人太丑车太烂
范文一：英语词性简写
prep = preposition 介系词；前置词， pron = pronoun 代名词，
n = noun 名词，
v = verb 动词，
conj = conjunction 连接词 ，
vi = intransitive verb 不及物动词， vt = transitive verb 及物动词， aux = auxiliary 助动词 ，
adj = adjective 形容词，
adv= adverb 副词，
art = article 冠词，
num = numeral 数词，
int = interjection 感叹词，
u = uncountable noun 不可数名词， c = countable noun 可数名词，
范文二：英语单词词性简写
英语单词词性简写
prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition 的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun 的缩写
n = 名词，noun 的缩写
v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb 的缩写 conj = 连接词，conjunction 的缩写
s = 主词
sc = 主词补语
o = 受词
oc = 受词补语
vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写
aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary 的缩写
a = 形容词，adjective 的缩写 ，也有写成adj ad = 副词，adverb 的缩写 也有写成adv art = 冠词，article 的缩写
num = 数词，numeral 的缩写
int = 感叹词、语气词，interjection 的缩写 u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写
pl = 复数，plural 的缩写
abbr = 缩写词
范文三：[精品]英语单词词性简写
英语单词词性简写
prep = 介系词;前置词，preposition的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写
n = 名词，noun的缩写
v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写
conj = 连接词，conjunction的缩写 s = 主词
sc = 主词补语
o = 受词
oc = 受词补语
vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写 aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary的缩写
a = 形容词，adjective的缩写 ，也有写成adj ad = 副词，adverb的缩写 也有写成adv art = 冠词，article的缩写
num = 数词，numeral的缩写
int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写
u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写 pl = 复数，plural的缩写
int. 语气词
abbr. 缩写词
范文四：英语词性
1. 名词。Nouns (n .) 表示人或事物的名称，在句子中通常作主语或表语。如： This (basket) is ours.这个篮子是我们的。 That is a good (hospital).那是一所好医院。
2．冠词。Articles (art .) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。如：a,an,the
3. 代词。Pronouns (pron .) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词。 如： they,his,him,mine,which,all
4．形容词。Adjectives(adj .) 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征；在句子中通 常作定语或表语。如： The (long) bag is (empty). 那个长袋子是空的。 The (heavy) box isn’t (cheap).那个重箱子不便宜。
5．数词。Numerals(num .) 表示数量或顺序，在句子中通常用来修饰名词。如： There are three students in the playground.操场上有三个学生。 How old are you?I’m thirteen.你多大了？我十三岁了。 。
6．(1) ，及物动词vt ： 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后一般必须跟有
动作的对象（即宾语）。必须加宾语意思才完整的动词，就是及物动词。
(2)，不及物动词vi ：不及物动词是不需要受词的动词。字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
7．副词。Adverbs （adv .) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，在句子中通常作状语。如：
The car goes (very) (quickly).小汽车跑得非常快。 Please come to school (early) next time.下次请早点到校。
8．介词。Prepositions (prep .) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。如： from,with,at,into,behind,between,for
9．连词。Conjunctions (conj .) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。常用的 的连词有：and,or,but,so,because.
10．感叹词。Interjections (int .) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感，在句子中通常作状语。 常用的感叹词有：oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear.
代词表格
范文五：英语词性
adj. :
adj. 形容词 全称 adjectives
adj 在英语中用来修饰名词、感官动词。
形容词性一般翻译成中文都是“??的”
例如:strict adj. 严厉的
结构:
(1) be+adj.
am / is / are / was / were
(2)感官动词:??起来
look 看起来
smell 闻起来
sound 听起来 + adj.
taste 尝起来
feel 摸起来
(3)变得:
get
turn
+adj.
grow
become
seem(好像 )+adj
句型:
1.adjectives+n. 作定语。如:She has a big house.
2. 连 系 动 词 +adj. 作 表 语 。 常 见 的 连 系 动 词 有 : be,look,smell,sound,grow,seem,feel,get,taste,turn 等,如:He looks angry.
3. 用于形式主语和形式宾语的句型:It is +adj. +to do sth / sb find it +adj+to do. 如:It is interesting to learn English.
4.adj.+不定式。如 Comics are easy to draw.
adv. :
adv. 副词 全称 adverb
adv. 在英语中用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句
说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念
1) 时间和频度副词 :
now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.
2) 地点副词 :
here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.
3) 方式副词 :
carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly
4) 程度副词 :
much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.
5) 疑问副词 :
how, when, where, why.
6) 关系副词 :
when, where, why.
7) 连接副词 :
how, when, where, why, whether.
副词在句中可作状语 , 表语 , 短语。
He works hard.
他工作努力。
You speak English quite well.
你英语讲的很好。
Is she in ?
她在家吗 ?
Let's be out.
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hard to get.
这儿很难弄到食物。
1) 多数副词都可以放在动词的后面 , 如果动词带有宾语 , 副词就放在宾语后面。
I get up early in the morning everyday.
我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday.
他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough.
她没喝够水。
The train goes fast.
火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely.
我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then.
当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new cat on today.
他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends.
这部电影我和朋友看过两次。
2) 副词修饰形容词 , 副词时 , 副词在前面 , 而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it.
这很容易 , 我能做到。
He did it quite well.
他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.
很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends.
这件事太重要了,我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better.
好多了。
3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面 , 情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days.
这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came
to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me.
你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us.
他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week.
我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance.
新学生并不时常去跳舞。
4) 疑问副词 , 连接副词 , 关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词 , 通常放在句子或从句的前 面。
When do you study everyday?
你每天什么时间学习 ?
Can you tell me how you did it?
你能告诉我你如何做的吗 ?
First, let me ask you some questions.
先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost?
这辆车子多少钱?
Either you go or he comes.
不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom.
当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。
5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中 , 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了 .
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday evening?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么?
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。
副词和形容词一样 , 也有它的比较级和最高级形式 . 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以 词尾 -ly 结尾的副词(除 early )须用 more 和 most 。
hard harder hardest
fast faster fastest
early earlier earliest
much more most
warmly more warmly most warmly
单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的,最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的。
near nearer nearest
hard harder hardest
多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的。
warmly more warmly most warmly
successfully more successfully most successfully
有些副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的。
well-better - best little - less - least
Much- more - most badly - worse - worst
far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)
副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可 以省略。
He works harder than I.
他比我工作努力。
Lucy gets up earlier than Lili.
露西比丽丽起床早。
He runs fastest in our class.
他在我们班跑地最快。
He dives deeper than his teammates.
他比他的队员潜水深。
It's true that he speak English more fluently than any of us.
他英语讲的确实比我们任何人都好。
Our school team play football best in our region.
我们校队在我们地区足球踢得最好的。
副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样
一般 副词
hard→harder →hardest
fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest
ear ly→earlier →earliest
特殊 副词
well →better →best
much →more →most
badly →worse →worst
little →less →least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀 ?ly 结尾的副词不能像形容词那样 加 ?er 或 ?est ,如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly〔注〕: early中的 ?ly 不是后缀,故可以把 ?y 变 ?i 再加 ?er 和 ?est
一、原级比较的基本用法
1. 原级比较由“as+形容词或副词 (或再加名词或短语 ) +as ”构成“原级相同”比 较句,表示两者比较;其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) +形容词或副 词+as”,而且 as?as 结构前可用 just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰 1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .
〔 A 〕 to run for fifteen minutes
〔 B 〕 running for fifteen minutes
〔 C 〕 you run for fifteen minutes
〔 D 〕 fifteen?minute walking
2) The gorilla(大猩猩 ) , while 〔 A 〕 not quite as curious than 〔 B 〕 the chimpanzee(黑猩猩 ) , shows more persistence 〔 C 〕 and memory retention(记忆力 ) in solving 〔 D 〕 a problem.
3) Alaska is twice 〔 A 〕 as larger 〔 B 〕 as 〔 C 〕 the next largest 〔 D 〕 state, Texas.
2. “as (so)+名词+as +名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比 较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用 so 而不用 as 4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
〔 A 〕 such
〔 B 〕 more
〔 C 〕 as
〔 D 〕 than
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考题 )
〔 A 〕 that
〔 B 〕 so
〔 C 〕 this
〔 D 〕 as
二、比较级
1. 比较级由“形容词 (副词 ) 比较级+than +?,”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方 “更加?”。连词 than 后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动 词不定式、 ?ING 结构和 ?ED 结构,有时也可省去 than 。
6) Natural mica(云母 ) of 〔 A 〕 a superior 〔 B 〕 quality is cheapest 〔 C 〕 to obtain than synthetic 〔 D 〕 mica.
7) She is older than .
〔 A 〕 any other girl in the group
〔 B 〕 any girl in the group
〔 C 〕 all girls in the group
〔 D 〕 you and me as well as the group
8) Josephine McCrackin joined 〔 A 〕 the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late 〔 B 〕 , remained 〔 C 〕 active in journalistic 〔 D 〕 work.
2. 注意 than 前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than . 〔 A 〕 ours
〔 B 〕 with us
〔 C 〕 for ours it had
〔 D 〕 it did for us
10) Sound travels air.
〔 A 〕 faster through water than through 〔 B 〕 faster than through water and 〔 C 〕 through water faster and 〔 D 〕 where it is faster through water than through 11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout , one of Rembrand’s pupils, followed 〔 A 〕 the style of his teacher so implicitly that 〔 B 〕 his paintings 〔 C 〕 are sometimes confused with his master 〔 D 〕 .
三、最高级
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句”(如 all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place 等 )
12) The more 〔 A 〕 fearsome of all the 〔 B 〕 animals in 〔 C 〕 the Western 〔 D 〕 Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
13) Of all economic 〔 A 〕 problems, inflation continues to be 〔 B 〕 a 〔 C 〕 most significant in its daily impact on 〔 D 〕 people and business.
14) , the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction. 〔 A 〕 All the activities
〔 B 〕 The activities
〔 C 〕 Of all the activities
〔 D 〕 It is the activities
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词 the
1) B为正确答案。
2) B错。改为 as ,和前面的 as 和形容词原形 curious 一起构成同程度比较。
3) B错。 改为 as large。
4) C对。动词 rival(胜过、匹敌 ) 前后是两个相比较的成分 achievements(成果 ) 和 contributions(贡献 ) ,由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用 as ,使前后对比成分一致。
5) B为正确答案。
6) C错。应改为比较级 cheaper 。比较级后并不一定跟接连词 than ,有时在其间有名 词或名词短语 (被形容词所修饰 ) ,介词短语,不定式或其他成分隔开。
7) A为正确答案。“She”作为单个不能跟全组比 (C和 D 不对 ) ,也不能跟全组所有相 比,因为“她”也是其中一员,自然“她”不能跟自己相比。这里“She”比较的是“这组 中的任何一个”,所以 A 对。
8) B错。应改为比较级 later ,因此处实为与 1905年相比晚 15年,故应使用比较级。
9) D为正确答案。
10) A为正确答案。
11) D错。 改为 his master’s。
12) A错。 改为 most 。
13) C错。改为 the , significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式 (在前面 加 the most),注意句中的“of all? ”。
14) C 为正确答案。本句空白处缺状语, A 和 B 全为名词短语,不符合条件; D 为句子, 和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除。只有 C 正确,和后面的最高级 the most familiar 前后呼应。
一、形容词与副词的同级比较:由“as(so)?as”引出,其否定式为“not so?”或 “not as?as”,考生还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子
1. as such:表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待。 2. as much:表示“与?同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿意 把它买下的。
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。
3. as many:表示“与?一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。
二、表示“几倍于”的比较级:用 twice (两倍 ) , four times (四倍 ) , ten times (十 倍 ) 加上 as ? as 结构
This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。 (这个比那个大 三倍。 ) / Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。 / He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍。
1) The five?year deal obligates 〔 A 〕 the country to buy nine million tons 〔 B 〕 of grain a year 〔 C 〕 , three million more as 〔 D 〕 the old pact’s minimum.三、“the same +名词+as”表示同等比较
2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.
〔 A 〕 in the same function 〔 B 〕 the same function as
〔 C 〕 the function is the same as 〔 D 〕 and has the same function
3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would
have as the amount of money borrowed.
〔 A 〕 as the same value 〔 B 〕 the same value
〔 C 〕 value as the same 〔 D 〕 the value is the same
四、比较级前可用 a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量, far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步
4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.
〔 A 〕 more sophisticated than
〔 B 〕 much more sophisticated
〔 C 〕 much sophisticated
〔 D 〕 sophisticated
5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth. 〔 A 〕 clearest
〔 B 〕 the clearest
〔 C 〕 much clearer
〔 D 〕 more clearer
6) Common porpoises(海豚 ) are usually not considered 〔 A 〕 migratory, although 〔 B 〕 some do move 〔 C 〕 to more warmer 〔 D 〕 waters in winter.
1) close与 closely
close 意思是
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 与 lately
late 意思是
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与 deeply
deep 意思是
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与 highly
high 表示空间高度; highly 表示程度,相当于 much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与 widely
wide 表示空间宽度; widely 意思是
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free与 freely
free 的意思是
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加 a 或 ly 的 区别在于通常加 a 的副词描述一种状态, 而加 ly 的副词则倾向于 感觉。
可修饰比较级的词:
1) a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词 (除 by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题 :
1) ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes, I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good
D. quite better
答案:B. any 可修饰比较级, quite 修饰原级, well 的比较级为 better.
2) The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much
D. more much
答案:C. much 可修饰比较级,因此 B , C 都说得通,但 easier 本身已是比较级,不 需 more ,因此 C 为正确答案。
3) If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案:D 。
Vi
一 定义:
不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成不及物动词与和及物动词。
不及物动词:字典里词后标有 vi. 的就是不及物动词。 不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作 的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如 to,of ,at后方可跟上 宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了,如 listen to,look at…. 如:look 看 (vi.) x宾语 (即不能直接加宾语 ). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语 )
look at 看 …….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语 )
at 是小范围 in 是大范围
如:
The students work very hard.学生们学习很努力。
She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。
The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。
分清及物不及物动词 :
分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。 动词及物与不及物通常有 以下几种情况:
a .主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....
b .主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与:
类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....
c . 既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词, 其意义不变。 如 begin 都是作
close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d .既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如 lift 作不及物 动词时是指烟雾的
He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有:beat vi. 跳动 vt. 敲、打 ; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球) , 演奏 smell vi.发出(气味) vt. 嗅
ring vi. (电话、铃)响 vt. 打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说(语言)
hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作
需要注意的一点是:少数不及物动词唯一可跟的宾语是同源宾语,如:I dreamed a dream last night.
及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与不及物动词。
及物动词:字典里词后标有 vt. 的就是及物动词。 及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象 (即 宾语),并且可直接跟宾语。
如 see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
其实所谓 “ 及物 ” ,就是后面可直接加宾语的动词,有被动形式,而不及物动词是没有被 动式的,也不可直接加宾语,需加上介词。
及物动词后面可直接接宾语, 不及物动词后面不可直接接宾语, 一般要加介词后再接宾 语。实际上很多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。我举一个例子,就说 write 。如 I am writing. 和 I am writing a letter.在前一个句子 write 是不及物动词,在后一个句子 write 是及 物动词。又如, see 是及物动词,但在特殊情况下如 seeing is believing。
不及物动词就是一个动作不能施加到另一个物体上,也就是后面不能加宾语。
例如:He is running. run这个动词就是不及物动词,后面不能加 sth 。(不能说跑什么 东西)
分清及物不及物动词 :
分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。 动词及物与不及物通常有 以下几种情况:
a .主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....
b .主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于:
类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....
c . 既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词, 其意义不变。 如 begin 都是作
close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d .既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如 lift 作不及物 动词时是指烟雾的
He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有:beat vi. 跳动 vt. 敲、打 ; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球) , 演奏 smell vi.发出(气味) vt. 嗅
ring vi. (电话、铃)响 vt. 打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说(语言)
hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作
在英语错误中, “ 及物动词 +介词 +宾语 ” (transitive verb+preposition+object),是常见 的一种。所谓及物动词,就是谓语动词(predicative verb),不必通过介词引荐宾语。相 反的,不及物动词(intransitive verb)是不带宾语的。有许多动词,虽然性质是及物的,但 不一定要有宾语,如下列的① a 和② a 便是这种情形:
① a. We study every day.
b. Do you study English every day.
② a. Please write clearly next time.
b. Can you write your composition now?
如果本质上就是不及物动词,就不会有宾语; 若要宾语, 就要借介词之助,一起连用才 行 (不及物动词 +宾语 +介词 ) ,如③ b 和④ b; ③ a 和④ a 是错的;
*③ a. The children are listening the music.
b. The children are listening to the music.
*④ a. She is laughing the crippled man.
b. She is laughing at the crippled man.
反之,及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如上述的① b 和② b ,又如⑤和 ⑥:⑤ John is giving a book to me.
⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如:
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错:
“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”
“Awaiting” 是个及物动词,后面的介词 “for” 是多余的,要去掉;不然把 “awaiting” 改为 “waiting for” 也行。
许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语。最常见的是 “emphasize/stress on/upon” 和 “discuss about” ,如:
⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.
⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.
⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.显然的,这三句里的介词 “on/upon” 和 “about” 是多余的,不必要的。
下面是些类似的错误:
● The young must obey to their elders.
● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.
● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介词 “to, on, from, for, with” 都要去掉才对。
为什么会有这些错误呢?主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。 其次, 就是对 同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一,要把 “ 及物动词 +宾语 ” 和 “ 不及 物动词 +介词 +宾语 ” 划分清楚,如:
? I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
? He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.
第二,把及物动词转化为名词,然后加上适当的介词和宾语,如:
? Don't approach such a person.
? Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?
A 有些动词只是及物动词 ; 它们不可以单独用,后面必须跟宾语。
{ False: They always want after lunch.
Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch.
{ False: He is sending now.
Right: He is sending a letter now.
B 有些动词只是不及物动词;它们可以单独用,如果后面想接宾语,动词后面必须加 上介词。
{ Right: He is looking around.
False: He is looking me.
Right: He is looking at me.
{ Right: He is listening carefully.
False: He is listening the teacher carefully.
Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully.
C 有些动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词 ; 但是有时候词义会改变。
{ The customer is asking loudly.
The customer is asking for you now.
The customer is asking a question now.
{ If you work hard, you will succeed.
If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam (same meaning).
If you work hard, you will succeed John as the manager of this company (different meaning).
