段友43745
范文一：加州空气污染治理背后的故事
专栏
徐杰
故事之三:积极回应的立法者和政府
为治理引起公愤的大气污染，加州相关部门多管齐下。立法和司法部门制定严格的法律并加以推行。政府部门一方面成立相关部门加强监管和落实;另一方面支持技术研发，积极推广使用先进技术。
在立法和监管方面，加州的许多做法均早于联邦政府。1947年加州州长签署《大气污染控制法》，授权每个郡县建立空气污染控制区，如全美最早成立了洛杉矶县空气污染控制区。同年，加州还采用烟色浓度系统，测定不同来源烟雾的透明度。
1950年，加州通过法律，根据烟色浓度系统限制烟雾排放。1959年加州成为全美第一个制定大气质量标准的州，该标准涵盖光化学氧化物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮和一氧化碳等。1955年，洛杉矶县率先建立了机动车污染控制实验室;1960年加州成立机动车污染控制理事会(MVPCB)，负责检测和认证在全州境内销售的车辆配件。
1988年9月30日，加州清洁空气法案(CCAA)正式签署为法律，1989年1月1日起生效，并随后于1992年进一步修订。该法案准确地把握了区域内空气污染相互影响的问题，制定了达到联邦空气质量标准的明确方案。该方案大约分为三个阶段。第一阶段是控制固定污染源。包括对石油产品的生产、提炼和运输;溶剂及涂料的使用;锅炉、内燃机、电炉及废水处理等工业和商业过程的监管等。第二阶段主要是推广高效低排放的燃油技术。第三阶段是进一步控制汽车和工业排放。
加州控制空气污染的成效起初并不理想，被联邦政府列为“极端严重”污染区域。加州各级政府开始合作起来。纵向政府间实行有效互动，
州政府明确权威性的区域空气污染防治组织，地方政府积极协助。加州政府将全区设为13个质量管理区实行区域管理。由于各个区域独立的管理不能解决问题，区域间的非正式合作与协商解决也被证明无效，于是在1976年，加州南海岸空气质量管理区(SCAQMD)得以成立。作为一个区域性管理机构，其最主要职责是加强区域跨界和跨部门合作，与地方政府和其他社会团体共同制定和实施合作计划。他们还向美国国家环保局(EPA)和州政府提出跨区域管理政策建议，以便制定出使整个国家受益的空气环境政策。自成立以来，南海岸空气质量管理区向美国环保局提出了不少很好的空气管理方面的建议。
故事之四:被迫让步的产业界
洛杉矶的公共交通设施严重缺乏。随着洛杉矶城镇化程度越来越高，居民们需要数量越来越多、功率越来越大的汽车。高度发达的高速公路网络成为雾霾产生的主要原因。深受空气污染困扰的民众开始通过法律渠道向政府施加压力，政府则不断通过制定新的监管措施，来迫使产业界进行改变。
首先承受压力的是汽车业巨头。1959年，加州立法者认识到日益增长的机动车数量以及监管不足可能带来的严重危害，于是成立了加州机动车污染管制委员会，并授权它对机动车排放进行检测，并对排放检测设备发放许可。委员会要求从1963年的车型开始。新车需要装备曲轴，这样废气可以再次充分燃烧而不是直接排放到大气里。
上世纪60年代末期，加州开始对汽车的尾气管排放进行初次监管，后来更是要求汽车装备催化转换器。安装催化转化器的要求开始时遭到了汽车生产商的强烈抵制。他们借口说技术上根本不可行，成本会非常高。但加州政府坚持要求产业界在一定期限内开发出新的污染控制设
施。上世纪70年代末期，洛杉矶市以及加州要求对汽车进行监测，以确保污染控制设施正常运作。
石油产业也受到巨大的压力。上世纪60年代，加州监管者开始了清洁汽车燃油的第一步，即减少汽油中可能产生光化学效应的成分。上世纪70年代开始，联邦政府也开始要求降低汽油中的铅含量。上世纪70和80年代，加州环保部门开始要求使用乙醇和天然气以代替汽油，这将使汽车的排放减少一半。尽管乙醇并不是汽油最好的替代性燃料 (成本高于汽油)，但这一可能的威胁还是成为汽油生产商加快净化汽油的重要动力。上世纪80年代早期，加州空气资源局和美国环境保护局要求所有石油公司开发并销售更加清洁的汽油。
电动汽车的引入也给汽车生产商和石油生产商带来巨大压力。1990年，加州空气资源局推出了一项新规定，要求在1998年以前引入电动零排放汽车。在石油和汽车生产商的强烈抵制下，这一期限推迟到2003年。这两大力量还运用强大的游说力量，游说国会议员甚至总统，使得局势朝着对自己有利的方向转移。但最终，在日益严格的监管下，产业界也只能投入巨大资金，通过技术进步来满足监管的需求。
加州空气污染治理是一项长期而艰巨的工程。从1943年发生第一次严重的空气质量问题起，距今已经70年了。尽管加州空气质量有很大改善，但依然处于美国空气质量最差城市行列。理解空气治理的难度巨大，以及治理过程中的作用机制，对于治理中国日益恶化的雾霾问题，无疑有重要的启发。
范文二：身边的空气污染
《身边的空气污染》
活动目标：
1、 使学生了解“应该保护环境爱护环境，并体会
环境污染的危害，对保护环境产生初步的认
识。
2、 使学生在调查研究的过程中，感受要保护环境
的重要性，并能初步学会运用一些研究方法，
如观察能力、想象能力、绘画能力、表达能力
以及分析和比较的能力。
3、 培养学生热爱大自然的情感，细心观察自然事
物的良好习惯。
活动对象：五年级
活动准备：“保护环境”材料
活动时间：两周
活动过程及指导要点：
第一阶段：启发与指导（第一周）
出示有关环境污染的图片，让学生对图片产生浓厚的兴趣。
师：同学们又到了我们的校本活动时间。那么，我们今天的活动内容是什么呢？我们了解过“大自然的美好景色”。今天，我们就来了解一下“身边的空气污染”。我们将用两周的时间来了解“身边的空气污染”。
一、 出示特征性较强的空气污染图片
师：同学们，你们知道这些情况是怎么形成的么？下面请刘存同学来给大家讲一讲。
听完她的讲解后，同学们都有了一定的理解，请结合图片说一说我们身边有哪些污染源。
师：同学们，每个空气污染的途径是不一样的。它们都有自己危害和形成条件，那么，我们刚才这些是怎么形成的呢？
二、 分成四个小组进行讨论，（吸烟、油烟、家庭装修、
微波炉）。
三、 学生进行现场汇报，请同学们和图片上的四季对比
一下，看一看在对比之中发现它们有什么共同点和不同点。培养学生的观察能力。进行填表。（“工作情况”先不填）
同学们，身边的空气污染我们了解完了，那么大家想一想既然我们要保护环境，我们该做些什么呢？我们接下
来的一周时间来进行调查再填表。
二、把学生分成四个小组调查。该如和保护环境
第二阶段：探索与展开
A ：填表
把刚才表格没填的“工作情况”一栏进行填写。 B ：调查后把结果汇报给组长，由组长进行填写。
C ：对一周以来的调查研究过程进行总结，你是怎样获得这些知识的？
四、 反馈
1、 请同学们分别以小组为单位汇报结果并进行评
比，看哪组同学搜集到的材料最详细。看她们是否在某些方面存在不足，或者不详细，可以针对指导。
2、 全班讨论。并鼓励学生好好学习，努力钻研，
长大以后通过科学技术改变空气污染状况。
第三阶段：延伸升华
同学们，让我们用自己的行动去热爱环境。为家乡做出贡献。
画一幅关于环境的画
范文三：空气污染的斗争
空气污染的斗争
The fight against air pollution
With the development of our economy, more and more factories are built. At the same time, air pollution that most people have ignored is gradually at a risk. In the modern days, wherever you go, you can see regions that have been seriously polluted by ha rm f u l sm og. For ex am ple, th e blu e sky th a t w e ha v e ev er seen n ow ha s cha ng ed its col or a nd become darker. In addition, some areas have caused strange disease due to some poisonous air. What is worse, a large amount of forests have gradually disappeared as the acid rain shows up which cause by the air pollution indirectly. Therefore, lead up to people, our government has reckoned with the serious situation. Firstly, they order some small and polluted factories close down in force or make some less-polluted ones modernized. Secondly, they take some measures to move some factories out of the region. Thirdly, then also offer lots of advanced technical to more and more factories. On the other hand, they also call on people to plant more threes, so that the air pollution may be solved step by step. In all, facing the fact that the environment is getting better, people are happy with the measures taken by the government. If everyone makes contributions to it, the world will become more and more beautiful.
The fight against air pollution
Air pollution has becom e a serious problem in recent years. Th ere are a lot of causes. first of all, is the chemical noxious gases emission. We all know that there are a lot of of factories around the world, they are actually emitting such gases everyday. The second one is the sharp decrease of the forests. Forest is very important to our Eco-system, it can adjust the heat and balance the air. The third one is the urbanization. People tend to stay in the city where is actually an abnormal Eco-system. Many cities do not have a complete system of controlling the air pollution. In order to solve such problems, I have some ideas.First of all is to control the emission of noxious gases. A set of necessary standards is required. It is not allowed to emit some particular gases until they have been transferred to another kind of chemical substance that is harmless to environment. Second one is planting more trees. We have cut down a lot of trees. It does have side effect on the quality of air. By planting more trees, many environment problems can be solved rather than air pollution only.
The fight against air pollution
As is known to us all, that with the development of economy and society, the problem of air pollution becomes more and more serious. Especially, harmful smog polluted the region seriously .This phenomenon caused people's
attention and they spent more energy on fighting against air pollution. Some effective actions had been taken, some factories were closed down while others were moved out of the region .In addition, a lot of trees had been planted on hills, fields and so on. The government was truly playing an important role in the fight against air pollution. If not, can it
really be succeed only depends on several folk organizations or different sorts of environmentalprotection associations, even persons? Seeing the obviously changes on the surrounding, breathing more comfortable than ever, people feel pleasant after that, of course, the key thing is to thank for the governments’ measures which encouraged people to support the government so as to reduce the source of air pollution. In conclusion, both of the government, citizen and the factories moved out make a contribution to protect air environment from polluting serious again.
范文一：
过去，人们不必担心保护环境的问题。因为那时地球上人口稀少，自然资源似乎取之不尽。如今，一切都改变了。世界变得拥挤异常。我们正在耗尽我们的自然资源，有毒化学制品的使用也正污染着环境。如果我们继续这样下去，地球上的生命将不复存在。我们都知道如果从海里捕捉太多的鱼，海里就不会再有鱼了。但是，现代化的捕鱼技术使得捕鱼量越来越大。我们都知道如果砍伐太多的树木，森林就会消失。但是，我们仍旧使用强大的机械砍伐越来越多的树木。我们都知道如果河水被废弃物污染的话，我们只有死路一条。但是废弃物仍然源源不断地进入河里我们知道，人口继续照现在这个速度增长的话，不出几年，就会发生食物短缺。我们该如何解决这些问题呢? 如果我们多吃蔬菜，少吃肉类的话，我们就会有更多的食物。因为同样大小的土地如果种庄稼的话会比养殖动物多养活五倍多的人。如果我们学会再利用的话，自然资源就能持续更久。如果人们使用现代化的生育控制方法，世界人口就不会增长如此迅猛。最后，如果我们能够教育人们都意识到这些问题的话，未来我们就会有一个更好、更洁净的星球。
Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.Today things are different. The world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources,and polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.We realize that if too many fish are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left.
Yet,with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught.We know that if too many trees are cut down, forests will disappear. Yet, we continue to use powerful machines to cut down more and more trees. We see that if rivers are polluted with waste products, we will die. Yet, waste products are still put into rivers.We know that if the population continues to rise at the present rate, in a few years, there won't be enough food.What can we do to solve these problems? If we eat more vegetables and less meat, there will be more food available. Land for crops feeds five times more people than land where animals are kept.Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.Finally, if we educate people to think about the problems we shall have a better and cleaner planet in the future.
空气污染的危害英语作文：Air Pollution
We all know that clean air is important to good health. Wherever you go and whatever you do, you are always surrounded by a sea of gases that we call air. If there are impurities in the air, they may be absorbed by our bodies and make us ill. We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is globally present, especially in cities.Many large cities are anything but pollution-free. Our cities have many factories, which we need to make food, clothing and other things. Every year these factories pour millions upon millions of tons of smog into air. Power plants and houses that burn coal add greatly to air pollution. Besides, there are more cars in cities now. Once out on the streets, they will take in fresh air and replace it with poisonous gases.Our country is trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. As long as every citizen also realizes its
importance and makes join efforts, the day will come soon when people will take in only clean air. Then, the sunlight will no longer be blackened out by smoke and soot.
中国和美国在学业上的表现
the performance of chinese and american in their studies
There are many differences between Chinese and American students‘ learning ways. I roughly said a few here. First, in order to graduate from college, American students begin to study hard after entering the college. On the contrary, Chinese students must study so hard that they can enter the college and no longer study hard after entering the college. Second, in class, Amerecan students who knows nothing but pretend to know like to ask the teacher questions, while
Chinese students are used to pretend to know and do not ask. Third, American students often do not have a mathematical mind, they have to rely on electronic calculator for a long time.
Chinese students are all mathematical geniuses, their oral and mental arithmetics are both in the first-class level.
In recent years, more and more topics about the differences between Chinese students and American students are talked by people. I will show you some aspects about their differences. Many different factors contribute to that. The biggest difference is that Chinese students are doing far better than American students in their studies.Chinese students' strong
belief in hard work plays a critical role. Moreover, Chinese students have a strong responsibility to their families.In addition, another big difference is American students like free and relaxed atmosphere rather than boring studies. As for me, I think we should work hard and have a responsibility. Besides, We should learn to relax like American students.
Many of us are aware of the better performance of the chinese students on their studies as compared with the american students. However, do you know what are the reasons behind
this?Yes, to have performed well in the studies, the most important thing is to put in more effort. But still why will these chinese students had the adamant to work so hard? It is the strong belief in hard work. This is a morality that had been passed down for many generations in the chinese society. There is an ancient saying: "As you sow, so shall you reap." You will get the pay from your deeds no matter fast or slow. This belief had rooted in the mind of all the chinese as if they are born to be hardworking although there are still some exceptions which the amount is
negligible.There is also another cause that force the chinese students to be more hardworking, that is the strong duty to their families. People in china unlike america, are only allowed to have one kid in every family. This leads to a heavier burden on the shoulders of the children. These responsibilities will cause them to work harder and harder and harder in order not to disappoint their parents and for a better life in future.
纽约布鲁克林有严重的安全问题
There are serious security problems in Brooklyn, New York
There are serious security problems in Brooklyn, New York. Not long ago a young lady was murdered at a time still early in the evening. Marissa Parry was returning home from the job at about 9 in the evening. She was walking the 100-foot distance from the parking lot to the entrance of her apartment. Suddenly a man attacked her from behind. He grabbed her and stabbed her with a knife.Miss Parry struggled and screamed for help. But no one came to help her. The man stabbed her again! Then the man got into his car and drove away. Miss Parry could no longer stagger to her feet; she lay just a few feet away from her apartment, dying.
The Security Problems in Brooklyn
It is said that there are serious security problems in Brooklyn, New York. Only a few days ago a young woman was murdered near her residence. It was already ten o’clock in the evening that Marissa Parry was on her way home from company. While walking through the parking lot toward the entrance of her apartment, a man attacked her. It was too sudden for her to realise what was happening. The man stabbed her in the belly with a knife as he seized her bag. Marissa Parry struggled and cried out for help, but no one came to help her. The hateful robber stabbed her again in fury. Then he ran away panickly. Miss Parry fell down and her breath becam
e weaker and weaker. The next morning, people found Marissa Parry lying dead a few feet away from her apartment. Through this event let us feel the importance of protecting our own security. At the same time, we should be brave to help the victims.
卓别林查利的生活
the life of charlie chaplin
Charlie Chaplain was born in 1889 in London. His childhood was one of extreme poverty and he did not have much schooling. But Charlie showed a gift for acting and longed to be an actor. In 1910 Charlie went to the United States for the first time as part of a troupe and thus started his formal acting career. He was very successful in his acting and made about 80 films throughout hislife. After World War II, Chaplin did not stop to rest on his earlier success. He gave up the Little Tramp character and tried to grow as an artist. Later Chaplin settled in Switzerland and stayed there for the rest of his life. He died in Switzerland on December 25, 1977 and the world lost one of the greatest creative artists of the 20th century.
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin,Jr.KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977),better known as Charlie Chaplin,was an Academy Award-winning English comedic actor and filmmaker.Chaplin became one of the most famous actors as well as a notable filmmaker,composer and musician in the early to mid "Classical Hollywood" era of American cinema.Chaplin acted
in,directed,scripted,produced and eventually scored his own films as one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era.His working life in entertainment spanned over 65 years,from the Victorian stage and the Music Hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer almost until his death at the age of 88.His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy.With Mary Pickford,Douglas Fairbanks and D.W.Griffith,Chaplin co-founded United Artists in 1919.In a review of the book Chaplin:A Life (2008),Martin Sieff
writes:"Chaplin was not just 'big',he was gigantic.In 1915,he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy,laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I.Over
the next 25 years,through the Great Depression and the rise of Hitler,he stayed on the job.He was bigger than anybody.It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment,pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most." 翻译：查尔斯爵士斯宾塞卓别林小知识工程（ 1889年4月16日- 12月25日1977年） , 被称为查理卓别林, 是一个赢得奥斯卡奖的英国喜剧的演员和导演. 卓别林成为最有名的演员以及有显着的导演, 作曲家和音乐家在初期到中期“经典好莱坞”时代的美国cinema.Chaplin 采取行动, 指挥, 策划, 制作, 并最终拿下了自己的电影之一最具创意和影响力的人士的无声电影时代. 他的工作生活娱乐跨距超过65岁, 来自维多利亚州的阶段和音乐厅在英国作为一个儿童演员几乎直到他去世, 享年88岁. 他的高知名度公共和私人生活中既包括奉承和争议. 与玛丽皮克弗, 道格拉斯费尔班克斯和DW 格里菲斯, 卓别林共同创立美国艺术家在1919.In 审查书卓别林：人生（ 2008年） , 马丁Sieff 写道：“卓别林不仅是' 大' ,他是巨大的.1915年, 他突发到饱受战争蹂躏的世界带来了礼物, 搞笑, 笑声和救济虽然撕裂本身除了通过第一次世界大战在今后25年内, 通过在经济大萧条和希特勒的崛起, 他下榻对这项工作. 他比任何人. 这是令人怀疑的任何个人都给予更多的娱乐, 高兴和救济如此众多的人当他们最需要的."
Charlie Chaplin, the 20th century the famous British comedian, founder of modern comedy movies, enjoy high reputation all over the world. Chaplin, his childhood, in the playground and itinerant troupes busk or odd jobs. In 1913, with Karl's mime troupe to go to America, by
American director m. senna, who began his film career. On February 7, 1914, wore a bowler hat and carrying bamboo cane, foot big boots, walk like a duck in the tramp Xia Erluo image for the first time appear in the film "the Venice children's car. This image as the symbol of the Chaplin comedies and popular in Europe and the United States more than 20 years. Chaplin, wore a bowler hat and dress look almost became an important representative of comedy movies, back many artists are performing in his way
对许多人一个牛仔是一个英雄
to many people a cowboy is a hero
To many people,a cowboy is a fantastic hero.Acowboy is a tall and strong man,wearing cowboyt hat and boots,riding a horse and with guns around his waist.He remains alert to everything around him all the time .When danger is around ,he never fails to sense or detect it,and he is always breave to face the danger .A cowboy is a skilled horseman and good gunman .He is a hero,who helps the good people while punishing the bad .He seems like a superman who appears wher
e he is needed .A cowboy dose what is right and refuses money for his good actions,because he dose not care about money ,what he cares about is doing justice.
he cowboy has become the hero of many movies.He is,even today,believed to have courage and adventure(冒险).But what was the life of a cowboy really like?The cowboy’s job is clear from the word “cowboy”.A cowboy,according to dictionary explanation,is a man who rides a horse and whose job is to care for cattle(牛).The cattle were in the West and in Texas.People in the cities of the East wanted beef(牛肉) from these cattle.Trains could take the cattle east.But first the cattle had to get to the trains.Part of the cowboy’s job was to take the cattle hundreds of miles to the railroad towns.These trips were called cattle drives.A cattle drive usually took several
months.Cowboys rode for sixteen hours a day.Because they rode so much,each cowboy brought along about eight horses.A cowboy changed horses several times each day.The cowboys had to make sure that the cattle arrived safely.Before starting on a drive,the cowboys branded(给---烙上印) the cattle.They burned a mark on the cattle to show who they belonged to.But these marks didn’t stop rustlers(盗窃牲口的人),or cattle thieves.Cowboys had to protect the cattle from
rustlers.Rustlers made the already dangerous trip even more dangerous.Even though their work was very difficult and dangerous,cowboys did not earn much money.They were paid badly.But cowboys liked their way of life.They lived in a wild and open country.They lived a life of adventure and freedom.
To many people,a cowboy is a hero
To many people,a cowboy is a fantastic hero.A cowboy is a tall and strong man,wearing cowboy hat and boots,riding a horse and with guns around his waist.He remains alert to everything around him all the time.When danger is around,he never fails to sense or detect it,and he is always brave to face the danger.A cowboy is a skilled horseman and good gunman.He is a hero who helps the good people while punishing the bad.He seems like a superman who appears where he is needed.A cowboy does what's right and refuses money for his good actions,because he does not care about money.What he cares about is doing justice.
范文四：空气污染的定义
空氣污染的定義
汽、機車排放的廢氣，及燃燒煤或石油時產生的氣體和懸浮
微粒，當這些污染在空氣中的數量超過一定環境保護處的特定標
準時，我們便稱現在的空氣正受到污染。所謂空氣污染，即指空
氣中含有一種或多種污染物，其存在的量、性質及時間會傷害到
人類、植物及動物的生命，損害財物，或干擾舒適的生活環境。
只要是某一種物質其存在的量、性質及時間足夠對人類或其他生
物、財物產生影響者，我們就可以稱其為空氣污染物；而其存在
造成之現象，就是空氣污染。 空氣污染物產生的來源分為
1.自然污染源
自然污染源如火山爆發及森林火災產生大量的二氧化硫和二氧
化碳等，這些自然污染物都是局部且短暫，大氣的自淨下，並不
會造成污染問題。
2.人為污染源
人為污染源具有區域性及持續性，導致污染物排放超過大氣含容
能力及自淨力，造成日益嚴重的空氣污染問題。
依特性分類
1.點排放源：煙囪、工廠通風口。
2.線排放源：公路、鐵路。
3.面排放源：塗料及溶劑使用及露天燃燒等。 依法規分類
1.固定污染源：不因本身動力而改變位置之污染源。 2.移動污染源：可因本身動力而改變位置之污染源。
空氣污染物的產生 1.懸浮微粒
懸浮微粒?燃料燃燒、森林火災所造成 2.一氧化碳
一氧化碳主要是由燃料燃燒所造成，在市區則主要來自汽機車之
排放，但其他污染源的燃燒過程也有可能排放，如燒稻草、垃圾
等幾種主要空氣污染物的來源。
3.硫氧化物
硫氧化物主要來自固定污染源的燃燒過程，其他因素所佔比例較
小（如硫酸工廠、煉鋼工廠）；硫的來源則因煤炭、石油等化石
燃料中原本就含硫，所以在燃燒中與氧化合生成。
4.氮氧化物
氮氧化物的兩個主要來源是交通工具（汽車）和工廠，它的起因
是空氣中的氮在高溫的狀態下氧化或是燃料中的合氮化物氧化
而成。
5.碳氫化合物
碳氫化合物的來源除了汽車外，顏料、油漆工廠及乾洗店等使用
的有機溶劑蒸發也是重大來源。 空氣污染的問題 一. 對人類、動物健康的影響： 不論是氣體或顆粒狀的污染物，當濃度太高、量太多或毒性太強
時，均足以使呼吸器官內正常功能失效或影響其他器官，使身體
不適；即使其濃度或量沒有高到足以產生立即危害，但長期影響
下能有可能產生慢性病變。例如：空氣中的二氧化硫吸太多會使
氣管炎、氣喘，氣腫等之病患增加、病情惡化，長期吸入二氧化
硫會影響體內黏膜或影響體內細胞的正常功用；一氧化碳會使人
病痛、疲倦、昏睡，嚴重時會使人窒息死亡；臭氧等高氧化物因
為具有高刺激性及氧化性，會刺激眼睛、鼻子、喉嚨及呼吸道，
並造成肺部傷害。
二. 對植物的影響：
某些空氣污染物會影響果實的生長，造成植物葉子組織破壞而產
生枯黃、掉落、捲葉等病態。對植物最具毒性的氣體如二氧化硫、
臭氧、氟化氫、乙烯 、氯化氫、氯氣、氨氣等，對台灣的水稻、
香蕉等曾有傷害的報導。
三. 對金屬、建材等材料的影響：
某些空氣污染物可使金屬腐蝕生鏽，其他如電線、鐵軌、橋樑、
屋頂等亦會受到影響，產生褪色或變質現象，並減少使用壽命。
比如說：二氧化碳會侵蝕石灰石，二氧化硫對許多金屬有腐蝕作
用，臭氧會使橡膠脆化斷裂，氮氧化物則會使顏料褪色等。此外，
氣態之二氧化硫會進入大理石建材之內部和大理石反應後，變成
固態之硫酸鈣產生膨脹，而使建築物產生裂縫，這種現象加劇了
文化古蹟之損壞，增加保養修護工作之困難。
四. 對氣候的影響：
比如硫氧化物、氮氧化物造成了「酸雨」的現象，或二氧化碳造
成大氣層散熱量減少，使地球表面溫度上升，形成「溫室效應」
等，均是對氣候產生了影響。另外，空氣中的微粒會使太陽光散
射，減少陽光到達地球之能量，會使地球之溫度降低。 空氣污染指標
(Pollutant Standard Index，簡稱PSI)為參考美國環保署及其他機構
所研議決定的指標，以0至500的數值來表示空氣污染的程度。
這個指標值和健康的影響關係分為以下五個等級： (圖在下頁) ＰＳＩ值與健康影響如下：
0～50 51～100 101～199 200～299 >=300
良好 普通 不良 非常不良 有害
Very
Good Moderate Unhealthful Hazardous
Unhealthful
對一輕微症狀降低其運動
般民惡化的現能力；一般 造成某些疾
對敏感族
眾身象，如臭 大眾則視身病提早開始
群健康無
體健氧濃度在體狀況，可能減低正常人
立即影響
康無此範圍， 產生各種不的運動能力
影響 眼鼻會略同的症狀
有刺激感
如何改善空氣污染(個人)
個人：
1.掃地輕輕掃(不讓灰塵飛揚)、垃圾不亂堆(亂放會有蚊蠅孳生)
2.多搭乘大眾運輸工具、保持居家環境清潔。
3.駕駛人士應該養成經常檢查維修車輛。 4.少吸煙、少用清潔劑和香水這些化學物品。 5.多種植物和樹木可以產生光合作用，會放出氧氣。
如何改善空氣污染(政府) 政府：
1.加強固定空氣污染源的管制。
2.增加無鉛汽油、低硫油品及液化天然氣供應。 3.發展使用低污染汽車，抑制使用柴油車，提倡大眾運輸以減少
交通工具所產生之空氣污染。
4.充實空氣品質監測網站。
5.配合國際公約（蒙特婁議定書），管制氟氯碳化物及保麗龍使
用。
6.維護及改善空氣品質。
參考資料
知識+(如何改善空氣污染)
知識+(空氣污染)
行政院環保署
知識+(空氣污染的來源、種類等)
范文五：可怕的空气污染
可怕的空气污染
【序：说心里话，我发表这篇文章的心情很复杂。这篇博文完稿于今年二月底，但被我压了下来，担心这样评论北京的空气污染会影响海外人才的全职回国、也影响清华的招聘人才。但同时，国内一次次严重的环境污染事件，以及我切身感受到的国内许多大中城市的严重污染，又让我不安与愤怒。
几周前，北京市环保局辟谣，说北京市空气质量在奥运会后逐年变差的说法与事实不符。对这种辟谣我觉得不可理解：几乎所有我问过的北京人和清华同事都说奥运会后这两年的空气质量一年不如一年。我也很不理解北京的蓝天数在奥运会后逐年增加是怎么回事？！难道是大家的切身感觉都错了？还是北京蓝天的标准在逐年降低？这也让我想起了大约两年前饱受百姓质疑的国家统计局关于商品房售价年增1.5%的新闻：全国主要城市新房的售价每年扶摇直上，但统计局却因为“统计方法不同”而给出了1.5%的数字！
过去两年，不止一次地有朋友问我：你在国内最不开心的事情是什么？我总是回复：最不开心、也是常常痛苦的唯一事情就是空气污染。我的慢性咽炎2010年开始，逐渐加重，遇到今天这样的污染天就像嗓子里堵了个东西，咽不下去，又吐不出来，很难受。不知还有多少人像我一样在忍受这样严重的空气污染。
今天，2011年12月5日，星期一。又是一天令我窒息的日子。我的主要新闻来源“手机报”在“北京新闻”的头条提醒我：“今天白天，本市静风、逆温的不利污染物扩散条件还将继续，预计空气污染指数范围为260至280，属于四级中度重污染。市环保局副局长建议：心脏病、肺病患者等易感人群要加强防护，健康人群也要适当减少户外活动。”
59年前的今天，英国伦敦遭受严重的空气污染，直接导致数千人死亡。就选择今天发表我完稿于今年二月底的博文吧。】
2011年2月20-22日的污染
星期二，2月22日早晨，我拉开卧室的窗帘，外面雾霾弥漫，又是一个重度空气污染的日子。我的心情也跟着阴沉起来。从星期日开始，这是春节后北京的第三个雾霾天了。
送完孩子上学，我来到办公室，也读到了《手机报》里的头条北京新闻：“昨天，雾气弥漫的京城出现今年首个重度污染天。来自市环保局的检测数据显示，21日，全市空气平均污染指数为333，达到5级重度污染。”这样的污染，相当于每个人被迫吸烟21根。看完报道，我越发心情沉重，又一次地打开北京市天气预报的网站，今后7天均为“微风”及“无持续风向”。也就是说：今后7天北京的空气都会有比较严重的污染。
在北京住过一段时间的人们都知道一个规律：北京的空气质量在很大程度上依赖于自然风。每次风力在三、四级或以上时，大都会蓝天白云，空气清新。这种情况在每年冬季的12月和1月最为明显，强劲的西北风虽然寒冷刺骨，但带来了干净清洁的空气和蓝蓝的天空，让我心情大为愉悦！可惜，北京不可能天天有风。如果连续几天没风，第一天还勉强，
第二天就开始雾蒙蒙、明显感觉污染，到了第三天即使是晴天太阳也不过是一个可以用肉眼直接观看的红红的圆盘。
北京上一次长时间的空气重度污染出现在去年十一长假的最后一天。2010年10月1日至4日，风力很足，阳光灿烂，天空湛蓝湛蓝，感觉好极了。5日，还行。6日下午，我开车去机场迎接十一长假出游归来的夫人和孩子，感觉空气已经开始多了很多尘埃。7日，雾霾天。8日、9日、10日，空气污染严重。11日以后，风起，空气质量也很快好转。可惜几天后（大约10月16日前后），北京又迎来了几天雾霾天，比起7-10日的污染，程度稍轻。
为了我们的孩子
几乎所有的朋友都知道我特别关注北京的空气质量，也知道我的心情会随着空气质量的好坏而变化。但大多数朋友不知道我为什么这样“较汁”。
一切都是为了孩子。污染的空气对幼儿的发育、智力、健康都会有很多不良影响。可怕的是，这些影响一般不会在几个月、甚至几年内被明显察觉到，也许有些长期受到空气污染的人一辈子都不会觉察其影响。但科学研究表明，污染空气中的化学小分子和重金属不仅会引起呼吸道和肺部疾病、对心血管和肝脏产生危害，还会诱发突变、加重癌症的几率，甚至会对幼儿的大脑发育产生不良影响、甚至直接影响智力。最为可怕的是，普通老百姓对空气污染没有足够的意识，一般情况下也不会主动诉求。而对患者，很难确证是由于空气污染引发的病变。
空气污染比其它的污染危害更大。首先，受害人最多。除非生活在过滤器里，所有人都会受害。其次，几乎无法防护。我们担心水污染时，可以加装一个有害物过滤器；担心食物安全时，可以选择一些比较安全的食物或洗干净后再食用。对付空气就没有办法了，因为空气无孔不入、无处不在。最多就是在办公室和家里装上空气过滤器，但效果有限。实质上，我们每个人的肺脏就是北京市的空气过滤器。
也许会有人认为我小题大做，认为空气污染没那么多危害。我来举一个极端的例子：1952年12月5日至9日，英国伦敦因为严重的大气污染直接造成数千人的死亡。请看：http://baike.baidu.com/view/18219.htm
有时，我也会侥幸地想：上个世纪九十年代和本世纪初北京的空气污染也很严重，北京的绝大多数孩子不也顺利成长了吗？也许空气污染不会对孩子产生太多负面影响。但更多的时候，我会因另一种思维产生深深的忧虑：空气污染一定会对健康产生不良影响，正在生长发育的孩子最容易受到伤害，等到病情发作时就太晚了！
我在所有的场所都会表达对空气污染的忧虑和关心，也都会鼓励政府出台严格的控制污染的政策法令。但今天写博客，心里的确做了一番斗争，原因很简单：我不想让北京的空气污染影响将来的人才引进。但是，即使我不说，也常常有海外的科学家问我国内空气污染的情况，这是他们最关心的问题之一；当然，每一次我也都直言不讳。
对政府的期望
平心而论，政府对环境污染的问题已经相当重视。在九十年代后期，北京的空气污染达到顶峰，记得我在99年（或许98？）夏天访问北京，连续十几天雾霾重重，站在人民英雄纪念碑，天安门城楼居然忽隐忽现。后来申奥，空气污染问题得到明显治理，2008年达到最好的记录。那一年，我刚刚全职在清华工作，本已做好承受空气污染的准备，没想到空气质量还真不错，尤其是奥运会期间，老天爷真配合！
2009年，空气质量明显下降。去年，比2009年还稍差。奇怪的是，北京市发布的“蓝天数”却逐年增加，好像是提示空气质量的不断提高。有一天，我实在忍不住了，给《科学》周刊的记者郝炘写email，让她关注北京的空气污染情况。她回复说：政府已经承认空气质量下降了，并让我看网站报道。
空气质量的改善只能靠政府的行政管理和法律保障干预。空气质量的改善可以提高百姓的生活质量、减少疫病，也可以帮助北京市引进人才。但愿北京市政府能始终拿出2008年前控制环境污染那样的力度来治理空气质量。人民受益，每一个人都受益。这比每年GDP增长几个百分点对老百姓来说更实惠。
其实，不仅北京的空气污染严重，其它城市常常更严重。上海，杭州，广州，武汉，苏州，无锡，几乎没有什么大中城市能逃避严重空气污染的困扰。记得四年多前，我第一次到“上有天堂下有苏杭”的杭州，觉得晴天都是雾蒙蒙的，就问当地人：是否这是西湖水汽所致？后来多次去杭州，感觉大多如此，如果不把“蓝天白云”的标准降一降，我是无法称之为蓝天的。苏州也是如此。上海按说靠海近，应该好点，但实际感觉不比北京好；至少北京吹起西北风的日子里确确实实是蓝天，上海则只能靠想象了。
现在是政府真正下大决心的时候了！我毫不怀疑，中国因为环境污染直接造成的经济损失远远大于提高环保标准可能带来的相关企业的经济代价！必须提高企业排污的标准并加强监管；必须提高汽车尾气的污染物标准；必须提高能源的利用效率；必须用法律手段维护百姓的利益。
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