范文一:水文地质特征
水文地质特征
由于受构造的影响,矿区处于北西—南东走向的地堑内,东部、西部皆为奥陶系、寒武系灰岩,大面积出露,接受大气降水补给,地表水迳流到矿区外青磁窑入唐峪河,由东向西注入浑河。
1、含水层
(1)寒武系、奥陶系灰岩岩溶含水层
寒武系灰岩由于多夹薄层状页岩,因而为弱含水层。在矿区北部有出露,奥灰岩溶裂隙含水层为煤系地层下伏主要含水层,此含水层厚度较大,直接接受大气降水的补给,水质多为HCO3-Ca.Mg 型水。因沟谷割切割严重,含水层水大部分外泄,根据浑源煤产地区域水文地质资料,寒武系灰岩和奥陶系灰岩岩溶含水层水位该矿区域内静压水位标高为1254.00-1489.44m 。
(2)石炭系上统太原组孔隙裂隙含水层
太原组含水层由于受构造影响,地层遭受剥蚀,岩层风化,胶结松散,使得砂岩成为良好的含水层,太原组在矿区内局部出露,大气降水一部分通过地表黄土及基岩风化裂隙下渗,储存在砂岩含水层中,一部分通过地表迳流到矿区外,该矿区太原组砂岩含水层为相对富水含水层,但砂岩厚度小,泥岩厚度大,砂泥比率小,含水层薄,地下水存储量小,因此,对开采煤层影响不大,水质为HCO3.SO4-Ca.Mg 型水。
(3)二叠系下统山西组孔隙裂隙含水层
本组以砂岩为主,砂岩厚度大,泥岩厚度小,砂泥比率大,碎屑岩相对发育,成为地表水下渗聚积的富水含水层。由于受构造影响,地层
遭受剥蚀,切割剧烈,使得山西组地层在矿区西北部局部残留,四周侵蚀并遭受风化,地下水流失大,因此,地下水贮存量小。
(4)第四系松散层孔隙含水层及基岩风化裂隙含水层。
矿区内大部分被黄土覆盖,含水层主要分布于基岩面风化破碎带内,由于地层薄,又属高原干燥气候,蒸发量远远大于降水量,加上地形山峦起伏,冲沟发育,雨后地表水大部分流失,含水层富水性差,属弱含水层,本区为贫水区。
2、隔水层
5号煤层至奥陶系灰岩含水层之间是由铝土质泥岩、泥岩、粉砂岩等致密岩层组成的隔水层,厚度约80m 左右,具有良好的隔水性能,且奥灰水水位低于开采煤层,因此,对煤矿开采无影响。
5号煤层以上地层赋存有泥岩数层组成了良好的隔水层,地表水及潜水不会直接影响开采5号煤层。
四、充水因素分析
该矿区在北部地区煤层埋藏较浅,4、5号煤层局部出露地表,煤层接受大气降水直接补给,通过煤层风氧化裂隙赋存在煤层风氧化带内及煤层裂隙中,因此大气降水做为矿坑充水的主要水源,对矿坑充水有一定影响;其次大气降水以及从周围地表水迳流到本区雨水通过第四系黄土下渗,在第四系底部砂砾岩含水层中聚积,并通过裂隙及断层裂隙下渗储存在煤层顶板砂岩中,并下渗储存在煤层裂隙中。对开采煤层有一定影响。
由于矿区内煤层储存在一东部高,西部低,近南北向地堑内,因此地
表潜水从东北部并通过基岩风化裂隙运移到该矿区,补给地下水,成为该矿区另一个充水水源。
煤层顶板裂隙使基岩中的水下渗到煤层中,而大中小型断层在本区较发育,也是一个主要的充水因素,这些断层均为张性断层,断层面裂隙大破碎带宽,导水性好,使得地表水、地表潜水通过断层破碎带直接下渗到煤层,对煤层的开采有一定的影响。
根据以上充水因素分析,按照水文地质规程,该矿区水文地质条件属于简单类型。
范文二:新疆金山矿区水文地质特征
新疆金山矿区水文地质特征
【摘 要】 金山矿区位于新疆伊宁县北部的科古尔琴山南麓, 呈大陆性温带气候,属匹里青河流域。矿区侵入岩不发育,仅见一 个背斜构造,矿区断裂除具有重要的水文地质特征。矿区地下水可 划分为松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水、岩溶水等类型。矿床充水条 件与地下水埋深关系密切。
【关键词】 水文 基岩 赋存 裂隙
1 矿区基本情况
金山矿区位于新疆伊宁县北部的科古尔琴山南麓,处于克孜勒庫 拉河 -恰特尔塔尔河 -琼阿希河之间的一个近南北向延伸展布的河 间地块式山岭地带,为剥蚀中低山地形,地势北高南低。较大的沟 系均为长年性流水,多呈“ v ”型谷。矿区地处西北边陲,位于新 疆天山西段,伊犁河北岸,匹里青河流域,属北半球中纬度地区, 呈大陆性温带气候,属匹里青河流域。
2 矿区地质
矿区出露地层由老到新有青白口系开尔塔斯组第二岩段(结晶灰 岩段 qnk2) 、上奥陶统呼独克组第四岩性段(块状灰岩段 q3h4) 、 中志留统基夫克组(s2j1s ) 、下石炭统大哈拉军山组第一岩性段 (c1d1) 、第二岩性段(酸性凝灰岩段 c1d2) 、第三岩性段(下安山 岩段 c1d3)及第四岩性段(火山碎屑岩段 c1d4) 、第五岩性段(上 安山岩段 c1d5) 、下石炭统阿恰勒河组第一岩性段(砂岩段 c1a ) , 以及第三系碎屑岩类 (砂岩、 砂砾岩) 和第四系松散岩类 (卵砾石、
范文三:燕郊区水文地质特征
一、气象水文
(1)气象
评估区属暖温带半湿润、半干旱大陆性季风气候区,一年四季分明,春季干旱多风,夏季炎热多雨,秋季晴爽,冬季寒冷干燥。
据相邻气象站通州站1974~2010年资料,本区多年来平均气温为11.4℃,最高气温为40.3℃,最低气温为零下21.0℃左右。多年平均降水量545.0mm 左右,最大降雨量为875.0mm(1998年) ,最小降雨量为227 mm(1999年) 。全年降水量平均80%以上集中在6、7、8、9四个月,其中7、8两月平均占70~80%,7月份降水量最多,平均达230mm 左右,12月份降水量最少。冬季地面下有60~80cm 的冻土层。本区降水量的多年变化见图2-1。
图2-1 评估区1955-2010年降水量直方图
(2)水文
本评估区位于潮白河东部,该区域及附近地区地表水系较为发育,主要发育幸福河、鲍邱河。
潮白河为流经北京的第二大河,市内长度为90km 。潮白河上游为潮河和白河,白河发源于河北省沽源县,流经赤城县,进入北京境内,由延庆、怀柔汇入密云水库,主要支流有红河、黑河、天河和汤河;潮河发源于河北省丰宁县,经滦平、密云注入密云水库。潮河、白河出库后在密云县河槽村汇合为潮白河,后经顺义城东折向东南进入通州,后进入河北境内,经香河入渤海。潮白河在北京境内流域面积5613km 2,其中平原区流域面积1008km 2。由于密云水库和怀柔水库位于河道出山口处,所以两大水库水质较好,通过京密引水渠向北京供水,是北京重要的地表水饮用水水源。
二、地形地貌
评估区位于潮白河、鲍邱河冲洪积扇部位,属冲洪扇构成的扇形平原。因河道影响,地形稍有起伏。地形总体西北高,东南低,地面相对标高为-0.72~-0.17m ,地形坡降1‰左右。
区域地貌主要受潮白河、鲍邱河冲洪积交替作用影响,造成本区形成多种地貌形态,如洼地、砂丘、砂地、阶地等。
建设场地位于潮白河左岸(东),西侧距潮白河约6km 左右。场区地形总体较平坦,地面标高为20.0m (请校对)左右。此外场地外侧为荒地或村庄,地势平坦。拟建场区地形地貌总体较简单,场地及附近地形地物详见照片1-4。
三、地层岩性
评估区及附近区域地表出露地层为第四系洪冲积(Q 4pl +al )松散沉积地层,
第四系地层以下为下伏基岩,主要为蓟县系(Jx )、青白口系(Qn )和寒武系(∈)。见图2-2
蓟县系(Jx ):主要分布于夏垫-马坊断裂两侧,地层走向北东—南西,岩性主要为白云岩和白云质灰岩。
青白口系(Qn ):分布于评估区南部,呈东—西向条带状分布,主要岩性为粉砂质页岩和粉砂岩。
寒武系(∈):分布在评估区南部,呈东—西向条带状分布。主要岩性为鲕状灰岩、竹叶状灰岩、黄褐色泥质条带状灰岩和紫红色页岩等。
奥陶系(O ):分布于评估区附近,呈东—西向条带状分布。主要岩性为灰岩。
石炭二叠系(C-P ):分布于评估区北部,夏垫马坊断裂西侧。主要岩性为砂岩。
第四系(Q 4):评估区广泛分布,主要为洪冲积(Q 4pl +al )松散沉积地层,评
估区该地层厚度以夏垫马坊断裂为界从西北至东南逐渐变厚,厚度范围在100m ~3000m 左右,岩性主要为砂和粘性土互层。
四、水文地质条件
根据建设场地及附近钻孔资料,评估区第四系含水层岩性主要为砂层和粘土层。根据地下水的埋藏深度及其水位动态特征,可将本区分布的地下水划分为浅层地下水和深层地下水。
浅层地下水主要赋存在地表下20.0m 深度范围内的砂类土层及粉土层中。评估区及附近地表下20.00m 深度范围内分布1~2层地下水,第1层地下水类型为潜水,主要赋存在埋深约14m 以上的粉土和砂类土层中,水位埋深6.25m ;第2层地下水类型为承压水,主要赋存在埋深约28m 以下的砂类土层中,以下分布多层地下水,包括深层岩溶水,统称为深层承压水。根据深井(井深分别为600m 和350m )资料,第一承压含水层水位埋深22.5m 左右;350m 深井资料显示其静水位为55.8m ,涌水量55m 3/h,单位降深涌水量4.898m 3/h,矿化度为324mg/l,出水温度18.5℃;600m 深井资料显示其静水位48m ,涌水量66m 3/h,单位降深涌水量4.312m 3/h,出水温度19℃,矿化度282mg/l,在该深度内未见地热异常现象。
本区潜水主要受大气降水入渗补给,以蒸发和径流为主要排泄方式;浅层承压水主要受地下水越流、侧向径流等补给,以地下水侧向径流和越流补给深层承压水为主要排泄方式;深层承压水主要受地下水越流、侧向径流等补给,以人工开采和地下水侧向径流为主要排泄方式。
范文四:水文地质评价及鸡西煤田水文地质特征分析
水文地质评价及鸡西煤田水文地质特征分析,工业技术,
黄婷婷 贾福成 约3466字
摘要:本文论述了鸡西煤田水文地质分区、含水层和隔水层,并对含水层和隔水层进行了详细划分。
关键词:鸡西煤田;水文地质;含水层;隔水层;渗透系数;单位涌水量
众所周知水文地质和工程地质二者关系极为密切,互相联系又互相作用,地下水既是基础工程的环境,影响建筑物的稳定性和耐久性。又是岩土体的组成部分,直接影响岩土体工程特性。但在实际的勘察工作中,由于对水文地质勘察的方法较复杂,工程勘察中对水文地质问题研究不深人,在勘探成果内很少直接涉及水文参数的利用,水文地质部分往往只被认为是象征性的工作,在勘察中大多只是简单地对天然状态下的水文地质条件作一般性评价。
在一些水文地质条件较复杂的地区,经常发生由地下水引发的各种岩土工程危害问题。为提高工程勘察质量,在勘察中加强水文地质问题的研究是十分必要的,在工程勘察中不仅要求查明与岩土工程有关的水文地质问题,评价地下水对岩土体和建筑物的作用及其影响,更要提出预防及治理措施的建议,为设计和施工提供必要的水文地质资料,以消除或减少地下水对岩土工程的危害。
1 水文地质分析的内容及重要性
1.1 我们认为今后在工程勘察中,应重视勘察过程中水文地质的测试和研究,对水文地质问题的评价,主要应考虑以下内容:
重点评价地下水对岩土体和建筑物的作用和影响,预测可能产生的岩土工程危害,提出防治措施。工程勘察中还应密切结合建筑物地基基础类型的需要,查明有关水文地质问题,提供选型所需的水文地质资料。不仅要查明地下水的天然状态和天然条件下的影响,更重要的是分析预测在人为工程活动中地下水的变化情况,及对岩土体和建筑物的反作用。应从工程角度,按地下水对工程的作用与影响,提出不同条件下应当着重评价的地质问题。
1.2 全面了解地下水引起的岩土工程危害
地下水引起的岩土工程危害,主要是由于地下水位升降变化和地下水动水压力作用两个方面的原因造成的。
地下水位变化可由天然因素或人为因素引起,但不论什么原因,当地下水位的变化达到一定程度时,都会对岩土工程造成危害,地下水位变化引起危害又可分为三种方式:
地下水水位上升。潜水位上升的原因是多种多样的,其主要受地质因素如含水层结构、总体岩性产状;水文气象因素如降雨量、气温等及人为因素如灌溉、施工等的影响,有时往往是几种因素的综合结果。引起的岩土工程危害主要有以下几点:
?土壤沼泽化、盐渍化,岩土及地下水对建筑物腐蚀性增强。
?斜坡、河岸等岩土产生滑移、崩塌等不良地质现象。
?一些具特殊性的岩土体结构破坏、强度降低、软化。
?引起粉细砂及粉土饱和液化、出现流砂、管涌等现象。
?地下洞室充水淹没,基础上浮、建筑物失稳。
地下水水位下降。地下水位的降低多是由于人为因素造成的,如集中大量抽取地下水、采矿活动中的矿床疏干以及上游筑坝、修建水库截夺下游地下水的补给等。地下水的过大下降,常常诱发地裂、地面沉降、地面塌陷等地质灾害以及地下水源枯竭、水质恶化等环境问题,对岩土体、建筑物的稳定性和人类自身的居住环境造成很大威胁。
1.3 地下水频繁升降对岩土工程造成的危害。
地下水的升降变化能引起膨胀性岩土产生不均匀的胀缩变形,当地下水升降频繁时,不仅使岩土的膨胀收缩变形往复,而且会导致岩土的膨胀收缩幅度不断加大,进而形成地裂引起建筑物特别是轻型建筑物的破坏。
地下水在天然状态下动水压力作用比较微弱,一般不会造成什么危害,但在人为工程活动中由于改变了地下水天然动力平衡条件,在移动的动水压力作用下,往往会引起一些严重的岩土工程危害,如流砂、管涌、基坑突涌等。
2 鸡西煤田水文地质特征分析
2.1 水文地质分区
鸡西煤田南、西、北三面环山。穆棱河由西向东迳流,构成了向东开阔的山间盆地。地面标高海拔124.4,565.2m,相对高差440m。穆棱河最大流量2200m3/s,最小流量0.60m3/s,支流有小穆棱河、滴道河、黄泥河、哈达河、向阳河等。
根据地层时代、含水层岩性、地下水赋存条件和富水性等因素,本区划分出六个水文地质区:第四系孔隙水区,第三系火山岩裂隙水区,第三系鸡东群煤系裂隙孔隙水区,下白垩统桦山群孔隙裂隙水区,下白垩统鸡西群煤系孔隙裂隙水区,煤系基底裂隙水区。
2.2 含水层
根据地层时代、岩性特征、埋藏条件等因素,可划分7个含水层(带):
含水层(带)由上至下含水性由强变弱。
第四系孔隙含水层
沿穆棱河及主要支流呈条带状分布,岩性由粗砂、砾砂、砾石组成,厚2,40m,一般10,20m,局部与城子河组含煤层段直接接触。水位埋深0.3,8.0m,为孔隙潜水,水位年变化幅度1,2.0m,渗透系数14.25,150m/d,单位涌水量1.014,22.767L/s.m,富水性强。
第三系顶部裂隙孔隙含水层
主要分布于鸡西煤田南部条带、第四系孔隙含水层以下,岩性由粉细砂岩、中粗砂岩及少量砂砾岩组成,一般厚度50,100m,最大厚度115m。底部为隔水性能良好的第三系上部厚层泥岩隔水层,含水层以孔隙含水为主,裂隙水次之。水位埋深0.68,1.19m,为承压水,渗透系数1.427,1.65m/d,单位涌水量0.397,1.216L/s.m,富水性中等,强。
第三系中部裂隙孔隙含水层
含水层赋存于第三系厚层泥岩隔水层之下,岩性由粉细砂岩和中粗砂岩组成,厚度变化大,薄者不足1m,厚者90,250m,赋存深度192,550m。水位高出地面2.5m,为承压水,渗透系数0.542m/d,单位涌水量0.229L/s.m,富水性中等。
第三系下部裂隙孔隙含水层
赋存于玄武岩隔水层之下,岩性主要为中细砂岩、粗砂岩及砂砾岩,向西粒度变细,厚度15,107m,由西向东变厚。含水层赋存深度一般为292,603m,地下水埋深5.16m,渗透系数0.0059,1.168m/d,单位涌水量0.0025,1.19L/s.m,由于岩性和厚度等因素,东部其富水性和透水性较西部明显偏大。
基岩风化裂隙含水带
第三系火山岩裂隙含水层
由玄武岩构成,多为台地地形,浅部垂直裂隙发育,但多被方解石或泥质充填,地下水埋深0.855.96m,为裂隙潜水,单位涌水量0.0016,0.053L/s.m,富水性微弱。
下白垩统桦山群孔隙裂隙含水层
岩层坚硬,抗风化力强,多形成低山,地面迳流条件良好,利于地下水排泄,岩性主要为中粗砂岩、粉细砂岩、砾岩和火山碎屑岩,水位埋深15,20m,单位涌水量0.05L/s.m,富水性微弱。
下白垩统鸡西群煤系孔隙裂隙含水层
由各种粒度的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和煤等组成,一般深度60,110m,平均80m,丘陵斜坡地段水位埋深17.06,42.0m,水力性质为潜水,渗透系数1.224,0.173m/d,单位涌水量0.118,0.369L/s.m,富水性中等;河谷地段为第四系所覆盖,地下水埋深1.18,4.00m,水
力性质为承压水,渗透系数1.397,1.745m/d,单位涌水量0.723,0.983L/s.m,富水性中等,但强于丘陵斜坡区。
煤系基底裂隙含水层
岩性主要为前震旦系花岗岩,岩石坚硬,,抗风化能力强,多为中低山。地下水埋深约在30m以下,风化带厚度20~30m,坡陡以地面迳流为主,不易渗透,为裂隙潜水,接受大气降水补给,含水微弱。渗透系数为0.223m/d,单位涌水量0.0048L/s.m。
下白垩统 桦山群砂砾岩含水层
分布于风化裂隙带之下,岩性主要为中粗砂岩和砾岩,岩层坚硬,有效孔隙少,含水微弱。
下白垩统 鸡西群砂岩含水层
分布于风化裂隙带和第三系之下,岩性主要为各种粒度的砂岩、粉砂岩。水位埋深0.31,24.43m,为承压水,渗透系数0.269,0.00878m/d,单位涌水量0.0729,0.00344L/s.m,含水微弱。
3 隔水层
3.1 上第三系硅藻岩(厚层泥岩)隔水层
主要分布于煤田南部条带,一般厚度90,100m,最大厚度109.5m,遇水膨胀,隔水性能良好。
3.2 第三系玄武岩隔水层
主要分布于煤田南部条带,一般厚度10,45m,最大厚度106.9m,岩层坚硬致密,可视为相对隔水层。
水文地质工作在建筑物持力层选择、基础设计、工程地质灾害防治等方面都起着重要的作用,随着工程勘察的发展,其必将受到越来越广泛的重视,切实做好水文地质工作将对勘察水平的提高起着极大的推动作用。
范文五:中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题
中 国 煤 田
水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题
作者介绍:王梦玉,1932年11月30日生于江苏南京,原籍山西沁县乌孙村,1955年7月毕业于南京大学地质系本科,毕业后在北京煤炭科学研究院地质所工作,1965年至今在中煤科工集团西安研究院工作,从事矿井水文地质研究工作50余年,是我国矿山防治水工作开拓者之一。教授级高级工程师,曾任煤炭工业部技术委员会,国际水文地质学会会员及矿山水协会委员,1932年起享受政府津贴。
中国煤炭资源丰富,从寒武纪石煤至第四纪泥炭沉积,共有十个聚煤期,其中,以石炭二叠纪和侏罗纪为主要的聚煤期。大地构造控制了煤田的分布、成煤时期、沉积环境、构造特征,也形成了不同的水文地质条件。天山——阴山纬向构造带以北的东北和内蒙东部沉积早侏罗纪——晚白垩纪含煤地层;以南至昆仑山——祁连山纬向构造带以北,贺兰山经向构造带以东的广阔地区,沉积了海陆交互相的石炭——二叠纪含煤地层;昆仑山——祁连山纬向构造带以南,康黔古陆以东则沉积了晚二叠纪含煤地层;西北地区则在侏罗纪形成了一些大型陆相煤盆地;此外,云南——西藏及台湾地区在中生代和新生代分别沉积了含煤地层。以上聚煤区的地质和水文地质条件各不相同,在此基础上,结合矿井防治水的需要,可以将中国煤田划分为六个水文地质类型区,即东北侏罗纪孔隙——裂隙水类型区,华北石炭二叠纪孔隙——岩溶水类型区,西北侏罗纪裂隙水类型区,华南晚二叠纪岩溶水类型区,云南——西藏中生代裂隙水类型区及台湾第三纪裂隙construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of three-level quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When the ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction protection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevention measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protection. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measures and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) winter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and rainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the
——孔隙水类型区(图1)。
其中,以华北石炭二叠纪煤田和华南晚二叠纪煤田的水文地质条件最为复杂,矿井水害严重。主要的水文地质问题有三个。即:华北煤系底盘中奥陶统马家沟灰岩水害问题;黄淮平原新生界松散层水害问题;华南煤系底盘下二叠统茅口灰岩水害问题及顶板上二叠统长兴灰岩水害问题。
东北侏罗纪孔隙
—裂隙水类型区
贺兰山经向构造带天山—阴山纬向构造带西北侏罗纪裂隙水类型区
华北石炭二迭纪
孔隙—岩溶水类
型区
昆仑山—祁连山
纬向构造带云南—西藏中生代康 滇 古 陆裂隙水类型区
华南晚二迭纪岩溶水类型区
台湾第三纪裂隙
—孔隙水类型区
图1 中国煤田水文地质类型区划分图图1 中国煤田水文地质类型区划分图
华北石炭——二叠纪煤田主要可采煤层赋存于海陆交互相的太原统和陆相的山西统中,其底盘为中奥陶统马家沟灰岩。
太原统中的夹层灰岩在华北煤田有广泛的分布(图2),总的趋
d methion. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities ansures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protecton meahit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, preventir work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent es foction measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measursurface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction prote revent unnecessary rework. When the groundlevel quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to p-ity, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threeconstruction and safety, securseason, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and theainy nstruction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and rrainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze co er ands and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wintods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measure2
中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题 势是,由西北向东南,海水逐渐加深,灰岩层数由2,3层,增加到14层以上,灰岩总厚度由5m以下,增加到60m以上,皖北可达70m。夹层灰岩的富水性除与厚度、岩溶等因素有关外,主要决定于与中奥陶统灰岩的水力联系程度,从单位涌水量q分布可以看出,峰峰至焦作这一条带在20L/s.m以上,这是由于这两个矿区的主要夹层灰岩大青灰岩(峰峰)、L灰岩(焦作)距中奥陶统灰岩垂距仅25,40m,可2
通过断层侧向补给或越流补给,两者水力联系密切所致。
沈阳
05
10呼和浩特20
30北京4050天津01055510石家庄太原
20济南151020102021020石50320郑州灰420岩西安层530数704050660
7南京合肥
1.石灰岩总厚度等值线 2.<5层 3.5,10层="" 4.10,15层="" 5.="">15层 6.隆起带 7.省界
图2 华北石炭—二迭纪煤田夹层灰岩分布图图2 华北石炭,二迭纪煤田夹层灰岩分布图
中奥陶统灰岩的厚度(图3)由东而西逐渐变薄,由鲁中的700,800m,至太行山东麓及苏北、鲁南的600m,晋中、京西、豫中的400m,
prote tion measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work productt hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevenprevensures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to otection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection meaion pre ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of constructtance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When thlevel quality inspection and accep-construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threerainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and nalyzenter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to ares and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wimeasu and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Constructionction. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities 3
淮南、豫西的200,300m。从区域沉积规律来看,在河北曲阳以北,开滦、京西、轩岗等煤田,中奥陶统灰岩最上部的峰峰组缺失,石炭二叠纪煤系沉积在上马家沟组灰岩之上。太行山区、晋中、鲁中、苏北、皖北的峰峰组,由北而南变薄,至太行山南麓的焦作煤田缺失,至豫西的登封以南,奥陶纪灰岩已无沉积,平顶山、禹县、临汝等煤田煤系地层直接沉积在寒武系地层之上。海水入侵由东而西,在关中地区形成一个走廊,海水退却的比较晚,沉积了上奥陶统灰岩地层, 110?112?114?116?118?120?122?124?
34640020849742?40?
403包头市502155北京大同市
廊坊市20040?涿州市30038?265400保定市500563456沧州市600642357685400太原市577德州市衡水市68738?50036?济南市590480邯郸市482358500700400长治市355453安阳市600济宁市50040040041931536?500侯马市300600410200356216214648开封市徐州市郑州市135淮北市600
500宿州市48840034?300扬州市淮南市200镇江市
110?112?114?116?118?
4358219400671.浅海碳酸盐岩
(以钙质为主)组合 2.浅海碳酸盐 3.石膏 4.中奥陶统等厚线 5.峰峰组北界 6.岩相界线 7.海进方向 8.古陆 9.断裂
er ands and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wintods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measured methion. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities ansures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protecton meahit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, preventir work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent es foction measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measursurface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction prote revent unnecessary rework. When the groundlevel quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to p-ity, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threeconstruction and safety, securseason, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and theainy nstruction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and rrainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze co 4
中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题
图3 华北石炭,二迭纪煤田中奥陶统灰岩分布图
底部主采煤层距中奥陶统灰岩顶面之间隔水层厚度小于50m的地区在北京——西山——淄博——济宁——徐州一线以西,以太行山东、南麓及霍县、韩城等矿区最薄。焦作矿区最底部的煤层为局部可采,如以主要开采层大煤至中奥陶统灰岩顶面计算,则隔水层在100m以上。因此,底板隔水层厚度小于20m的矿区,主要为峰峰、霍县、韩城矿区。
对北方煤矿1207次底板突水资料分析表明,以太行山东、南麓各矿区突水情况最为严重,计870次,占统计次数的71.4,;其次,为鲁中、徐淮各矿区,计295次,占17.5,。晋中、晋东南各矿区突水次数最少,仅发生19次,占1.5,。最大突水量的分布情况与突水频率分布情况一致,亦主要分布在太行山东、南麓及开滦至鲁中
3各矿区,矿井一次最大突水量皆在100m/min以上。
第三纪以来,黄淮地区急剧下降,形成了许多湖盆,其中沉积了很厚的第三纪地层。第四纪晚期,黄河及其它河系把流经太行山、燕山、黄土高原及晋蒙山地的物质携带至平原地区,在山系谷口形成了一系列洪积——冲积扇。平原部分、主要为河流冲积物所覆盖。搬运和沉积的单元有黄河、海河、淮河等水系。黄淮平原曾多次遭受海浸,例如7400年前的海浸线,深入到了平原的西部边缘。
新生界的沉积厚度,主要受地壳运动所控制。本区位于新华夏第二沉降带,由于郯庐断裂以东的新华夏第一隆起带向北运动,太行山
res and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wimeasu and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Constructionction. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities prote tion measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work productt hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevenprevensures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to otection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection meaion pre ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of constructtance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When thlevel quality inspection and accep-construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threerainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and nalyzenter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to a5
断裂以西的新华夏第二隆起带向南运动,使黄淮平原第一序次的构造线呈NNE向,新生界沉积厚度的总趋势与此一致。天津——交河——临清一带,厚度在2000m以上,往东、西逐渐变薄。郑州——商丘一带,可能受纬向构造的影响,沉积方向变为东西,厚度在4000m以上,这种沉积方向的变化,在黄淮平原的南北两端都有所显现。(图4)
北京
2000
20001000
1000
500500
50010002000500
上海
080120km40
图4 黄淮平原新生界等厚线图图4 黄淮平原新生界等厚线图
新生界的岩性组合,根据各地区的岩性资料,归纳如表1。可以
ods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measured methion. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities ansures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protecton meahit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, preventir work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent es foction measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measursurface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction prote revent unnecessary rework. When the groundlevel quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to p-ity, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threeconstruction and safety, securseason, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and theainy nstruction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and rrainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze co er ands and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wint6
中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题 看出,第三纪始新世——上新世的沉积是以陆相红色地层为主。第四纪更新世——全新世的沉积则是河漫相、河床相、湖相、沼泽相、残积相。各煤田的大致平均厚度如表2。
表1
地区 鲁西 冀西冀北 苏北 淮南淮北 河南 地层
亚粘土、亚沙亚沙土、粉砂 黄灰色砂质粘土、亚粘 全新统 土、砂砾石 粘土、粉砂、土、砂砾石
细砂
红色亚粘土、粘土、砂质粘亚粘土、底部红土及砂砾砂砾石 更新统 亚砂土、粉土夹砂砾石 加砂砾层 层
砂、砂砾石
上新统 玄武岩 粘土、砂、砾玄武岩 玄武岩、紫红紫红色砂砾
石、泥灰岩、色砂砾层 层 中新统 砂砾石
渐新统 红色砂砾层 玄武岩 页岩、砂质页紫红色砂砾紫红色砂砾始新统 岩、细砂岩 层 层
表2
平均厚度 平均厚度 平均厚度 煤 田 煤 田 煤 田 (m)(m)(m) 黄河北 100 肥城 65 济宁 200 兖州 180 官桥 30 滕县 80 枣庄 10 徐州 200 沛县 200 大屯 150 宿县 100 淮北 70 淮南 100 北京 200 开滦 200 邢台 200 焦作 20 平顶山 30
第四系具有多旋回性,可以划分为四个旋回。每个旋回的底部为砂砾层或粘土层夹砾石层,向上沉积物变细。
rainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and nalyzenter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to ares and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wimeasu and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Constructionction. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities prote tion measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work productt hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevenprevensures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to otection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection meaion pre ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of constructtance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When thlevel quality inspection and accep-construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of three7
第四系中的砂层和砾石层的厚度,在各煤田约占第四系厚度的35,55,,第四系的富水性,一般情况下,上部最强,下部次之,中部又次之。例如,兖州煤田上部65m钻孔单位涌水量为1,2升/秒.米,农业用水主要来自本含水层组。中部47米钻孔单位用水量为0.045,0.2升/秒.米。下部45米钻孔单位涌水量为0.2,1.44升/秒.米。
黄淮平原煤田在开发过程中,第四系流砂层水溃入井下的事例很多。解放后,在水文地质勘探和第四系含水层下采煤方面,进行了大量的工作,积累了一定的经验。但随着黄淮平原煤炭工业的大规模建设,工农业基地迅速发展的形势下,有两个水文地质问题必须进一步解决。一是如何保证矿井及矿工的安全;同时,减少顶板防水煤柱,提高资源回收问题。二是如何解决矿井排水与工农业用水之间的矛盾,同时,为工农业建设提供更多的水源问题。
长江以南浙、闽、粤、湘、干、桂及苏、鄂、皖南部以晚二叠世煤系沉积为主,矿井充水的主要含水层是龙潭煤系底板的下二叠统茅口灰岩和顶板的上二叠统长兴灰岩。
煤系底板直接为茅口灰岩的沉积地区(图1),大致在巢县——芜湖——南昌——萍乡——湘乡——武岗——嘉禾——连阳——罗定一线以西。此线以东至金华——宁都——武平一线之间,浙西、赣南、湘南等地,茅口灰岩之上有孤峰页岩的沉积;苏南、皖东南一带可能由于相变关系,孤峰页岩之下的茅口灰岩不复存在。此外,湘、赣地区的当冲层或鸣山层的层位皆与孤峰层相当;不过岩性变化为硅
rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze co er ands and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wintods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measured methion. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities ansures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protecton meahit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, preventir work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent es foction measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measursurface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction prote revent unnecessary rework. When the groundlevel quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to p-ity, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threeconstruction and safety, securseason, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and theainy nstruction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and r8
中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题 质层。金华——宁都——武平一线以东,茅口灰岩相变为文笔山页岩(图5)。
煤系底板直接为茅口灰岩的沉积地区,主要可采煤层或煤系最下部的可采煤层与茅口灰岩之间的隔水层,一般超不过10米,最薄的地区如湘中煤田仅有0.1,0.3米的粘土,茅口灰岩地下水害,主要
郯庐断层
上海
30成都?3030
100?100
100200300
400300400300?200200100
广州
?—文笔山页岩沉积区
?—茅口灰岩沉积区
?—呜山矽质岩沉积区
—沉积区介线
—煤层底板隔水层等厚线30
图5 华南晚二迭纪煤田茅口灰岩分布图图5 华南晚二迭世煤田茅口灰岩分布图
发生在这个地区。煤系之下有鸣山硅质页岩或文笔山页岩沉积的地区,隔水层厚达100,400米,一般不会有茅口灰岩的突水危险。茅口灰岩相变为硅质层的地区,由于富水性很弱,一般亦不会构成对矿井的威胁。
nter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to ares and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wimeasu and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Constructionction. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities prote tion measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work productt hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevenprevensures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to otection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection meaion pre ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of constructtance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When thlevel quality inspection and accep-construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threerainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and nalyze9
茅口灰岩为厚层纯灰岩,在鄂中地区厚约200,400米,鄂东南地区厚约100,120米,湘中地区厚约400,600米,赣中地区厚度大于130米,赣北地区厚约200米,桂中及桂西地区厚约150,300米。茅口灰岩岩溶发育,富水性极强。各煤田皆有流量很大的茅口灰岩泉
3群出露。例如,恩口煤田的温塘泉最大流量达910米/时;斗笠山煤
3田泉水排多年平均流量达154米/时。煤田勘探、基建及生产过程中,茅口灰岩的水量都相当可观。例如,云湖桥煤田1969年8月勘探抽
3水,降深仅6.92米,水量即达2382.72米/时;煤炭坝煤矿5亩冲
3井1972年2月突水量达6400米/时;桥头河煤矿青山井1971年6
3月突水量达27000米/时。
煤系顶板直接为长兴灰岩地区(图6),大致分布在宜兴——广德——休宁——德安——常德一线以南,福州——大田——将乐——新余——萍乡——湘乡——安化——武岗——连阳以北的地区。根据目前的资料,仅太湖流域、萍乐凹陷带、湘赣边区及福建大田四个地区比较标准,属浅海相沉积,为深灰色较厚层灰岩。其余地区,相当于该层位沉积了海相泥岩及硅质岩的互层,即所谓大隆组。
season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and theainy nstruction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and rrainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze co er ands and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wintods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measured methion. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities ansures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protecton meahit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, preventir work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent es foction measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measursurface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction prote revent unnecessary rework. When the groundlevel quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to p-ity, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threeconstruction and safety, secur10
中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题
上海成都
30?
??20
50100
?
广州
?—大隆组岩沉积区?—长兴灰岩沉积区
—顶板隔水层厚度50
图6 华南晚二迭纪煤田长兴灰岩分布图
图6 华南晚二迭世煤田长兴灰岩分布图
在长兴灰岩沉积的地区,含水层下距煤系上部可采煤层之间的隔水层,一般都很薄。例如,宁乡——株洲地区约为15,25米,萍乐凹陷带一般在10米以下,太湖南部及东部约为15米,镇江——芜湖地区及黄石一带,一般在25米以下。这类地区的煤田在开采上部煤层时,经常发生长兴灰岩的水害事故。而煤系顶板为大隆组沉积的地区,隔水层的厚度都在50米以上,或不存在强含水层;所以,一般不会构成对矿井的威胁。
长兴灰岩的厚度,在太湖流域约为50,100米,萍乐凹陷带约为50,250米,湘中地区约为50,100米,湘西地区约为50,200米。
长兴灰岩岩溶发育,水量丰沛。例如,煤炭坝煤田跃进井,50米标高,长340米的长兴灰岩巷道中,有95条溶蚀裂缝;1972年7
nalyzenter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to ares and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wimeasu and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Constructionction. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities prote tion measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work productt hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevenprevensures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to otection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection meaion pre ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of constructtance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When thlevel quality inspection and accep-construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threerainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and11
3月五亩冲井长兴灰岩突水量达2700米/时。丰城煤田钻探时曾发现
高达121米的溶蚀裂缝;1974年7月云庄井,60米标高长兴灰岩突
3水量达10000米/时以上。
除以上讨论的几个主要水文地质问题外,还有西北干旱、半干旱
地区煤矿企业供水,煤炭开采与环境保护,东北及内蒙地区露天煤矿
地面防水等问题。这些问题将在另文中作详细讨论。
参考文献,
1.王梦玉,中国岩溶型煤田水文地质问题 “煤炭科学与技术”1981.12
2.王梦玉,煤层底板突水机理与预测方法探讨 “煤炭科学与技术”1979.9
3.刘刚峰、王梦玉,黄淮平原新生界水文地质问题 “煤田地质与勘探”1983.4
4.王梦玉,华南晚二叠纪煤田水文地质特征和控制矿井涌水量问题 “煤炭科学
与技术”1977.11
5.Wang mengyu:The elemental hydrogeological characteristics of coalfields in
china , the problems of protecting against mine water
International mine water association,granda espana,1985 6.Wang mengyu,Zhang zhijie:karst water systems , cola deposit water charge in the north of china,xxlll congress “Aquifer orerexploilatin”
season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and theainy nstruction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and rrainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to analyze co er ands and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wintods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Construction measured methion. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities ansures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work product protecton meahit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, preventir work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to prevent es foction measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection measursurface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of construction prote revent unnecessary rework. When the groundlevel quality inspection and acceptance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to p-ity, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threeconstruction and safety, secur12
中国煤田水文地质基本特征及主要水文地质问题 -canary island Spain.1991
7.王梦玉 林曾平 王琦,华北煤矿区含水层及隔水层研究 “煤田地质与勘探”
1992.2
8. Wang mengyu:Coal mine water control in big-discharge coal regions in
china
Proc.30th int′l geol.congr.Vol.22 pp.53-58 USP 1997
nter and rainy season to prepare 1, winter, rainy season rainy season construction earnestly organize relevant personnel to ares and management of winter and rainy season in the 11th chapter, winter and rainy season construction and management (a) wimeasu and methods of implementation of work product protection, until final acceptance, transfer procedure terminates. Constructionction. Project finished product protection in the guardian in accordance with the quality assurance program responsibilities prote tion measures. 6, prior to acceptance of the product protection organization dedicated staff responsible for the work productt hit, hit, hit, damage to the actuator. Electricity, fire welding should be carried out in the prevention cable fire, prevenprevensures for work before they can operate. Hidden works closed after inspection by the responsible departments. Construction to otection measures need to be taken before, after the formation of the ground still needs to take the necessary protection meaion pre ground surface does not meet human strength, construction personnel shall not be crushed, such as construction of constructtance, not procedure does not check the acceptance on to the next step of construction to prevent unnecessary rework. When thlevel quality inspection and accep-construction and safety, security, fire protection, prevent equipment loss or damage. Do well the management of threerainy season, needed materials ready before the winter rainy season. 2, the establishment and the construction and production plans, according to the construction project in rainy season construction measures for winter and nalyze13
5层>