名词和介词使用频率的问题
汉语是动态的, 语言中多用动词;
英语是静态的, 其语言呈现出少用动词, 多用名词和介词。
1. No years pass now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult.
行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了, 每年都证明确实如此。
2. The custom-made object will be within everyone?s reach.这种定制生产的产品到那时便人人都可享用了。
3. “这位通俗歌星在舞台上的出现引起了全场观众起立鼓掌。” “The pop star appeared on the stage, which caused the audience to stand up and applaud.”
“The pop star?s presence on the stage brought the audience to their feet in applause.”
4. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her.(这表达了作者震惊尴尬的复杂矛盾的心理。)
5. “这本书太难, 我看不懂。”学生通常的表达是
The book is too difficult for me to read.”
“The book is above /beyond me”。
6. 我对这件事完全不知道。
I don?t know this matter at all.
I am utterly in the dark about the matter.
(3)修饰词运用频率的问题
西方人思维是理性的; 措辞讲求“真”,以理服人,
东方人的思维是情感的, 措辞讲求“华”以情动人。
如“痛苦的呻吟, 残酷地折磨”等都是汉语中常见的表达。 如“这位美国前国务卿已重新回到公众社会中……”
例证:
英语词语搭配是学生英语写作中最感棘手的问题, 因为中文里的某些词语在不同的语境里英语有不同的表达。学生对于“任何语言都有自己独特的用词习惯和语义逻辑”体会不深, 汉语思维模式影响太大, 写出的英语不地道, 不符合惯用法。中国学生在处理汉英词组转换时, 经常沿袭母语的形象思维方式, 根据汉语意思套用英语单词, 英语写作就成了填空式练习, 缺乏英语抽象思维能力, 汉语干扰根深蒂固, 很难准确表达思想。
④At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.(误)
At college, we should acquire as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.(正)
学习知识不能用learn knowledge 来表达, 而英语中与knowledge 搭配的动词有acquire, obtain, absorb, accumulate, develop, gain, broaden, enlarge 等。
(二) 句式结构差异
2.1时空观念问题
英语句子的人称、数量、时态、语态情态均受制于时空, 要求形式一致;
汉语语言形式要求并不严谨。
1. “她开始行医至今已有三年零四个月了。”
She began to practice medicine for three years and four months to the day.
2. 老妇人愤愤地大声叫喊说, 那个女店员骗了她。”
The elderly woman angrily exclaimed that the shop girl had cheated her.
2.2 关联照应方面的问题
英汉不同的思维方式对其语言结构产生了较大的影响。北京大学季羡林教授认为, 东西方文化最根本的不同表现在思维模式方面。他说:一言而蔽之, 东方文化体系的思维模式是综合的, 而西方则是分析的。表现在语言上, 汉语句子重“意合”,强调内容或表意的完整性; 英语句子重“形合”,强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性
1. 关联照应手段差异
英语: 分析型的理性语言, 句间讲究形合, 显性, 多样的关联照应 汉语: 综合型的直感语言, 句间讲究意合, 单一, 隐式的关联照应。 英语句子的从属关系大多数是用连接词if, because, although, when等明确表达出来。”
1. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。If you can keep fit, you needn?t worry about
your future.
2. 跑得了和尚, 跑不了庙。The monks may run away, but the temple can not run away with them.
3. 中国学生在英语写作时受母语习惯的影响, 往往不注意句与句间的衔接, 英语写作缺乏照应手段, 句式单调, 缺乏连贯性, 习惯使用一连串的简单句。
He speaks slowly, his voice is loud, everyone in the hall can hear clearly. 这是由三个短句组成的一个句子, 带有明显的汉语思维痕迹, 结构松散。为了体现三个短句之间的关联, 按照英语思维, 变换句式, 使用恰当的衔接手段, 将此句转化成一个复合句:
He speaks slowly and his voice is so loud that it can be heard clearly by everyone in the hall
4. 她……身体十分虚弱, 几乎站不起来。”这句汉语隐含因果关系。 She was very weak, she could barely stand up.”
除此之外,英语往往用替代变换进行照应, 而汉语则倾向于重复词汇。
5. “…我们是要一个没有自行车的城市, 还是要一个没有汽车的城市……”
“... We should have a city without bikes or a city without cars ...”
6. Your question is an interesting one.
7. 他讨厌失败, 他一生中曾战胜失败, 超越失败, 并且藐视别人的失败。He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.
2. 主语显著与主题显著的差异
英语:形合,subject-prominent, 句子的主题往往就是该句的主语; 汉语:意合,topic-prominent, 主题往往并非就是句子的主语。
1. 喝一碗汤, 就算是早饭了。
The breakfast is just a bowl of soup.
可以看出, 汉语的主语和英语的主语完全不同。在例1中, 汉语句子的主语是一个话题或主题, 由一个动词短语构成。
2. 夏天很难保藏食品。
Summer is difficult to preserve food.
It is difficult to preserve food in summer.
上例就是一个典型的主题句, 按照汉语思维,“夏天”是主题, 后面是评述。受汉语思维的影响, 学生认为汉语的主题就是英语的主语, 其实, 英语的主语是“保藏食品”( to preserve food),“夏天”( in summer)只是时间状语。
3. “罢工结果, 资方接受了工人的要求。
4. “令我们吃惊的是, 这位……州长竟然是个贪官。”
3. 客体思维在句式上的体现
西方人重视自然客体, 思维的目标往往指向外界, 探求外部世界, 整个思维是开放型的。中国人则受传统影响, 重视人的伦理生活, 思维往往指向自身, 寻求人与自然的和谐。思维方式的这种差异反映在语言表达上, 其明显的标志之一就是在描述实物和阐述事例的过程中, 特别是当涉及到行为主体时, 汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词做主语(或潜在
的主语), 而英语则常用非生物名词做主语由于受汉语主体思维的影响, 在英语写作中, 学生习惯用一定概念的人做主语,“I, we”等指人代词使用频率高, 常用
“We think...”, “I estimate...” “people believe…”
“It can be argued that...”, “It is estimated that...”, “It is believed that that.”
1. The teaching set-up filled me with fear.
I felt fear by the teaching set-up. 前一句的出发点是外界事物, 客观幽默; 而后一句的出发点是说话者自身, 主观色彩强烈。中国学生习惯用第二种表达, 体现了中国学生英语写作中较强的主观倾向。在英语写作中, 我们要注意主、客观倾向的差异, 变换出发点, 使语言表达趋于客观, 增强文章的说服力。
2. “如果不按时将书归还图书馆或到期前不续借, 就得按规定罚款。”If you can ?t return books to the library on time or renew them before they are due, the library will fine you .
就极易激化读者与图书馆的矛盾;
If books are not returned, a fine must be paid
就易被读者接受。注意到这种倾向性的差异, 学生作文时如能变换一下出发点, 使自己的表达趋于客观、公正, 这样其实反而更能增强文章的说服力。
3. 长期以来, 大家知道心脏与肝脏的关系是最主要的。
It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.
4许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比, 认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
And it is imagined by many people that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with those of scientists, which can be grasped by a sort of special training.
原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达: 认为、相比和掌握。
4. 时态在两种语言中的运用
不同的语言具有不同的时态, 有的语言甚至很少或没有时态。 汉语:1. 基本上就是借助词汇来表示各种时间和动作的,
2. 动词除了只有“着”、“了”、“过”
英语:1. 英语共有16种时态,区分细微, 习惯性强。英语就是通过这些固定的语法手段将动作的进行过程与状况描绘得更准确更精细, 有时甚至能表达说话人的感情色彩。
2. 英语的进行时、完成时或过去时
1. 你老是问我这样的问题! (用现在进行时表示厌烦)
You ’re always asking me such questions!
2. 我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里。(用现在进行时表示满意) I am now living in a very pleasant flat.
3. 人们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。
It has been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of
death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.
点评: 传递同样的意思, 英语只要选用合适的时态就可以了, 而汉语则必须使用词汇手段。
六、英语多省略, 汉语多补充
英语:形象,注重句子结构, 善省略。名词,动词,句法,情景省略 汉语:意象,注重句子意义,善补充。意义更具体完备。
1. 野心不仅是罪恶的根源, 同时也是毁灭的根源。
Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.
2. 阅读训练人的眼睛, 说话训练人的口齿, 写作训练人的思维。
Reading exercises one?s eyes; speaking, one ’s tongue; while writing, ones' mind.
3. 近朱者赤, 近墨者黑。
Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil. 4一个和尚挑水吃, 两个和尚抬水吃, 三个和尚没水吃。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
(三) 篇章结构差异
1. 段落的统一性问题
汉语: 螺旋式(迂回曲折, 旁敲侧击,欲扬先抑)
英语:直线式(开门见山,直奔主题),
如以“Why Hitler Committed Suicide”为题的一篇英语作文为例:
1. As the inevitable ending was approaching, he must have
sensed that what was in store for him would be nothing but the severe punishment and humiliation. It has been proved many a time whoever goes against the tide of history and the will of the people is doomed to failure. Most likely it?s just for fear of this that he killed himself.该段落杂乱无章, 缺乏逻辑性, 主题不突出, 其中三句与主题无关(已用下划线标出) 。如果能以“Whoever goes against the tide of history and the will of the people is doomed to failure”为主题, 并围绕该主题加以论述, 情形就会大不一样。Bander(1978: 2) 指出:“一个段落最重要的要素就是一个段落一个意思……如果在一个段落中掺入了与该段落唯一中心意思不相符的话语, 就会失去读者的危险。”英语通常是用一个段落表达一个意思, 段落中心意思往往由作者直接说出来, 被称为作者责任型(writer responsibility); 而汉语段落中心一般深藏不露, 要靠读者自己去归纳, 称作读者责任型(reader responsibility), 甚至还有用多段说明一个意思的, 也有一个段落包含多个意思的。Bander 认为这是因为语言文化思维差异的影响所致。与英语截然不同的汉语思维模式往往使中国学生在英语写作时游离于段
落中心之外, 不易保持段落的统一性。
2. I have been studying English for almost eight years. Although I have made a lot of efforts, and spend much time on it, I do not make very obvious progress. I think it is because we have few opportunities to
practice what have been learned. How can I memorize it if we learn a new word without any chance to use it! But if we encounter or use it in real life many times, things will be quite different. For example ....这一段作者一直在不断地变换话题, 主要是因为段落没有中心而无法保持段落的统一所造成的。
2. 篇章衔接问题
偏重直觉的汉语思维模式趋向于思维的自然流向, 完全遵守事件发生的先后顺序和时间顺序, 靠语义的贯通来表明语言结构之间的逻辑关系, 不像英语那样利用语言形态(如时态、语态) 和语言形式手段(如连接词、代词) 的连接来表示结构关系, 表达意思, 致使中国学生的英语篇章结构连接不紧。
例如:
1. Television was invented by John Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He tried to fly in it. It crashed own below. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not is courage him. When he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion. He was not injured. He became a businessman. His business failed. He thought of working at television. His family advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He rented an attic. He bought the apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for a long time. He was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy. He took him back to his room. No
image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen. Television had been discovered.
整个段落全由简单句构成, 是典型的汉式英语语篇, 句子松散, 层次混乱, 没有严密的逻辑关系。为了使语篇自然流畅, 适当使用一些过渡词很有必要。英语段落中的过渡词在句子间起着重要的作用, 能使句子粘结连贯, 是反映英美思维不可缺少的语言纽带。
五. 措施
1. 思维导入法
精读课教材中导入西方思维方式的内容, 并与中式思维进行比较, 使学生意识到英汉两种思维对语言的不同影响, 培养对西方文化的好奇心和敏感性, 并善于发现总结其特点, 克服母语迁移心理, 逐渐养成用英语思维的习惯。
2. 单词归类法
在学生掌握词义的基础上, 深入发掘词汇内部的文化差异, 并通过对类似词语的归纳, 使学生较容易地扩大词汇量, 学会准确恰当地运用词汇。如教“说”的动词时, 可以把英语中类似的表达法列出。
3. 句式对比法
充分挖掘教材的内容, 找出典型的富有英语特色句式, 在课前, 让学生先译, 然后通过对比, 让学生领悟两种语言的差异, 从而学会英语句式的独特用法。如英语无灵主语与汉语有灵主语的差异。 4语篇分析法
通过撰写概要、改写课文等有目的的写作训练, 使学生了解英语语篇结构模式及其和汉语语篇模式的区别, 并加以详细的分析, 使学生了解英语语篇在表意、信息传递上的特点, 培养学生的逻辑推理能力和分析概括能力及创造能力。
范文二:中西思维差异对作文的影响
Should Students Do Business or Not
In recent years, doing business is very popular on the campus. More and more college students spend more and more time doing business. This phenomenon causes a lot of hot argument. Is it right or not? In my opinion, we can’ t say it is right or not directly because the reason is complex.
On the one hand, many students do business in order to reduce the burden of their family because their family has not enough money to support them. So their doing business is reasonable. We can’ t say it is not right. As to those students whose families are not very poor, some of them doing business just want to practice in the society and gain some experience. Earning money is not their main purpose. We can ’ t say it is not right either.
But on the other hand, doing business is wrong. Students should not do that because their task is learning knowledge . Doing business must take time, and time is very precious in the college. So doing business is wasting time. The more business students do, the less knowledge they learn. Which is more important? Of course, the knowledge. Some students will ignore their study with the more and more money they earn. They will be controlled by the money, their souls will be twisted by the
money.
In a word, whether students should do business or not is decided by the purpose they hold. They have different reasons, so we should look at the question more objectively.
分析:
1. Not directly addressing, or answering the question set by the writing task. (文章回避作文题所提出的问题:should or should not? 没有直接表明对这两种观点所采取的立场和态度。文中 名义上的 thesis sentence 没有表明作者的观点是肯定还是否 定的。这种着手处理问题的方法不符合英文思维习惯。 ) 2.从结构上看,文章 violates the principle that the thesis sentence should appear in the Introduction Part. The first sentence in the last paragraph “ Whether students should do business or not is decided by the purpose they hold…” sounds more like a generalization of the ideas in the essay and therefore should be regarded as the thesis sentence. 也就是说, 该习作没 有将主题句置于引言段,违背了写作展发原则,不符合英语 语篇思维模式,相反却是中文语篇思维模式。
范文三:中西葬礼差异英语作文
中西葬礼差异英语作文
篇一:Module1 Unit1 单元要点
Module 1 Unit 1 School life 单元要点 精讲精练
?. 单词默写。
1. _____________ n.&vt. 经历,体验 2. ____________ adj.
一般的,平均的
3. _____________ adv. 不知怎么地4. ____________ vt. 获得,挣得,赢得
5. _____________ n. &vt. 尊敬,敬重 6. ____________ n.
文学
7. _____________ n.&vi.难事,奋斗 8. ____________ adj. 额外的,外加的
9. _____________ adj. 以前的10. ____________ n.&vt. 交换;交流
11. ____________ adj. 学业的,学术的 12. ____________ adj. 流利的
13. ____________ vt.捐赠 14. ____________ n. 名称,题目
15. ____________ vt. 管理,操作 16. ____________ vt.&n.
广播,播放
17. ____________ n. 事件,比赛项目 18. ____________ n. 一代
人
19. ____________ vt.选择,挑选 20. ____________ n. 作品,成分
?. 短语检测。
1. _____________ 了解 2. _____________ 听上去像
3. _____________ 过去常常 4. _____________ 不仅仅,超过
5. _____________ 免费的 6. _____________ 得高分
7. _____________ 平均而言;一般说来8. _____________ 可得到的;有效的
9. _____________ 献身于 10._____________ 喜爱,喜欢
11. _____________利用 12. _____________ 回顾
13. _____________捐献 14. _____________ 负责,掌管
15. _____________通知
?. 词汇延伸。
1. experience: n.&vt. 经历,经验; adj.有经验的_____________
adj.没有经验的_____________
2. enjoy: vt.欣赏; adj.有乐趣的,令人愉快的 _____________
3. encourage: vt. 鼓励; n.鼓励_____________; adj.鼓舞人心的_____________vt.阻止_____________
4. satisfy: vt.满足; n.满足_____________; adj. 令人满意的_____________ adj.感到满意的_____________
5. graduate: vi.& n.毕业(生); n. 毕业_____________
6. depend: vi.依赖; adj.依赖的_____________; adj.独立的
_____________
7. prepare: vi.& vt.准备; n.准备_____________; adj.准备好
的_____________
8. approve: vt.& vi.赞成,批准; n.赞成,批准_____________
vt.& vi.不赞成_____________ ; n.不赞成,不同意
_____________
9. challenge: n.& vt.挑战; adj.具有挑战性的_____________
10. kind: adj.和蔼的,友爱的; n.善意_____________;
adv.亲切的_____________。
?. 佳句背诵。
1. __________ to a British high school for one year was a very
__________ and exciting _____________ for me.(P. 2; Line 1)
在英国学校待一年是一次非常愉快和令人兴奋的经历。
2. It was a bit ____________ for me at first because all the
homework was in English.(P. 2; Line 21)
由于所有的的作业都是用英语做的,所以刚开始时对我是一个
不小的挑战。
3. In China he __________ an interest in teaching English to
Chinese students.(P9Line 9)在中国,他对教中国学生英语产生
了兴趣。
4. I found the homework was not as heavy as __________ I _______ ______ get in my old school.(P2Line 20)
我发现这里的家庭作业不像我在原来学校时那么繁重。
5. _______ __________ his studies, he started traveling in China.(P9Line 15) 一完成学业,他就开始在中国旅游。
V. 精讲精练
1. attendvt.&vi.
【课本回眸】On the first day, all of the new students attend an assembly.(P.2Line 6) 在第一天,所有的新生都去参加集会。
【视野拓展】
(1)vt. 出席??,参加??,上(学),到场
I didn’t attend the meeting held in our school yesterday.
我昨天没参加在我校举行的会议。
(2)vt.&vi.照料(某人),看护(某人),服侍,随侍
His grandfather was ill in hospital and was attended(to) by a
nurse.
他的祖父生病住院并由一名护士照料。
(3)vi.注意,倾听,仔细听,专心,努力(于学习或工作等)
Everybody present is attending to what the speaker is saying.
出席者都在认真听。
【用法归纳】
attend a ceremony 出席典礼;attend a lecture 听讲座
attend an assembly 参加集会;attend a meeting 参加会议
attend a wedding 参加婚礼; attend a funeral 参加葬礼
attend school/class 上学/上课attend church 去教堂做礼拜
【拓展联想】attend to 处理;对付;照料;attention n.注
意;attentive adj.注意的.
【真题演练】
—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.
—I________it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.(2011’福建34题)
A. attendB. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended
2. available
【课本回眸】Twelve science labs are available for different experiments.(P.7Line 6) 十二个科学实验室可用来做不同的实验。
【视野拓展】
(1) adj. 可利用的,有用的
Is the library ________ during summer vacation? 图书馆暑假期
间有没有开放, There is only a little money________ for the trip. 这旅行只有少量钱可供花费。
(2) adj. 可得到的
Not all the facts are made available to us. 不是所有的情况我们
都能了解。 The information is freely available on the Internet.信息
可在网上任意获取。
(3)adj. 有空的;
The doctor is not __________ now.医生现在没空。
【用法归纳】
be available for sth. 可供某物利用; be available to sb. 可供某
人利用
be available to do sth. 有空做某事; be available for comment 有空作评论 readily/freely/easily/widely available 任意获取;
辨析:available, accessible
accessible易接近的,可到达的,易受影响的,可理解的;
available可用到的,可利用的,有用的,有空的。如:
There are three small boats available for hire. 有3艘小船可供出
租。
This island is accessible only by boat. 这个小岛只能坐小船去。
【真题演练】
There are plenty of jobs ________ in the western part of the
country. (浙12题)
A. presentB. available C. precious D. convenient
3. develop
【课本回眸】In China he developed an interest in teaching English
to Chinese students.(P.9Line 21)在中国,他培养出教中国学生英
语的兴趣。
【视野拓展】
(1)vi. 发展,成长,发育;
His business ___________ quickly. 他的事业迅速地发展起来。
(2)vt. 使发展,使成长
He believes that sports can develop mind and body.他相信运动有益身心发展。
(3)vt. 开发
We need to develop solar energy even further. 我们必须更进一步开发太阳能。
(4) vt.养成,培养,患(病)
He _____________ an interest in music. 他培养出对音乐的兴趣。
(5) vt.冲洗(胶卷)
_______ ____ ______, he began to develop his films. 一回来,他开始冲洗胶卷。
【用法归纳】
develop tourist industry 发展旅游业; develop into 长成,发展为;
develop from 由??发展而成develop a habit 养成习惯;
develop an interest 培养兴趣;develop economy 发展经济;
developing country 发展中国家; developed country 发达国家;
【拓展联想】developed adj. 发达的;developing adj. 发展中的;
development n. 发展,成长,开发; developmental adj. 发展的,成长的
【真题演练】(2011’安徽21题)
As the story_________, the truth about the strange figure is slowly
discovered.
A. begins B. happensC. ends D. develops
4. regret
【课本回眸】We regret to inform you that our library will be closed next Wednesday, Thursday and Friday for the spots meeting.(P.16Line 3)
我们遗憾地通知你,因为举行运动会,我们图书馆将在下周三、
四、五关闭。
【视野拓展】
(1) vt.对??感到遗憾,regret sth./ to do sth./ that...
I regret his retirement. 对于他的退职,我感到很遗憾。
I _______ ____ _________ that I cannot help you. 很遗憾地说,我
不能帮你的忙。
(2) vt. 后悔,regret sth./ doing /that...
He regretted his carelessness. =
He regretted having been careless. = He regretted that he had been careless. 他对于自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。
(3) n. 懊悔,遗憾
His face showed no sign of regret for what he had done.
他的脸上没有为他所做过的事流露出丝毫的懊悔。
【用法归纳】
regret doing/having done sth. 后悔做过某事;
give/send sb. your regrets 向某人表达你的遗憾
regret to do sth. 遗憾地将做某事;deeply regret 深感遗憾;
with great regret 深感遗憾; express regret 表达遗憾; only
regret 唯一的遗憾; have no regrets 没有遗憾;
I regret to inform you that---. 我很遗憾地通知你
【真题演练】
? Since our adventure, I ________ that Beans probably knew all along how to get
home. He was just having too much fan exploring new trails.(2010’湖南完形)
A. regretted B. remembered C. concluded D. confirmed
? “Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother
shouted, with clearly ___ in her voice.(2011’湖北21题)A. anger
B. rudeness C. regret D. panic
篇二:中美饮食文化差异英文版加翻译
篇三:穆斯林的葬礼读后感英文版
"Muslim funeraljournal entry
have read this novel in Junior high school.I Can't help to read it again recently. Novels is based on the cultural background of islamic.For others, such background seems to be strange, but I, as a Muslim, understanding the same culture, want to express emotions
strongly in my heart.
The novel,written by a great writer, HuoDa, was criticized by many "Muslim, because they think that what it presented to someone else was islamic negative things, always letting many people see a tragedy. However, as a Muslim, I have to say that this is extremism. I don't add description on the plot of the novel and content ,and I just want to show my inner thoughts. In the novel, one family, three generations, all end in tragedy, e(转自:
wWw.bdFqy.com 千 叶帆 文摘:中西葬礼差异英语作文)specially
Xinyue and her college teacher .They love each other, but because of the different ethnic and religious beliefs ,were refused by her family.Finally, Xinyue died of a heart attack. On the Xinyue’s funeral,
her teacher, and the one she charishned, wanted to go in to see her last time, but blocked by her family, in the end.The young teacher ,rushing in and leaving a light kiss on her forehead, was driven away by her family. Reading here, can't help to cry. It seems that you can realize the male
teacher’ pain, and can see that HuoDa trembled her pen when she wrote here .
Many muslims are firmly opposed to muslims and non-muslims in love, marriage, or even because of this, they take it for granted to oppose the hui and the han nationality.But obviously, they confuse
the relationship between ethnic and religious beliefs, so they cause many tragedies. There are many students around me.They love deeply with each other, but because of the nation the opposition in the home, and become tragedies one after another .All of them are the protagonist in the novel.
In addition, I want to express some of my personal opinion. Although the national unity, although I am a Muslim, I want to tell everyone clearly that many muslims are becoming more and more stupid, more and more extremism.There is a sense of superiority in their innate character , thinking they are better than any other nations. They always try their best to find the faults of others, to criticize others, what is hated most. Real islamic culture has been twisted, and what they present to others is more of a brutal, violent, radical, split. That is why a classic literature has been criticized .
范文四:中西思维方式差异与英语写作思维培养
龙源期刊网 http://www.qikan.com.cn
中西思维方式差异与英语写作思维培养 作者:蒋红梅
来源:《科教导刊》 2013年第 30期
摘 要 中西思维方式存在巨大差异,汉语思维是阻碍中国学生英语写作水平提高的关键 因素。对于中国学生而言,要摒弃汉语思维对英语写作过程的干扰,逐渐建立起英语思维模 式,写出地道的英语作文,需要增强英汉思维差异意识,发展名词化的隐喻能力,加强形合与 意合之间的转换训练,逐步养成良好的英语思维习惯。
关键词 中西思维方式差异 英语写作思维 英语教学
中图分类号:G424 文献标识码:A
0 引言
思维和语言相互影响,相互作用。一方面,语言是思维的主要载体,也是思维的主要表现 形式;另一方面,思维方式制约着语言结构,影响说话和行文的遣词造句和文章的谋篇布局。 思维和文化密切相关。不同文化背景的人会有不同的思维方式和习惯。英汉两个民族有着不同 的政治、经济、地域、习俗等文化背景,因而他们的思维模式存在巨大的差异。 在学习新的 语言时,母语思维自然而然会迁移到新的语言中,这在二语写作中表现尤为突出。
本文从中西思维差异入手,试图探讨培养中国学生英语写作思维的问题。
1 中西思维方式差异
1.1 螺旋型思维与直线型思维
受中国传统哲学 “ 天人合一 ” 思想的影响,汉语思维注重从总体上,从一事物与他事物的联 系上加以认识,予以解决,是整体思维模式。中国人凡事习惯从整体到具体或局部,由大到小 —— 先全面考虑,之后缩小思路,考虑具体细节。他们说话,写文章也往往表现出把思想发散 出去还要收拢回来,落到原来的起点上,这就使其话语或语篇结构呈圆式,或呈聚集式。他们 说话习惯于绕弯子,常常避开主题,从宽泛的空间和时间入手,从整体到局部,从大到小,由 远及近,从总体到一般。往往把主要内容或关键问题保留到最后或者含而不露,是一种逐步达 到高潮的方式(贾玉新, 1997)。
与汉民族相反,西方人受 “ 天人相分 ” 思想的影响,注重分析和逻辑推理,对待事物习惯于 从具体或局部到整体,是一种解析式的思维方式。在古希腊,人们根据亚里斯多德的逻辑论 辩,建立起一套称之为西方人思维基石的逻辑体系:开头、提出问题、分析论证、结尾。用英 语进行思维所要按照的顺序,从根本上说就是亚里斯多德式的,这一顺序在发展形式中主要呈 线性。可以说,西方人的思维方式是直线型的,说话、写文章习惯开门见山,把话题放在最前
范文五:中西思维方式差异与英语写作思维培养
万方数据
课程教学
Qr廊HZ姗死础伽g
需目标硬件支持,只需在计算机上运行,是一种模拟DSP芯片各种功能并在非实时条件下进行软件调试的调试工具。学生可以在宿舍或者实验室的计算机上运行Simulator,进行DSP算法设计、汇编语言设计、高级语言设计、汇编伪指令编写等训练,验证算法和软件功能的正确性。软件仿真应用方便,不需要借助硬件支持,对于DSP的学习和应用非常有益。学生完全可以在每节课后自己进行编程训练,对课堂教学的例程进行验证,从而方便进行课堂教学的反馈。
4硬件仿真实验
硬件仿真能够完成软件仿真的所有功能,且程序运行于真实的DSP器件,能够验证算法、程序的实时性,但进行硬件仿真需要DSP硬件目标板的支持,所以只能在实验室条件下进行。学生在完成软件仿真的基础上,应安排足够的学时,进入实验室,通过运行Emulator进行硬件仿真和实时性评估。硬件仿真是DSP学习不可缺少的阶段,DSP软件设计是否满足实时性要求,只能在硬件仿真上进行验证,此外,只有DSP硬件系统才能提供丰富的片上资源和10接口。通过10接口才能对真实的信号进行输入和处理。学生只有通过硬件仿真在DSP试验箱上进行一系列的应用实验,才能真正学习和掌握DSP的应用技能。
5科研体验
通过软件仿真和硬件仿真,学生已经基本掌握了DSP应用的初步知识和技能,但距离掌握DSP的工程应用尚有一定
注释
誊盛~礞尉
距离,一系列DSP应用的技巧、心得只有在自身的实践中才能有所体会和掌握。学校应尽可能地提供条件,让有学习余力的本科生参与DSP相关的科研实践。DSP课程一般在本科高年级开设,学生已经具备较好的基础,可以从事相关的科研工作,导师可遴选其中学有余力且有足够兴趣的同学,进入实验室及研究团队,和研究生一起进行DSP的科研实践,一方面,可以保持研究队伍的连续性;一方面可以给本科生提供宝贵的研究机会。通过做项目、科研,参与DSP的工程应用,通过和研究团队成员及导师的交流以及不断的实验,获得更深的DSP应用体验,这种学习的效果远远超过课堂教学。
6结束语
DSP学习的核心在于其实践性学习,课堂学习和应用实验应同步推进,在课堂教学完成的基础上,根据各个学校的特点,应首先要求学生进行软件仿真和硬件仿真实验,学习DSP试验箱上的各种例程和应用。有条件的学校,应给部分学有余力的本科生提供DSP科研实践的机会,通过和研究团队的交流学习,深层次地掌握DSP应用的技能,为今后走向工作岗位打下坚实的基础。
①刘艳萍DsP技术原理及应用教程【M】北京航空航天大学出版社,2008②冬雷JDSP原理圾电机控制系统应用IM】.北京航空航天大学出版社,2007.③俞一彪,孙兵,曹洪龙,邵雷.电子信息类本科DsP教学实践与探索【J】理工
高教研究,2006.25(4):lll-112.
(上接第74页)出现频率也特别高。与之相反,汉语注重内在意念,不受形式的约束,句子往往只要达意即可。汉语重意合,无需借助词汇语法的衔接手段,仅靠词语和句子内含意义的逻辑联系,或靠语境和语用因素,便能构成连贯的语篇。
2英语写作思维的培养
英汉思维差异的存在是客观的也是必然的。对于中国学生而言,要摒弃汉语思维对英语写作过程的干扰,逐渐建立起英语思维模式,写出地道的英语作文,需要增强英汉思维差异意识,发展名词化的隐喻能力,加强形合与意合之间的转换训练,逐步养成良好的英语思维习惯。
2.1增强英汉思维差异意识
在教学中应有意识地训练学生认识到英汉思维差异及其在语言中的体现。通过对比教学,使学生充分认识到英汉两种语言在用词、造句、组段等方面的巨大差异。另外,教师应帮助学生接触更多的地道的、能直观体现英语思维的资源,使其能在真实的语境中逐步领会英民族的思维方式,从而在写作时能自如地按照英语逻辑习惯进行选词、组句、谋篇布局。
2.2发展名词化的概念隐喻能力
前面提到英语思维是线性思维,具有抽象性,其语言表达多用抽象名词。因而,要培养中国学生的英语思维,发展名词化的概念隐喻能力是很重要的一方面。名词化主要是指将体现“过程”的动词和体现“特性”的形容词,经过隐喻化变成以名词形式体现的实物。也就是以名词形式表达本应由动词或形容词表达的过程或性状。对中国学生来说。学会使用名词化的概念隐喻表达对于提高英语写作相当重要。它不仅能克服母语思维表达在英语写作中的负迁移,而且还能使英语句
子简洁、紧凑、含蓄,从而使得句子的英语味道更浓,更符合英美人的语言表达习惯。
2.3形合与意合之间的转换
英语重形合,汉语重意合。英语句子结构紧凑严密,是因为有各种连接词起粘合剂的作用,而汉语句子没有过多的粘合剂,靠语义上的联系结合在一起。因此,在写作教学中,应进行形合与意合之间的转换训练,加强英汉词汇、句法结构的对比和思维转换练习。教师可在课堂上开展将用汉语思维写成的句子改写成按英语思维写成句子的专项训练,使学生逐步有意识地在写作中按英语思维行文。语篇方面,应加强讲授和训练各种连接词的使用,让学生认识到衔接词在英语语篇连贯性和统一性方面的重要作用。
3结语
英汉思维差异是影响中国学生英语写作的关键因素。单纯的语言操练很难迅速提高学生的英文写作水平。因此,在写作教学中,应注意加强培养学生的英语写作思维,发展学生的名词化隐喻能力,进行思维转换训练。只有将语言操练和思维训练结合起来,才能更有效地开发学生的写作潜力,提高学生的英语写作水平。参考文献
Il】贾玉新,跨文化交际学【M】上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.
【21李松涛.中西思维模式差异对大学生英语写作中语篇组织的影响【J】.外语
教学.2005.3.【3】
文秋芳,刘润清.从英语议论文分析大学生抽象思维特点【J1.外国语。2006.2.
院学报,2005.3
【4】刘红。邓骊呜.英汉思维模式差异对大学英语写作的影响【J】西安外国语学
【5】董宏乐.概念语法隐喻与英语写作能力的提高【JJl.国外外语教学’2002.3.
万方数据
中西思维方式差异与英语写作思维培养
作者:作者单位:刊名:英文刊名:年,卷(期):
蒋红梅, JIANG Hongmei
绵阳师范学院外国语学院 四川·绵阳 621000科教导刊
The Guide of Science & Education2013(30)
本文链接:http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_kjdk201330041.aspx
转载请注明出处范文大全网 » 中西思维差异与英语写作