1320383944
范文一：初学者必看的英语语法
初学者必看的英语语法
一、句子成分
（一）初步学习英语句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有重要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语跟同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，普通位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。初步学习英语例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语阐明主语所做的动作或存在的特点和状况。动词在句中作谓语，个别放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其余助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）初步学习英语表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，正常位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. （名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that ）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语品种：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才华使句子的意思完整。带有宾语补足语的畸形句型为：某些及物动词（如make 等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（当初分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。初步学习英语定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：润饰动词、形容词、副词或全体句子，说明动作或状态特色的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下情势表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（起因状语） I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部门是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、初步学习英语的填空练习：
( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（断定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn't hear of you before.
2）疑难句（个别、特殊、决定、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can't she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don't talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的构造可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简略句连在一起形成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不迭物动词：e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其余各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变革或省略而构成。
（三）并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个等同概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor …, then等连接。e.g. The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John.
2、表示取舍，常用的连词有or, either…or …, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
（四）高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基础的句型。诚然近多少年单纯考查这种根本句型的题不久，然而在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表白中，不最基本的遣词造句的才干是不可能用地道的英语句子来抒发现白的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考察。一个题目，多少个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句跟各种复合句的考核常表现在对连词的抉择和利用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它衔接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时光从句与前提从句中，如果主句是未来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。
如：We will go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow。
训练二、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、断定下列句子是简单句、并列句仍是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn't there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn't it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. （ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat （ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest （ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every
evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat - too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）.
三、取舍填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I'll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It's the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn't he B. isn't he C. isn't it D. hasn't it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan't we B. shall we C. won't we D. will you
5. I suppose he's serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don't I C. is he D. isn't he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you'll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I'm sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn't too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home? ---- I'd like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- "____ is the temperature today?" ----"It's 38 degrees."
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn't an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn't B. No, he isn't C. No, he is D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I'd really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I've lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby's asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don't like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don't like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I'd like to, ____ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
26. "Can't you read?" Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn't you D. don't you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
四、按恳求实现下列句子：
1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否认句）
2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）
3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?（实现反意疑难）
4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句）
5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)
6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）
7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问）
8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑问）
9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感慨句）
10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线局部发问）
初步学习英语答案：
训练一：
一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾) ；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语
二、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB
练习二：
一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句
二、
I hope you are very well（复合句）. I'm fine, but tired（简单句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（简单句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（简单句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列复合句）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（简单句）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（复合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（简单句）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（简单句）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（简单句）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（简单句）. Every evening we pump water from a well（简单句）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（简单句）.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（简单句）. These parties often make us very happy（简单句）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（简单句）. It's great（ 简单句）! Americans eat a lot of meat - too much in my opinion（简单句）. Some of my friends drink beer （简单句）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（复合句）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（简单句）. There are five different time areas in the States（简单句）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（简单句）. How many different time areas do you have in China（简单句）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（简单句）. Please give my best regards to your parents（简单句）.
三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
四、1. He doesn't dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. won't there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is
shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?
范文二：初学者英语语法顺口溜
利用顺口溜来学习英语，至少有三大好处: 一是节省了时间。死记硬背效果差不说，还费时间，而利用顺口溜，效率又高又
省时;
二是培养了自己的概括思维能力。把一些词语编成顺口溜，看似容易，其实也难;
三是使人觉得学习英语还是饶有兴趣的。 既然顺口溜有这么多好处，那么，何乐而不为呢?
动词为纲滚雪球 难易编组抓循环
同类归纳印象深 图示介词最直观
混淆多因形音义 反义词语成对念
构词方法不可忘 习惯用语集中练
词不离句法最好 课外阅读莫间断
我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它; 单数名词用is，复数名词全用are. 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃 变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑
年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in. 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行 午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错 at也用在明分前，说差可要用上to， 说过只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记， 莫让岁月空蹉跎
名词复数有规律，一般词尾加s;
辅音字母+y型，变y为i,es;
ch,sh真有趣，s,x,es;
f,fe真小气，字母v来把它替，es在后别忘记; 字母o来真神奇，有生命来es,没有生命+s.
中日好友来聚会，
绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。
男士、女士a变e;
牙(齿)、脚双o变双e;
孩子们想去天安门，
原形后面r、 e 、n;
老鼠本来爱大米，
mice,ice和rice.
注:中Chinese,日Japanese，好友people. 绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish (这些单词单复数一样)
man--men woman--women tooth--teeth foot--feet
child--children mouse--mice
(一)
I、we、you、they作主语，
动词原形后面跟;
否定句，更容易，
动词前面加don't;
疑问句，别着急，
句首Do，来帮你，
后面问号别忘记;
肯定回答用Yes,
I、we、you、they加上do;
否定回答要用No,
I、we、you、they加don't.
(二)
主语三单他、她、它， 动三形式后面压，
词尾一般s加;
辅音字母+y型，
变y为i,es;
ch,sh真有趣，
s,x,es;
三个特殊那里去,
has、goes和does;
否定句，记住它，
动词前面doesn't;
疑问句，别着急，
句首Does，来帮你;
肯定回答用Yes,
he、she、it加does;
否定回答要用No,
he、she、it、doesn't; Does、doesn't来帮你， 后面动词定注意，
恢复原形要切记。
妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌;
躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光 九个以-f(e)结尾的名词。wife(妻子)、knife(刀子)、wolf(狼)、thief
(小偷)、shelf(架子)、self(自己)、 life(生命)、half(一半)、leaf
(树叶)
b、中点出了七个，即thief、wife、knife、leaf、wolf、half和 life。
这些名词以-f(e)结尾变复数时，将-f(e)变v再加es。还有以-self结尾的反身代词复数用法也同样，
如: myself-ourselves. yourself-yourselves.
例外的有serf(农奴)、chief(首领)、belief(信仰)、safe(保险柜)、gulf(海湾)，它们以直接加-s变为复数形式，另外handkerchief可用两种复数形式。handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.
单元音共十二，四二六前中后
双元音也好背，合口集中八个整
辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，
四个连对也包括有气无声清辅音，
有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握
后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词 动词后，不定式，want，hope和wish，
agree，decide，mean，manage，promise，
expect，pretend，且说两位算在此，
要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己
一些动词要掌握，have，let和make，
此三动词是使役，注意观察听到see，
还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细，
后接宾补略去to，此点千万要牢记
除此之外，还可以掌握八字言
一感feel，二听hear，listen to，三让have，let，make，四看see，look at，
observe，watch
特殊动词接动名，使用它们要记清，
放弃享受可后悔，
坚持练习必完成，
延期避免非介意
掌握它们今必行
动名语法其功能，名词特征有动形，主宾表定都可作，动名现分要认清，现分不作宾和主，
动名作状可不行二词皆可作定语，混为一谈不允许，主谓关系视分词，动名一词无此义
现在分词真好记，动词后面ING.它的作用真不小，可以充当定状表 还有宾语补足语，忘记此项不可以
定分位置有二条，词前词后定分晓
单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒
分词短语在词后，定从和它互对照
现分动作进行时，过分动作完成了
(注:定分:做定语的分词:定从:定语从句:现分:现在分词:过分:过去分词)
分词做状语，概有七意义
时间和原因，结果与目的
方式加伴随，条件常出席
且谈其主语，谓语头前的*.
欲要记住它，必须常练习(*指句子的主语)
独立结构要认清:名代之后副或形
或是分词或介短，with结构不可轻，
名代二词是其主，句子结构必分明
独立结构好掌握，句中作用只一个:
千变万化皆做状，其中意义也不多
时间条件和原因，方式伴随没别的
状从和其前三个，可以互变不难学
英语分数不费事，母序子基四个字
分子若是大于一，分母还须加-s.
oo发最常见，非重音中要短念
字母k前不能长，好脚站木羊毛短
血与水灾真特殊，oo读[]细分辨
oo加r读作[ ]，poor读[ ]好可怜
注:好脚站木即:good，foot，stood，wood 第二句也可以是:dk之前oo短，footfood恰相反 1.长音:bloom，boot，cool，foot，moon，root，school，soon，too，troop，
room，zoo
2.弱读短:classroom，schoolroom，workroom，bedroom，boyhood
3.k前短:book，brook，cook，look，shook，took 4.[ ]:door，floor
Iinsist， ddenand， rrequest/require/recommend， oorder， ppropose，
ccommand， aadvise， ppreqersic， ssuggest.
A.可以记住汉字尖字，先写小地名，再写大地名 B.将竖式汉文写法的信封，按顺时针方向旋至水平位置这样，地址的排列顺序恰
巧是英文信封的书写格式
爹father 娘mother 哥哥弟弟brother 姐姐妹妹sister. long before 和before long
long 在前(long before)，很久前， long在后(before long)，不久后
躺 lie，lay，lain，lie in bed again;
撒谎 lie，lied，lied，dont be a liar;
产蛋 lay，laid，laid，a hen laid an egg; 放置 A loy picked it up，and laid it in the bag.
开音节，音节开，
一元字母在后排;
不怕一辅堵后门，
还有哑e在门外
(拍手念)a，e，o，u，i
就读【ei】【i:】【】【】【ai】
闭音节，音节闭，
一元字母生闷气;
辅音字母堵后门，
一元字母音短急
(拍手念)a，e，o，u，i
特指、重现用定冠;独一无二把冠添。
党、政、机关开会议，组织农业帽在前。
江山河海和峡湾;沙岛有帽较安全。
阶级国家分朝代;厂矿造船要带衔。
节目奏乐衣冠严，习惯随俗记心间。
注:冠、帽、衔之类均指定冠词。
定冠词的习惯用法:
?某家人或某夫妇一般用the+复数。如:the Smiths ?表示整个民族或族人一般加the。如 the Chinese/English ?少数山脉群岛也不用the。如Mount Tai。如名词中有of短语则一般有the.
如:the Mountain of seven sighs.
?中国的湖泊一般加 the。如:the West Lake.
R>?the+adj表示类别。如:the rich.
?年代，年龄的约数前常用the。如:in the 1950s,in his teens. ?表计量单位用the含有“每”、“每一”
It sells at two dollars the pound.
It sells 16 dollars to the pound.
John is paid by the hour.
?下列结构中的冠词。
-have+the+抽象名词+to do sth = be so +adj+ as to do sth 如:He has the politeness/kindness to say hello to me. =He is so polite/kind as to say hello to me.
抽象、物质、专有名，代词基数用作限定;
泛指节假季节星期几，球棋、呼语与餐名;
刊物、公告与标题，普通名词并列紧相邻;
唯一职位，学科与语种，洲、国、省、市、县街路名。
上述口诀用心牢记，并结合下列说明予以理解
?抽象、物质名词和专有名词一般无冠词，但物质名词、抽象名词具体化，或专有名词泛指时，常用不定冠词，例:
a Mr Wang/a climb/a swim.
for a while/in a hurry/a fire Here is a life of struggle. Physics is a science. There was a heavy rain last night.等抽象名词受of短语修饰或上下文已予限定，用the.
如:the science of speech sounds 语音学
the music of the film, do me the favor to do sth.
?代数词、基数词作前置定词，不用冠词。
?泛指的节假日、季节、星期前不用冠词。但是季节名词表特定时间或受of知识修饰时用the.如:in the winter of 1948。
有时泛指时间用a+adj+名词。如:have a hot summer.
?餐名前一般无冠词。但餐名受adj修饰时常常有a(an).特指时用the. 如:have a good supper. The breakfast was well cooked. dinner表“宴会”时，是可数名词，有各种冠词修饰give a dinner to them. ?普通名词并列时不用冠词
soul and heart/husband and wife/day after day/arm in arm/hand in hand. ?语种前不用冠词。但the English结构用the。
What's the English for labour.
The English of shakespear.
作限定时用the.
?广场、公园、学校、建筑物等专有名词，由“专有名词+普通名词”构成时不用冠词。但the University of Beijing结构和the Beijing station中用the.
动词根本是原形，
变化形式有四种:
原形词尾加“s”，
现在第三单人称;
过去原形加“ed”， 过去分词也相同; 原形加上“ing”， 现在分词或动名。 原形词尾加“s”， 如同名词复数式。 若加“ed,ing”， 以下情况要注意: 词尾有e只加d， ing去无声e; 词尾ie变成y， 然后再加ing; 辅音之后y结尾， y要变i加ed; 现在分词不变y， 直接加上ing ; 词尾重读闭音节， 加缀辅音都双写， r做结尾也一样， 重读音节r双写; 结尾字母是“t”， 不是重读也双写。 过去分词过去式， 不按规则也有些。
基变序，有规律， 词尾字母tdd。? 八减t，九减e， f要把ve替。?ty把y变成i，
记住th前有个e。??按:指first、second、third。
?按:指eight去掉t，nine去掉e，five和twelve去掉ve 加上f。
?按:指twenty?twentieth等。
第一、二、三要全变，?
其余“th”加后边，?“th”里有例外，
你需格外记明白:
八减t，九减e，?
字母f代ve，?ty变tie。?
?one——first，two——second，three——third。 ?four-fourth，seven-seventh，hundred-hundredth。 ?eight——eighth，nine—ninth。
?five—fifth，twelve—twelfth。
?twenty—twentieth，sixty——sixtieth。
人称变更怎么办, “一主?、二宾?、三不变”? 若是自引自的话， 听者不变称不变。
注:?“一主”指在直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语
在人称上保持一致。如:
He sad，“I am forty，”?He said that he was forty(
?“二宾”指直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保
持人称一致。如:
He said，“Are you coming tomorrow,”?He asked me if I wascoming the
next day(
?“三不变”指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。如:
He said，“Is she an English teacher,”?He asked if she was an English
teacher(
另外注意直接引语为复数，引述者主语为单数，间接引语主语相应变复数。如:
He said，“Are you interested in English,”?He asked me/us if Iwas/we
were interested in English
第三个
一般现、过用be done，be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。
将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing,
现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。
现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。
主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。
一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。
复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。
范文三：初学者必学英语语法明细
一、音素和国际音标
什么是音素:音素是语音的最小单位。
音素:人说话的声音是由若干单个的音组成的, 即使是一个很短的字、 词也 是由一定的读音组成的。英语把组成一个读音的最小单位叫音素。
音素的分类:元音和辅音。
音素的个数:共 48个, 元音音素 20个 (12单 +8双) , 辅音音素 28个 (清 +浊) 。 什么是音标:记录音素的符号叫做音标。
音节 : 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位
什么是国际音标:国际音标是由国际语音 协会规定的一套音标,用来记录世界 各主要语言的语音。
二、 元音和辅音的定义:
元音:发音时声带振动, 呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍, 这样形成的语音称为 元音。但其中决定的因素是舌头的位置:舌头是在口腔的前部、中部或者后部, 决定所发的音是前元音、 中元音还是后元音; 舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分 隆起最高,决定发出的元音是开口元音、半开元音、合口元音、还是半合元音。 牙床开合的程度是由舌位的高低所决定的, 而双唇的圆扁和大小对形成不同的元 音也有相当的影响。 因此, 描述一个元音的发音部位, 主要是描述它的舌位和唇 形。
如:元音字母是 26个字母中的 a e i o u 其他的除 Y 和 R 是半元音字母以 外的都是辅音字母 元音字母是指语言里起着发声作用的字母,是为元音字母。 元音又作“元音”在拉丁字母中, A 、 E 、 I 、 O 、 U 通常都是元音字母 .
辅音:不论声带振动与否, 发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍, 这样形成的语音称为辅音。辅音分为两类(清辅音、浊辅音)。
清辅音:发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音。
浊辅音:发音声带振动的辅音称为浊辅音。
辅音字母:是一个和元音字母相对的条目 , 所有非元音字母的,就是辅音字母 .
开音节:a) 辅音 +元音 +辅音 +不发音 e : name, bike, home, due, plane, shine b) 辅音 +元音 : he, go, hi, do, be, tree, three, hello 闭音节:a) 辅音 +元音 +辅音 : bad, bed, sit, hot, cup,let, mad, map
b) 元音 +辅音 : it,is, of, in, on, up, out, ant
重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
巧记 48个国际音标:
单元音共十二,四二六前中后
双元音也好背,合口集中八个
辅音共计二十八八对一清又七浊,
四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音,
有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握
长元音 [i:][?:][?:][u:][ɑ:]念长元音时, 一定要注意音的长度。 学长元音时的 通病是;念的长度不够,甚至念得和短元音一样。
短元音 [i][?][?][u][æ][e][?] 念短元音时;一定要念得短而自然。一般 来说,清辅音前的短元音应念得非常短。
8个双元音 [ai][ei][?i][i?][??][u?][?u][au]发音时由一个元音向另一个元音 滑动,口型有变化。前一个元音发音清晰响亮,且时间长;后一个元音发音模糊 软弱,且时间短。
清辅音 [p][t][k][f][s][θ][?][t?][tr][ts]发音时声带不震动。
浊辅音 [d][g][v][z][e][?][d?][dr][dz] 几乎不送气,声带震动。
鼻 音 [m] [n] [?]发音时软腭下垂 , 使气流从鼻腔逸出而产生的一种语音。 似拼音 [h] [r] [l]它们三个的发音非常相似。
半元音 [w] [j]语音学上指擦音中气流较弱, 摩擦较小, 介于元音跟辅音之 间的音
26个英文字母及发音音标如下 :
以上我们可以看出 , 英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素
如:含元音音素 [ei]字母 : Aa Hh Jj Kk 音标 : [ei] [eit∫] [d3ei] [kei]含元音音素 [i:] 字母 : Bb Cc Dd Ee Gg Pp Tt Vv
音标 : [bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [d3i:] [pi:][ti:] [vi:]
含元音音素 [e] 字母 : Ff Ll Mm Nn Ss Xx Zz
音标 : [ef] [el] [em] [en] [es] [eks] [zed]
含元音音素 [ju:] 字母 : Uu Qq Ww 音标 : [ju:] [kju:] [`d∧ blju:] 含元音音素 [ai] 字母 : Ii Yy 音标 : [ai] [wai]
音标必须写在括号里, 常用的音标括号有斜头和平头两种, 其上端不顶第一 线, 大致与大写字母相齐, 下端在第三格的中。 音标没有书写体, 也没有大小写, 因此书写时必须和印刷体一样,直上直下,没有斜度,其书写规格如下所列。 下面几个音标是最容易写错的, 一定要注意:[ai]和 [au]不要写成 [Ai]和 [Au], [A:]不要写成 [a:]。在打字的时候,不要用 a 来代替 A, 把 [A:]打成 [a:],也不要用 g 来 代替 G ,把 [GE:l]打成 [gE:l]。
吴老师英语语法教学
http://wubingcair.blog.163.com/blog/#m=0
范文四：初学者必看的英语语法
初学者必看?的英语语法?
一、48个英语?音标表:
48个英语?音标，国际音标，
前元音 [i:] [i] [e] [?]
单元音 中元音 [?] [?:] [?]
元 音 后元音 [u:] [u] [?:] [?] [a:]
开合双元音? [ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
双元音
集中双元音? [i?] [ε?] [u?]
清辅音 [p] [t] [k]
爆破音
浊辅音 [b] [d] [g]
清辅音 [f] [s] [?] [θ] [h]
摩擦音
辅 音 浊辅音 [v] [z] [?] [e]
清辅音 [t?] [tr] [ts]
破擦音
浊辅音 [d?] [dr] [dz]
鼻音 ，浊辅音， [m] [n] [?]
舌则音 ，浊辅音， [l] [l] [r]
半元音 ，浊辅音， [w] [j] 二、名词
名词是指表?示人和事物?名称的词,可以分为专?有名词和普?通名词两大?类。 1、与有名词:特定的人、地方、机构等与有?的名称。第一个字母?通常要大写?。 e.g. JimGr?een, New York,Bank of China?,Pekin?g Unive?rsity? 星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是?与有名词。
e.g. Monda?y,May,Chris?tmas,Sprin?g Festi?val,Maths?,China? Daily? 2、普通名词:表示一类人?戒物戒抽象?概念的名称?。普通名词又?可以分为四?类: 个体名词—— 表示某类人?戒东西中的?个体,如:stude?nt , desk 集体名词—— 表示若干个?体组成的集?合体,如:class? , famil?y 物质名词—— 表示无法分?为个体的物?质名称,如:water? , rice , sand,hair 抽象名词—— 表示情感,状态,品质等抽象?名称,如:love ,carel?essne?ss 个体名词和?集体名词多?数可以用数?目来计算,称为可数名?词,有单、复数形式; 物质名词和?抽象名词通?常无法用数?目计算,称为不可数?名词,一般只有一?种形式。 注意:
? 集体名词被?看作一个整?体时,表达单数概?念。
e.g. His famil?y was well known? in the town. 他家在镇里?是名门望族?。 ? 集体名词被?看作若干个?体的集合时?,表达复数概?念。
e.g. His famil?y are waiti?ng for him.她的家人正?在等他。
? 集体名词表?达多个集体?时,也有复数形?式。
e.g. Our villa?ge is made up of 300 famil?ies. 我们村有3?00户人家?。
3、可数名词复?数形式的构?成规则:
?一般名词在?末尾直接加?s,清辅音后读?/ s /,浊辅音和元?音后读/ z / e.g. book-books?, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ?以s、x、sh、ch结尾,加es,读/ IZ /
e.g. bus-buses?, box-boxes?,brush?-brush?es,watch?-watch?es ?以辅音字母? y结尾,变y为i,再加es,读/ z /
e.g. baby-babie?s, libra?ry-libra?ries,facto?ry-facto?ries ?以f戒fe?结尾,变f戒fe?为v,再加es,读/ vz /
e.g. thief?,thiev?es,knife?,knive?s
?以o结尾,表示无生命?的物体时加?s, 表示有生命?的物体时,加es,都读/ z / e.g. photo?-photo?s, piano?-piano?s, radio?-radio?s, zoo-zoos potat?o-potat?oes,tomat?o-tomat?oes,mango?-mango?es,hero-heroe?s 不规则变化? ?
e.g. man,men
child?,child?ren
foot,feet
fish,fish
woman?,women?
mouse?,mice
tooth?,teeth?
sheep?,sheep?
polic?eman,polic?emen
ox,oxen
goose?,geese?
deer,deer
?fish表?示鱼的数量?时,单复数同形?;表示鱼的种?类时,复数为fi?shes. e.g. Mycat? had two fish for lunch?.
Youca?n see a lot of diffe?rent fishe?s in the lake. 4、不可数名词?一般只有原?形,没有复数形?式,但是可以借?助量词表示?一定的数量?。如果表达两?个戒两个以?上的概念时?,量词需要用?复数形式,不可数名词?不变。 e.g. a bottl?e of water? ,a cup of coffe?e,two glass?es of milk ,five bags of rice
?这种形式用?于可数名词?时,量词和可数?名词都要用?复数。 e.g. tenba?skets? of eggs
5、既可用作可?数,又可用作不?可数的名词?:
不可数
glass? 玻璃
paper? 纸
iron 铁
wood 木头
beaut?y 美
room 空间
可数
a glass? 一只玻璃杯?
a paper? 一份报纸、论文、文件
a iron 一个熨斗
a wood 一片森林
a beaut?y 一个美人
a room 一个房间
6、名词所有格?
?在英语中,有些名词可?以加’s来表示所?有关系,带这种词尾?的名词形式?称为该名词?的所有格。大多数表示?有生命的东?西。
e.g. Tom’s book
?如果复数名?词末尾已有?s,就直接加 ’。
e.g. thete?acher?s’ offic?e
?如果一些物?品为两者共?有,只需在后一?个名词后加?’s; 如果为各自?所有,则需在每个?名词后加’s。
e.g. Lucya?nd Lily’s bedro?om.，Lucy 和 Lily共?用一个卧室?， Lucy’sand Lily’s bedro?oms.，Lucy 和 Lily分?别拥有各自?的卧室， ?表示无生命?的物体的名?词所有格,一般不of?短语连用。
e.g. amap of the world? ,a photo? of my famil?y
?双重所有格?:把of所有?格和’s所有格结?合在一起表?示所有关系?。 e.g. afrie?nd of my fathe?r’s
三、冠词
冠词一般用?在名词的前?面,对名词起限?定作用,不能离开名?词单独存在?。 1、不定冠词a?,an用在单?数可数名词?前面,泛指一类人?戒物中的任?何一个。 ? a用于辅音?音素开头的?名词之前。e.g. a bed,acomp?uter,a “U” ? an用于元?音音素开头?的名词之前?。 e.g. anegg?,anumb?rella?,anhou?r 2、定冠词th?e用在单数?戒复数可数?名词前,也可用在不?可数名词前?。 ?表示特指的?人戒物前。
e.g. The man with a flowe?r in his hand isJac?k.
?指说话人双?方都知道的?人戒物前。
e.g. Lily, close? the door, pleas?e.
?在上文提到?过,第二次又提?到的人戒物?前。
e.g. There? is a man under? the tree. The manis? calle?d James?. ? 表示世界上?独一无二的?事物前。
e.g. The sun is bigge?r than the moon. ? 用在序数词?前面。
e.g. It is the first? day of the new term. ? 用在乐器名?称前。
e.g. He often? plays? the violi?n at weeke?nds. ? 用在形容词?最高级前。
e.g. Sprin?g is the best seaso?n in a year. ? 用在由普通?名词构成的?与有名词前?。
e.g. I went to the Great? Wall last week. ?用在国家名?称的缩写前?。
e.g. He is from the UK.
3、零冠词:名词前不用?冠词的情况?。
在季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类戒棋类?运动前,通常不用冠?词。 e.g. have break?fast ,play baske?tball?,play chess? 四、代词
1、人称代词:表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。
我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们
主格 I your his her is we you they 宾格 me yours? his hers is us you them them?主格一般用?在句子开头?做主语,通常用在动?词前。 e.g. I am a stude?nt. They are clean?ing the class?room. ?宾格可以用?来表示动作?行为的对象?,一般用在动?词和介词后?面。 e.g. Ask her, pleas?e. Liste?n to me caref?ully.
2、物主代词:表示所有关?系的代词叫?物主代词。
我都 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们你们他们
的 的 的 形容my your his her its our your their? 词性
名词 mine your his hers its ours your their?
s ?形容词性物?主代词后面?一般要带上?名词。如:my watch?, hisco?usin, our schoo?l
?名词性物主?代词本身就?可以看作是?名词,故其后不能?再加名词,可单独使用?。 e.g. —Is that your bike？ —No. Mine is blue. 3、不定代词:没有明确指?定代替某个?，些，人戒物的词?叫不定代词?。 (1)some和?any
都表示“一些”,既可以修饰?可数名词,也可以修饰?不可数名词?。 ? some多?用在肯定句?中,any多用?在否定句和?疑问句中。 e.g. There? are some flowe?rs in the garde?n. ，肯定句， There?isn’t any milk in the fridg?e. ，否定句，
Do youha?ve any hobbi?es? ，疑问句，
?在表示邀请?和希望对方?给予肯定回?答的疑问句?中也要用s?ome。 e.g. —Would? you like some coffe?e? —Yes,pleas?e. ，邀请，
—Mum, can I have some peach?es? —Sure.，希望对方给?予肯定回答?， ，2，both和?all
? both表?示“两个都……”,只指代戒修?饰可数名词?。
e.g. We are both polic?emen.，强调两人，
? all表示?“三个戒三个?以上都……”,既可指代戒?修饰可数名?词,也可指代戒?修饰不可数?名词。
e.g. They are all in the room.，至少三人，
，3，many和?much都?表示“许多”,many修?饰可数名词?,much修?饰不可数名?词。
e.g. My uncle? has many stamp?s. There? is much tea in the cup. ，4，each和?every?
each强?调个人,指两个戒两?个以上的人?戒事物中的?“每个”;every?是指许多人?戒事物的“全体”,不all的?意思相近。
e.g. I’ll buy a prese?nt for each of her paren?ts. 我要为她的?父母每人买?一件礼物。 Every?book in his study? is inter?estin?g. 他书房里的?每本书都很?有趣。 ，5，other?作形容词时?意思是“其他的”,指尚未提到?的部分,其后一般接?复数名词。 e.g. We study? Chine?se, Engli?sh, Maths? and other?subje?cts. ，6，somet?hing和?every?thing?
? somet?hing 某事;某物 e.g. I want somet?hing to drink?.
? every?thing? 一切事物;每样事物 e.g. Tell me every?thing? about?you. ，7，nobod?y没有人 e.g. Sheli?kes nobod?y and nobod?y likes? her.
4、疑问代词:用来表达疑?问戒构成疑?问句的代词?,一般放在疑?问句的句首?。 what 问什么 what’s your name？
-My name si Tom. What colou?r 问颜色 What color ?is yours?
coat？-It’s red. What day 问星期 What day is it today?？
-It’s Monday.? what date 问日期 What day is it today?？
-It’s the first? of June. what shape? 问形状 what shape? si the
moon？-It’s round.? what…job 问工作 what’s your
father’s job?？-He’s
a bus drive?r. what time 问时间 what times? is it？-It’s
teno’clock.? when 问时候 when is your
birthday ?？-It’s on
the first ?of May. which? 问哪个 which? is your watch,?
this one or that one？
-That none.
where? 问地点 Where? ismy pen？
-It’s on the floor.? who 问谁 Who is the boy with
big eyes？-He’s Liu
Tao.
whose? 问谁的 Whose? bag is this？
-It’s Helen?‘s. why 问原因 Why are you absent ?
today?？-I’m ill. how 问方式 How do you go to
schoo?l？By bus. howmany 问数量 How many books?
are there??-There? are
five.
how much 问价钱 How much is
it?-Twent?y yuan how old 问年龄 How old are
you?-I’m twelv?e. how far 问距离 How far is itfrom
here?-It’s about ?one
kilometer.?
how about? 问情况 I’m thirsty?.How
about ?you？-Me,too. 5、指示代词
? this，这个，、these?，这些，表示在时间?上戒空间上?较近的人戒?物。 ? that，那个，、those?，那些，表示在时间?上戒空间上?较远的人戒?物。 形容词用来?修饰名词戒?代词,表示人戒事?物的性质、状态和特征?。它的位置通?常放在被修?饰的名词前?,也可以放在?be动词和?look、feel、taste?、sound?、get之后?。 五、形容词
在英语中,形容词有三?个等级,即原级、比较级和最?高级。
1、表示两者“等同”时用原级,结构为:as，原级，as,表示“xx和xx?一样……” e.g. Are you astal?l as your twin siste?r?
其否定形式?结构为:not，as，原级，as,表示“xx和xx?x不一样……” e.g. I’m not as tall as you.
2、表示两者“比较”时用比较级?,结构为:比较级，than,表示“xx比xx?x更……” e.g. He’s one year young?er thanm?e.
形容词比较?级的构成规?则:
? 一般在词尾?加er
e.g. talle?r,longe?r,stron?ger,young?er
? 以字母e结?尾,只加r
e.g. late,later?,nice,nicer?
? 以辅音字母?，y结尾,变y为i,再加er
e.g. heavy?,heavi?er
? 双写末尾的?辅音字母,再加er
e.g. fat,fatte?r,thin,thinn?er,big,bigge?r
? 双音节和多?音节词的比?较级,在原级前加?more
e.g. more beaut?iful,more caref?ul
? 不规则变化?
e.g. good-bette?r,many / much-more,far-farth?er,bad / ill-worse? 3、三个戒三个?以上的人戒?物进行比较?,用形容词最?高级。
结构为:the 形容词最高?级，in/of等表示?范围的短语?,表示“最……”。 e.g. Autum?n is the best seaso?n in New York. She isthe? talle?st girl of our three?.
六、副词
1、副词是一种?用来修饰动?词戒形容词?的词,说明时间、程度、方式等概念?。大多数副词?都可以放在?动词后面。
e.g. dance? beaut?ifull?y,liste?n caref?ully,sit quiet?ly,speak? loudl?y,very happy?
2、副词的比较?级变化规则?不形容词比?较级基本相?同,以ly结尾?的副词一般?用more?。
e.g. more caref?ully ,more quiet?ly
七、介词
介词又叫前?置词,是一种用来?表示词不词?、词不句之间?关系的词,它一般放在?名词、代词，宾格，戒动词，动词ing?形式，前面。
1、in
?在……里面。如:in the class?room
? in，颜色,穿着……颜色的衣服?。如:Who’s the man in white?? ? in，语言,用某种语言?说。如:What’s this in Engli?sh?
?在上午、下午、晚上。如:in the morni?ng,in the after?noon,in the eveni?ng ?在年、月、季节前。如:in 2008,in Augus?t,in summe?r
?在国家、城市和较大?的地方前。如:in China?,in Wuxi,in the playg?round? ?固定搭配。如:in themi?ddle of，在……中间，,do well in，擅长，,in the day，在白天，,take part in，参加，,stay in bed，躺在床上，,in the stree?t，在街上， 2、on
?在……上面。如:on thede?sk
?用在某一天?，上、下午，前。如:on the 5th of May,on Sunda?y,on Monda?y morni?ng
?以Day结?尾的节日前?。如: on Child?ren’s Day,on New Year’s Day ?固定搭配。如:on foot，步行，,on duty，值日，,put on，穿上，,get on，上车， turn on，打开，,on the right? / left，在右边/左边，,on thewa?ll (在墙上),on Zhong?shan
Road，在中山路上?，
注意:树上长的水?果用ont?he tree;不是树上长?的外来物用?inthe? tree。 如:I can see a lot of apple?s on the tree. There? is a boy in the tree. 3、at
?在某个时刻?前。如:at seven? o’clock?
?在传统节日?前。如:at Sprin?g Festi?val,at Mid-Autum?n Festi?val,at Chris?tmas ?在较小的地?点。如:at the bus stop
?固定搭配。如:at once，立刻,马上，,be good at，擅长……，,looka?t，看，,at home，在家，,at schoo?l，在学校，, at weeke?nds，在周末，, at the back of，在……后部，, atnig?ht，在夜晚，
4、under? 在……下面 如:There? is a cat under? the table?.
5、behin?d 在……后面 如:There? is an umbre?lla behin?d the door. 6、near 靠近…… 如:There? is a park near my house?.
7、besid?e 在……旁边 如:The stude?nts are stand?ing besid?e thete?acher?. 8、next to 紧靠……旁边 如:The teach?ers’ offic?e is next to ourcl?assro?om. 9、befor?e ，时间上，在……之前 如: befor?e class?，上课前，
10、after? ，时间上，在……之后;依照
固定搭配: after? class?，课后，,after? schoo?l，放学后，,look after?，照看，,run after?，追赶，,read after? me，跟我读，
11、betwe?en 在两者之间? 如:There? are some trees? betwe?en Build?ing Aand Build?ing B.
12、by 乘某种交通?工具 如:by bus,by plane?,by the way，顺便说一下?， 13、from
?be from = come from，来自……，如:Mr Smith?s is/comes? from Austr?alia. ?from…to…，从……到……，We go to schoo?l from Monda?y to Frida?y. 14、to 到、去…… 如:Let’s go to the zoo. 固定搭配:write? to，给xx写信?， 15、about? 关于;大约
如: I want to buy a book about? anima?ls. It’s about? one kilom?eter away. 16、for 为、给…… 如:Here’s a lette?r for you. What’s for break?fast? 固定搭配:look for ，寻找，,wait for，等候，
17、with
?不……一起。如:I’ll go shopp?ing with my mothe?r.
?具有某种特?征。如:Who’s the boy with big eyes?
?help... with... 在某方面帮?助某人 如: Can you help me with my Engli?sh? ?play with... 和……一起玩;拿……玩 如:play with me,play with a yo-yo 18、in front? of 在……前面如:There? is a tree in front? of thecl?assro?om. in the front? of 在……前部如:There? is a black?board? in the front?of the class?room.
19、along? 沿着,顺着 如:Go along? this stree?t.
20、as 作为 如:What would? you like as a birth?daypr?esent?? 21、out of 从……出来;往……之外 如:The dog is runni?ng out of the house?. 22、of ……的,属于…… 如:a map of China? ,a map of the world? 23、off 离开,在……之外 如:keep off the grass?，勿踏草坪),get off，下车， 24、up 向上 如:stand? up，起立，,pull up carro?ts，拔胡萝卜， 25、down 向下 如:sit down，坐下，, jump up and down，上下跳， 八、连词
连词,顾名思义,是一种起连?接作用的词?。
1、and “和”,表示并列关?系。
如:There? are some desks? and chair?sin the class?room. 2、but “但是”,表示转折关?系。
如:You can skate? well, but I can’t.
3、or “还是”,表示选择关?系。
如:Would? you like a glass? of milk ora cup of tea? 注意:在疑问句戒?否定句中,当表示并列?关系时,不用and?,而用or。 如:Do you have any broth?ers orsis?ters？
Idon’t have any broth?ers or siste?rs.
4、than “比”,表示对比关?系。
如:Su Hai jumps? farth?er than SuYan?g.
5、becau?se “因为”,表示因果关?系。
如:I like summe?r best becau?se I cango? swimm?ing. 6、so “所以”,表示结果关?系。
如:Helen? was ill , so she didn’t goto schoo?l yeste?rday.
范文五：初学者简单英语语法小点
【英语语法】 【这些都是基础,认真看一遍,不要犯错】
一、时态(用一个句子举例,别的动词也都一样用)
时态有四种:一般时态,进行时态,完成时态,完成进行时态(比较难,不会就算了) 举例单词:(Make 原形 --------made 过去式 ------making 分词形式)
一般现在时(每天做的事情,习惯,表示事实)
I breakfast 我 每天 做早餐。
2. 一般过去时(陈述以前做的事情)
I 我 昨天 做了早餐。
3. 一般将来时(用于以后要做什么,准备做什么) (will , shall , is going on)
I breakfast 我 明天将要 做早餐。
4. 现在进行时(手头正在干什么) -------be 动词用现在时 (am,is,are)
I breakfast 我 现在正在 做早餐。
5. 过去进行时(以前这个时间正在干什么) -----be 动词用过去时 (were,was)
I breakfast 昨天这个时候 我在做早餐 。
I breakfast 上周一的这个时候 我在做早餐 。
6. 将来进行时(以后这个时间将要干什么)
I breakfast 我 将在明天这个时间 做早餐。
I breakfast 我 将在下周一这个时间 做早餐。
7. 现在完成时(现在正好完成了某事)
I breakfast 我 正好做好 早餐 。
8. 过去完成时(以前已经完成了某事)
I breakfast 我 昨天以前就做好了 早餐 。
I breakfast 我 两小时以前就做好了 早餐 。
9. 将来完成时(未来某个时候我将会完成某事)
I breakfast 明天 我 将会做好 早餐 。
I breakfast 下周一 我 将会做好 早餐 。
我做早餐 做了两个小时了。
when my mum昨天在我妈 早餐 了。
)
breakfast when my mum
我 将会做两个小时早餐。
二、定语从句 (that , which , where , when 等等关系代词到底选什么)
一般定语从句的结构:
He is the boy(先行词 ) who(关系代词 ) needs a pencil.
(上面句子里 who needs a pencil 就是定语从句, 是对 boy 的修饰, 哪个 boy ?就是需要 一只铅笔的 boy)
1.
E.g1:划线的部分就是定 语从句,是一个附属的从句,要修饰 he ,并且 he reach the Great wall , he 是主语, Great wall是宾语,所以用了 who 。 ) 不到长城非好汉。
划线的 部分就是定语从句,要修饰的是 students ,并且 students praised by teacher, students 是主语,所以用了 who ,后面的 were 是因为 students 是复数,所以用了 was 的复数 were) Tom 就是昨天被老师表扬了的学生之一。
2. 如果先行词是人(宾格,先行词作为宾语) 。关系代词就选择 whom , that 。
(you met the man, 这个句子 要修饰的 man 是作为宾语,所以用 whom )你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。
从句修饰的是 three friends, 而且 I had ever met the three friends 中 three friends作为 宾语,所以用 whom) 她带来三个朋友,没有一个是我见过的。
3,如果先行词是人的代词,关系代词用 whose ,只做定语时,可以与 of which替换。 E.g1: (在这个句子中, man 是先行词,但是是 一个代词,句中说的是 man 的 car 被偷盗的,这个时候就需要用 whose ,指的是 man 的 car ,才符合句意,他是一个什么人,是被偷了车的人,而要体现车子,就必须用 whose 来连接人和车)他就是汽车被窃的人。
E.g2: 叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。 (句 子中 the boys 的 names, boys便是先行词的代词, 代 名字被叫到的人, 所以用 whose ) E.g3: 你是惟一可能使他听从劝
告的人。
4. 如果先行词是物,或者是物的代词(代词的意思同上) ,用 which 和 that 。
(先行词是 basketball ,明显是物,所以用 which/that)
的行李快要散架了。
5. 先行词是时间, 地点, 理由, 并且在句子中充当主语、 宾语、 表语, 关系代词用 which 或者
that 。但如果在句子中做状语,可以用 when , where , why 做关系代词。
我们看。 (place 是先行词,表示地点,并且做状语, his wallet lost in the place. 此时的 place 是状语,关系代词用 where )
E.g2: 春天是 第一个季节,也是我最喜欢的季节。 (Spring is my favorite season中 spring 在后面的 从句中是主语,用 which 引导。 )
E.g3: 春天是第 一个季节,也是树木变绿的季节。 (Spring在后面的从句中是状语 (in spring ) , 用 when 引导。之所以要用 when , 就是因为这个从句如果单独写出来 , spring 前面要加 in, in spring 是 这个句子的时间状语,自然要用 when 引导。 )
三、英语的一些基本概念
1. 句子结构 I(主语 ) like(谓语动词 ) dog(宾语 ).
一个句子里只能有一个动词原形。如果需要用多个动词,要将动词改变形式。在 做单选和完型填空的时候,看看句子里有没有动词,如果没有,就要填一个动词 原形,如果有一个动词原形,就不能再填了。写作里面也要注意。
例如:×I like play basketball. (like和 play 都是动词原形,不可以! ) √ I like to play basketball. (like是动词原形, to play 是动词的 to be 形 式,这个可以。 )
√ I like playing basketball. (like 是动词原形, playing 是动词 ing 形式, 这样也可以。 )
2. 三单形式。
如果主语是第一人称或者第二人称, 谓语动词用原形。 如果主语是第三人称单数,
写作都要注意。
例句:√ I like dog.
√ you like dog.
√ they like dog.
×he like dog. (这个句子主语是第三人称单数,所以动词就变成三单形 式, +s / es . 句子应该是 he likes dog.)
转载请注明出处范文大全网 » 初学者必看的英语语法
