坐上来自己艹
范文一：应用化学专业英语及答案B
黄冈师范学院
2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷
考试课程：专业英语 考核类型：考试B 卷 考试形式：闭卷 出卷教师：杨一思
考试专业：化学 考试班级：应用化学200701
一、Translate the following into English（36 points） 1. 酰基化 2. 氯化氢 3. 氧化还原 4. 卤代 5. 烯烃
二、Translation the following into chinese （48 points）
1. Advanced ceramics, also known as engineering or technical ceramics, refer to materials which exhibit superior mechanical properties, corrosion/oxidation resistance, and thermal, electrical, optical or magnetic properties.
Advanced ceramics are generally broken down into the following segments: structural ceramics, electrical and electronic ceramics, ceramics coatings, chemical processing and environmental ceramics.
Structural ceramics include applications such as industrial wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools, and engine components. Electronic ceramics, which have the largest share of the advanced ceramic market includes capacitors, insulators, substrates, integrated circuits packages, piezoelectrics, magnets and superconductors. Ceramic coatings find application in engine components, cutting tools, and industrial wear parts. The applications under chemical processing and environmental ceramics include filters, membranes, catalysts, and catalyst supports.
B 卷 【第1页 共2页】
6. 过氧化物 7. 电子受体 8. 电子供体 9. 二氧化硫 10. 质谱
11. 碎片 12. 光谱学 13浓度 14. 电磁 15. 伯自由基
16. 氧化镁 17. 立体化学 18. 溴化物
2. In the same way, resonance theory says that benzene can ’t be described
satisfactorily by a single line-bind structure but is instead a resonance hybrid .of two forms. Benzene doesn’t oscillate back and forth between two forms; its true structure is somewhere between the two. Each carbon-carbon connection is an average of 1.5 bonds, midway between a single bond and a double bond
3. Recall that an inductive effect is due to an electronegativity difference between
the ring and the attached substituent, while a resonance effect is due to orbital overlap between a p orbital on the ring and a p orbital on the substituent.
三、Fill in the blank with the given expressions. （16 points）
A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina
adsorption and with regligible loss of other materials isotherms
usually weak and reversible bind strongly
effects on adsorption are profound
molecules or particles to a solid surface little variation in temperature
Adsorption
, which must be distinguished from groups (atomic arrangements that vibrate at frequencies in the visible spectrum)very often are strongly adsorbed on activated carbon. Decolorization The most common industrial adsorbents , because they present enormous surface with high adsorptive capacity.
, and measurements are usually at a constant temperature. .
B 卷 【第2页 共 2 页】
黄冈师范学院
2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷
参考答案及评分标准
考试课程：专业英语 考核类型：考试B 卷 考试形式：闭卷 出卷教师：杨一思
考试专业：化学 考试班级：应用化学200701班 一、 Translate the following into English（36 points） 1. acylate
7.electron acceptor 8.electron donor 9.sulphur dioxide 10.mass spectra 11.fraction 12.spectroscopy 13.concentration
14.electromagnet 15. primary radical
16. magnesium oxide 17. stereochemistry
2.hydrogen chloride 3.redox 4.halogenation 5.alkene 6.peroxide
18.bromide
二、Translation the following into chinese （48 points）
1．同样，共振理论认为仅用线形键来解释苯的结构并不令人满意，而共振杂化理论提出的两种杂化形式同时存在的观点却能很好地说明苯的结构。苯不是在两种形式之间来回摆动，它的真实结构是介于两种形式之间。每一个碳碳连接介于1.5个键之间，处于单键和双键之间的中间状态。（10points ）
2．高级陶瓷，以工程或技术陶瓷最为著名，指的是某些材料表现出优越的机械性能，，耐腐蚀和氧化，具有热力学，电学，光学性质和磁性。
高级陶瓷通常被分为以下几种：结构陶瓷、电学和电子陶瓷、陶瓷涂层、化学和环境陶瓷。
结构陶瓷应用与工业耐磨部件，生物陶瓷，切割工具，发动机零件。电子陶瓷占据了高级陶瓷市场上的最大份额，包括电容器，绝缘体，基体，集成电路包装，压电，磁
铁和超导体。陶瓷涂层应用与发动机部件，切割工具和工业耐磨部件。应用于化学处理和环境的陶瓷包括过滤器，膜，催化剂和催化剂载体。（30 points）
3. 回顾以往所讲可知，诱导效应是由于苯环和所连接取代基的电负性不同所致，而共振效应是由于苯环的p 轨道和取代基的P 轨道相互重叠所致。（8points ）
三、Fill in the blank with the given expressions.（16 points）
G D E B A F C H
范文二：第二版应用化学专业英语课后答案
Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry
I. Comprehension.
1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B
II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets. 1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable
difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose. 2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized
knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated. 3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry
observed on a single mundane planet.
4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather
simple whereas others are highly complex.
5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without
chemistry there is neither life nor death.
6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all
aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.
III. Translation.
1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation 2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and
so forth/and otherwise.
3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes
back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.
4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that
liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain
conditions/circumstance/environment.
5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.
IV. Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一～另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以
来～化学过程持续进行～甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人
们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三
步是:,I,物理进化,化学元素的产生,～,II,化学进化,分子和生物分子的
形成,,和,III,生物进化,有机物的形成和发展,。
V. Solution: 112(1)The relative mass of H and C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams.
124,H1.673510，,,0.083986 1223,C1.992610，
121If the mass of a C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a H atom to five
significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.
12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu
(2)
First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.
0.693,4kyr,,，1.2110/5730yr
A,,kt0log,A2.303,, ,41.0001.2110/，yrlog,t0.4772.303
2.303log2.09，，，，3tyr,,，,6.1106100,41.2110/，yr
The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died)
about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was
in existence at that place at that time.
Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances I. Comprehension
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.B
II. Give the systematic name for the following
mmonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; a
Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion;
hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;
silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;
Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion;
calcium ion; mercury(II) ion;
chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.
carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide;
carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide;
sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide
arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;
arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;
phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;
phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;
carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;
chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;
dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;
oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;
sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;
sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.
III. Complete the table.
Formula Old name Systematic name
FeO iron (II) oxide
FeO iron (III) oxide 23
Sn(OH) tin(II) hydroxide 2
Sn(OH) tin(IV) hydroxide 4
HgSO mercury (I) sulfate 24
HgSO mercury (II) sulfate 4
NaCLO sodium hypochlorite
KCrO potassium dichromate 227
Cu(AsO) copper(II) arsenate 342
Cr(CHO) chromium(IV) acetate 2323
IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.
Formula of acid Old name Name of acid
HCO carbonic acid 23
HClO chlorous acid 2
HClO perchloric acid 4
HCN hydrocyanic acid
HBr hydrobromic acid
HSiO silicic acid 44
HAsO arsenic acid 34
V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.
1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.indicates 4.should expect 5.would cancel 6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussed VI. Translation
1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated. 2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.
3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas. 4. The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had
expected.
5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.
VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in
inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or
the products. (Partially Solved)
Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from
formic acid:
OO
HCOHCNCN+HCOH+
formatecyanideformicacidweakeracidweakerbasestrongerbasestrongeracid
Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (pK=3.76) is a stronger acid than a
HCN (pK=9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products a
(weaker acid and base) are favored.
…………..
VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following
materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.
-- Answer: (1) 2CHGeH + 2e ? H + 2CHGeH33am232--(2) I + 2e ? 2I 2 am--(3) (CH)S + 2e + NH? CHS- + CH + NH 252am3 25262
Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons I. Comprehension
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B
II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system
1 CH(CH)nCH (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane 323
2 (CH)-CH-CH-CH-CH 2-methylpentane 322223
3 (CH)C-CH-CH(CH)-CH-CH 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 3322523
4 (CH)CH-CHCH-CH(CHCHCH)-CH(5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane 3222223
CH) 32
5 CH-CH-CH-C(CHCHCH)-CH(CH) 4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 322223232
6 ?-CH-CH(CH) isobutylcyclobutane 232
7 CH=C(CH)(CH(CH)) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 22532
8 CH-CH-CH=CH-CHCl-CH 2-chloro-3-hexene 323
9 CH-CH(CH)-CH(CH)-C?C-CH 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne 33253
10 CH=CH-C?CH 1-buten-3-yne 2
11 (CH)CH-CHCH(OH)CH 4-methyl-2-pentanol 3223
12 CHCHCH=CHCH(OH)CH 3-hexen-2-ol 323
13 (CH)C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol 33
14 (CH)C-OCHH 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 3325
15 (CH)CH-CH-O-CH 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 32225
16 (CHOH) 1,2-ethanediol 22
17 CH-CH(OH)-CH(OH) 1,2-proanediol 32
18 CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CH(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol 22
19 CHCHNH aminoethane 322
20 CHCHCHCH(CH)CH-NH-CH N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpent32233
ane
III. Draw structures for the following compounds.
C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C 1 3-octene
2 3-methy-2-heptene
3 cyclohexene
C-C,C-C-C 4 2-pentyne
5 3,3-dimethylhexyne
6 3-bromotoluene CH3
Br
C=C-Cl 7 vinyl chloride
C,C 8 acetylene
9 para-dichlorobenzene
ClCl
10 m-chlorobromobenzene Br
Cl
11 toluene CH3
12 chlorobenzene Cl
13 1,2-dibromobenzene Br
Br 14 naphthalene
15 anthracene
16 phenanthrene
17 2-methyl-1-propanol COHCC
C 18 Cyclohexanol OH
19 Methoxyethene CCOC 20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OH
OCH25
IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C V. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by
the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.
(…………)
Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives I. Comprehension
1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C
II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.
1.brought out 2.dozen or so; put together 3.are made of ;divided by 4.are different from 5.on the contrary; consist of 6.summed up 7.stand for 8.such as 9.are; dependent on 10.break down into
III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.
1.with; as 2.to 3.about 4.from 5.into
IV. Translation
1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others 2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.
( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.) 3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N (molecules). 2
4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.
5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.
V. Translation
玻意尔,Bohr,模型提出不久后～人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的
模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质,质量,也有光的特性,波的
特性,。因为它的两重性～电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单
粒子～而且如Bohr所说的～如果电子高速运动～我们就不能确切地知道它的位
臵。
Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular Spectroscopy I. Comprehension
1.C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B
II. Fill in the blanks
of; as; in; out; In; for; for ; of; in; then; to; for;since(for) ; into. III. Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form.
1. account for 2.take part in 3.think of ….as 4.As compared with
5. is attached to 6.on the contrary 7.As in the case of 8.in contrast with
as against 9. owing to 10.Except for.
Unit 17 Crystallisation
I. Comprehension
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A
II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below. Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall.
III. Choose the item from (1) ~ (6) that best matches the item in(a) ~ (f) to make a
correct sentence.
1~a; 2~b; 3~c; 4~d; 5~e; 6~f
VI.Translate the following into Chinese
共沸物;类质同晶;过饱和;砷酸盐;晶核;异丙基;醇;钠;硫酸盐;间甲酚;糖膏;
十水合物;结晶质的;同系物;衍生物;结晶;四硼酸盐;盐析;乙基乙酰苯胺;矿物油。
Uint18 Distillation
I. Comprehension
1.B 2.D 3.A 4. A
II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below. 1.In order to 2.in relation to 3. in the case of 4.in the end 5. in a number of 6.lead to 7.a messy way
掌握以下词汇:
flashdistillation闪蒸 ;exit stream 出流 ;equilibrium curve 平衡曲线; weir 堰;
redistillation 重蒸; apparatus 设备;overhead product 塔顶产物; enthalpy 焓;
intersection 交点; auxiliary辅助装置; rectifying section精馏段 ;reflux回流;
reboller 再沸器; stripping section 汽提(提馏)段;bottom product 塔底产物
Unit 21 catalysis
I. Comprehension
1.A 2.D 3.D 4. B 5.C
IV. Translate the following sentences into English
(1) We define activity as size (measure) of catalysis of catalyst (2) catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of which
mechanisms are generally consistent
(3) Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body.
V. Translate the following into English
reaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementary reaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative analysis; selectivity; metabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylon(or nylon);qualitative
analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry.
Unit 22 Cosmetics introduction
I. Comprehension
1.D 2.A 3.D 4. D 5. (1)True; (2)True; (3) False.
II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.
Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment; different; proposed.
III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.
1. for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for(to) 5. of ,about.
V、Translate the following into English.
对亚苯基二胺～降解～丙烯～头皮屑～洗剂～ N-亚硝基二乙醇胺～致癌的～ 未
成熟,or早熟,～香波,or洗发剂,～ 激素,荷尔蒙,～ 防汗剂～ 诱变性～
脱臭剂,芳香剂,～ 推论,必然结果,～ 甘油
VI、Translate the following sentences into English
surfactant;environmental pollution;emulsifier;side-effect;dirt;detergent;
perspiration;preservative.
范文三：应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)
Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry
I. Comprehension.
1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry
2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.
3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?
4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 ―elements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.
5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment D
D.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into another
II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.
1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it
is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.
2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an
activity by which knowledge is generated.
3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single
mundane planet.
4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas
others are highly complex.
5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is
neither life nor death.
6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,
although many of us are not fully aware of this.
III. Translation.
1. (a)化学过程; (b)自然科学; (c)蒸馏技术
(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation 2. 正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。
It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and so on.
3. 化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前
Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.
4. 根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体
According to the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.
5. 在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清它的各种性质
You must make sure the properties of the material before you use it.
IV. Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一～另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以来～化学过程
持续进行～甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化
的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三步是:,I,物理进化,化学元素的产生,～
,II,化学进化,分子和生物分子的形成,,和,III,生物进化,有机物的形成和发展,。
Unit 4 Dinking Water Quality And Health
1.The uniqueness of the compound’s structure is A. necessary to learning its synthesis and its application.
2.The structure B. conversation of this molecule leads to its various usage 3.There is a wide range of compounds at trace levels that cannot be thoroughly D. eliminated from the water
4.What’s the main idea of this text? D
D.Water carries many chemical components that result in various diseases 5.What happens when people are exposed to low concentrations of chemical constituents? C C.They will be sick over a long time, sometimes a lifelong time
6.What kind of evidence shows that chemicals in drinking effect human health? C C.Though no clear evidence, there are really some precautions for it
7.Which organization does the European Union is preferred to follow its legislation on minimum drinking water quality? A.W.H.O
8.What’s the reason that led is still a danger to man’s health? D
D.Although lead is seldom used now, there still exist many older lead properties in use 9.There is no evidence that nitrate-contained water will cause gastric cancer, because A A.the increase in nitrate level sometime result to a decrease in gastric cancer rates
1.Some chemicals are accumulated in the bodies of certain organisms, concentrations of them
reflecting environmental pollution levels over time
2.Nonyl-phenols were suspected of stimulating vitellogenin production in the trout
3.Clearly, some chemical in the effluent was behaving like a female hormone and the fish
provided an early warning of a potential problem requiring urgent investigation 4.This compound is normally produces in the liver of female fish in response to the hormone oestradiol and is incorporated into the yolk of developing eggs
5.The amount of change in the community will be related to the severity of the incident
6.the definition of pollution given above includes the adverse effects on living resources and ecological systems so that impacts need quantifying
7.The measured quantities can then be compared with standards of allowable concentrations
8.Water pollution can be defined as the introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to cause hazards to health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structure or amenity, or interference in/with legitimate uses of the environment
9.How people design computer game is beyond me
10.Anyone with an annual income of under 5000 may be eligible to apply
1.饮水中毒的例子有时是触目惊心的
The case of water poisoning is sometimes shocking
2.生物耗氧量的定义是与1L废水中的还原剂作用所需的氧气质量
Biological oxygen demand is defined with 1L water reducing agent in the role of the oxygen required quality
3.人体中大部分的水是喝进去的，但是相当一部分来自食物，还有相当一部分水是人体对食
物中的氢原子进行氧化时生成的
The body most of the water is to drink it, but rather part from food, there is a considerable portion of water is the body of the food in the hydrogen oxidation is generated when the 4.但是应该清醒地认识到即使是最先进的检测方法也有可能放过一些会产生新的意想不到
的后果的有害物质
However it should be soberly aware of even the most advanced detection methods also have the potential to be let off some will produce new beat all the consequences of hazardous substance 5.这种疾病称为正铁血红蛋白症，是婴儿紫绀综合征的病因之一——婴儿的水分和氧气需要
量很大，而由于亚硝酸盐的存在，他们的血红蛋白值却很低
The disease known as methemoglobinemia disease, is one of the causes of bluebaby syndrome-- baby moisture and oxygen in great demand, and as a result of nitrite presence, their hemoglobin value is very low
一个主要来源的有机污染废水的污水处理工程。在英国，这种废水是，作为最低要求，满足
了皇家委员会的标准，允许不超过30毫克/升的悬浮物和20毫克/升的生化需氧量(一个30:20
污水稀释)。至少八体积的水，具有生化需氧量不超过2毫克/升，是要达到这个标准。不幸
的是，设计能力的许多污水处理厂以下的人口现在他们的服务。这可能导致慢性河流的污染
或造成定期刷新水质差，破坏水生群落。在大多数发展中国家的世界少有，或是没有，污水
处理设施和粪便污染的水的结果在许多寄生感染和水性疾病如痢疾，霍乱和脊髓灰质炎。受
污染的水供应仍然造成了每年超过二百万人死亡和无数的疾病。
Unit 5 The Periodic Table
1.From the first paragraph, we can get information about the periodic table except C C.the periodic table records how many neutrons in the atoms directly
2.We can infer from the passage that periodic table A
A.is first presented by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
3.According to the passage, which is true among the following sentences? B B.Mendeleev had made many valuable predictions of the undiscovered elements 4.From Mendeleev’s periodic table, we can conclude that A
A.the elements’ arrangement brought to light the periodicity of chemical properties 5.Which sentence best states the modern periodic table? C
C.The size of atoms and the activity of electrons can be predicted with the number of the element’s period
6.Owing to their electron structure, the noble gases have some special character’s as B
B.because of their stability, the noble gases don’t undergo reactions and all exist in monatomic
states
7.The noble gases share a similarity in certain properties. For example C C.All of the noble gases are unreactive in chemical reactions readily
Certain groupings of elements in the periodic table are designated by special names. The heavy, stepped, diagonal line on the table divides the elements into two major classed. Those to the left of the line are called metals, and those to the right, nonmetal. Group?A elements are known as
alkali metals; Group?A are alkaline earth metals; Group ? A, halogens. Group ? A
elements are known as the chalcogens. The group at the extreme right of the table contains the
noble gases. All the Group B elements are called transition metals.
1.除汞外所有的金属在室温下均为固体，而且它们的原子排列的很有规则，通常彼此靠的很
紧，以便占有最小的空间
In addition to mercury all metals are solid at room temperature, and the arrangement of the atoms
are rules rely on each other, usually very tight, so as to occupy a minimum of space 2. 直到1854年左右，铝才开始进行工业规模的生产
Until around 1854, aluminium began on an industrial scale production 3. 这两种元素不仅在常温下不起化合作用，即使在高温下也不发生明显的反应。
The two elements not only in room temperature on photosynthesis, even at high temperatures
without obvious reaction
4. 二者都是无色气体，但像所有气体一样可以液化。
Two is a colorless gas, but like all the same gas can be liquefied 5. 这两种化合物的分离即便并非没有可能，也是十分困难。
The two compounds separation even if not impossible, it is very difficult
Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances
I. Comprehension
1.chemical nomenclature can indicate A
A.the elements which are present in the substance
2.Which of the following sentence is not true? B
B.when an element can from a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms, the
ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite 3.The formulas of oxoacids are derived from C
C.the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions 4.Binary molecular compound C
C.consists of two kinds of elements
5.in nomenclature, the prefix of –per means B
B.the oxyanion has one more oxygen than corresponding ion which has the suffix ate-
II. Give the systematic name for the following
ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion;
Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion;
hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;
silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;
Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion;
calcium ion; mercury(II) ion;
chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.
carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide;
carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide;
sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide
arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;
arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;
phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;
phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;
carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;
chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;
dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;
oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;
sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;
sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion. III. Complete the table.
Formula Old name Systematic name
FeO Ferrous oxide iron (II) oxide
FeO Ferric oxide iron (III) oxide 23
Sn(OH) Stannous hydroxide tin(II) hydroxide 2
Sn(OH) Stannic hydroxide tin(IV) hydroxide 4
HgSO Mercurous sulfate mercury (I) sulfate 24
HgSO Mercuric sulfate mercury (II) sulfate 4
NaCLO Sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite
KCrO Potassium dichromate potassium dichromate 227
Cu(AsO) Cupric arsenate copper(II) arsenate 342
Cr(CHO) Chromic acetate chromium(IV) acetate 2323
IV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion
(negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid
HCO Carbonate ion carbonic acid 23
HClO Chlorite ion chlorous acid 2
HClO Perchlorate ion perchloric acid 4
HCN Cyanide ion hydrocyanic acid
HBr Bromide ion hydrobromic acid
HSiO Silicate ion silicic acid 44
HAsO Arsenate ion arsenic acid 34
V. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.
1.Only the outermost or valence electron energy level is altered when ionic compounds are
formed from atoms
2.To illustrate these change for sodium and chlorine we can draw modified Bohr diagrams for the
atoms and ions involved
3.The chemical formula for the compound sodium chloride is NaCl. This formula indicates that in
the compound there is one sodium ion for each chloride ion 4.We should expect that bonds in water to be polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
5.If the atoms in the water molecule were in a straight row ( that is, in a linear arrangement, ) the
two polar bonds would cancel one another out
6.Instead of having one end of the molecule positive and the other end negative, the electrons are
pulled toward the right in one bond and toward the left in the other 7.Many of the properties of compounds, like melting point, boiling point, and solubility, depend
on the polarity of the molecules of the compound
8.Most of the ionic compounds that we have just named are also referred to as salts
9.A salt is an ionic compound formed by the combination of a cation with an anion 10.Most of the compounds that we have discussed so far are ionic compounds, which constitute a significant portion of the ―hard‖ part of nature
VI. Translation
1. 物质既不能创造亦不能消灭
Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.
2. 科学家必须知道怎么运用数字以求得对问题的准确解释
It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.
3. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的
Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas. 4. 试验是成功，它的结果正如我们预期的一样
The experiment was successful. It’s results was the same as what we had expected.
5. 我们不久就会完成这个试验
It will not be long before we finish the experiment.
Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
I. Comprehension
1.The IUPAC system is also known as Geneva system because the first meetings of IUPAC system were held in C. Geneva, Switzerland
2.According to the second paragraph, the first four prefixes listed in Table 10.1 were
A.chosen by the IUPAC because they were well establish in B.established before there were the language of organic chemistry C.established by organic chemists
3.If there are two or more different substituents when listing them in alphabetical order, we can not ignore B. the prefixes iso- and neo- 4.Despite the precision of IUPAC system, routine communication in organic chemistry still relies on A.Trival names B.semisystematic names C.systematic names 5.The name assigned to any compound with a chain of carbon atoms consist of B. two parts
6.The infix of the name of any compound tells A
A.the number of carbon atom in the parent chain
II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system
1 CH(CH)nCH (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane, octane 323
2 (CH)-CH-CH-CH-CH 2-methylpentane 322223
3 (CH)C-CH-CH(CH)-CH-CH 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 3322523
4 (CH)CH-CHCH-CH(CHCHCH)-CH(5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane 3222223
CH) 32
5 CH-CH-CH-C(CHCHCH)-CH(CH) 4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 3222232326 ?-CH-CH(CH) isobutylcyclobutane 232
7 CH=C(CH)(CH(CH)) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 22532
8 CH-CH-CH=CH-CHCl-CH 2-chloro-3-hexene 323
9 CH-CH(CH)-CH(CH)-C?C-CH 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne 3325310 CH=CH-C?CH 1-buten-3-yne 2
11 (CH)CH-CHCH(OH)CH 4-methyl-2-pentanol 3223
12 CHCHCH=CHCH(OH)CH 3-hexen-2-ol 323
13 (CH)C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol 33
14 (CH)C-OCHH 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 3325
15 (CH)CH-CH-O-CH 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane 32225
16 (CHOH) 1,2-ethanediol 22
17 CH-CH(OH)-CH(OH) 1,2-proanediol 32
18 CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CH(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol 22
19 CHCHNH aminoethane 322
20 CHCHCHCH(CH)CH-NH-CH N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpent32233
ane
III. Draw structures for the following compounds.
C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C 1 3-octene
2 3-methy-2-heptene
3 cyclohexene
C-C,C-C-C 4 2-pentyne
5 3,3-dimethylhexyne
6 3-bromotoluene CH3
Br
C=C-Cl 7 vinyl chloride
C,C 8 acetylene
9 para-dichlorobenzene
ClCl
10 m-chlorobromobenzene Br
Cl 11 toluene CH3
12 chlorobenzene Cl
13 1,2-dibromobenzene Br
Br 14 naphthalene
15 anthracene
16 phenanthrene
17 2-methyl-1-propanol COHCC
C
18 Cyclohexanol OH
19 Methoxyethene CCOC
20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OH
OCH25
IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence. 1.Alkynes react primarily by A.addition
2.The structure represents: A. cyclopropene
3.Which of the following is an alkene? B.C6H12
4.How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene C.3
Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
I. Comprehension
1.In the reaction of the carboxylic acid with the alcohol, B
B. –OH from the carboxylic acid and –H from the alcohol forms water
2.The author believes that the acid halide can be formed B
B.by the reaction of the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride 3.The anhydride derived from two molecules of phosphoric is a strong acid, C C.because it is completely ionized at pH7.0
4.Halides react readily with water to form with phenols to form and ammonia to form D.
Carboxylic acid/esters/amides
5.In A. Hydrolysis reaction, an anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid 6.Ibuprofen has been used widely as newer nonprescription analgesics, A A.because Aspirin can irritate the stomach wall
IV. Translation
1. 同样，溶剂也可以不是液体物质，而是其他物质
Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others 2. 以溶解度作为一个坐标，以温度作为另一个坐标所作的曲线图称为溶解度曲线
A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.
( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as
another coordinate is called solubility curve.)
3. 空气是混合物气体，含量最多的是以N 形式存在的氮 2
Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N (molecules). 2
4.反应的方向和平衡的位置也受温度、压力和其他条件的影响
The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the
temperature, pressure, and other conditions.
5.氢对氧有着很强的亲和力，很容易与氧化合形成水
Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.
V. Translation
玻意尔,Bohr,模型提出不久后～人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得
多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质,质量,也有光的特性,波的特性,。因为它的两重性～
电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子～而且如Bohr所说的～如果电子
高速运动～我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。
4总结
化合物宿命包括:水，盐，糖，氨和石英。
Compounds common names include water , salt , sugar, ammonia ,and quartz.
1.阳离子命名(the names of cations )
(1).单原子阳离子的名称同元素的名称相同，后跟随离子一词。
The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element , with the addition of the word ion .
例如:钠离子 Sodium ion
(2) 当一种元素可以形成不止一种阳离子，用编码---罗马数字等于离子电荷数来命名。
When an element can form more than one kind of cation , we use the stock number , a Roman numeral equal to the change of the cation .
例如: 亚铜离子(Cu+) copper(I) ion 铜离子(Cu2+) copper(II) ion
亚铁离子(Fe2+) iron(II) ion 铁离子(Fe3+) iron(III) ion
2.阴离子命名(Names of Anions)
(1)单原子阴离子命名时，元素名作为第一部分，加上后缀—ide。
Monatomic anion are named by adding the suffix—ide and the first
part of the name of the element.
例如:氟离子(F-) flouride 氯离子(cl-) chloride 溴离子(Br-) bromide
(2)含氧酸跟命名是以元素命名作主干，加后缀—ate。
The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix-ate to the stem of the name of the element.
例如:碳酸跟(CO32-) carbonate.
(3)然而，许多元素可以形成有不同数目氧原子的含氧酸根，含氧较多数目的离子加后缀-ite.
However，many element can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms. The ion with larger number of oxygen is given the suffix-ate. And that with smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix-ite.
例如:硝酸根(NO3-) nitrate 亚硝酸跟(NO2-) nitrite
(1)'' 若超过两种含氧酸根，具有最少氧原子数目的含氧酸根加前缀hypo-并加后缀-ite，
具最多数目氧原子的含氧酸根加前缀per-并加后缀-ate。
Some element form more than two oxoanions. The name of oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo-
to the -ite form of the name. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxoanion atoms is named with the prefix pre- add to the -ate form of the name.
例如: ClO- hypochorite ClO2- chalorite ClO3- chalorate ClO4- perchlorate
(2)"含H阴离子，命名是将这些阴离子在开头加“hydrogen".
Some anions include hydrogen , the name of these anions begin with "hydrogen".
例如:HCO3- hydrogen carbonate
(3)”含氧酸命名是源于对应的含氧酸根，并用-ic acid代替-ate，或用-ous acid代替-ite。
The formulas of oxoanions are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions, -ic oxoacides are the parent of -ate oxoanions and -ous oxoacides are the parents of -ite oxoanion.
例如:H2SO4 sulfuric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid
3.离子化合物命名(names of Ionic compound)
(1)命名是以阳离子在前，阴离子在后的方式。
An ionic compound is named with cation name first , followed by the name of the anion.
例如;KCI potassium chloride NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate
(2)水合物命名是首先给出化合物名字，后用希腊前缀加hydrate， 前缀表示有多少水分子。
Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found.
例如;CuSO4.5H2O copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate
4.分子化合物命名(names of molecular compounds)
分子化合物命名是用希腊前缀表示每种原子出现的数目，没有前缀的话则表示只有一个原
子。
Molecular compound are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present. No prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present.
例如: PCI3 phosphorus trichloride N2O dinitrogen oxiden
SF6 sulfur hexafluoride N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
5.单价金属离子.
命名和书写二元离子化合物，先写金属再写非金属，金属名字不变，阴离子是在词根后加
-ide.
In both naming and writing the formular for a binary ionic compound , the metal comes first and the nonmental second. The unchanged English name of the metal is used . The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide.
例如: NaCl sodium chloride CaO calcium oxide
6.多原子离子化合物命名 同上阴离子命名.
范文四：浅谈应用化学专业英语
浅谈《应用化学专业英语》
师胜文 09231130
化学化工学院 09(1)班
摘要:《应用化学专业英语》是各高校化学类专业的一 门重要必修课程, 现代社会的新形势对专业技术人才的英语 水平提出了新的要求,因此我们对这门课的认识、学习方法 以及实践应用都要有新的觉悟、有新的提高。
关键词:应用化学专业英语 学习兴趣 如何学好 Discussion of specialized English of Applied Chemistry
Shi Shengwen 09231130
College of chemistry and chemical engineering,09(1) class
Abstract:
Key words: Applied Chemistry Specialty English interest in learning how to learn
《应用化学专业英语》 主要包括了应用化学专业基础英语, 化学反应与化学计算, 化学 实验室,特殊考试考题阅读,化学专业英语口语,化学论文写作简介,科技英语简介,化学 英文文献检索及网上资源简介, 5个附录;其中第一部分又从无机化学、有机化学、物理化 学、分析化学、生物化学、食品化学、农药化学、精细化学品化学、聚合物、化学反应工程 等不同的分支予以介绍。内容由基础到专业,循序渐进,涵盖了 “ 讲、读、写、说、练、查 ” , 使学生各方面能力得到训练。
另外本教材主要包括以下几部分:第一部分应用化学专业基础英语;第二部分化学反 应与化学计算; 第三部分化学实验; 第四部分研究生入学考试专题阅读; 第五部分化学论文 写作指导; 第六部分科技英语简介; 第七部分化学英文文献检索及网上资源简介; 第八部分 化学专业英语口语;第九部分附录(考试参考样卷) 。
本教材具有以下特点。
1. 精读课文篇幅不长,均控制在 1000字左右,适合教师安排一次两个课时的内容。
2. 版面设计新颖,分左右大小两栏,生词放小栏与课文同步进行,免除了学生阅读时频 繁翻书查阅后面的生词表,提高了课堂学习效率。
3. 知识结构安排合理,如,在有机化学和无机化学两部分,均先讲英文命名法,再依次 安排相关内容; 无机化学同时又是整本书的开篇, 因此用一篇化学科普文章开始第一课, 使 学生由 “ 大学英语 ” 到 “ 专业英语 ” 有一个良好过渡,符合学习规律。
4. 在课文后安排一段化学趣味小短文, 以提高学生兴趣, 也可作为师生互动的一个话题, 使课堂学习生动活泼起来。
5. 在每个学科单元后面增加了一个该学科的主要单词汇总, 便于学生课后进一步拓展该 学科的英语知识面。
应如何学好应用化学专业英语
1注重激发学生的专业英语学习兴趣,增强学生学习的主动性
由于忙于求职就业和准备考研, 相当一部分同学产生了错觉, 认为各课程的学习不再重 要, 专业英语也不例外。 针对这一消极现象, 我们认为有必要激发学生对专业英语学习的兴 趣,增强其学习的主动性。所采用的手段灵活多变,比如通过与学生课内外的对话交流,帮 助他们从日后工作和研究的角度认识专业英语的重要性;
2明确专业英语词汇和句子在课程教学中的基础地位
词语和句子是构成语言大厦的基石, 专业英语也不例外。 将专业英语词汇摆在该课程的 基础地位,就是要求学生扎实地掌握本专业中的化学词汇 (尤其是高频词汇 ) 的英文形式,掌 握不同系列词汇的构成规律及其之间的相互关系, 逐步能够根据较复杂专业单词的拼写就能 猜出其中文含义. 即具备 “ 望文生义 ” 的能力, 同时也能够根据需要构造出同行能看懂的专业 词汇。
将专业英语句子摆在该课程的基础地位。 就是要求学生了解英文科技论文的句子结构特 点,剖析明白关键句子和复杂句子的准确含义。
3突出段落和篇章阅读在课程教学中的核心地位
阅读专业领域英文论文是为了从英文文献中找到读者所要的专业知识, 而专业英文文献 一般是由条理清楚、 逻辑关系严密的一系列段落所组成的。 如果能够读懂文献中的词汇和句 子,却不甚明白作者的中心思想或所要转递的信息,也就是。只见树木,不见森林 ” 的阅读, 那是十分可惜的, 因为只要进一步厘清作者思路、 抓住重点, 就可以 “ 既见树木, 又见森林 ” 。 因此,专业英语的教学势必要突出段落和篇章阅读的核心地位。
4注重考核方式的综合性
应用化学专业英语课程的考核不是教学的目的, 但是有效的考核方式可以强烈地促使师 生双方提高教学效率,帮助学生扎实地掌握专业英语知识。
总之, 结合我校应用化学专业特点, 以学习兴趣为起点、 以词句识记理解为基础、 突出 段落和篇章的核心地位、注重综合考核,对专业英语教学是一条行之有效的途径。
学以致用,是我们学生学习的目的,在当代社会,求职面试,你的英语水平起到很大 作用, 《应用化学专业英语》作为我们这类专业的专业英语,它发挥的作用更是不用说的, 不管是在工作中,还是在以后更深层次的学习中。 因此, 学好、用好这门课是我们的学习任 务,也是我们的必修任务。
范文五：应用化学专业英语
1. 希腊化学主要建立在推测的基础上而不是在实验的基础上。这是古希腊所有科学的普遍特征。古希腊科学家实际上是哲学家，所以希腊对思考如此感兴趣盛于实验也就不足为奇了。事实上他们很少做思考之外的实验。这对数学是一个好的方法但是却不是对于物理，化学和生物科学。然而，希腊人思考了许多关于自然和物质结构，他们可以被看作早期化学理论的创造者。 2. 火这种元素最早被柏拉图引用他猜测每种元素的粒子有特定的形体，尽管这种粒子太小以至于看不见。因此，火的最小的粒子有规则的四面体结构，空气是八面体，水是二十面体，土是立方体（主要是六面体）。规则的四面体，八面体，二十面体，立方体是多面体的例子，总共有五种。规则的的多面体表面是全等的规则体，点和点是全等的。
3. 柏拉图的这种四种元素的形状规则很有可能第一次用数学的模型应用在化学上。因为规则的多面体是数学结构物体。这种规则存在着点，面，楞的数量关系，第一次被欧拉发现，所以称为欧拉定理。 描述为：V+F-E=2
4.这是被认为第二完美的数学公式。有趣的是，为什么希腊人没有发现欧拉公式呢？可能最简单的解释就是希腊数学比拓扑学要早两千年。作为数学的一部分，拓扑学只注重于处理事物之间的联系，而不关心事物的本质和度量。
5. 炼金术作为一种化学形式，存在于公元前300年一直到十七世纪的后半叶。这是一个对于化学发展少有帮助的时期。因为炼金术士是一群对于理论和数学都不怎么关心的实验性人员。他们有两个主要目的：（1）点石成金；（2）长生不老。炼金术来源于古埃及。炼金术士的工作中有许多的魔法，并且他们的符号也很难被破译。然而，许多炼金术士所使用的译码系统都是真正的密码和一些基础数学。
6. 如今，许多字典将化学定义为“研究物质组成、结构、性质和物质相互转化的反应的科学”。然而，知道了化学的定义并不等同于理解了它的实质。事实上，化学是一门实验科学。实验充当了两个角色。它为观察提供了基础，通过观察我们可以定义一些能被理论所解释的问题。同时，它为验证新理论的正确性提供了了一种途径。我们强调实验对于化学的重要性。
10. 每一族是按该元素上方的数字编号的，最常用的是罗马数字后紧随A 和B 。另一种方法最终被接受，从第一族到第十八族。现在还不确定哪种方法胜出，或选用其他方法会被普遍接受。 7. 道尔顿提出了他的原子模型后不久（一种不可再分的粒子，它的质量取决于它的性质），化学家开始根据原子质量来排列元素。当得出这种元素表，科学家们观测到元素的规律。例如，那些出现在特定的位置重的元素有某些相似性，这一观点已经越来越明显。当时已知的约60种元素中，第四种和第十一种元素表现出相似性，第五种与第十二种元素，第四种与第十一种元素也都具有相似的性质。
8 门捷列夫在他的周期表中列了许多空格，他非但没有将那些空格看成缺憾，反而大胆地预测还存在着未被发现的元素。而且，他还预测了许多未知元素的性质。在接下来的几年里，许多气体被填充在新发现的元素中。这些元素的性质通常和门捷列夫预测的非常接近。这些伟大创新的预测使门捷列夫的元素周期表被广泛接受。
9到目前为止，周期表中我们主要强调的是竖列。包含一族元素。事实上，在水平行上也有许多相同的特征。周期表中水平行中的元素叫做周期元素。每一周期是以一族元素结束的，称为惰性气体。这些元素就像贵金属一样，由单原子组成性质不活泼。低一周期包含两种元素，H 和He 。第二、三周期有八种元素，第四、五周期有十八种元素。第六周期有三十二种元素，第七周期26种（第七周期如果排满将包含三十二种元素）。 11. 羧酸的衍生物含酰卤，酸酐，脂和酰脂。每个这样的衍生物都含有以下这几种有特色的一般公式的结构特征：酰基卤、酸酐基、脂基、酰脂基。 12. 将这些衍生物官能团的结构式与羧酸的结构式联系起来的一种方法是设想一种反应，该反应中来之于羧基的-OH 与来之于无机酸、羧酸、醇或氨中的-H 以水的形式离去，其他原子以下列形式结合在一起： 乙酸+盐酸→乙酰氯+水 乙酸+乙酸→乙酸酐+水 乙酸+甲醇→乙酸甲酯+水 乙酸+氨→甲酰胺+水
13. 这些反应式只显示了我们研究的羧酸和4种衍生物的构成。这些功能基团不能说明它们的合成方式。 酰卤
14. 酸卤化物结构特征的特点是存在着一-CO –X 基团,-x 代表了卤素、氟、氯、溴原子。酰卤的命名方式为把羧酸衍生物的词尾-ic 用-yl 代替再加上卤素的名字。下面为俩种酰卤的命名和结构式。 CH3-COCl ethanoyl chloride(acetyl chloride) 乙酰氯 benzoyl bromide 苯酰溴
15. 在酰卤中，酰氯是普遍地制备，用于实验室
和工业的有机化合物。酰氯大多由二氯亚砜或五氯化磷与羧酸反应制得，类似于由醇制备卤代烷的方法。
16. 以下我们将讨论四种羧酸衍生物，其中酰卤化学性质是最活跃的。它们很容易与水反应生成羧酸，与醇和酚反应生成脂，与氨或一级和二级胺生成酰胺。
1. 和水反应 一分子的酰氯和水反应生成乙酸。 乙 酰氯+水→盐酸+乙酸
17. 乙酰氯以及其他低分子量的酰基卤化物容易与水发生反应，因此储存此类化合物时应避免与空气中的水分接触。 2. 和醇类反应
18. 乙酰氯和醇类或酚类反应生成脂类。这些反应要在吡啶存在的基础上才能进行，这两个催化反应和中和盐酸形成一分子副产物。 乙酰氯+异丁醇→乙酸异丁脂 3. 和氨，一级，二级胺的反应 19. 乙酰氯和氨，一级，二级胺反应生成氨基化合物。在这些反应中，每一摩尔的酰氯需要两摩尔的氨或胺类，第一步形成一分子的氨基化合物，第二步中和反应生成的盐酸。 乙酰氯+2氨→乙酰胺+氯化铵
20. 酸酐的结构特点在于-CO-O-CO-基团的存在。两种对称酸酐的例子分别是乙酸酐和马来酸酐，他们的酸酐基团都分别来自于一个羧酸。 21. 在IUPAC 命名系统中，酸酐的命名都是在母体酸的后面加上“anhydride ”。酸酐基团来源于两分子乙酸的酸酐称为乙酸酐，酸酐基团来源于两分子苯甲酸的酸酐称为乙酸酐。
22. 在本章讨论的四种功能羧酸衍生物之中 ，酸酐的反应相对接近于酸卤化物的反应。酸酐跟水反应生成羧酸，跟醇反应生成酯，跟氨或者一级、二级胺生成酰胺。因此，酸酐和酸卤化合物都是合成这些功能基团的首选原材料。 23. 应用最普遍的酸酐就是醋酸酐，它可以进行商业生产。其他酸酐要通过一分子酸卤化合物和一分子钠或钾的酸酸盐的反应来合成。在这个反应中，羧酸负离子是亲核基团，与羰基的碳酰氯反应生成中间四面体羰基，然后生成酸酐。通过苯甲酸和乙酸反应生成的混酸酐就是一个例子。 1. 和水反应：水解反应
24. 在水解反应中，一分子酸酐被分解成两分子羧酸，如下面醋酸的水解反应。
25. 就如酸卤化合物，醋酸酐和其他低分子酸酐很容易跟水反应，他们在储存的时候都需要防潮。 2. 跟醇反应，合成酯
26. 酸酐与醇反应生成一分子酯和一分子羧酸。因此，醇与酸酐的反应是合成酯的一种有效途径。
27. 阿斯匹林是通过乙酸酐与水杨酸的酚羟基反应制备的。CH3CO-通常被称为乙酰基。一个名字来源于醋酸通过去掉-ic 再加上-yl 。因此，该产品的化学名称乙酰水杨酸由乙酸酐与水杨酸反应所的形成
28. 阿斯匹林是为数不多的在工业规模上所生产药品。1977, 美国生产了3500万磅。世纪之交阿司匹林被用于缓解轻微疼痛、头痛和减少发热。字典与其他常用的药物比较。阿斯匹林是安全、良好的耐受性。但是，它确实有副作用，由于其相对不溶性和酸度，它会刺激胃壁。这些影响可以部分克服了使用其更多的可溶性钠盐代替。因为这些副作用, 有了越来越多的使用非处方止痛药的更新, 如对乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬。 29. 作为治疗风湿性关节炎和类似症状的消炎药剂，布洛芬首次由Boots 公司于1969年引入英国。Upjohn 公 司在1974年把它引入美国，现在有120多个国家标记了它。作为止痛药，它的药效是阿司匹林的28倍；作为退烧药，其药效大约比阿斯匹林强20倍。近来，在这些国家它成为最有效的非处方药。 3. 和氨水、胺的反应：酰胺的形成
30. 酸酐和氨，以及和初级、中级胺反应生成酰胺。为了完成酸酐转换成酰胺，需要2摩尔氨，1摩尔形成酰胺，另一摩尔和羧酸中和生成副产物。一分子酸酐和一份子胺反应是一种很常见的实验室合成酰胺的方法。
31. 化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以 来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人 们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果, 第一步非常快, 其余两步相当慢。这三 步是：（I ）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II ）化学进化（分子和生物分子的 形成）；和（III ）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。
Molecule 分子
Attraction 吸引力 Repulsion 排斥力 Element 元素
Distillation 蒸馏 Atom 原子 Proton 质子 Neutron 中子 Electron 电子 Oxygen 氧 Hydrogen 氢 Carbon 碳
Composition 成分 Structure 结构 Properties 性质 Mass 质量
Precipitation 沉淀 Pharmaceutical 药学的Analyte 被分析物 Period 周期 Halogen 卤素
Nucleophile 亲核试剂 Reagent 试剂 Substrate 底物
Intermediate 中间体 Reactant 反应物 Product 产物 Mechanism 机理
Concentration 浓度 Constant 常数 Ether 醚
Endothermic 吸热的 Exothermic 放热的 Common names 俗名 Ammonia 氨气 Organic 有机的
Substituent 取代基 Alkenyl 烯基
Phenyl 苯基
Isomerism 同分异构现象 Ester 酯 Amides 酰胺 Phenols 酚
Acid halides 酰卤
Acid anhydride 酸酐 Atomic weight 原子量 Atomic number 原子序数 Rate equation 速率方程 Carboxylic acid 羧酸 Transition state 过渡态 Groups or families 族 Ionization energy 电离能 Functional groups 官能团
Analytical chemistry分析化学 Acid-base titration 酸碱滴定 Chemical processes化学过程 Atomic nucleus 原子核 Positive charge 正电荷 Negative charge 负电荷 Energy leve 能级 Ionic bond 离子键 Covalent bond 共价键 Isotope 同位素
Radioactive 放射的 Derivative 衍生物 Rectification 精馏 Meltingpiont 熔点 Boilingpoint 沸点 IR 红外
GS 气相色谱MS 质谱 LC 液相色谱UV 紫外 ICP-MS 电感偶合等离子体 H Hydrogen O Oxygen
Pb Lead Zn zinc
He Helium C Carbon
Li Lithium Fe Iron
N Nitrogen Ne Neon
F Fluorine Na Sodium
Mg Magnesium Al Aluminium Si silicon P Phosphorus S Sulfur Cl Chlorine K Potassium Ca Calcium Hg mercury Br Bromine
I Iodine Cu copper Ag silver K Potassium Ca Calcium Si Silicon Mn manganese
阳ion 阴ide 亚酸根--ite 无氧酸hydrogen-ic acid 含氧酸--ric acid正酸根--ate 高酸根per--ate 亚酸-ous 次酸根hypo--ite 正酸-ic 次酸hypo--ous 高酸per--ic
Cu3(AsO4)2 copper(II) arsenate
Cr(C2H3O2)3 chromium(IV) acetate Mono 、di 、tri 、tetra 、penta Hexa 、hepta 、octa 、nona 、deca 氢hydrogen 节水hydrate 金氧 金加（罗）+oxide
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