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范文一：关于美左桥诺-梅佐乔诺的说法【精品文档】
关于“美左桥诺-梅佐乔诺”的说法
前些日子，有学友就增长中的一个热闹的名词——美左桥诺，问我出处，于是查找介绍如下: 1 “美左桥诺-梅佐乔诺”词汇在中国的出现
2009年11月15日，广东省出版集团、中国社科院科研局、中国社科院经济研究所、广东经济出版社、《经济研究》、《时代周报》在中国社会科学院学术报告厅举行“未来10年中国经济走向”高峰论坛暨《影响新中国60年经济建设的100位经济学家》首发式。出席该报告会的中国社科院人口与劳动经济研究所所长蔡昉，发表了《要防止中西部成为意大利的“美左桥诺”》的讲话。对此，《经济参考报》记者徐培英2009年11月17日在该报登载题为《吴敬琏厉以宁等提出未来10年中国经济四大警示》的文章，当天经新浪财经(2009年11月17日07:01)上传，国内各网站转载以后，这一词汇开始被广泛引用。
四个月以后的2010-03-24，南方周末登载了该报记者戴志勇采访蔡昉的文章，“产业转移，助推中国再高速发展30年”，以访谈对话的方式具体详细地交代了蔡昉的中英文表述:梅佐乔诺——“Mezzogiorno”。
所以，该词是针对中国问题由蔡昉引入运用的，不是吴敬琏;音译的中文表述用“梅佐乔诺”看来更合第一位引用者的原意。但有趣是，经济日报记者率先将音译表述为自己认为的方式，却在大众传播中占据了主要位置，以百度搜索为例，关键词“梅佐乔诺” 2010-3-30的搜索结果有902篇，而以“美左桥诺”为关键词的搜索则有相关网页3430篇。
2 “Mezzogiorno”的地域概念
在蔡昉2009-12-14在自己博客里的完整表述 (博文题名为:谨防中西部陷入
“梅佐乔诺陷阱”):
梅佐乔诺,Mezzogiorno,在意大利语中的含义是正午阳光,相当于英语Midday,～指意大利半岛的南部外加西西里和撒丁岛～或泛指意大利南部。该地区传统上以农业经济为主～与意大利北方存在很大的发展差距。
1在意大利全国划分的20个政区(大区)，及所辖的103个省的名称中，并没有“Mezzogiorno”，因为原意是指时间，而非正式的地域名称，不过也可以非正式地泛指意大利南部。但是，现在的引用也不仅仅是地域的概念，而是又作引
1 20个行政区分别是:十五个普通自治行政区，和五个因少数民族、历史和边远地区等原因而设立的特别自治行政区:15个普通自治行政区:皮埃蒙特、伦巴第、威内托、利古里亚、艾米利亚,罗马涅、托斯卡纳、翁布里亚、拉齐奥、马尔凯、阿布鲁佐、莫利塞、坎帕尼亚、普利亚、巴西利卡塔、卡拉布里亚;5个特别自治行政区:弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚、萨丁、西西里、特伦蒂诺-上阿迪杰和瓦莱达奥斯塔。
申了。因为这是一个不断引申的概念，所以引用该词时不宜说成地域概念的“意
大利的美左桥诺”地区，稳妥的说法是某个国家出现的“Mezzogiorno”现象。
有了蔡老师的英文词汇，于是就可以查google和wikipedia了。Wikipedia
给出了更为详尽的内容:Southern Italy
Southern Italy
Southern Italy (Italian: Italia Meridionale) or the Mezzogiorno (Midday) or also in gergal spoken words Terronia (Soil-land) generally refers to the southern portion of the continental Italian peninsula and Sicily, historically forming the Kingdom of Two Sicilies plus the island of Sardinia. It encompasses the modern regions of Basilicata, Campania, Calabria, Apulia and Molise, which lie in Italy's south, and Abruzzo which is located in central Italy and the islands of Sicily and finally Sardinia (that is recognised as part of Mezzogiorno for economic reasons, because it benefited of Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, but it also belongs geographically to Insular Italy.[4][5] Sardinia is culturally and historically close to Central and Northern Italy, as it was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, and related to the Maritime Republics of Genoa and Pisa). Some would also include the most southern and eastern parts of Lazio (Sora, Cassino, Gaeta, Cittaducale, and Amatrice districts), which historically were part of the southern kingdom. 更多内容详见附录。
3 “美左桥诺”现象及含义:
从蔡昉引用“美左桥诺”时表达的含义来看，“Mezzogiorno”现象总体上是
指同一个国家或地区之内的地区之间，在整体经济增长之后收入差距反而拉得更
大，具体含义包括:
第一，整体增长中二元经济的结构没有得到缓解反而有可能更为严重了，例如落后地区以农业为主的产业结构和就业结构依然没有改变，从而低收入水平依旧;
第二，原落后地区属于计划经济的运行方式，在增长过程中虽然就市场开放，行政对资源配置的指令在形式上被取消，但是社会经济的转轨并没有达到发达地区的体制、机制运转自然的状态;
在落后地区由政府主导的大量转移投资、补贴并没有诱导出吸纳就业第三，
的产业，没有导致这些地区的人均收入水平的提高。即使这些落后地区曾经也有过比较快的增长，但是后来还是又慢下来了。
从产业发展来看，政府大量地转移投资、补贴都用在了这些相对落后的地区，但是它诱导出来的产业，不是吸纳就业的产业，这些产业没有导致这些地区的人均收入水平的提高。例如原以为中国东部的劳动密集型产业向中西部地区转移，将使后者的劳动-资本投入比提高，但是实际上是资本密集程度更高了，就业和劳动收入在落后地区并未因此显著改善。(中西部地区变得更加资本密集型了，但是中西部人均收入还比较低。)从体制转型来看，“梅佐乔诺陷阱”实际上是由于这区域发展战略为落后地区提供了赶超所需的物质资源，却没有提供必要的人力资本和体制保障;提供了发展的外部推动力，却没有建立起自身的发展激励机制;来自外部输入的物质资源短期内促进了经济总量的增长，却由于这种增长没有遵循该经济体的比较优势，因而所形成的产业结构并不能保证增长的可持续性。
意大利当前的情况依然值得参考，具体有两个资料列在附录1中(一个是公共基础建设投资;另一个设立免税区的税收政策)。
附录1
, 意大利南部公共投资拉动经济发生的效益却显明低于中北部
欧联社1月12日电 据安莎社新闻，意大利中心银行报告显示，从占国内生产总值
的份额看，固然政府对南部地域公路、铁路、公用建筑等的公共投资高于其对中部和北
部地域的投资，但由于存在贪污、低效及地域差异等因素，南部地域公共投资拉动经济
发生的效益却显明低于中北部。如每投资1欧元用于公共设施建设，北部的威尼托大区
对国内生产总值的贡献约为1.11欧元，而南部的阿布鲁佐大区的贡献仅为0.84欧元。
, 意大利将在南部地区建立22个免税工业区
来源:山东国际商务网 首发子站:办公室 首发栏目:新闻资讯 日期:2009-10-31
意大利《24小时太阳报》近日报道，意大利将在南部地区建立22个免税工业区，
其中包括阿布鲁佐大区在内的南部共设18个，拉齐奥大区2个，托斯卡纳大区1个。在
免税工业区内，小型企业特别是微小型企业可以享受一系列税收方面的优惠。预计第一
批免税区将在2010年内建成。
附录2:意大利20个行政大区及南部大区所辖省份
政区(大区) 首府 面积 1. 阿布鲁佐(Abruzzo) 拉奎拉(L'Aquila) 10,794 km? 2. 瓦萊達奧斯塔(Valle d'Aosta) 奥斯塔(Aosta) 3,263 km? 3. 普利亚(Puglia) 巴里(Bari) 19,366 km? 4. 巴斯利卡塔(Basilicata) 波坦察(Potenza) 9,995 km? 5. 卡拉布里亚(Calabria) 卡坦扎罗(Catanzaro) 15,081 km? 6. 坎帕尼亚(Campania) 拿坡里(Napoli) 13,590 km? 7. 艾米利亚-罗马涅(Emilia-Romagna) 博罗尼亚(Bologna) 22,123km? 8. 弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚(Friuli-Venezia Giulia) 的里雅斯特(Trieste) 7,856 km? 9. 拉齐奥(Lazio) 罗马(Roma) 17,208 km? 10. 利古利亚(Liguria) 热那亚(Genova) 5,420 km? 11. 伦巴第(Lombardia) 米兰(Milano) 23,863 km? 12. 马尔凯(Marche) 安科纳(Ancona) 9,694 km? 13. 莫利塞(Molise) 坎波巴索(Campobasso) 4,438 km? 14. 皮埃蒙特(Piemonte) 都灵(Torino) 25,399 km? 15. 萨丁(Sardegna) 卡利亚里(Cagliari) 24,090 km? 16. 西西里(Sicilia) 巴勒莫(Palermo) 25,708 km? 17. 特伦蒂诺-上阿迪杰(Trentino-Alto Adige) 特伦托(Trento) 13,607 km? 18. 托斯卡纳(Toscana) 佛罗伦萨(Firenze) 22,990 km? 19. 翁布里亚(Umbria) 佩鲁贾(Perugia) 8,456 km?
20. 威 尼托(Veneto) 威尼斯(Venezia) 18,391 km?
所谓的南部(中部)地区主要是上表中的:
1. 阿布鲁佐大区，全区分4个省:阿奎拉(L'Aquila)、泰拉莫(Teramo)、基耶蒂(Chieti)
和佩斯卡拉(Pescara);
3. 普利亚大区，全区5个省:巴里省、布尔迪西省、福贾省、莱切省及塔兰托省;
4. 巴斯利卡塔大区，全区2个省:波坦察(Potenza)、马泰拉(Matera);
5. 卡拉布里亚大区，全区5个省:卡坦扎罗省、科森扎省、克罗托内省、雷焦卡拉布里
亚省、维博瓦伦蒂亚省
6. 坎帕尼亚大区，全区分5个省:阿韦利诺省(Avellino)、贝内文托省(Benevento)、
卡塞塔省(Caserta)、那不勒斯省(Napoli)、萨莱诺省(Salerno)
9. 拉齐奥(拉素)大区，全区分5个省:弗羅西諾內省、拉蒂納省、列蒂省、羅馬省、維
泰博省;
12. 马尔凯大区，全区分5个省:安科纳省、阿斯科利皮切诺省、费尔莫省、马切拉塔
省(古代皮切林地区全境)及佩萨罗和乌尔比诺省。其中佩萨罗和乌尔比诺省由两个传统上
分开的佩萨罗省及乌尔比诺省组成，以前是古罗马的乌尔比诺行省。
13. 莫利塞大区，全区2个省:坎波巴索省、伊塞尔尼亚省。
18. 托斯卡纳大区，全区2个省:。
19. 翁布里亚大区，全区2个省:。
Southern Italy (Italian: Italia Meridionale) or the Mezzogiorno (Midday) generally refers to the southern portion of the continental Italian peninsula and Sicily, historically forming the Kingdom of Two Sicilies plus the island of Sardinia. It encompasses the modern regions of Basilicata, Campania, Calabria, Apulia and Molise, which lie in Italy's south, and Abruzzo which is located in central Italy and the islands of Sicily and finally Sardinia (that is recognised as part of Mezzogiorno for economic reasons, because it benefited of Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, but it also belongs geographically to Insular Italy.[4][5] Sardinia is culturally and historically close to Central and Northern Italy, as it was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, and related to the Maritime Republics of Genoa and Pisa). Some would also include the most southern and eastern parts of Lazio (Sora, Cassino, Gaeta, Cittaducale, and Amatrice districts), which historically were part of the southern kingdom.
Southern Italy boasts a unique, diverse and multicultural culture. It has many tourist attractions, such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, the Palace of Caserta, the Amalfi Coast and many more sites. Pompeii is one of the world's most visited tourist attractions[6], and southern Italy is well known for its beautiful beaches and coastlines, rich art, culture, cuisine, literature and history, its numerous archaeological sites (many of which are protected by UNESCO) and its folkloric traditions. The history of Southern Italy boasts a numerous amount of great kings, queens, princes, popes, writers, poets, philosophers, knights, artists, architects, craftsmen, musicians, scholars, scientists, politicians, farmers and leaders[7].
The term Mezzogiorno first came into use in the 18th century and is an Italian rendition of meridies (Latin for 'south', because of the sun's position at midday in the northern hemisphere). "Mezzogiorno" was popularised by Giuseppe Garibaldi and the term came into vogue after Italy's unification. It was sometimes associated with notions of poverty, illiteracy, and crime: stereotypes of the South that often persist to this day.[8] The Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) uses the
term Southern Italy but excludes Sicily, which it groups with Sardinia as Insular Italy; this is the same grouping used for European parliament elections.
Geography
Further information: Geography of Italy
Southern Italy forms the lower "boot" of the Italian peninsula, containing the ankle (Abruzzo and Molise and southern Lazio), the toe (Calabria), and the heel (Apulia) along with the major islands (Sicily and Sardinia). Separating the "heel" and the "boot" is the Gulf of Taranto, named after the city of Taranto, which sits at the angle between the heel and the boot itself. It is an arm of the Ionian Sea. The rest of the southern third of the Italian peninsula is studded with smaller gulfs and inlets.
On the eastern coast is the Adriatic Sea, leading into the rest of the Mediterranean through the Strait of Otranto (named after the largest city on the tip of the heel). On the Adriatic, south of the "spur" of the boot, the peninsula of Monte Gargano; On Tirrenian sea, the Gulf of Salerno, the Gulf of Naples, the Gulf of Policastro and the Gulf of Gaeta are each named after a large coastal city. Along the northern coast of the Salernitan gulf, on the south of the Sorrentine peninsula, runs the famous Amalfi Coast. Off the tip of the peninsula is the world-famous island of Capri. The climate is Mediterranean (K?ppen climate classification Csa), except at the highest elevations (Dsa, Dsb) and the semi-arid eastern stretches in Apulia, along the Ionian Sea in Calabria, and the southern stretches of Sicily (BSw). The largest city of Southern Italy is Naples, a title it has historically maintained for centuries. Bari, Taranto, Reggio Calabria, Foggia and Salerno are the next largest cities in the area. Palermo would be the second largest city if one includes Sicily as part of southern Italy. The region is geologically active, and on November 23, 1980 there was a massive earthquake that killed 300 people and left 3,000 others homeless.
History
See also: Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Naples, and Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Ever since the Greeks colonised Magna Graecia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the south of Italy has, in many respects, followed a distinct history from the north. After Pyrrhus of Epirus failed in his attempt to stop the spread of Roman hegemony in 282 BC, the south fell under Roman domination and remained in such a position well into the barbarian invasions (the Gladiator War is a notable suspension of imperial control). It was held by the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Rome in the West and even the Lombards failed to consolidate it, though the centre of the south was theirs from Zotto's conquest in the final quarter of the 6th century. Amalfi, an independent republic from the 7th century until 1075, and to a lesser extent Gaeta, Molfetta, and Trani, rivalled other Italian maritime republics in their domestic prosperity and maritime importance. Kingdom of Sicily in 1154. The borders remained virtually unchanged for the next 700 years. Following the Gothic War (535–554), and until the arrival of the Normans, much of southern Italy's destiny was linked to the fortunes of the Eastern Empire, even though Byzantine domination was challenged in the ninth century by the Lombards, who annexed the area of Cosenza to the Duchy of Benevento. Consequently, the Lombard South and the Byzantine areas became influenced by Eastern monasticism. Consequently, much of southern Italy experienced a slow process of orientalisation in religious life (rites, cults and liturgy), which accompanied a spread of Eastern churches and monasteries that preserved and transmitted the Greek and Hellenistic tradition (the Cattolica monastery in Stilo is the most representative of these Byzantine monuments).
From then to the Norman conquest of the 11th century, the south of the peninsula was constantly plunged into wars between Greece, Lombardy, and the Islamic Caliphate. The latter established several Islamic states in southern Italy, such as the Emirate of Sicily and Emirate of Bari. The Norman conquest of southern Italy completely subjugated the Lombard principalities, and overwhelmed the Byzantines from all but Naples, which ultimately gave in to Roger II in 1127. He raised the south to kingdom status in 1130, calling it the Kingdom of Sicily. The Normans retained harmonious control of their territory, and ran the kingdom of Sicily efficiently. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II was characterised by its multi-ethnic nature and religious tolerance.[9] Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, Longobards and "native" Sicilians lived in harmony. However, it lasted only 64 years before the Holy Roman Emperors long-held designs on the region came to fruition. The Hohenstaufen rule ended in defeat, but the conquering French of Charles of Anjou were themselves forcibly pushed out in the event immortalized as the Sicilian Vespers. Hereafter, until the union in Spain, the kingdom was split between the principalities of Naples on the mainland and of Sicily over the island. The Aragonese rule left its impression on Italy and the Renaissance through such figures as Alfonso the Magnanimous. With the unification of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the late 15th century, southern Italy and Sicily ceased to have a local monarch and were ruled by viceroys appointed by the Spanish crown. The region remained a part of Spain until the War of the Spanish Succession, when Duke Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia took Sicily. It was soon exchanged with Austria for Sardinia. It became an independent kingdom for Charles of Bourbon and experienced a period of enlightenment with a local, flourishing royal court. In 1798 the French revolutionaries captured southern Italy and created the short-lived Parthenopaean Republic. Eventually, France created the Kingdom of Naples for the benefit of Napoleon's marshal Joachim Murat. An object of irredentism and the Risorgimento, the land was conquered by Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Redshirts in 1861 and, with the north, formed the modern state of Italy.
The transition to a united Kingdom of Italy was not smooth for the South. The Southern economy was much more agrarian and feudal than the industrial northern economy (with few notable exceptions: Salerno, "the Manchester of the two Sicilies", could count in 1877 something like 10,000 textile workers, more than twice the textile labour of widely-known productive centers like Turin).[citation needed] Poverty and organized crime, though were persistent problems in Southern Italy as well. Because of this, the South experienced great economic difficulties resulting in massive emigration leading to a worldwide Southern Italian diaspora. Many natives also relocated to the industrial cities in northern Italy, such as Genoa, Milan and Turin. A relative process of industrialisation has developed in some areas of the "Mezzogiorno" after World War II. In the 1946 referendum after the war, the region voted to keep the monarchy, with its greatest support coming in Campania. Politically, it is often at odds with Northern Italy, which won the referendum to establish a republic.[10] Today, the South remains less economically developed than the north and central regions, which enjoyed an "economic miracle" in the 1950s and 1960s and became highly industrialised. Some Southern Italian secession movements have developed, but have gained little, if any, significant influence.
Culture
Palermo
Reggio Calabria
The regions of Southern Italy were exposed to some different historical influences than the rest of the peninsula, starting most notably with Greek colonisation. Greek influence in the South was dominant until Latinization was completed by the time of the Roman Principate. Greek influences returned by the late Roman Empire, especially following the reconquests of Justinian and the Byzantine Empire.
Sicily, a distinctive culture throughout the Middle Ages, was captured by Muslims and turned into an Emirate for a period, and via Sicily elements of progressive Islamic culture, architecture and science were introduced to Italy and Europe. The rest of the mainland was subject to a struggle of power among the Byzantines, Lombards, and Franks. In addition, the Venetians established outposts as trade with Byzantium and the Near East increased.
Until the Norman conquests of the 11th and 12th centuries much of the South followed Eastern rite (Greek) Christianity. The Normans who settled in Sicily and Southern Italy in the Middle Ages significantly impacted the architecture, religion and high culture of the region. Later, Southern Italy was subjected to rule by the new European nation states, first Aragon, then Spain and Austria. The Spanish had a major impact on the culture of the South, having ruled it for over three centuries. Jewish communities lived in Sicily and Southern Italy for over 15 centuries but in 1492 the king Ferdinand II of Aragon proclaimed the Edict of expulsion. At their height, Jewish Sicilians probably constituted around one tenth of the island's population. After the Edict they partially converted to Christianity and some moved to Greece and other places in Southern Italy, Rome and Europe. In recent years, Southern Italy has experienced a revival of its traditions and music, such as Neapolitan song and the Tarantella.
[edit] See also
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sicily
* Italian NUTS level 1 regions
* Central Italy
* Insular Italy
* Northern Italy
* Southern Italy autonomist movements
[edit] References
1. ^ [http://www.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20090511_00/3_popolazione.pdf ISTAT
2. ^ a b Eurostat 2006
3. ^ a b Table 5.7 | Relative prices and exchange rates
4. ^ "Classificazione economica ISTAT" (in Italian).
http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20091015_00/testointegrale20091015.pdf. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
5. ^ "Classificazione demografica ISTAT" (in Italian). http://demo.istat.it/pop2009/index.html. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
6. ^ http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html
7. ^ http://www.regalis.com/
8. ^ Darkest Italy: The Nation and Stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900 (Hardcover) by John Dickie Category: Italy - History ISBN 9780312221683 ISBN 0312221681 Published: Palgrave Macmillan Publish Date: 1999-11-01 Pages: 209
9. ^ Normans in Sicilian History
10. ^ Sexton, Renard (December 15, 2009). "Berlusconi the Survivor". FiveThirtyEight.com.
http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2009/12/berlusconi-survivor.html. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
范文二：关于气候的说法
气候类型由气温和降水来决定，而“高温、炎热、温和、凉爽、寒冷”分别是对不同气候类型气温特征的描述，具体区别如下：热带气候的最低月均温在15℃以上，一般用“高温”来形容，由于热带全年皆夏，故也说成“全年高温”亚热带气候（如亚热带季风气候和地中海气候）的最低月均温均在0℃～15℃之间，但最高气温月温度都很高（稍低于热带）所以都用“炎热”来形容，如亚热带季风气候夏季炎热多雨，地中海气候夏季炎热干燥。感觉上“炎热”比“高温”温度略低。温带大陆性气候的最低月均温在0℃以下，但由于深入内陆，气温较差大，夏季很热（特别是中亚和我国西北地区）冬季很冷，故描述成“冬冷夏热”这里的“冷”即“寒冷”“热”即“炎热” 温带海洋性气候的最低月均温均在0℃～15℃之间，但由于终年受西风（大西洋方向的海风）影响，所以，冬不冷、夏不热，即“冬暖夏凉“这里的“暖”即“温暖”、“凉”即“凉爽”。而极地气候终年寒冷，所以用“终年低温”或“全年寒冷”来形容。故“高温、炎热、温和、凉爽、寒冷”五词的区分主要在于人的一种感受，没有严格上的气温度数界线。掌握一些描述气候特征的习惯用词，可以使我们的答题更加规范和科学。本人总结出一些典型气候类型的特征描述，供参考：①热带沙漠气候：终年高温干燥。②热带草原气候：终年高温，有明显干湿季。③热带季风气候：终年高温，降水集中在夏秋季节。④热带雨林气候：终年高温多雨。⑤亚热带季风气候：夏季高温多雨，冬季温和少雨。⑥地中海气候：夏季炎热干燥，冬季温和多雨。⑦温带海洋性气候：冬暖夏凉，终年湿润。⑧温带季风气候：夏季炎热湿润，冬季寒冷干燥。⑨温带大陆性气候：冬冷夏热，终年少雨。⑩极地气候：终年寒冷少雨。
范文三：关于魂魄的说法
关于魂魄的说法
古代认为，人的精神分为魂魄，魂是阳气，构成人的思维才智；魄是阴气，构成人的感觉形体。魂魄阴阳协调则人体健康。
道教有“三魂七魄”之说。说魂分为三种：天魂、地魂、命魂；魄分为七：一魄天冲，二魄灵慧，三魄为气，四魄为力，五魄中枢，六魄为精，七魄为英。
人之初生，以七日为腊，一腊而一魄成，故人生四十九日而七魄全。
人要死时，七魄先散，然后三魂再离。人死后，魂（阳气）归于天，精神与魄（形体）脱离，形体骨肉（阴气）则归于地下。魂是阳神，魄是阴神。
而人死则以七日为忌，一忌而一魄散，故人死四十九日而七魄散。四十九日为七个七天，从逝者去世之日算起，每七天为一个祭日，称为“头七”、“二七”、“三七”、“四七”、“五七”、“六七”、“末七”，共计四十九天，也就形成了“烧七”的习俗。
烧七中，一般以头七、三七、五七、末七（也称“尽七”）较为隆重；二、四、六等双七则比较简单。尽七魄散。
与烧七相对应的，还有人的三魂死后一年去一魂，三年魂尽，所以要过三周年。
范文四：关于OA的几种说法
关于OA 系统的几种观点
国内电子政务和信息化建设热潮一浪高过一浪。作为电子政务的重要组成部分，OA 也越来越被人们所关注。在我国即将加入WTO 、“信息化带动工业化”的大环境之下，OA 产业正面临着跨越式发展的重大机遇。但是，OA 产业仍处于“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的态势，目前，还没有形成一定规模。我们不禁要问：OA 厂商与用户应该作出怎样的选择？OA 产业为什么没有像财务软件那样迅速成长？国内权威专家与众多厂商一致认为：OA 不能没有标准。
1. 市场需要培育
OA 是什么？OA 是一个流程，一种境界。它为企业提供了一个整理和管理包括流程在内的各类信息、经验、规程和知识的环境，有助于提高企业的运作效率和对于市场的响应速度，这种效率和速度是企业在电子商务时代生存和发展的根本。既然OA 如此重要，在电子商务和电子政务建设风起的今天，为什么OA 的发展却不尽如人意？我认为以下二点需要注意：
第一，市场上用户“轻管理、重生产”；第二，业界同仁对OA 项目的不重视。特别是前者，这种失衡足以说明市场缺乏对OA 应有的重视。
经验告诉我们，一个有发展前景的OA 系统应当具备三个条件：尽量脱离机器系统，完全避免所谓的硬码（Hard code），不要在服务器、用户、流程的方向等因素之间建立相互依赖关系；系统定价要考虑培训、服务等因素；以推广标准包为业务模式的厂家，要建立必要的服务支撑体系或联盟。
2. 让市场来检验
作为OA 软件专业提供厂商，在进行了大量OA 案例实施工作后，客户在进行OA 建设时应重点考虑的问题是：首先明确需要实现办公自动化的范围；其次，在应用产品的过程中，
充分认识计算机及网络可以为我们带来的巨大便利，毕竟，如果单位花了几十万甚至上百万资金建设的电脑网络仅仅是可以实现共享文件夹作用的话，就太浪费了；第三，通过管理软件实施管理的主要目的并不仅仅是将原来的手抄笔写变为键盘录入，其必将对原先的管理模式带来变革，这样才可以充分发挥它的作用。
实际上，任何一个产品都不存在永远的标准，所有的只是未来的发展趋势和方向。对于OA 软件来说，市场的认同才是检验OA 标准是否正确的标准。
3. 从三方面建标准
OA 的概念并不仅仅局限在我们所习惯定位的“公文流转”为核心的狭义的办公自动化，其含义本身很广泛。因此，讨论OA 标准，就应该从广义的范畴去探讨，而不是像现在这样把管理信息系统从办公自动化系统中分离出来。
OA 系统主要要解决三个方面的问题：通信与协作、数据处理以及结构化和非结构化数据集成。其中，通信与协作和非结构化数据的处理方面，Lotus Domino/Notes已经树立了事实上的标准，但在结构化和非结构化数据的集成上面, 现在主流的平台都没有完美的解决方案。所以，OA 的标准应该从上述三个方面协调考虑，而不仅仅是公文管理和文档的管理和传递。
4. 厂商有章可循
呼唤标准，立意很好，但实现起来有些难度。由于目前国内开发OA 软件的公司相当多，但大多是各自为战，目前尚未形成统一的开发标准，OA 软件的通用性适用性较差。建立OA 软件开发标准，是推广OA 产业发展的一个主要瓶颈。因此，尽快制定OA 软件开发标准，使各OA 软件开发商有“章”可循，使OA 产品的通用性、可移植性、可维护性大大增强。事实上，合强OA 软件所执行的开发标准是：支持工作流、支持协同办公、支持四级安全机制、支持远程/移动办公、支持知识管理、支持流程表单可定制、支持Web 模式、支
持用户个性化操作、支持与企业其他系统的集成、支持可拆卸模块化结构。
5. 标准要规范
在我国，OA 提倡了多年，效果并不明显。造成这种局面的原因就在于应用软件过于名目繁多，缺少统一标准。OA 领域的整体标准规范亟待尽快推出，使OA 的发展有“章”可循。对于标准的讨论，应该确定一个适用的范围。几乎每一个行业都会涉及到OA 应用，但由于行业的差别，OA 建设在安全方面、技术实现方面、功能方面都有很大的不同。由于OA 涉及的行业或范围广泛，很多人也担心标准推出后会缺乏制约行业或部门的个性化需求。其实，标准的制定无意忽略众多用户各自的特殊需求，而是要真正实现信息更大范围的共享、交流以及由此带来的巨大的效益。
当然，OA 随着社会信息进程的推进，OA 的范围和内涵也不断发生变化，制定OA 的标准，也必须具有前瞻性和灵活性，不要犯教条主义，同时OA 的标准也应随着社会发展而不断改进。
6.OA=技术+功能
OA 标准化的工作，对于企业和OA 厂商都具有非常重要的意义。这一标准化工作的两个核心方向将应该是技术标准化和功能（业务）标准化方向。同时，面对激烈竞争的市场环境和不断变化的市场需求，将OA 系统与知识管理相结合，通过OA 系统的扩展实现对企业核心竞争能力的管理将是在系统标准制定过程中必须着力解决的问题。
技术标准化指对系统实施的技术规范、步骤、方法的标准化工作，是提高系统实施效率、降低难度、增加科学性、避免低水平重复同时降低成本的重要依托；功能（业务）标准化指对系统所涉及的企业经营过程、业务流程的标准化工作，这一部分的工作则和具体的IT 系统类型、所涉及业务的具体特点紧密相关。能够进行高度标准化的业务流程，往往很容易实现IT 系统实施的功能标准化，例如财务系统；与此相反，对于企业各具特色的业务领域，
难以形成行业标准，实现IT 系统的功能标准化，就会面临更多的挑战。
文章来源于网络，由帆软软件整理
范文五：关于笑的说法
, 笑容应该是每个明星都需要必修的课程，这倒不是因为他们不会笑，只是他们总
是想把最好的一面呈现给大家，所以 笑 也成了一门艺术，以下是近来较有名气的女星，
让我们来看看，她们谁笑得最灿烂。
宋慧乔/李英爱
张韶涵/高圆圆
章子怡/徐静蕾
林嘉欣
林志玲/张韶涵
范冰冰/黄奕
李冰冰/徐若萱
大S/
张含韵/范冰冰
伊能静/蔡依林 下一页：看看章子怡、周迅、李宇春、何洁、全智贤、李英爱、金泰熙、刘奕菲、范
冰冰、许晴、徐若萱
2007-10-11 02:27:31 来源: 网易女人综合 网友评论 15 条 进入论坛
, 笑容应该是每个明星都需要必修的课程，这倒不是因为他们不会笑，只是他们
总是想把最好的一面呈现给大家，所以 笑 也成了一门艺术，以下是近来较有名气的女星，
让我们来看看，她们谁笑得最灿烂。
全智贤/李英爱
许晴/徐若萱
章子怡/周迅
刘奕菲/范冰冰
何洁
金泰熙/李宇春
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