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范文一：海南岛英文
海南岛英文Hainan Island Introduction
As everyone knows, Hainan Island is China's most southerly province and the country's second largest island after Taiwan, located in the South China Sea about 60 minutes south of Hong Kong by air. The closest city by flight to Hainan Island is Guangzhou (Canton), only 50 minutes to Haikou, the capital City of Hainan Island. Visitors could also reach Hainan Island by Air/Boat, Train and Bus.
Hainan Island is a vaulted mountain which is high in the middle with lower elevations on its surrounding areas,Its coastlines are 1528 kilometers long with sandy beaches. Hainan Island is a combination of Mountains(25.4%), mesa (32.6%), hills (13.3and savanna (28.7%). Many swimming areas are less than 2 meters’ deep, with bottoms full of sand, as far as 200 meters out
from the shore.
With a landmass of about 34,000 sq km, Hainan Island is made up of Hainan, Nansha, Xisha, and Zhongsha islands. The province has a total coastline of about 1,617.8 km and covers a sea area of about 2.1 million sq km.
There are many tropical fruit in Hainan Island. Some of them smell very strange.Some of them
you may never see in other places, For instance, mango, papaya, Chinese wampee, guava,
mangosteen, lych-ee, carambola, wax apple, dragon fruit, rambutan, betelnut, coconut, jackfruit,
pineapple and so on.
文案 编辑词条
B 添加义项 ?
文案，原指放书的桌子，后来指在桌子上写字的人。现在指的是公司或企业中从事文字工作
的职位，就是以文字来表现已经制定的创意策略。文案它不同于设计师用画面或其他手段的
表现手法，它是一个与广告创意先后相继的表现的过程、发展的过程、深化的过程， 多存
在于广告公司，企业宣传，新闻策划等。
基本信息
中文名称
文案
外文名称
Copy
目录
1发展历程
2主要工作
3分类构成
4基本要求
5工作范围
6文案写法
7实际应用
折叠编辑本段发展历程
汉字"文案"(wén àn)是指古代官衙中掌管档案、负责起草文书的幕友,亦指官署中的公文、书信等;在现代，文案的称呼主要用在商业领域，其意义与中国古代所说的文案是有区别的。
在中国古代，文案亦作" 文按 "。公文案卷。《北堂书钞》卷六八引《汉杂事》:"先是公府掾多不视事，但以文案为务。"《晋书?桓温传》:"机务不可停废，常行文按宜为限日。" 唐戴叔伦《答崔载华》诗:"文案日成堆，愁眉拽不开。"《资治通鉴?晋孝武帝太元十四年》:"诸曹皆得良吏以掌文按。"《花月痕》第五一回:" 荷生 觉得自己是替他掌文案。"
旧时衙门里草拟文牍、掌管档案的幕僚，其地位比一般属吏高。《老残游记》第四回:"像你老这样抚台央出文案老爷来请进去谈谈，这面子有多大!"夏衍《秋瑾传》序幕:"将这 阮财富 带回衙门去，要文案给他补一份状子。"
文案音译
文案英文:copywriter、copy、copywriting
n àn 文案拼音:wé
现代文案的概念:
文案来源于广告行业，是"广告文案"的简称，由copy writer翻译而来。多指以语辞进行广告信息内容表现的形式，有广义和狭义之分，广义的广告文案包括标题、正文、口号的撰写和对广告形象的选择搭配;狭义的广告文案包括标题、正文、口号的撰写。
在中国，由于各个行业发展都相对不够成熟，人员素质也参差不齐，这使得"文案"的概念常常被错误引用和理解。最典型的就是把文案等同于"策划"，其实这是两种差别很大，有着本质区别的工作。只是由于文案人员常常需要和策划人员、设计人员配合工作，且策划人员也需要撰写一些方案，这使得很多人误认为文案和策划就是一回事，甚至常常把策划与文案的工作会混淆在一起(这也和发源于中国的"策划学"发展不够成熟有关)。
广告文案
广告文案
很多企业中，都有了的专职的文案人员，只有当需要搞一些大型推广活动、做商业策划案、写可行性分析报告等需求量大的项目时，才需要对外寻求合作。以往一般企业都会找广告、文化传媒等公司合作。这些公司一般都有专业的文案、设计团队，经验也相对丰富，但因为业务量大，范围广泛，在针对性方面会较为薄 弱。随着社会经济不断发展，对专业文案的
要求更加严格，逐渐衍生了一些专注于文字服务的文案策划公司。这类企业发展速度很快，大多数都是从工作室形式转型而来，也有从文化传播机构独立出来的。
随着中国广告业二十余年的迅猛发展，广告公司的经营范围，操作流程，工作方式都在变化，文案的角色由无闻转为配角，现正昂首阔步走向台面，成为主角，从前一则广告多是由设计出计划，再配图之后，文案轮为完稿，一则广告的计划多是由文案与美工共同完成，然后各自分工。说起文案的地位，日本是从1992年意识到文案的重要性，台湾是1998年。2002年，大陆的一些中大型广告公司的老总几乎都在垂叹，好的文案太少了。好的文案往往愿意扎堆，从全国形式来看，这股潜规则正逐渐由华南广告重镇广州向华东中心上海转移。
折叠编辑本段主要工作
撰写报纸广告、杂志广告、海报; 撰写企业样本、品牌样本、产品目录; 撰写日常宣传文案白领一族
文案白领一族
单页、各类宣传小册子; 撰写DM直邮广告，包括信封、邮件正文; 撰写电视广告脚本，包括分镜头、旁白、字幕; 撰写电视专题片脚本; 撰写电视广告的拍摄清单; 撰写广播广告; 将海外版广告文案作 汉化(翻译); 撰写广告歌词，或汉化(翻译)外文歌词; 撰写各种形式的网络广告; 为网站栏目命名; 撰写网站内部文案; 撰写手机短信广告; 撰写各类广告作品的创意阐述; 撰写广告口号; 撰写产品包装文案，包括:品牌名、使用说明、产品成分等; 为产品或品牌命名，并作创意阐述; 为路演或活动命名，并作创意阐述; 撰写活动请柬及活动现场宣传品上的文字; 为各种礼品命名，并作创意阐述; 为专卖店命名，并作创意阐述; 撰写商店的橱窗或店内POP物料文案; 撰写软文、新闻式、故事式、评论式; 撰写策划书，或协助策划人员优化、润色方案文字; 协助客户企业内刊的编辑，提供主题方向，审核文字。 不同的环境对文案撰稿人有着不同的锤炼和要求。
折叠编辑本段分类构成
从现有的文案分类有很多种，按照4A标准，一般有四类:助理文案(ACW)， 文案(CW策划文案
策划文案
)，高级文案(ACW)，资深文案(SCW)，其中稍微要区别的是高级文案与资深文案，前者要求的是文案的撰写能力，而后者不仅仅是文案的撰写能力还包括做文案的年资。有些4A公司设有文案主任(CE)一职，大体上与文案职责类似，有时候负责专项。另外有些个别公司还配有首席文案的职位(CCW)，文案功力凤毛麟角，虽不具领导才能，但有的首席文案拿的工资却比创意总监还要高。大部分国内广告公司文案的种类繁杂，有房地产文案、创意文案、企划文案、品牌文案等。
文案是由标题、副标题、广告正文、广告口号组成的。它是广告内容的文字化表现。在广告设计中，文案与图案图形同等重要，图形具有前期的冲击力，广告文案具有较深的影响力。
广告标题:它是广告文案的主题，往往也是广告内容的诉求重点。它的作用在于吸引人们对广告的注目，留下印象，引起人们对广告的兴趣。只有当受众对标语产生兴趣时， 才会阅读正文。广告标语的设计形式有:情报式，问答式、祈使式、新闻式、口号式、暗示式、提
醒式等。广告标语撰写时要语言简明扼要，易懂易记，传递清楚，新颖个性，句 子中的文字数量一般掌握在12个字以内为宜。
广告副标题:它是广告方案的补充部分，有一个点睛的作用。主要表现在对标题的补充及让人感觉，前面的不懂，在这里全部让人了解。
广告正文:广告正文是对产品及服务，以客观的事实、具体的说明，来增加消费者的了解与认识，以理服人。广告正文撰写使内容要实事求是，通俗易懂。不论采用何种 题材式样，都要抓住主要的信息来叙述，言简易明。
广告口号:口号是战略性的语言，目的是经过反复和相同的表现，以便名域其他企业精神的不同，使消费者掌握商品或服务的个性。这以成为推广商品不可或缺的要素。广告 口号常有的形式:联想式、比喻式、许诺式、推理式、赞扬式、命令式。广告口号的撰写要注意简洁明了、语言明确、独创有趣、便于记忆、易读上口。
所谓广告文案是以语辞进行广告信息内容表现的形式。广告文案有广义和狭义之分，广义的广告文案就是指通过广告语言、形象和其他因素，对既定的广告主题、广告创意所 进行的具体表现。狭义的广告文案则指表现广告信息的言语与文字构成。广义的广告文案包括标题、正文、口号的撰写和对广告形象的选择搭配;狭义的广告文案包括标题、正文 、口号的撰写。
折叠编辑本段基本要求
1)准确规范、点明主题
准确规范是文案中最基本的要求。要实现对广告主题和广告创意的有效表现和对广告信息的广告文案
广告文案
有效传播，首先要求广告文案中语言表达规范完整，避免语法错误或表达残缺。其次，广告文案中所使用的语言要准确无误，避免产生歧义或误解。第三，广告文案中的语言要符合语 言表达习惯，不可生搬硬套，自己创造众所不知的词汇。第四，广告文案中的语言要尽量通俗化、大众化，避免使用冷僻以及过于专业化的词语。
2)简明精炼、言简意赅
文案在文字语言的使用上，要简明扼要、精练概括。首先，要以尽可能少的语言和文字表达出广告产品的精髓，实现有效的广告信息传播。其次，简明精练的广告文案有助于吸引广告受众的注意力和迅速记忆下广告内容。第三， 要尽量使用简短的句子，以防止受众因繁长语句所带来的反感。
3)生动形象、表明创意
文案中的生动形象能够吸引受众的注意，激发他们的兴趣。国外研究资料表明:文字、图像能引起人们注意的百分比分别文字是35%, 图像是65%，文案创作时采用生动活泼、新颖独特的语言的同时，附助以一定的图像来配合。
4)优美流畅、上口易记
文案是广告的整体构思，对于由其中诉之于听觉的广告语言，要注意优美、流畅和动听，使其易识别、易记忆和易传播，从而突出广告定位，很好地表现广告主题和广告创意，产生良好的广告效果。同时，也要避免过分追求语言和音韵美，而忽视广告主题，生搬硬套，牵强附会，因文害意。
折叠编辑本段工作范围
策划文案和创意文案
一)策划文案:工作主要是将策划工作人员的策划思路形成文字。毋庸置疑，公司很多策划人员均有很强的策划水平和丰富的策划经验，但有时候手上同时进行几个案子，同时时间又比较紧的情况下，文案可以在充分理解策划意图的情况下帮助策划人员完成策划方案的写作。这其中有几个内容:
1.必须充分了解本案的运作背景，包括宏观市场信息和微观市场动态。
2.掌握整个策划的战略指导思想。
3.以通俗易懂、言简意赅的论述方式将策划思想反映在字里行间。
4.到比较专业的问题或障碍的时候，应及时与策划人员沟通，保证策划方向的一致性。
5.贯彻战略方针的同时，也可就战略思想的表达方式和文字提述上提出一些合理化建议，从而更好地展现策划的战略核心点。
二)创意文案:主要是将广告作品的表现及形式用完整的文字表达出来，其中，除了产生画面的构想之外，还包括广告语言的表现内容(如平面的标题、引文、正文、随文，广告语等，影视的音效、旁白、字幕、广告语等)。其中至关重要的就是新颖的创意和传神的文字表现。而这些智慧的闪光绝对不是拍一下脑门子就能出来的。这其中包括了以下内容:
1.通过各个层面，特别是swot方面深入理解，从而找出项目的核心优势。
2.把握目标消费群的心态。
3.掌握宏观政策及大市场对项目本身的影响。
4.场策划人员和设计人员保持密切联系，随时沟通。
5.市场上类似房产项目的文案及创意，力求全面加以突破。
6.获悉开发商对文案创作的要求，调整文字内容和形式。
折叠编辑本段文案写法
商家要吸引、留住消费者必须注重细节的提高和改善，而其中，文案就是不可忽视的一大细节。下面是一些能吸引买家的写文案方法:
折叠九宫格思考法
拿一张白纸，用笔先分割成9宫格。中间那格填上你的商品名，接下来开始在其它8格填上可以帮助此商品销售的众多可能优点。这是强迫创意产生的简单练习法，我也常用这种方式构思出企划案或演讲PPT的结构。
折叠要点衍伸法
把该商品型录上的商品特点照抄下来，然后每个要点后面加以延伸。如果你真的很懒，照抄型录商品卖点也可，但文字会比较没有人味，说服力道会稍差。
折叠三段式写作法
这是仿新闻学中"倒三角写作法"。第一段，请精要地浓缩全文的销售话术，因为多数人都没耐心看全文。第二段，请依照型录要点衍伸法，逐一说明该商品的众多特色。到底是点列还是一段长文章较好，要看你的文字功力。文字功力欠佳就点列式写出卖点即可。最后一段是「钩子」，主要任务是要叫人【Buy Now】，所以一般是强化商品USP(Unique Selling Point，独特销售卖点)、价格优势或赠品。
折叠编辑本段实际应用
市场研究
没有正确的市场导向，任何文案或创意都是天马行空的奇思怪想。的确，再优美的文字用在不适宜的场合中都可能导致整个策划执行的失败。一篇优秀的文案，一定是在对市场有深入的了解后方能下笔的。 例如不同地区的经济发展水平、文化构成、风土人情、产业结构比重等等皆有很大差异，同一地区不同年龄、阶层人士的世界观、思维观、道德观和价值观也参差不齐，加上特定环境、特定历史背景或政策规文赋予某些项目的特殊意义，都会对文案产生深远的影响。 所以无市场，文案便如枯井之蛙，其作品不仅缺乏远见，生命力也极为低下。
沟通与互助
在创作一幅作品时，常常发生这种情况:设计人员与文案人员一开始没有很好的沟通;结果是设计人员设计出来的作品文案看来好像是曲解了原意，而将文案配上去时候，设计人员又认为文案的风格与画面差入甚大。矛盾自然就出现了。 其实文案和设计，乃至市场、企划、媒体等各部门工作人员都应随时保持高效的沟通。通篇来看，文案的工作是将市场的调查分析结果作为其创作的翔实论据、企划的核心思想作为其创作的指引方向，媒体投放的渠道作
为其创作的特定模式，设计排版作为其创作的具体表现。因此，每一个环节都是动态维系着
的。在做一个文稿之前，与各个部门广泛沟通，并做到互爱互助，才能在一个凝聚力超强的
团队中展现出自己独特的个性和才华
范文二：中国海南岛灵芝资源及其分布特征_英文_
贵 州 科 学 第 18 卷第 4 期 Vol . 18 ,No . 4 Dec . 2000 2000 年 12 月GUIZHOU SCIENCE
中国海南岛灵芝资源及其分布特征
1 2吴兴亮,郭建荣
() 11 贵州科学院 ,贵州 贵阳 550001 ;21 海南省农业科学院 ,海南 海口 571100
摘 要 报道了海南岛的灵芝科真菌 78 种 ,分属于 4 个属 ,3 个亚属 ,2 个组 。分析了灵芝在不同的热带植被 类型中 ,其种类的组成不同 。种类多样性变化呈 :常绿季雨林 > 热带雨林 > 低山雨林 > 中山雨林 > 热带半落 叶季雨林 > 人工林 > 河谷雨林 > 稀树草原 > 山顶矮林 > 红树林的趋势 。
关键词 海南岛 ;灵芝 ;生态
A study on Ganodermataceae f ungi in Ha inan Island
1 2 (WU Xing2Liang, GUO J ian2Rong11 Guizhou Academy of Sciences , Guiyang , 550001 , China ; 21 Hainan Academy of
)Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , 571100 , China
( Abstract :Ganodermataceae is an economically important family1 78 species belonging to 4 genera Ganoderma , Amauroder2
) ma , Haddowia and Humphreyahave been reported from Hainan Island1 Different ecological distribution and dominant groups of Ganodermataceae in different vegetation types were investigated1 Diversities of species in different vegetation types show the following tendency : Tropical evergreen monsoon forest > Tropical rain forest > Lower mountain rain forest > The medium mountain rain forest > Tropical semi - deciduous monsoon forest > Artificial forest > Valley rain forest > Savanna > Mountain top dwarf forest > Mangrove forest1 Key words : Hainan island ; Ganodermataceae ; ecological distribution
() 文章编号 :100326563 20000420260207 文献标识码 :A 中图分类号 :Q949. 329
Hainan Island , the second largest island in China , lies in the tropical zone of the Northern Hemi2 sphere , covers a total area of 33 ,920 km1 The topography has the following characteristics : there is a sea around it , the hilly land is situated in the central and south ern parts , the platform in the north1 It be2 longs to the tropical monsoon climate zone where abundant water resources and complicated topographical conditions are very fit for the growth of Ganodermataceae fungi1 Hainan Island is one of the richest regions in Ganodermataceae fungi resources1 In recent years , we have systematically investigated them in Hainan and the results are reported as follows :
收稿日期 :2000201216
基金项目 :国家自然科学基金资助项目 ,贵州省自然科学基金项目 。
作者简介 :吴兴亮 研究员 ,1954 年 10 月 20 日生 ,苗族 ,1980 年毕业于贵州师范大学生物系并留校工作 ,1983 年调贵州科学
() 院工作 ,1993,1996 在海南省农业科学院科研处工作 1995 年获海南省有突出贡献的优秀专家称号,现在贵州科学院科研
() 处工作 1999 年享受贵州省政府津贴,贵州科学院学术委员会委员 《, 贵州科学》副主编 。多年来 ,一直从事贵州 、海南两省 的大型真菌研究工作 。主持国家自然科学基金资助项目两项及省级科研项目多项 ,出版专著两部 ,在国家一级学报上发表 论文 20 余篇 ,省级学报上发表论文 40 余篇 。
1 Investigation Methods
The vegetation in Hainan Island has obvious characteristics of the tropics , with a great variety1 Ac2 cording to the main vegetation types here and the distribution of Ganodermataceae fungi , the Ganoderma
in Hainan Island can be divided into the following ecological types : the tropical evergreen monsoon forest , the tropical rain forest , lower mountain rain forest , the medium mountain rain forest , tropical semi2decid2 uous monsoon forest , artificial forest , valley rain forest , savanna , mountain top dwarf forest , and man2 grove forest1 We investigated by the method of the point and area combination , and mainly collected Gan2 odermataceae specimens in the tropical rain forest in the J ianfeng Mountain , the Baiwang Mountain , the Diaoluo Mountain , the Limu Mountain , the Wuzhi Mountain , etc1 in different seasons , and recorded in detail the collection time , address , vertical distribution , amount and relative ecological data1 A number of Ganodermaceae specimens were classified by observing their microstructure and macro2nature , and their composition and number changes were systematically studied.
2 The Results and Analyses
211 The Kind and Amount
Since 1970s , many scholars have investigated many times Ganodermataceae fungi in Hainan Island1
() () () Zhao J iding 1989, Gong Mingqin 1991, Wu Xinliang 1996etc1 reported 58 species of Ganodermat2
() aceae , in which Zhao J iding 1989reported 18 new species and 4 new record species in China in 1979
() ,1988 , Wu Xingliang 1996reported 1 new species , Bi Shuzi and Wu Xingliang etc1 reported 6 new record species in China1 In 1992,1996 , We investigated them in a detailed way , and obtained more
( than 600 specimens , which were classified into 68 species according to the relative reference Corner ,
) 1993 ; Gibertson Ryvarden , 1986 ; Reverden Johnansen ,1980 ; Steyaert , 1972 , 19801 Up to now , if including such Hainan species reported in the reference but still not collected as G1 B oninense Pat1 , G1 Crebrostriatum Zhao , G1 Mirvelutinum Zhao , G1 Diaoluoshanense Zhao , G1 Meijiangense Zhao , G1
() ( ) koningsbergii LloydTeng , Amauroderma bataanense Murr1 , A1 schomburgkii Mont1Torrend , A1
() () ikoae Bres1Furtado , and A1 exile Berk1Torrend , There are up to 78 species of Ganodermatacaeae in Hainan Island , accounting for 79159 % of the total species in China , which include 54 species of Ganoderma , 76 % ; 22 species of Amauroderma , 88 % ; 2 species of Haddowia and Humphreya , discov2 ered only in Hainan in our country1 As for the distribution , 41 species of Ganodermataceae occur in the evergreen rain forest , accounting for 5215 % of the total known species in Hainan ; 15 species in the trop2 ical semi2deciduous monsoon forest , 19 % ; 21 species in tropical rain forest , 2413 % ; 18 species in the medium mountain rain forest , 23 % ; 9 species in valley rain forest , 1115 % ; 6 species in the mountain top dwarf forest , 717 % ; 6 species in the savanna , 717 % ; 3 species in the mangrove forest , 318 % ; and 12 species in artificial forest , 15 %1
212 The Ecological Distribution
Hainan Island is the primary region of the tropical and monsoon rain forest , where most of plant
贵 州 科 学 18 卷 262
species are tropical plants1 It shows that different regional situations reflect different community structure , face and form , and form the diversity of vegetation1 Based on the vegetation types , the Ganodermataceae fungi in Hainan can be divided into 10 different ecological types : in the tropical evergreen monsoon for2 est , in the tropical rain forest , in lower mountain rain forest , in the medium mountain rain forest , in tropical semi2deciduous monsoon forest , in artificial forest , in valley rain forest , in savanna , in mountain top dwarf forest and in mangrove forest1
21211 Ganodermataceae fungi in the evergreen monsoon rain forest
This type is mainly located in the hilly land and platform in the north and the mountain area in the
() southeast , where the tree species are mainly evergreen e1g1 Gironniera cuspidata BlumeKurz , V atica
( ) mangachapoi Blanco , Endosspermum chinense Bernth , Pouteria annanmensis Pierre Baehni , Ficus spp1 , Cryptocarya spp1 The dense forest , superior humid and hot condition here are very beneficial to the growth of Ganodermataceae fungi1 The collected specimens from this zone were classified into 41species , 5215 % of the total known species in Hainan Island1 The common species include G1 curtisii () BerkMurr1 , G1 calidophilum Zhao , G1 daiqingshanense Zhao , G1 hainanense Zhao , G1 leytense Steyaert , G1 valesiacum Boud1 , G1 duropora Lloyd , G1 theaecolum Zhao , G1 limushanense Zhao ,
( ) A1 elmerianum Murr1 , A1 guangxiense Zhao , A1 preussii Henn1 Steyaert etc1 Among them , G1
( ) hainanense Zhao , G1 parviungulatum Zhao , G1 caliderma Zhao and A1 rude berk1Torr1 are supe2 rior , and G1 limushanense Zhao , G1 mirivelutinum Zhao , G1 crebrostriatum , G1 parviungulatum Zhao , G1 densizonatum Zhao etc1 are the specific species1 The number of the collected specimens and more than 50 % of determined Ganodermataceae species in Hainan are distributed in this type1 It shows that Ganodermataceae fungi are very rich in the zone due to the vegetation as well as high humidity and temperature1
21212 Ganodermataceae fungi in tropical semi2deciduous monsoon forest
This type is mainly located in lower hilly land , platform near the sea and the dry and hot basin in the mountain ridge1 The obvious characteristic of the vegetation is that the community contains deciduous
( ) () trees e1g1 L annea coromandelica houttMerr1 , Craoxylun cochinchinense Lour1Bl , Terminalia ni2 grovenulosa Pierre : Lanes , Croton laevigatus Vahl , Meyna hainanensis Merr1 , Pterospermun heterophyl2
() lum Hance , Gossampinus malabarica D1C1Merr1 and Daibergia spp1 18 species in Ganodermataceae are distributed in this type , accounting for 23 % of the total species in Hainan1 The common species are G1 atrum Zhao , G1 lucidum Karst1 , G1 () chenghaiense Zhao , A1 tropicum J ungh1Bres1 , G1
amoiense Zhao , A1 rugosuum Torr1 and A1 ( ) () rude Berk1Cunn1etc1 A1 tropicum J unghBres1 is superior among them1 Because of dry soil surface , imbalance of the water and heat , there are less Gano2 dermataceae species in this type than in evergreen monsoon rain forest1 There are especially few in dry seasons , where they can hardly be collected in this ecological type1
21213 Ganodermataceae fungi in the tropical rain forest
This type is an arbor vegetation with various nature of rain forest in the platform vegetation in
Hainan , and also a kind of platform rain forest type in tropical monsoon zone , with superior ecological environment , high temperature and humidity the whole year , high trunks and common board2roots1 The
( ) tree species , Heritiera parvif olia Merr1 , Amesiodendron chinense merr1Hu1 , V atica mangachapoi
() Blanco , Hopea hainanensis Merr1 , Reevesia longpetiolata Merr1 , Koilodepas hainanense Merr1Airy
() and Nephelium topengii Merr1H1 S1 Lo etc1 are common in the type1 21species of Ganodermatacea are collected in the type , accounting for 27 % of the total species in Hainan1 The common species are G1
() boninense Pat1 , G1 mastroporum Lev1Pat1 , G1 calidophilum Zhao , G1 jianf englingsense Wu , G1
( ) ( ) ( )multiplicatum mont1Pat1 , G1 ahmadii Steyaert , G1 australe Fr1Pat1 , G1 brownti Wurr1
() ( ) G1 limushanense Zhao , Humphreya coff eatum BerkSteyaert , A 1 f asciculatum Pat1Torr1 , Gilbn ,
( ) A1 austrosinense Zhao and A1 subresinosum murr1 Corner etc1 , among which A1 subresinosum () Murr1corner and G1 limushanense Zhao are the superior species , and A1 wuzhishanense Zhao , G1 jianf englingense Wu and G1 limushanense Zhao are specific species1 Although the type has been some2 what destroyed , the secondary forest made up of various plants still belongs to the evergreen type , where superior natural conditions are suitable for the growth of Ganoderma1 So the Ganoderma are still abundant in the type1
21214 Ganodermataceae fungi in lower mountain rain forest
This type is located at a lower elevation of 500,1000 m on the hillside of the vertical distribution zone in the central mountainous area , where the trees are dense , the flourishing plank - roots distribute widely , and the arbor plants in Fagaceae , L auraceae and Theaceae are superior1 19 species of Ganoder2 mataceae were discovered in the type , accounting for 2413 % of the total species in Hainan1 The common
( ) species are mainly G1 capense lloydTeng , G1 daiqingshanense Zhao , G1 leytense Steyaert , G1
(() ) ramosissimum Zhao , G1 amboinense Lam1 : FrPat1 , G1 cochlear Bl1 NessBres1 , G1 sinense
() () Zhao , G1 f ulvellum Bres1 , A1 omphalodes Berk1Torr1 and Haddowia longipes Lev1Steyaert etc1 , among which G1 sinense Zhao and G1 f ulvellum are superior species , and G1 B awanglingense Zhao , G1 ungulatum Zhao etc1 are specific species1 The structure , appearance , composition , and eco2 logical environment of this type are all characterized by sub2tropical evergreen broad - leaf forests , and
( the Ganoderma here also include some common species in sub - tropical forests , e1g1 G1 tsunodae Ya2
) (() ) sudaTrott1 , G1 lucidum W1 Curt1 : FrKarst1 , G1 sinense Zhao , G1 gibbosum NessPat1 , A1 austrosinense Zhao and A1 jiangxiense Zhao , etc1 The natural distribution is limited in certain areas , and closely connected with the vegetation , especially with the variety of the plants1
21215 Ganodermataceae fungi in medium mountain rain forest
This type lies at an elevation of 1000,1100 m on the hillside of vertical distribution zone above the lower mountain rain forest , where the trees grow worse than those in lower mountain rain forest , and the nature of rain forest , such as the plank2root , the wooden liana and the Palmaceae plants etc1 , are less obvious1 58 specimens were collected , of which 15 species were determined , accounting for 19 % of the
() total known species1 The common species are G1 calidophilum Zhao , G1 mastoporum lev1pat1 , G1
( ) ( ) ortundatum Zhao , G1 applanatum Pers1Pat1 , G1 australe Fr1Pat1 , G1 triangulatum Zhao , and
( ) ( ) A1 rude berk1Cunn1 etc1 , among which G1 applanatum Pers1Pat1 and G1 calidophilum Zhao
贵 州 科 学 18 卷 264
are superior species , G1 triangulatum Zhao grows on the live trunk of Dacrydium pierrei Hickel1 The species and number of Ganoderma in the type are respectively decreased with the rise of elevation1 Be2 cause of the dry deciduous layer in the forest , there are less Ganaderma species than in lower mountainous rain forest , and Amauroderma species are especially rare1 Only 3 species of Amauroderma were discov2 ered here , which grows in the humid place under the fallen wood1 The Ganoderma specimens can be hardly collected in some area in the arid season1 It is concluded that the Ganoderma are sensitive to the lack of water , and the species and number decrease greatly if it is dry and short of water1 21216 Ganodermataceae fungi in valley rain forest This type is more characterized by rain forest in the mountain rain distribution zone , which is mainly located at an elevation of about 350,1100 m in valley topography1 The trees here are tall , evergreen , and full of levels , and have the rain forest characteristics of plank,root , wooden linia , and Palmaceae
( ) Endian2 plants1 The main trees are Darcrycapus imbricatus Bl1 , Cyclobalanopsis blakei SkanSchott1 , dra hainanensis Merr1 , L asianthus trichophlebus Hemsl , Beilschmiedia longipetolata Allen , Schf era octo2
() () phylla LourHarms and Carallia brachiata Lour1Merr1 etc1 9 species of Ganodermataceae are G1
( ) G1 ( ) G1 ( ) dahtii mastoporum ochrolaccatum Henn1 Aoshima , Lev1 Pat1 , Mont1 Pat1 , G1 densizonatum Zhao , G1 shangsiense Zhao , G1 limushenense Zhao , G1 chalceum var1 chalceum
() () Corn1 , A1 subresinosum murr1Corner and A 1 conjunctum LyoydTorrend1 , accounting for 1115 % of the total known species in Hainan1 The superior species are G1 () mastoporum Lev1Pat1 , A1 sub2
() resinosum Murr1Corner , and the specific species are G1 densizonatum Zhao , G1 limushanense Zhao etc1 The varied topography , the special climate , high humidity , and low temperature in this area are not suitable for the growth of Genodermataceae , and affect their distribution1
21217 Ganodermataceae fungi in mountain top dwarf forest
This type mainly lies at an elevation of above 800, 1100 m vertical distribution zone of medium mountain rain forest , where the ecological environment is characteristic of peak or ridge topography , and special climate and soil condition resulted from the topography , e1g1 strong wind and evaporation , thin soil layer , thick bryophyte on the ground etc11 The composition of community is simple , in which most trees are short and have crooked trunks with many branches , and the tree species are mainly Fagaceae , Symplocaceae , Oleaceae , etc1 6 species of Ganodermataceae , e1g1 G1 f ulvellum Bres1 , G1 brownti () () ( ) Murr1Gilbn1 , A1 rude Berk1Cunn1 and A1 boleticeum Pat1Torr1 etc1 , were collected at the elevation of 1100,1280 m , accounting for 717 % of the total species in Hainan1 In the mountain top dwarf forest of J ianfengling forest area over 1300 m , the Ganoderma gradually decrease with the change of elevation , environmental factors , topography , humidity , where only 5 small specimen were collected1 21218 Ganodermataceae fungi in savanna This type is the tropical arid grassland vegetation which is formed after the repeated destroy of the forest , which is mainly distributed on the northern basalt platform , the east,western seashore and the forest,mark ground in the medium mountain area1 Due to the influence of monsoon climate , it can be obviously divided into the dry season and the moist season1 There are few plant species here , with such
() main species as Gossampinus malabarica DC1Merr1 and Tamarindus indica L11 Only 15 specimens were obtained in the zone , and classified into 6 species , accounting for 717 % of the total species in
( ) ( ) Hainan1 The common species are G1 applantum Pers1 Pat1 , G1 curtisii Berk1 Murr1 , A1
() amoiense Zhao and A 1 rude B erk 1Cunn1 etc1
21219 Ganodermataceae fungi in mangrove forest
This type is a specical primary community like the arbor forest , where the plants of Rhizophoreceae take the superiority1 8 specimens of Ganodermataceae growing on the rotten wooden were collected in this type , and classified into 3 species , 318 % of the whole species in Hainan1 They are G1 chalceum var1
() lobulatum Corn1 , G1 f ulvellum Bres1 and G1 tropicum J ungh1Bres1
212110 Ganodermataceae fungi in artificial forest
The common tree species in the artificial forest are Acacia conf usa Merr1 , Cocos nucif era L1 , Ca2 suarina equisetif plia and Eucalyptus spp1 12 species of Ganodermataceae are distributed in the type , ac2
() counting for 15 % of the total known species in Hainan1 The common species are G1 tropicum J ungh1
( ) Bres1 , G1 ahmadii Steyaert , G1 chenghaiense Zhao , G1 brownti Murr1Gilbn1 , G1 gibbosum () ( ) () NessPat1 , G1 applanatum Pers1Pat1 , A 1 amoiense Zhao and A 1 rude Berk1Cunn1 etc1 , a2
() () mong which G1 tropcum J ungh1Bres1 And A1 rude Berk1Cunn1 are superior1 The Ganoderma were not discovered in the eucalyptus forest1
3 The Conclusion
311 Hainan Island is the region richest in Ganodermataceae fungi in China1 78 species were discovered , belonging to 4 genera , 3 subgenera , 2 group s , of which 19 are new species , 10 are Chinese new record
( species , and 24 are Hainan new record species Zhao J iding , Zhang Xiaoqin , 1992 ; Wu Xingliang ,
) 19961
312 In different vegetation types , the species composition , ecological distribution and superior varieties of Ganoderma are different1
313 The vegetation , topography , soil , climate , water , light and basic growing substances directly affect
( ) the distribution of Ganodermataceae fungi Wu Xingliang , 19931 The change of the species diversity shows as follows : Tropical evergreen monsoon forest > Tropical rain forest > Lower mountain rain forest > The medium mountain rain forest > Tropical semi - deciduous monsoon forest > Artificial forest > Valley rain forest > Savanna > Mountain top dwarf forest > Mangrove forest1
314 The distribution of Ganoderma is different with the change of elevation , in which the Ganoderma are richest in the scope of 500, 1000 m , secondly 100, 400 m , and are obviously decreased in the scope of 1100,1550 m1
References
〔1〕Corner E J H. Ad Polyporaceae I - Amauroderma and Ganoderma Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwigia Heft 751J 1Cramer ,
Vaduz , 1983 ,45,1821
〔2〕Gilbertson R L , Ryvarden L . North American Polypores Fungiflora A/ S Osl1 1986 ,1 :287,3061
〔3〕Ryvarden L , Johansen I. A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa fungiflora A/ S oalo . 1980. 63,971
() 〔4〕Steyaert R L . Species of ganoderma and related genearal ly of the Bogor and Leiden Herbaria Persoonia , 1972 7, 1:
55,1181
〔5〕———Study of some Ganoderma species , Bull J ard Bor Nat Belg , 1980 ,50 : 135,1861
贵 州 科 学 18 卷 266
〔6〕Gong Minqing et al1 The Ecological System of the Tropical Forest in Jianfeng Moutain in Hainan , China1 Beijing , Sci2
ence Press , 1991. 156,1651
() 〔7〕Wu Xingliang. The taxonomy study I on the Ganodermataceae in Hainan1 Fungi Journal ,1996 ,15 4: 260,2631
〔8〕Wu Xingliang , et al1 The composition and ecological distribution of macrofungi species in Guizhou1 Ecological Journal ,() 1993 ,13 4: 306,3121
〔9〕Zhao Jiding. New Edition of the Ganodermataceae in China1 Beijing , Science Press , 1989 ,46,2531
() 〔10〕Zhao Jiding , et al1 The resource and distribution of Ganodermataceae fungi in China1 Fungi Journal , 1992 ,11 1: 55
,621
范文三：海南岛土地生态安全评价_英文_
Evaluation on Land Ecological Security in Hainan Island , China
WANG Jun-guang , ZHAO Zhi-zhong *, ZHAO Guang-ru , ZHANG Zhong-wei
College of Geography and Tourism , Hainan Normal University , Haikou 571158, China
Abstract Based on the introduction of Hainan island and the special feature of its geographical environment , land ecological pressure , land eco-logical status and land ecological response are taken as the subsystems with in all 18indices selected according to the 1999－2008Hainan Statistical Yearbook , 1999－2008Hainan Yearbook , and 2000－2004Hainan Ecological Construction Yearbook , as well as the principles of science , repre-sentativeness , comprehensiveness , simplicity , operability and applicability．Land ecological security assessment index system is established based on the
specific countermeasures and suggestions are put forward in order to promote the sustainable use of land resources and to maintain the ecological security．Result shows that land ecological security of Hainan Island is at the sensitive level (early-warning state ) in the
years 2000－2007and at good level (relatively security state ) in the year 2007．Land ecological security as a whole shows an increasing trend year by year．Factors restricting the level of land ecological security of Hainan Island are mainly the natural population growth rate , grain production per unit sown area , urbanization level , per capita cultivated land , reserve resources rate of land resources , growth rate of total fixed asset investment , per capita net income of rural residents and so on．
Key words Land ecology ; Security evaluation ; Index system ; Hainan island ; China
Received :November 7, 2009Accepted :November 25, 2009Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province (40879) , the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Over-seas Chinese Scholars , State Education Ministry , and the Key Sub-ject of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System of Hain-an Normal University．
*Corresponding author．E-mail :346763071@qq．com
As human activity and land use intensity increase , land ec-ological environment becomes more and more seriously dam-aged．Area of land desertification , as well as soil and land ero-sion , rapidly expands．All these increasingly prominent ecologi-cal problems directly threat the ecological security of China ’ s land resources．Therefore , land ecological security becomes an important issue of current sustainable use of land re-sources [1]; and land safety assessment is an important re-search content of land ecological security , offering an effective method to scientifically evaluate and measure the impact of cer-tain activity on land and the ecological effects , as well as an im-portant way to realize the sustainable use of land resources [2]．
1Overview of the research area , data sources and research method
1．1Overview of the research area Hainan Island (18?10' －20?10'N , 108?37' －111?03' E ) is situated in the southern end of China , the main land of Hainan Province with the total area of 33．9thousand square kilometers．It is high in the cen-ter and low and flat in its peripheral areas with 1867meters alti-tude and the highest mountain Wuzhi．There are hilly basins in mountainous region and hilly is mainly distributed in the inland island and the northwest and southwest areas．Coastal plain is
all around the island．Hainan Island has the characteristics of significant cascade structure and annular step-like landform
composed of mountain , hills , plateaus and plains with Wuzhi Mountain and Yingge Ridge as the core [3]．Hainan Island is lo-cated in the tropical area ,
belonging to the tropical monsoon cli-mate．It is the most distinctive region of tropical marine climate , with warm and hot all the year around , obvious wet and dry season , big constant wind , severe tropical storm , frequent ty-phoon and rich climate resources．Affected by the landform , differentiation of biological climatic conditions is caused , and soil distribution shows distinct vertical zonality and regionalism．1．2Data source Research data are from the 1999－2008Hainan Statistical Yearbook , the 1999－2008Hainan Year-book , the 2000－2004Ecological Province Construction Year-book of Hainan , the Hainan Encyclopedia , the 2000－2008Re-port on the State of Environment in Hainan Province , the Con-struction Theory and Practice of Ecological Province of Hainan , and so on．
1．3Research method At present , there are many methods for comprehensive evaluation on land security．And we select Comprehensive Index Method and Analsis Hierarchy Process according to the advantages and disadvantages of various methods．
2Construction of land ecological security evaluation system
2．1Construction of evaluation index system The key of land ecological security assessment is to establish a scientific evaluation index system and to determine the weight of in-dex [4]．At present , evaluation index system of land ecological
Asian Agricultural Research /亚洲农业研究 2009, 1(11－12):69－73Responsible editor :Ma Weipeng Responsible translator :Cheng Na
safety is still at the exploratory stage and construction of index system remains to be the difficulty in research．Selection of e-valuation index not only considers the environment condition , but also reflects the impact of human activity and important fac-tors affecting ecological security．Besides , the operability of method and the availability of ecological security index data should also be considered , as well as the complex relationship of evaluation factors of regional land ecological security , level of land ecological security and relevant research results in Chi-na [5]．Based on the principles of representativeness , compre-
hensiveness , simplicity , operability , applicability and scientific nature , as well as the
．
Fig．1Index system of land ecological security in Hainan Island , China
2．2Determination of index weight and reference value of ecological security evaluation In the evaluation of ecological security , reference value of evaluation index mainly cones from the international accepted value , the world average value , the various standards all over the world , and the standards promul-gated by local governments．Meanwhile , considering the char-acteristics of land ecological environment and the actual situa-tion of Hainan Island ,
part of the index reference values choose the national average according to the reference literatures．
Weight is the information representing the index factor vari-ables and the relative importance to the factor at the upper grade．This research adopts the Analytic Hierarchy Process method (AHP method ) and determines the index weight ac-cording to the experience of experts [4]．Firstly ,
according to the relationship of each level index , the hierarchical structure model is constructed．Then , experts compare and judge the relative importance of index．Based on the evaluation result of experts , weighted method is calculated and the land ecological security index of Hainan Island is obtained (Table 1) ．
2．3Standardization of evaluation index Standardization treatment of index is conducted by range method．And different indices have different standardization equations．
When the evaluation index is positive , we have p i =(x i －
x min ) /(x max －x min ) ; and when the evaluation index is negative , we have p i =(x max －x i ) /(x max －x min ) , where x i is the actual ob-served value of a given index , x max and x min are the maximum and minimum values of the index within time series , and p i is the actual evaluation value of the index after standardization．
After the standardization treatment of evaluation index , the value is between 0and 1．And 0represents the worst state of a given index in a given year within time series , compared with the same index in the other year．1means the best state of a given index in a given year within time series , compared with the same index in the other year [10]．
07Asian Agricultural Research 2009
3Result and analysis
3．1Calculation of the safety value of evaluation index Ac-cording to the correlation between evaluation index and land eco-logical security , index can be divided into positive and negative in-dices．Positive index includes the annual output value of unit ag-ricultural land , economic density , urbanization level , proportion of tertiary industry in GDP , per capita GDP , growth rate of total fixed asset investment , and per capita net income of rural resi-dents [8－9]．And negative index refers to population density , natural growth rate of population , proportion of dry land , and proportion of soil and water loss．As for the index having the characteristic of greater security due to bigger positive index , its reference value is the lower limit of security and the value is unsafe if it is lower than the limit．As for the index having the characteristic of greater security caused by smaller positive in-dex , its reference value is the upper limit of security and the value becomes unsafe if it is greater than the limit [7－10]．Equation of positive index is
Y
i
=
1
X
i
/S
i
?100
{%X i ≥ S i
X
i
S
i
,
Hence , the security value of single index is
I =Y
i
? W
i
,
where X
i
is the actual value of index , S
i
is the reference
value of index , Y
i
is the security index of index , I is the security
index of single index , and W
i
is the index weight．
According to the above calculation method , security value of single index of land ecological security evaluation in Hainan Island in the years 2000－2007is obtained (Table 2) ．
Table 2Ecological security value of land ecological security evaluation index in Hainan Island , China
Year C 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C 10C 11C 12C 13C 14C 15C 16C 17C 18 20000．01800．00700．05000．03000．01570．06110．06530．08000．03200．04000．03880．03150．00070．08000．03000．04350．00530．0440 20010．01800．00680．05000．03000．01590．06450．06810．08000．03070．04000．03880．03150．000580．08000．03000．04720．01970．0450 20020．01750．00700．05000．03000．01570．07630．07550．08000．03120．04000．03850．03150．000580．08000．03000．05180．02770．04779 20030．01730．00730．05000．03000．01590．08000．07850．08000．03180．04000．03540．03260．00060．08000．03000．05670．05000．0500 20040．016950．00740．048870．03000．01640．08000．08000．08000．04410．04000．035350．032730．00070．08000．03000．06000．04100．0500 20050．016680．00750．047930．03000．01450．08000．08000．08000．04470．04000．036590．032890．00070．08000．03000．06000．04880．0500 20060．01640．00750．04710．03000．01690．08000．08000．08000．04500．04000．03650．03290．00060．08000．03000．06000．02770．0500 20070．01610．00750．04620．03000．01780．08000．08000．08000．04500．04000．03650．03290．00070．08000．03000．06000．05000．0500
3．2Calculation of the integrated value of land security Al-
though security value of single index can reflect the status of land
ecological security in Hainan Island from various aspects , it can
only reflect a certain aspect of land ecological security system．
In order to fully reflect the status of land ecological security in
Hainan Island , security value of single index should be synthe-
sized into comprehensive value．Therefore , we select the index
sum method to calculate the integrated value of land ecological
security , that is
T = n i =1 (Y
i
? W i ) ,
where T is the integrated value of land ecological security , Y i is
the security index of the i th index , W
i
is the weight of the i th in-dex , and n is the total number of indices [11－13]．
Thus , the integrated values of land ecological security in the years 2000－2007are 0．67544, 0．7012, 0．7356, 0．7706, 0．7798, 0．7859, 0．7750and 0．8012, respectively．3．3Evaluation standard of land ecological security Since the integrated value of land ecological security is between 0and 1, it is difficult to evaluate the status of land ecological security by direct observation．According to the integrated security value calculated , relevant literatures have set up the integrated evalu-ation standard of land ecological security in Hainan Island (Ta-ble 3) ．Range of integrated security value (0－1) is classified into 5security grades by non-equidistance method．The greater the integrated security value is , the better the land ecological security becomes , and vice versa ．Moreover , system charac-teristics of the corresponding 5grades are described [13－14]．
Table 3System standard and grading of land ecological security
Grade Security value System state System characteristics
Ⅰ (0, 0．4]Adverse grade Extremely adverse land ecological environment , incomplete structure of land ecological system , se-verely degraded service function , and difficult reconstruction of ecological restoration
Ⅱ (0．4, 0．6]Risk grade Adverse land ecological environment , greatly damaged structure of land ecological system , severely degraded service function of land ecology , incomplete system function , difficult recovery after exter-nal disturbance , prone to ecological disasters
Ⅲ (0．6, 0．8]Sensitive grade Relatively poor land ecological environment , damaged structure of land ecological system , degraded service function of land ecology , which is able to maintain its basic functions , deterioration after dis-turbance , relatively easy occurrence of ecological disasters
Ⅳ (0．8, 0．9]Good grade Good land ecological environment , relatively complete structure of land ecological system , almost completed function of land ecological service function , relatively good system function , easy recover-y after external disturbance , relatively little possibility of ecological disasters
Ⅴ (0．9, 1．0) Safe grade Good land ecological environment , complete structure of land ecological system , completed function of land ecological service function , good system function , recovery after external disturbance , little possibility of ecological disasters
3．4Analysis of evaluation result Result of evaluation shows that land ecological security of Hainan Island is at sensi-tive grade (pre warning status ) in the years 2000－2006, and at good grade (relatively security status ) in the year 2007．More-over , land ecological security shows an increasing trend year by year in general．
(1) According to the evaluation standard , land ecological security in Hainan Island belongs to grade Ⅲ from the year 2000 to 2006, and to grade Ⅳ in the year 2007．This is because that the natural condition is better in Hainan Island．In recent years , Hainan has implemented the strategy of sustainable develop-ment in order to improve the level of ecological security．At the same time , proportions of woodland and per capita cultivated land in Hainan Island are both higher than those of the national average．But the proportion of cultivated in Hainan Island is rel-atively small and the economic density is relatively high．Pro-portion of tertiary industry in GDP is above 40%and the urbani-zation level is also improved rapidly from 26%in the year 2000 to 39%in 2007．However , the growing population density , the high growth rate of population , and the low per capita net in-come of rural residents and reserve rate of land resources have restricted the further improvement of land ecological security in Hainan Island．
(2) Fig．2illustrates that both land ecology and security level of Hainan Island have increased gradually , indicating that the security level has the condition for transformation．In the years 2000－2006, comprehensive evaluation value of land ec-ological security is between 0．67and 0．78, indicating that the ecological security is under continuous improvement．Since the ecological province construction of Hainan Province in the year 1998, the ecological environment of land has been improved , function of land ecosystem has been recovered through the closed forest , the conversion of cropland to forest , the restora-tion of coastal protective forest , the effective improvement of cultivated area , the acceleration of soil erosion and desertifica-tion control , the enhancement of growth rate of total fixed asset investment and the per capita net income of rural residents．All these measures have further promoted the land ecological se-curity level of Hainan Island．Fig．2indicates that land ecologi-cal security of Hainan Island in the year 2007is significantly higher than that in the years 2000－2006, showing that the eco-logical construction of Hainan Island has achieved initial success．
(3) Research shows that restrictive factors of land ecologi-cal security level of Hainan Island are mainly the natural popula-tion growth rate , the grain production of unit sowing area , ur-banization level , per capita cultivated land area , reserve rate of land resources , growth rate of total fixed asset investment , per capita net income of rural residents and so on．Although Hainan Island has been committed to reducing population growth rate , it still maintains at a rate of 8．9%at present due to the cultural differences and low educational level．At the same time , growth rate of total fixed asset investment of Hainan Island is signifi-cantly lower (9．4%) in the year 2006．And per capita cultivat-ed land is decreasing , which is neither conducive to the devel-opment of modern agriculture nor to the optimization of industri-al structure．Therefore , we should protect the limited
cultivated
Fig．2Variation trend of land ecological security value in Hainan Island
land resources , and rationally develop the precious land re-sources．
4Countermeasures
According to the result of evaluation , suggestions from 4 aspects are put forward in order to strengthen the construction of land ecological security and to further improve the land eco-logical security of Hainan Island based on the land ecological problems at present．
(1) Implement the ecological construction plan of Hainan Island , and organically combine the economic and social devel-opment with the ecological protection and construction．With the development of economy and the expansion of urban scale , there is a growing demand for land resources , which also threatens the security of land ecological environment．Thus , protection and development of land not only promotes the re-gional development , but also is the need to maintain ecological security．In recent years , Hainan Island has implemented the closed forest and has strengthened the construction policy of natural protection [5]．All the slope land above 250should con-duct the policy of returning cultivated land to forest , and canopy density of tropical natural forest should be gradually increased．(2) Strengthen the protection of farmland , adhere to the regulation system of land use based on the planning , establish a strict farmland protection system , and set up a scientific and feasible protection index of cultivated land．According to the re-serve resources of cultivated land , appropriate land develop-ment should be carried out by taking land consolidation and rec-lamation as the major measures in order to increase the effec-tive cultivated land and to improve the quality of cultivated land [15－16]．
(3) Pay attention to the improvement of land ecological environment , prevent land degradation , and control the land ecological environment construction and land pollution , integra-ting prevention and treatment together．At the same time , ap-ply fertilizers and pesticides rationally in order to reduce the pol-lution of land．When utilizing and developing resources orderly and appropriately , we should focus on enhancing the resource utilization rate and resource saving , and adopt the development mode of resource-saving type．Moreover , we should also make the overall land use planning , utilize land rationally , and ensure land use for each industry．Due to the imperfect land market of Hainan Island , a great number of land transfers are not fully in
accordance with the mechanisms of market economy laws and there is too much human intervention．Therefore , we should establish a new mechanism for land use as soon as possible to perfect the land market [16－17]．
(4) Ecological environment is the lifeline of human exist-ence and economic development , as well as the key for sus-tainable land use．Therefore , the concept of ecological security should be firmly established．Since Hainan has relatively large population density , and prominent contradiction human and land , we should make population planning and policy compati-ble with the natural capacity , control population growth and ease the contradiction between people and land．References
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[6]CAO AX．Appraisal of land use eco-security in Lanzhou City [D ]．Lanzhou :Gansu Agricultural University , 2008．(in Chinese ) ．
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海南岛土地生态安全评价
王军广 , 赵志忠 *, 赵广孺 , 张忠伟 (海南师范大学地理与旅游学院 , 海南海口 571158)
摘要 以海南岛为研究区 , 在介绍研究区概况的基础上 , 依据 1999 2008年 《 海南统计年鉴 》 、 1999 2008年 《 海南年鉴 》 、 2000 2004年 《 海南 生态省建设年鉴 》 等数据 , 依据科学性 、 代表性 、 综合性 、 简明性 、 可操作性 、 适用性等原则 , 结合海南岛这个特殊的地理环境特点 , 基于
关键词 土地生态 ; 安全评价 ; 指标体系 ; 海南岛
范文四：海南岛休闲度假 乡村出行路线怎么安排
平安保险户外险http://www.huize.com/brand/detail/46/2078 海南岛休闲度假 乡村出行路线怎么安排
去过海南岛旅游的人都知道，岛上气候宜人，风光旖旎，是个休闲度假的好地方，出游时平安保险户外险
http://www.huize.com/brand/detail/46/2078进行保障。下面就为大家推荐一些比较有特色的乡村旅游线路，仅供参考。
石山荣堂村
看点:历史悠久的火山石村，沧桑而古朴。
线路:距离地质火山口公园约4公里。
石山镇美目村
看点:生态保存完好的菠萝蜜王国，空气中都飘着甜味。
线路:从海口出发，往海榆中线至永兴镇，再往前行驶至海榆中线21公里处，在一块烈士纪念碑前，往左拐即可进入美目村。
潭谢村
看点:百年莲塘，如梦似幻。
平安保险户外险http://www.huize.com/brand/detail/46/2078
平安保险户外险http://www.huize.com/brand/detail/46/2078
线路:从海口府城琼台书院出发，向南只需10公里的路程便可到达。
东郊椰林渔家乐
看点:拉网赶海的好去处。
线路:从海口上海文高速公路一直到文城，然后往清澜方向，到环球码头，乘坐轮渡过海来到东郊镇村。
博鳌南强村
看点:漂流观光，竹排上打水仗，不亦乐乎。
线路:从东线高速公路嘉积出口或中原镇出口，到博鳌镇。南强村在从博鳌镇前往东屿岛的路上。
乐会古城
看点:600多年的乐会古城宛如世外桃园。
线路:乐会古城距琼海市嘉积镇15公里，即可来到乐城。
琼中作芽村
看点:纯生态的黎族山村，男女老少都会唱黎歌。
线路:沿琼中至牛漏方向公路行驶到长征镇转至上安乡方向，行驶到10公里处见一水泥路(长太公路:即长征到太平公路)左转，沿路继续前行约4公里即可到作芽村。
平安保险户外险http://www.huize.com/brand/detail/46/2078
范文五：海南岛-海南岛简介
南海明珠——海南岛
在我国南海的?万里碧波上，有一颗灿烂的?明珠，它就是富饶美?丽的海南岛。
海南岛是祖国?的第二大岛，那里土壤肥沃?，物产丰富。岛上有许许多?多的橡胶园、椰子园等热带?植物园，腰果( )咖啡( )芒果( )荔枝( )在不同的季节?里挂满了枝头?( )海参( )海龟( )大龙虾等名贵?水产不计其数?。铁矿、石油和天然气?等矿产蕴藏量?也非常丰富。
海南岛上一年?四季气候宜人?，风景优美。高高的五指山?挺立在海岛中?部，山上热带林木?郁郁葱葱，四季常青。由山间小溪汇?成的万泉河滔?滔奔流，浇灌着两岸的?农田。地处最南端的?天涯海角，海天一色，美丽壮观。旅游胜地亚龙?湾海滩，有七千多米长?，一望无际的海?滩，沙白如银，各种颜色的贝?壳在阳光下闪?闪发光;眺望大海，风和海浪好像?在海面上嬉戏?追逐，溅起千万朵白?莲般的浪花，海潮哗哗，渔帆点点，景色十分迷人?。
海南岛的椰林?风光最惹人喜?爱。你看海滩上那?一片片的椰子?林，如同一道道绿?色的屏障。那一棵棵高大?挺拔的椰子树?，树形奇特，树干没有分枝?，树梢上的绿叶?像一把撑开的?大伞，伞下果实累累?。海风吹过来，绿叶摇摆，仿佛在向人们?招手。
每当清晨或傍?晚，你坐在沙滩的?礁石上，面对着大海，听着海浪拍打?的声音，望着海上红日?东升或落日西?沉的奇景，你一定会高歌?一曲，赞美这秀丽的?海南风光。
1.在文中的第二?自然段填写正?确的标点符号?
2.看拼音，写词语
Fu rao ( ) fei wo( ) yu yu cong cong( )
Zhuang? guan( ) jiao guan( ) guo shi lei lei ( )
3.写出下列词语?的近义词或者?反义词
近义词:赞美—— 眺望——
反义词:喜爱—— 丰富——
4.给多音字组词?
参, 藏, 曲,
5.根据文章内容?填空
a.文章第二自然?段中讲了海南?岛物产丰富。作者是从————、—————、———
———这三个方面来?讲的。
b.文章第三自然?段描写了——————、————————、————————、
______?______?____四个?景点的风光，是围绕___?______?______?______?______?____这句?话写的。
6.文章中第四自?然段的中心句?是_____?______?______?______?______?______?______?____.
知识点扩展 海南岛
海南省位于中?国最南端，北以琼州海峡?与广东省划界?，西临北部湾与?越南民主共和?国相对，东濒南海与台?湾省相望，东南和南边在?南海中与菲律?宾、文莱和马来西?亚为邻。海南省的行政?区域包括海南?岛和西沙群岛?、中沙群岛、南沙群岛的岛?礁及其海域。全省陆地(包括海南岛和?西沙、中沙、南沙群岛)总面积3.5万平方公里?，海域面积约2?00万平方公?里。海南岛形似一?个呈东北至西?南向的椭圆形?大雪梨，总面积(不包括卫星岛?)3.39万平方公?里，是我国仅次于?台湾岛的第二?大岛。海南岛与广东?省的雷州半岛?相隔的琼州海?峡宽约18海?里，南沙群岛的曾?母暗沙是我国?最南端的领土?。
海南岛与美国?夏威夷处在同?一纬度，在长达152?8公里的海岸?上遍布可以开?发建设成为世?界一流旅游圣?地的旅游资源?，岛上终年气候?宜人，四季鸟语花香?。矿物、动植物资源丰?富，尤其石油与天?然气蕴藏量可?观。
海南岛四周低?平，中间高耸，以五指山、鹦歌岭为隆起?核心，向外围逐级下?降。山地、丘陵、台地、平原构成环形?层状地貌，梯级结构明显?。
海南是我国最?具热带海洋性?气候特色的地?方，全年暖热，雨量充沛，干湿季节明显?，常风较大，热带风暴和台?风频繁，气候资源多样?。
早在六千年前?，海南岛上的黎?族先人从事种?种原始开发活?
动。西汉时正式设?置珠崖郡。三国时，吴置珠崖郡，到晋代珠崖并?入合浦。南北朝时，梁置崖州及珠?崖郡。隋初郡废，后又复置珠崖?郡及儋耳、临振二郡。到唐朝，琼崖改为琼管?郡，置崖州及儋振?二郡，并增置崖州治?琼山县，后改为琼山郡?，复为琼州。五代十国至宋?代仍为琼州，元朝时改为琼?州路，明洪武初为琼?州府，清朝因之。民国初年改为?广东琼崖道，后废道划为特?别行政区。1950年4?月30日解放?，设立海南行政?区公署，为广东省人民?政府派出机关?。1984年5?月31日，第六届全国人?民代表大会第?二次会议审议?通过国务院《关于成立海南?行政区人民政?府》议案。同年10月1?日，海南行政区人?民政府正式成?立。1988年4?月13日，第七届全国人?民代表大会第?一次会议通过?设立海南省和?海南经济特区?的议案。1988年8?月至9月，海南省先后召?开中共第一次?党代会、第一次人代会?，建立中共海南?省委和海南省?人民政府。
海南岛是中国?唯一的热带海?岛省份，被称为世界上?“少有的几块未?被污染的净土?”。岛上四季常青?，森林覆盖率超?过50%。海南是一个色?彩斑斓的世界?，阳光、海水、沙滩、绿色、空气五大旅游?要素俱全，具有得天独厚?的热带海岛自?然风光。
