范文一:中西饮食文化差异论文
浅谈中西饮食文化差异
摘 要:本文主要介绍中西文化及其差异,从文化和差异两方面叙述。中西饮食文化的发展历史分别叙述美国和中国不同的文化历程,由于两方面不同的文化底蕴,在饮食上出现了差异。本文主要从观念上的差异、宴会礼仪的差异,中西饮食文化的融合等方面展开论述。最后介绍了西方饮食对中国产生的影响,从正反两方面论述。了解中西饮食文化差异的同时,接受可以接受的部分并与中国饮食相融合,使我们日常生活中的饮食更加丰富,但又不乏自身特色。这才是我们正确对待中西饮食文化的态度。
关键词:中西差异 饮食文化 餐饮礼节
不同的民族和国家存在着各具特色的饮食文化。具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际中影响交际结果的因素之一。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。中西饮食文化的碰撞和交流丰富了全球的饮食文化。
一、从筷子与刀叉文化看中西饮食观念的差异
刀叉因为适应欧洲人饮食习惯而出现,它和筷子影响了东西方不同的生活观念。中华饮食刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。后来走向定居生活后,欧洲以畜牧业为主,面包之类是副食,直接用手拿。主
食是牛羊肉,用刀切割肉,送进口里。到了城市定居以后,刀叉进入家庭厨房,才不必随身带。由此不难看出今天作为西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同,它功能多样,既可用来宰杀、解剖、切割牛羊的肉,到了烧熟可食时,又兼作餐具。
大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。用刀把食物送进口里不雅观,改用叉叉住肉块,送进口里显得优雅些。叉子才是严格意义上的餐具,但叉子的弱点是离不开用刀切割在前,所以二者缺一不可。直到17世纪末,英国上流社会开始使用三尖的叉,到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。所以西方人刀叉并用只不过四五百年的历史。
刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,进而影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。
虽然不能将不同传统的形成和餐具差异简单对应,但是它们适应和促成了这种分化则是毫无疑问的。筷子是一种文化传统的象征。华人去了美国、欧洲,还是用筷子,文化根深蒂固,而老外们在中国学会了用筷子,回到自己的国家依然要重拾刀叉。
二、烹饪方法的差异
在中国,烹调是一种艺术,与其他艺术一样,体现着严密性与即
兴性的统一,所以烹调在中国一直以极强烈的趣味性,甚至还带有一定的游戏性,吸引着以饮食为人生之至乐的中国人。由于发展十分成熟,已经脱离了完全根据菜谱操作的方法,发展到较高级的阶段,每一道菜的都可以在原有的基础上加以发展变化,以适应地区、季节、对象、作用、等级的不同,比如蘑菇炒牛肉,冬天的色宜深些,口味宜重些,夏天的色和味宜清淡些;对于江苏一带的人来说,调味中可加糖,但是面对川湘顾客,则应多放辣。中国的烹饪的方式多种多样,有炒、炸、焖、爆、煎、烩、煮、蒸、烤、腌、冻、拔丝、糖醋等,做出的菜肴让人眼花缭乱。在烹饪大师的眼中,做菜和制作工艺品一样有着高深的学问,即使是同一道菜,不同的厨师会做出不同的口味来。而西方则不同,可以说是相当的理性,他们的烹饪相应的变化较少,同一道菜从洛杉矶到纽约口味不会有太大的变化。虽然显得单调,但是简单的工艺却使得他们能够在大规模的商业化中取得惊人的成功。西餐菜肴烹饪的方法主要是烧、煎、烤、炸、焖,各种原料很少集合烹调,正菜中鱼就是鱼,鸡就是鸡,即使是调味料也是现吃现加。烹饪的全过程比较规范,调料的添加量精确到克,烹调的时间精确到秒,厨师好像化学实验室的实验员。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化,烹调成为一种机械的工作。肯德基炸鸡只要按方配料,油的温度,炸鸡的时间,依规范行事即可,因而厨师的工作就成为一种极其单调的机械性工作。再者,西方人进食的目的首在摄取营养,只要营养够标准,其他尽可宽容,因而今日土豆牛排,明日牛排土豆。美国的食品广告铺天盖地,但万变不离
其宗,炸鸡、炸薯条、炸鱼块,其菜肴加工方法简单,基本是机械的混合,所以菜肴的种类极少。
三、餐饮礼节
在餐饮氛围方面,中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹,很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝,说说笑笑,大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上,中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时,都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境,他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪,不可以失去礼节,比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。
中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国,从古至今大多都以左为尊,在宴请客人时,要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座,然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊,男女间隔而座,夫妇也分开而座,女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高,男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子,以示对女士的尊重。另外,西方人用餐时要坐正,认为弯腰,低头,用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌,但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候,主人不提倡大肆的饮酒,中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物,以酒助兴,有时为了表示对对方的尊重,喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。
综上所述,饮食文化的交流存在于我们的日常生活中,并不断充当全球经济文化整合过程中,不同文化之间的“传递带”。它已经成为了一种日益增强的文化影响力,正发挥着比其他任何全球化单一力量大得多的作用,也在悄悄地改变着全世界。中西饮食文化的
碰撞、交流以及融化为全人类文明起到填补和着彩的作用。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展!
参考文献:
[1]胡文仲.中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[m].外语教学与研究出版社,1999.
[2]林语堂.生活的艺术[m].外语教学与研究出版社,
[3]萨姆瓦.跨文化传通[m].三联书店,
1988. . 1998
范文二:中西饮食文化差异论文
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Here and now, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me make this thesis possible and better.
Firstly, I am deeply grateful to my honorable supervisor, Ge xiaoxia, who has checked through my thesis with patience and given me instructive suggestions. Without her enlightening instruction, impressive kindness and patience, I could not have completed my thesis.
Then thanks goes to the teachers and professors who have taught me over the past year of study and have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence.
Finally, I am very grateful to my lovely friends and classmates who give me valuable advice on my thesis and discussed with me about my thesis, especially my five lovely roommates.
ABSTRACT
Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature. We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the
communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, ―The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'. For such a standard fair, western culture (in particular, modern American culture) can be said to be male and female culture. But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture. "As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women, but because of the narrow gender relations, Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants. Thus the diet is rich in culture. Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west. And we can also improve and create the culture of China.
Key words:intercultural communication; food dietetic culture; culture differences
摘 要
饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需,可是由于中西方文化传统的差异,导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异,研究这些差异,找出可以融会贯通的地方,促进中西文化交流. 台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’. 就这样的标准而论,西方文化(特别是近代美国式的文化)可说是男女文化,而中国可说是一种饮食文化. ”由于文化传统的缘故,西方人的人生倾向男女关系,而中国人由于对男女关系的褊狭,把人生精力倾泄导向于饮食. 由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵,虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达,但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果,所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义. 通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析,我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统;同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新.
关键词:饮食文化; 文化传统; 差异
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... i i CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... i v
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture . ............................................................. 2
1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture . ............................................................. 2
1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture…………………… 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese and Western Food. ... 错误!未定义书签。
2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept ................................................ 4
2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objects . ................ 错误!未定义书签。
2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware and etiquette . ........... 6
2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature . .................................................... 6 Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture . 9
3.1 The impact of the geographical environment . ................................................................... 9
3.2 The impact of the economic system . ................................................................................ 9
Chapter Four Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 11
REFERENCES . ............................................................................................................................. 12
Introduction
With the deepening of the international communication, in different countries or cultural background, the communication of people are increasing all the time, and the communication between them is called intercultural communication. Intercultural communications gradually becomes an indispensable content of people's life. Due to the differences of regional, different nations and countries form different cultures. People with different cultural backgrounds
behavior or habits is endless and same, they have their social statute or habits, reflected in the political economy, education religion, culture , art and so on. America famous newly chemical representative figure White is called ―father of cult urology‖, he put the culture as a kind of
special and objective social phenomenon, and as a complete system (White, 1949). So specially, what is culture? Chen Huawen once lists cases to illustrate the connotation and importance of culture; he said ―culture is like air and water that permeates every corner of our lives, people are enjoying the culture achievements that were created by predecessors in every time, also, people are inventing new culture in every moment. Our progress is the result of the culture creation and developing. ‖ (Chen Huawen, 2001:2) When people are communicating under the different culture background, the language and non-language factors which influence of message effect are make communication hen culture. If foreign language learners are lack of knowledge for its behavior and function, it will appear inappropriate behavior, resulting in the communication barriers, and it is difficult for effective cross-cultural communication, as a result causes of communication error.
The diet is the first need for human’s survival and development; also it is the one of the basic form of social life. However under the different cultural background, having different diet idea and diet custom, then finally form the different diet culture. language learners, not only increase the understanding of the target language culture,
but also improve the success rate of intercultural communication, avoid the misunderstandings and communication barriers just because of the inappropriate way or behavior .In Sun Weixue’s book Chapter one Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture China is one of the most ancient countries on the world, it has the long history of 5000 years, and created innumerable splendid civilization. In this culture, it makes China contain more expansive and profound diet. It has experienced several thousand years of history development, and has become one of the most important Chinese traditional cultures of department. Because of the district difference in our land, it gradually formed four major cuisines that is Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Shandong cuisine and Chaozhou cuisine. This four major cuisine have different features, but in common is with making complex fastidious, the product methods are very complex, and have a great diversity of taste and dishes, this is amazing. Because of our vast land, there are differences in climate, products and custom in every place. For a long time, on food was formed many flavor. Our country has been have the saying of ― south rice north noodles‖, in the taste, it has the differences that ―sour in east, hot in west, sweet in south and salty in north", it mainly have four flavor about Bashu, Qilu, Haiyangn and Yuemin. ( Zou Guangwen, 1998) On the other hand, all the year round, according to season for eat is a feature in China’s cooking. Since ancient times, our country has been according to season changes to taste, and dishes. Winter taste strong, summer flavor cleaner; in the winter more braised stews, summer more cold. In the long-term development, evolution and accumulation process, Chinese people gradually formed its own unique food folk from many aspects, such as diet structure, food production, food utensils, nutrition healthy and diet aesthetic, this created a diet with unique flavor of the Chinese food culture, become a pearl of the world food culture. 1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture Rational westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival. Due to the different philosophical thoughts of Chinese and western, westerners in diet takes the science, takes the science about nutrition, so the nutrition is the supreme principle in the western diet. Eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content,( Dang Binghua, 2010) whether calorie supply properly, and whether these nutrients can be fully absorbed, and presence of other side effects, and dishes color, fragrance and taste is the second requirement. Even in the west’s leading power – France, even though in many aspects the diet culture is similar with our diet, but a contact to nutrition, both sides will the gap. While French cook also pursued delicious, but also adhere to the ―nutrition ‖ this one major premise, they don’t agree with pieces of nutrition and beg delicious. In the culture of diet, westerners have the culture descent of nomads and sailing nationality, they hunting, breeding, aided by acquisition and planting, they eat more meet, the eating, wearing and using are took of animals, even the western medicine are made from animals to take. Pay more attention to animal protein and fat intake, in the structure of diet, also with animal figurines in the majority, it is mainly dishes, beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. So the meat diet has been very high in proportion. In modern times, planting proportion is increasing, but the proportion in meat still higher than Chinese. Chapter two Scarlett’s Pursuit of Freedom 2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept Chinese people are thinking highly of eat. ―B read is the staff of life‖, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important. I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: ―If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that ― diet cures more than the doctors‖. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.‖(Li Xiaohong, 2010: 33) In China, the pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, Chinese living overseas to open restaurants for industry in the world, it has become our settlement fundamental. Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting the most fundamental nutritional value of food. Many of our traditional foods are through hot fried and long time boil, cover the dish nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. As a result of nutrition problem, in fact touched on the Chinese culinary culture to the greatest weakness. Folk have saying, ―It is of great importance of eating and whether the food is delicious or not depends on taste‖, this is the pursuit of delicious make us ignore the real meaning of dinner. European is represented the western, also, his culture has a long history. In the middle ages, the European culture has very perfect, during this period; the old western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: most food with flour primarily, raw material also more abundant, its production method is simple, but also in China pays much attention to taste. China's five mixed cookery aims to pursue delicious, its processing process of hot fried and long time of fire, this can make dishes nutrients were damaged. (Lin Lirui, 2009) In western countries, especially in 1960s, appearing the emergence of modern cooking thought, with particular emphasis on health care, reduce weight, thus less oil, emphasize the pursuit of light by fresh materials, emphasizing the cooking process of nutrients and maintain the original taste, so the vegetables are basically raw. So says the heavy nutrition in western diet is universal. 2.2 The Reasons for Pursuit of Freedom Scar Westerners believe that cuisine is the longing, so only eat of meat, chicken this "hard food"; While Chinese cuisine is "taste". So the Chinese cooking with makings also show great randomness, many westerners as something is the outcast, this in China are excellent raw material, foreign chefs can't handle this things, but to a Chinese chef hands, this can turn decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in the wide randomness of materials. According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese eat vegetables have more than 600 specious, it is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, only in holidays or volunteers at the higher living standards, it can enters the usual diet, so since ancient times, we will have saying of "food feed", food feed is the dominant statement in our usual diet. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism. (Yang Naiji, 1993) Westerners in introducing the food characteristic of their own country, they feel more attention about reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. They have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food. Although the taste is common, saving time and the nutrition is good. So in common, human body of their country is stronger than Chinese: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But Chinese appears narrow skinny, short legs and the color is yellow. Someone Westerners believe that cuisine is the longing, so only eat of meat, chicken this "hard food"; While Chinese cuisine is "taste". So the Chinese cooking with makings also show great randomness, many westerners as something is the outcast, this in China are excellent raw material, foreign chefs can't handle this things, but to a Chinese chef hands, this can turn decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in the wide randomness of materials. According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese eat vegetables have more than 600 specious, it is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, only in holidays or volunteers at the higher living standards, it can enters the usual diet, so since ancient times, we will have saying of "food feed", food feed is the dominant statement in our usual diet. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature Westerners in introducing the food characteristic of their own country, they feel more attention about reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. They have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food. Although the taste is common, saving time and the nutrition is good. So in common, human body of their country is stronger than Chinese: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But Chinese appears narrow skinny, short legs and the color is yellow. Someone according to the obvious differences in characteristic of western diet object, the Chinese character known as the plants, the Western character known as animals. 2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware and etiquette Chinese and Western food is quite different from the way that such differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, any of the feast, whatever the purpose, there will be only one form, that is, we were sitting around, sharing one seat. The banquet must use the round table; this formally has created one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the object which table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of people sentiments exchange intermedium. People propose a toast of each other for food, vegetables, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity. Duo Xiaoping said that: ―Although from the health perspective, this kind of food have obvious deficiency, it meets the general mind of happy in our national, reflects the influence thoughts to offspring about Chinese classical philosophy, facilitate the emotional communicated of collective, and yet difficult to reform‖.( Duo Xiaoping, 2005: 12) Freedom westerner is individual serving when they eating, the first is the point of all the food, they can eat what something, and it also showed respect for the West on the personality. After serving up, people eat the entire various one and their random add spices, the second course dish to eat after eating, before and after the two never mixed vegetables to eat. The most popular form of buffet in western is individual eating, incompatible interference, and lack of the emotional appeal for chat with each other. In the western-style banquets, food and wine are very important, but in fact it is setoff. The core of banquet in friendship, through the conversation with neighbors, in order to achieve the friendship. If the companionship of party is compared with dance, then it can be said that Chinese banquet is like collective dance, and western banquet is like dancing between women and men. Therefore, the purpose of companionship is obvious between Chinese banquet and western banquet, only Chinese banquet more reflected in all guest, and western banquet more reflected the friendship between adjacent guests. And Chinese food is more obvious differences between them were western popular buffet. This method is: we need display all the food, should not fixed in his seat to eat, you can walk freedom, this method in favor of the emotional communicated between individuals, not speak all the words on the table, this also showed respect for the personality and self. Therefore, in the final analysis is differences between perceptual and rationality. However, the difference seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance and taste, they pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after the experience of SARS. Also, because of people are more and more busy with job, they think when doing the Chinese food is too much trouble, not equal convenient to come a hamburger and so on. So in dietary the differences were not too clear. Diet tableware;In the space of diet tableware, the differences are more obvious. As we know, Chinese people including some Asian countries, use chopsticks, spoon, when they have a meal also use bowl to fill. But how about westerners? They are fill food use plate, to use a knife and fork to eat, there are specialized spoon to drink soup. Chopsticks and knife, fork as two kinds of representative tableware for the east and west, they affected the different lifestyle of eastern and western, representing two kinds of different wisdom. As we know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks, it was originally the ancient nomadic origin and the European lifestyle; they carry knives for live, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After settle the city, the knives and forks into the family kitchen, at this time, people just do not have to carry them. However, only about the 18th century, there was found the fork for four fork. Therefore, western people using a knife and fork, just four or five hundred years of history. Compared with the simple chopsticks, the type of knife and fork much more, knife and fork belong to the special tools, but because of this "special" often show "great wisdom appears stupid", so they are often ignored by their people. Different people have different views, it is difficult to draw the conclusions that the relationship of thinking method between chopsticks and knife and fork. However, there is scientific basis of use of chopsticks is better training your thinking ability. From a physiological point of view, Hu Wenzhong has made a study of chopsticks, he found that when you eating with chopsticks, it affect the human body of thirty joints and fifty muscles, there by stimulating the activity of brain systems, it brings agility and quick thinking.(Hu Wenzhong, 1999) And there is no doubt that the chopsticks have the scientific principles. Diet etiquette;In etiquette, both in the west and Chinese are even more different. In ancient China, during people have the dinner, they have a set of unnecessary and over elaborate formalities. When people eat together, not just eat their own interests. If you eat with others, you must check the hands clean. Do not put extra food into the pot, and do not post occupied food. After dinner, guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table, take them to the master, then the master get off, you should request them do not work, then the guests sit down again. Some of this ritual is essential in modern manners. In the west banquet, the master generally folder the dish only once for the guests, and the remaining self-consumption by the guests, if guests do not eat, you should not let them to eat, according to the habit of Chinese, people are not frequently provide guests to drink and take the food. When people eating, do not make the noise, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the food by the master. If talking to people, only overstated with your neighbors, do not talk to people with the distance. 2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature From the different concepts, the western diet tends to scientific and rational, Chinese food tends to artistic and emotional. After cooking the delicious food, diet was originally designed to supply a life-sustaining nutrition. Li Mingying said: ―the focus of the western diet custom raw diet is just an extension of utility, and customs of the Chinese diet's emphasis on flavor, put the food into the art. We can see the point from two different diet concepts, the western diet is increasing normalization, and the Chinese diet is more randomness. ( Li Mingying, 1997: 03) Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture 3.1 The impact of the geographical environment China is the closed continental geographical, this environment limited the thinking of the Chinese people within the local community, they good at summing up the experiences and lessons from their predecessors, they like ―history as a mirror‖, and their spatial awareness is weak. (Bian Haoyu, 2004) This mentality of inward-looking led to the Chinese people have the personality of stability and quiet, they lack of curiosity about the new things, and also they lack of interest in the unknown things. So the Chinese diet food is more have the regional characteristics, different places have the different favorite food to eat, the north have the lower temperature than south, especially in the winter, the weather is very cold, so in the diet of the north, a large proportion of fat and protein in the food, especially in pastoral areas, the food of pastoralists is majority of milk and meat, also they like eating noodles. And the food diet of southerners is based on the plant, the residents have the habit of drinking soup and eat porridge, no matter if the food has been put on, they must be the first to eat soup, drink soup before eating a bit, after fond, they also have another bowl of soup to drink, this to be considered as eating a meal. And they mainly eat rice. The majority of western countries are in the open ocean environment of geography, they developed industry and seafaring, since the ancient Greece, they have valued the study of natural objects, and they exploring the mysteries of the natural heritage. At the same time, the marine environment, mountain tsunami, unrest, this all constitutes the personality of the western nation pay attention to the space expansion and military conquest. So westerners have a scientific attitude of the food diet, this also very standard and arbitrary, and they like to eat the meat food. 3.2 The impact of the economic system Marx once said: ―Ideas of consciousness is initially directly with people produce the material activity, and people's physical contact and the reality of language intertwined production.‖ (Marx, 1972: 89) This point of view clear expressed the symbiotic isomorphism relations between the cultural and economic activity. Peter, Koslowski also said that, ―the most important economic behavior is decided by the cultural, their cultural engraved with cultural cachet.‖(Peter, Koslowski, 1999: 229) The real economic growth depends on the culture. The traditional economy of China is a typical self-sufficient economy. People are more law-abiding and conservative, because they can live for the whole life rely on a piece of land. And their culture is more introverted. Moreover, China’s ancient civilization originated in the river basin, it belongs the agricultural civilization, "agricultural civilization character" inspired the Asian emphasis on ethics, and the principle of life is ―harmony, and love for the high‖. In the ancient China, people are still more poor rather than the western countries, at that time, the lower people just required eat their fill and wear the warm clothes, the Chinese people in the old ancient, because without something to eat and drink, a lot of people and children are being starved to death. You can not image the horror in that time. Followed the progress and development of the social, people have been get the basic meet in terms of food, they do not worried just because they have not enough food to eat, on the other hand, people are paying attention to the nutrition of diet food, and trying to convince themselves to eat more healthy, more nutrition, so now there have been many so-called food therapy. The ancient Greek civilization of the west is originated in the Aegean coast, belongs to the Marine civilization, besides Europe's farming is not far as China's agriculture as important in ancient society, so the Europeans like to explore the world, and their cultural is more comparative extroversion. Lai Anfang is mentioned in the book of <>, ―pursuit of freedom and equality has been the guiding principles and goal of the western culture.‖(Lai Anfang, 2004: 229) And through the industrial revolution, the western countries is early enter into the industry economy, "industrial civilization character" contributed to the westerners have stronger struggle spirit and legal consciousness to protect one’s own interest. These also can manifest in their eating habits. splitting logs here in the mud, but I do mind what a stand is for. I do mind very s a tomb, and all her wealth Chapter Tour Conclusion The differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture is obvious, and they have their own strengths. Followed the economic globalization and the accelerated flow of information changes, Chinese and western food culture will be continued integration in the collision, complement each other in the fusion. Chinese food now has begun focus on food, nutrition, health, the science of cooking, western food also begun to develop from the realm of Chinese food’s color, smell, taste and meaning. Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world. Hunan Information Science V ocational College Graduation Thesis Name: Student No.: Specialty and Class: Department: Supervisor: Date:2014-3-16 Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................1 1.Introduction to Diet Idea..................................................................................2 1.1Diet Idea in Western Countries..................................................................2 1.2Diet Idea in China.....................................................................................3 2. The Differences of Diet Object Between China and Western Countries......3 2.1Materials of Food..........................................................................................3 2.2Differences of Diet Object............................................................................4 2.2.1Chinese Food Advocates.. Vegetarianism..........................................5 2.2.2Western Food Pay Attention to Nutrition...........................................5 3.The Different Method Of Diet.......................................................................6 3.1Dinning Way...........................................................................................6 3.2 Table Ware.............................................................................................6 3.3 Dinning Etiquette..................................................................................7 4.The Future Prospects Of Chinese and Western Diet..................................8 Conclusion..........................................................................................................9 Bibliography.....................................................................................................10 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................11 摘 要 在悠久的历史文化中,中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异,从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中华因素以食表意、以物传情,其博大精深不可言喻。西方饮食精巧专维、自成体系。中西饮食文化的差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。在中国,烹饪师一种艺术; 在西方,烹饪则是一种劳动。 关键词:文化;中餐;西餐;饮食方式,思维方式,口味,烹饪 Abstract In the long history of culture,Chinese and western different way of thinking and philosophy make the differences between Chinese and western culture,so as to make the differences between Chinese and western food culture. due to the geographical ,climate environment,customs and habits,the influence of such as will appear in raw material,taste,cooking method,eating habits on the different degree of difference.because of these differences,food and beverage products with a strong regional.the Chinese food to feed an ideographic,to love,its profound and unpredictable.China and the west diet culture difference from Chinese and western different way of thinking and philosophy,In china,cooking is an art.In the west,cooking is a kind of labor. Key word: culture;Chinese food;western food; Dietary mode;mode of thinking;test;cooking Introduction Because of different culture ,history, geography , etc, this is what produces the differences between Chinese and western food culture .with the speeding up of world economic globalization process, the contact between Chinese and western is more and more frequent, as an important entry point to open the Chinese and western people’s communication, to discuss china and the western diet culture difference becomes verry important.but scholars to research .concerning the food culture has not been given enough attention. Understand the difference between Chinese and western culture,helps to cultivate the ability to adapt in cross cultural communication of people to effectively avoid communication due to diet cultural differences and misunderstanding on both sides. China and western diet culture differences exist between what difference?whether the differences and what is the relationship between western and Chinese living habits and traditional culture? The future prospects of Chinese and western diet? For this,we launched and investigation. 1、The Two Different Diet Idea Eastern and western countries had a different culture in different continents. In different culture, the notion of eating and eating way and thinking model appear more obvious. 1.1 Diet Idea in Western Countries Chinese people pay attention to taste,westerners pay attention to nutrition. Pay attention to the “taste”of china, the west is a rational diet idea.No matter the food color, fragrance,taste,shape how to, and nutritional must be guaranteed, pay attention to how many calories a day intake,vitamins,protein and so on.Even the taste same ,also must continue to eat--because nutritious.This diet idea with western whole philosophy system is adapted. Metaphysics is the main characteristic of western philosophy.western philosophy concept, the object of study for things the concept is often metaphysical theory of things. Metaphysical academic coherent with each other, they form the metaphysical philosophy.this philosophy to western culture with life and make it in the natural science, psychology and methodology realized the development by leaps and bounds. But in other ways, this philosophy advocated greatly played the role of obstacles, such as food culture. On the banquet, can pay attention to tableware,pay attention to the materials, pay attention to service,in the form of exquisite dishes of raw materials, color collocation; but no matter how luxury, from Los Angeles to New york, the steak is only a kind of taste, no art to speak.As dishes,chicken is chicken, steak is steak, even if have a match, it is in session, comparative and bright color, but irrelevant, all kinds of raw materials on the taste,is simple and clear. 1.2 Diet Idea in China The Chinese diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste. And delicious, is to reconcile, add the flavor of the sauce ingredients and auxiliary materials, and harmonic, woven and coordinate together. Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the frist requirement, we have ignored the nutritional value of food, a lot of our traditional foods are through hot fried and long time Tun cooking,make the nutrition ingredient of the dish, many nutrients are loss in the machining process.so,when it comes to nutrition problem, in fact just touch the biggest weakness of the Chinese diet culture. 2、The Differences of Diet Object Between China and Western Countries Westerners with nomads, sailing nation’s cultural heritage, give priority to with fishing and hunting, breeding, to collect. Planting is complementary, hun vegetable more, eat, wear, use all to the animal. So westerners tend to eat the whole piece of meat, whole chickens. Chinese cuisine is taste is given priority to, so the Chinese cooking in materials also look great randomness: many westerners as a waste, are excellent raw materials in china, foreign chefs can’t handle things, one to a Chinese chef hands, can be changed decayed for magical. 2.1 Materials of Food Because of the different philosophical thoughts of Chinese and western, westerners pay attention to science diet, heavy science is the pursuit of nutrition.So western diet nutrition as important, especially for food nutrients, protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content is tie-in and reasonable, whether these nutrients for dieters absorbed adequately, with or without other side effects.These questions are cooking in the university, and dishes color,aroma, taste,is secondary. Western diet leading countries-France, its diet culture while approximation with us in many ways, but when it comes to the nutritional problems, then the distance between both sides. Although we pay attention to diet therapy, eat the right food, nourishment,attention to diet to preserve one’s health,but cooking is in pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, cause many nutrient loss in the machining process. In recently, chefs in our country, cooking contest,the somebody else in a food nutrition ingredient lists, we come up with this material. The people asking questions, also gaping, Westerners eat vegetables raw, not only the raw tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, cabbage, onion, broccoli,broccoli are eaten raw. So their “salad” like a plat of rabbit fodder, make us hard to accept. Modern Chinese also nutrition care, know vegetables upon heating, vitamins will be destroyed, so we advocate using a very quick.It has decreased the content of vitamin, but not completely loss, but the taste is more than rabbit fodder delicious.so,china’s modern cookery pursuit nutrition and taste the best balance of give attention to two or more things this,of course, also belong to a kind of “golden mean”. 2.2 Materials of Food Westerners belive that food is to appease hunger, so eat large pieces of meat, such as the whole piece of chicken “hard food”. And China’s cuisine is “taste”, so the Chinese cooking in materials also show great randomness:many westerners as outcast, are excellent raw materials in china, foreign chefs can’t handle things, one to a Chinese chef hands, it can be changed decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in materials of the breadth of arbitrariness. 2.2.1Chinese Food Advocates Vegetarianism According to the survey of western plants scholar, Chinese people eat the plants of the more than 600, six times more than in the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, meat only on holidays or higher living standards, to enter the usual diet, so since ancient times has the say of “food feed”, food feed dominated in the ordinary diet structure. Chinese is given priority to with plant food, and Buddhist preach have thousands of silk connection. They regard animals as “creatures”, the plant is “no spirit”, so, advocate vegetarianism. 2.2.2Western Food Pay Attention to Nutrition When westerners introduce their diet characteristics, feel more attaches great importance to the reasonable collocation of nutrition than china, have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food, taste the same, but saves time, and good nutrition, so the human body in their 3.1 Dinning Way countries generally robust than the Chinese:tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But the Chinese are generally thin, narrow shoulder short legs, color yellow. Someone according to object obvious difference, called the Chinese plant character, westerners called animal character. 3 The Different Method Of Diet In the final analysis or perceptual and rational differences. However, these differences seems to be along with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese people with no longer only pay attention to food color, aroma, taste, and pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after SARS, Also, people because more and more work, they think Chinese food is too much trouble to do it, better to do western food. So, the western food culture of our influence is very big. 3.1Dinning Way On the dining way. In china, no matter what good things come to an end, it is all round and round round, sharing one seat, delicious food in the middle of table, it is both a table people enjoy object, and to communicate the feelings of medium. At the dinner table, the Chinese people are like vomiting-inducing toasts to each other, clip vegetables, toast, very harmonious life. And is different, when they get together for dinner or treat vomiting-including toasts, food is not as enthusiastic, Chinese and less polite between guest and host. Westerners pay more attention to the independence of the individual, while westerners diners in cattle, sheep. Pork is the staple food,etc. 3.2 Table Ware In terms of tableware, differences are more obvious. As known as, Chinese people including some Asian countries, using chopsticks, spoons, have a meal also use bowl; While the westerners, using plate.edge knife and fork to eat, drink soup there are specialized spoon. Chopsticks and knife or fork as the most representative east and west two kind of tableware, chopsticks ,knife and fork has affected the eastern and western different way of life, representing different two kind of wisdom. 3.3 Dinning Etiquette In etiquette, both of Chinese and western more different. In ancient china, the table during a meal, you have a set of red tape. “Rites,qu”: “eat not to dullness and total rice don’t choose the hand, do not put a meal,..not solid, not young rice,..single food, guest since the kneeling before, and rice together with grant phase, hot to the guest, and then the guest sit down. “Main idea od the passage is mainly: everybody when having a meal together, can’t you eat. If to have dinner with others, must check the hands clean. Don’t put the extra rice to pan, don’t specifically designed for the food, also not to winnow the hot meals. After dinner, the guest should went forward to pick up the plates on the table, to master, mater followed up, treat people don’t work, and then the guest to sit down. Some of these etiquette is necessary in modern manners. On western banquet, host to the guest clip only commonly a dish, the remaining eat independently by guests, if guests don’t inconvenience hard also let people to eat, don’t frequently vomiting-inducing toasts for the guests, according to the habits of the Chinese food. When to eat, don’t make noise, but the guests should pay attention to praise host prepares food. If talking to people, can only talk to the neighbor’s, don’t talk with distance. So, in the final analysis or perceptual and rational differences. However, these differences seems to be along with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese people with no longer only pay attention to food color, aroma, taste, and pay attention to health and nutrition. Especially after SARS. Also, people because more and more busy job, think Chinese food do up much trouble, as to a hamburger and convenient. So on food differences is not too clear. 4 The Future Prospects Of Chinese and Western Diet For the Chines, we was born began to taste Chinese food, and thus more or less tired of Chinese diet. At the same time, now,we are in the form of economic globalization, the entry of a western diet, make we have fresh, get used to western-style fast food, western food or western fast food, however, the Chinese concept of diet and habits, after all, there is much difference with the west, which determine the Chinese diet in people’s idea of the foundation position in our country, it will never change ,because of the western intervention. But with the development of the society, the gradual improvement of the living standard, western food will be more and more popular in china, but ,it can only be “seasoning”, most people life will not always have Chinese western food as staple food a day. Conclusion Began at birth for the Chinese, our taste of Chinese and western diet, so more or less will be tired a little of attention to diet, at the same time, we are in the form of economic globalization, the western diet in china make we have fresh, gives us desire into western fast-food restaurants. Go to eat western food must understand what is the difference between western food and Chinese food.what to eat, how to eat. In order not to let oneself all, also have to understand the western wany of eating and dining etiquette. Only from this perspective, a brief talk about Chinese and western diet culture difference, hope for us Chinese to understand the western diet culture is a little significance. Bibliography [1]徐先玲,李组状. 西方饮食文化[M]北京; 中国戏剧出版社,2005. [2]徐先玲,李组状. 中方饮食文化[M]北京; 中国戏剧出版社2005. [3]张茗阳. 食物改变[M].上海; 学林出版社2003. [4]张起钧. 烹饪原理[M].北京; 中国轻工业出版社,2000. [5]刘枋,吃的艺术[M].山东; 山东画报出版社2003. Acknowledgements As acknowledgements for my paper, only I — the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss fang leiyi, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions. I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents. Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged. The Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 中西饮食文化的差异 College of Minsheng Henan University May 2011 Acknowledgement There are a lot of people who help me to contribute to the completion of this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Zhu Taiyin , my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has led me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent ad illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years. Last, owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis. [Abstract]: This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. The food dietetic culture plays an important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. Different countries have their own food dietetic cultural. In different cultural contexts, both in concept, objects, manner, tableware, etiquette and nature, these differences are obvious. But as the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world. [Key Words]: intercultural communication; food dietetic culture; culture differences [摘要]: 本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异.饮食文化在世界文化中起着 非常重要的作用.中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异,不同的国家有 自己不同的饮食文化特点.在不同的文化背景下,无论是在观念,对象,方式,餐具 还是礼仪等各方面,这些不同都是显而易见的.但是,随着国际的交流与融合,中 西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进 作用. [关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异 Contents Abstract (English)……………………………………………………………………i Abstract (Chinese)…………………………………………………………………...ii Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture……………………........3 1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture………………………………3 1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture……………………..........3 Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese and Western Food……...5 2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept……………………...5 2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objects………………………6 2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware and etiquette…………………………………………………………………….....7 2.3.1 Diet manner………………………………………………………………..7 2.3.2 Diet tableware……………………………………………………………..8 2.3.3 Diet etiquette……………………………………………………………....9 2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature…………………….....9 Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture………………………………………………………………………11 3.1 The impact of the geographical environment………………………………...11 3.2 The impact of the economic system………………………………………….11 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..14 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...15 Introduction With the deepening of the international communication, in different countries or cultural background, the communication of people are increasing all the time, and the communication between them is called intercultural communication. Intercultural communications gradually becomes an indispensable content of people's life. Due to the differences of regional, different nations and countries form different cultures. People with different cultural backgrounds behavior or habits is endless and same, they have their social statute or habits, reflected in the political economy, education religion, culture , art and so on. America famous newly chemical representative figure White is called ―father of cult urology‖, he put the culture as a kind of special and objective social phenomenon, and as a complete system (White, 1949). So specially, what is culture? Chen Huawen once lists cases to illustrate the connotation and importance of culture; he said ―culture is like air and water that permeates every corner of our lives, people are enjoying the culture achievements that were created by predecessors in every time, also, people are inventing new culture in every moment. Our progress is the result of the culture creation and developing.‖ (Chen Huawen, 2001:2) When people are communicating under the different culture background, the language and non-language factors which influence of message effect are make communication hen culture. If foreign language learners are lack of knowledge for its behavior and function, it will appear inappropriate behavior, resulting in the communication barriers, and it is difficult for effective cross-cultural communication, as a result causes of communication error. The diet is the first need for human’s survival and development; also it is the one of the basic form of social life. However under the different cultural background, having different diet idea and diet custom, then finally form the different diet culture. Food culture is an important part in the intercultural communication. Understand the differences between Chinese and western diet culture and its origin, for foreign language learners, not only increase the understanding of the target language culture, but also improve the success rate of intercultural communication, avoid the misunderstandings and communication barriers just because of the inappropriate way or behavior .In Sun Weixue’s book Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture China is one of the most ancient countries on the world, it has the long history of 5000 years, and created innumerable splendid civilization. In this culture, it makes China contain more expansive and profound diet. It has experienced several thousand years of history development, and has become one of the most important Chinese traditional cultures of department. Because of the district difference in our land, it gradually formed four major cuisines that is Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Shandong cuisine and Chaozhou cuisine. This four major cuisine have different features, but in common is with making complex fastidious, the product methods are very complex, and have a great diversity of taste and dishes, this is amazing. Because of our vast land, there are differences in climate, products and custom in every place. For a long time, on food was formed many flavor. Our country has been have the saying of ― south rice north noodles‖, in the taste, it has the differences that ―sour in east, hot in west, sweet in south and salty in north", it mainly have four flavor about Bashu, Qilu, Haiyangn and Yuemin. ( Zou Guangwen, 1998) On the other hand, all the year round, according to season for eat is a feature in China’s cooking. Since ancient times, our country has been according to season changes to taste, and dishes. Winter taste strong, summer flavor cleaner; in the winter more braised stews, summer more cold. In the long-term development, evolution and accumulation process, Chinese people gradually formed its own unique food folk from many aspects, such as diet structure, food production, food utensils, nutrition healthy and diet aesthetic, this created a diet with unique flavor of the Chinese food culture, become a pearl of the world food culture. 1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture Rational westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival. Due to the different philosophical thoughts of Chinese and western, westerners in diet takes the science, takes the science about nutrition, so the nutrition is the supreme principle in the western diet. Eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content,( Dang Binghua, 2010) whether calorie supply properly, and whether these nutrients can be fully absorbed, and presence of other side effects, and dishes color, fragrance and taste is the second requirement. Even in the west’s leading power – France, even though in many aspects the diet culture is similar with our diet, but a contact to nutrition, both sides will the gap. While French cook also pursued delicious, but also adhere to the ―nutrition‖ this one major premise, they don’t agree with pieces of nutrition and beg delicious. In the culture of diet, westerners have the culture descent of nomads and sailing nationality, they hunting, breeding, aided by acquisition and planting, they eat more meet, the eating, wearing and using are took of animals, even the western medicine are made from animals to take. Pay more attention to animal protein and fat intake, in the structure of diet, also with animal figurines in the majority, it is mainly dishes, beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. So the meat diet has been very high in proportion. In modern times, planting proportion is increasing, but the proportion in meat still higher than Chinese. Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese and Western food dietetic 2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept Chinese people are thinking highly of eat. ―Bread is the staff of life‖, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important. I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: ―If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that ― diet cures more than the doctors‖. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.‖(Li Xiaohong, 2010: 33) In China, the pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, Chinese living overseas to open restaurants for industry in the world, it has become our settlement fundamental. Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting the most fundamental nutritional value of food. Many of our traditional foods are through hot fried and long time boil, cover the dish nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. As a result of nutrition problem, in fact touched on the Chinese culinary culture to the greatest weakness. Folk have saying, ―It is of great importance of eating and whether the food is delicious or not depends on taste‖, this is the pursuit of delicious make us ignore the real meaning of dinner. European is represented the western, also, his culture has a long history. In the middle ages, the European culture has very perfect, during this period; the old western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: most food with flour primarily, raw material also more abundant, its production method is simple, but also in China pays much attention to taste. China's five mixed cookery aims to pursue delicious, its processing process of hot fried and long time of fire, this can make dishes nutrients were damaged. (Lin Lirui, 2009) In western countries, especially in 1960s, appearing the emergence of modern cooking thought, with particular emphasis on health care, reduce weight, thus less oil, emphasize the pursuit of light by fresh materials, emphasizing the cooking process of nutrients and maintain the original taste, so the vegetables are basically raw. So says the heavy nutrition in western diet is universal. 2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objects Westerners believe that cuisine is the longing, so only eat of meat, chicken this "hard food"; While Chinese cuisine is "taste". So the Chinese cooking with makings also show great randomness, many westerners as something is the outcast, this in China are excellent raw material, foreign chefs can't handle this things, but to a Chinese chef hands, this can turn decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in the wide randomness of materials. According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese eat vegetables have more than 600 specious, it is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, only in holidays or volunteers at the higher living standards, it can enters the usual diet, so since ancient times, we will have saying of "food feed", food feed is the dominant statement in our usual diet. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism. (Yang Naiji, 1993) Westerners in introducing the food characteristic of their own country, they feel more attention about reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. They have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food. Although the taste is common, saving time and the nutrition is good. So in common, human body of their country is stronger than Chinese: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But Chinese appears narrow skinny, short legs and the color is yellow. Someone according to the obvious differences in characteristic of western diet object, the Chinese character known as the plants, the Western character known as animals. 2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware and etiquette 2.3.1 Diet manner Chinese and Western food is quite different from the way that such differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, any of the feast, whatever the purpose, there will be only one form, that is, we were sitting around, sharing one seat. The banquet must use the round table; this formally has created one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the object which table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of people sentiments exchange intermedium. People propose a toast of each other for food, vegetables, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity. Duo Xiaoping said that: ―Although from the health perspective, this kind of food have obvious deficiency, it meets the general mind of happy in our national, reflects the influence thoughts to offspring about Chinese classical philosophy, facilitate the emotional communicated of collective, and yet difficult to reform‖.( Duo Xiaoping, 2005: 12) Freedom westerner is individual serving when they eating, the first is the point of all the food, they can eat what something, and it also showed respect for the West on the personality. After serving up, people eat the entire various one and their random add spices, the second course dish to eat after eating, before and after the two never mixed vegetables to eat. The most popular form of buffet in western is individual eating, incompatible interference, and lack of the emotional appeal for chat with each other. In the western-style banquets, food and wine are very important, but in fact it is setoff. The core of banquet in friendship, through the conversation with neighbors, in order to achieve the friendship. If the companionship of party is compared with dance, then it can be said that Chinese banquet is like collective dance, and western banquet is like dancing between women and men. Therefore, the purpose of companionship is obvious between Chinese banquet and western banquet, only Chinese banquet more reflected in all guest, and western banquet more reflected the friendship between adjacent guests. And Chinese food is more obvious differences between them were western popular buffet. This method is: we need display all the food, should not fixed in his seat to eat, you can walk freedom, this method in favor of the emotional communicated between individuals, not speak all the words on the table, this also showed respect for the personality and self. Therefore, in the final analysis is differences between perceptual and rationality. However, the difference seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance and taste, they pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after the experience of SARS. Also, because of people are more and more busy with job, they think when doing the Chinese food is too much trouble, not equal convenient to come a hamburger and so on. So in dietary the differences were not too clear. 2.3.2 Diet tableware In the space of diet tableware, the differences are more obvious. As we know, Chinese people including some Asian countries, use chopsticks, spoon, when they have a meal also use bowl to fill. But how about westerners? They are fill food use plate, to use a knife and fork to eat, there are specialized spoon to drink soup. Chopsticks and knife, fork as two kinds of representative tableware for the east and west, they affected the different lifestyle of eastern and western, representing two kinds of different wisdom. As we know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks, it was originally the ancient nomadic origin and the European lifestyle; they carry knives for live, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After settle the city, the knives and forks into the family kitchen, at this time, people just do not have to carry them. However, only about the 18th century, there was found the fork for four fork. Therefore, western people using a knife and fork, just four or five hundred years of history. Compared with the simple chopsticks, the type of knife and fork much more, knife and fork belong to the special tools, but because of this "special" often show "great wisdom appears stupid", so they are often ignored by their people. Different people have different views, it is difficult to draw the conclusions that the relationship of thinking method between chopsticks and knife and fork. However, there is scientific basis of use of chopsticks is better training your thinking ability. From a physiological point of view, Hu Wenzhong has made a study of chopsticks, he found that when you eating with chopsticks, it affect the human body of thirty joints and fifty muscles, there by stimulating the activity of brain systems, it brings agility and quick thinking.(Hu Wenzhong, 1999) And there is no doubt that the chopsticks have the scientific principles. 2.3.3 Diet etiquette In etiquette, both in the west and Chinese are even more different. In ancient China, during people have the dinner, they have a set of unnecessary and over elaborate formalities. When people eat together, not just eat their own interests. If you eat with others, you must check the hands clean. Do not put extra food into the pot, and do not post occupied food. After dinner, guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table, take them to the master, then the master get off, you should request them do not work, then the guests sit down again. Some of this ritual is essential in modern manners. In the west banquet, the master generally folder the dish only once for the guests, and the remaining self-consumption by the guests, if guests do not eat, you should not let them to eat, according to the habit of Chinese, people are not frequently provide guests to drink and take the food. When people eating, do not make the noise, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the food by the master. If talking to people, only overstated with your neighbors, do not talk to people with the distance. 2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature From the different concepts, the western diet tends to scientific and rational, Chinese food tends to artistic and emotional. After cooking the delicious food, diet was originally designed to supply a life-sustaining nutrition. Li Mingying said: ―the focus of the western diet custom raw diet is just an extension of utility, and customs of the Chinese diet's emphasis on flavor, put the food into the art. We can see the point from two different diet concepts, the western diet is increasing normalization, and the Chinese diet is more randomness. ( Li Mingying, 1997: 03) Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture 3.1 The impact of the geographical environment China is the closed continental geographical, this environment limited the thinking of the Chinese people within the local community, they good at summing up the experiences and lessons from their predecessors, they like ―history as a mirror‖, and their spatial awareness is weak. (Bian Haoyu, 2004) This mentality of inward-looking led to the Chinese people have the personality of stability and quiet, they lack of curiosity about the new things, and also they lack of interest in the unknown things. So the Chinese diet food is more have the regional characteristics, different places have the different favorite food to eat, the north have the lower temperature than south, especially in the winter, the weather is very cold, so in the diet of the north, a large proportion of fat and protein in the food, especially in pastoral areas, the food of pastoralists is majority of milk and meat, also they like eating noodles. And the food diet of southerners is based on the plant, the residents have the habit of drinking soup and eat porridge, no matter if the food has been put on, they must be the first to eat soup, drink soup before eating a bit, after fond, they also have another bowl of soup to drink, this to be considered as eating a meal. And they mainly eat rice. The majority of western countries are in the open ocean environment of geography, they developed industry and seafaring, since the ancient Greece, they have valued the study of natural objects, and they exploring the mysteries of the natural heritage. At the same time, the marine environment, mountain tsunami, unrest, this all constitutes the personality of the western nation pay attention to the space expansion and military conquest. So westerners have a scientific attitude of the food diet, this also very standard and arbitrary, and they like to eat the meat food. 3.2 The impact of the economic system Marx once said: ―Ideas of consciousness is initially directly with people produce the material activity, and people's physical contact and the reality of language intertwined production.‖ (Marx, 1972: 89) This point of view clear expressed the symbiotic isomorphism relations between the cultural and economic activity. Peter, Koslowski also said that, ―the most important economic behavior is decided by the cultural, their cultural engraved with cultural cachet.‖(Peter, Koslowski, 1999: 229) The real economic growth depends on the culture. The traditional economy of China is a typical self-sufficient economy. People are more law-abiding and conservative, because they can live for the whole life rely on a piece of land. And their culture is more introverted. Moreover, China’s ancient civilization originated in the river basin, it belongs the agricultural civilization, "agricultural civilization character" inspired the Asian emphasis on ethics, and the principle of life is ―harmony, and love for the high‖. In the ancient China, people are still more poor rather than the western countries, at that time, the lower people just required eat their fill and wear the warm clothes, the Chinese people in the old ancient, because without something to eat and drink, a lot of people and children are being starved to death. You can not image the horror in that time. Followed the progress and development of the social, people have been get the basic meet in terms of food, they do not worried just because they have not enough food to eat, on the other hand, people are paying attention to the nutrition of diet food, and trying to convince themselves to eat more healthy, more nutrition, so now there have been many so-called food therapy. The ancient Greek civilization of the west is originated in the Aegean coast, belongs to the Marine civilization, besides Europe's farming is not far as China's agriculture as important in ancient society, so the Europeans like to explore the world, and their cultural is more comparative extroversion. Lai Anfang is mentioned in the book of <>, ―pursuit of freedom and equality has been the guiding principles and goal of the western culture.‖(Lai Anfang, 2004: 229) And through the industrial revolution, the western countries is early enter into the industry economy, "industrial civilization character" contributed to the westerners have stronger struggle spirit and legal consciousness to protect one’s own interest. These also can manifest in their eating habits. Conclusion The differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture is obvious, and they have their own strengths. Followed the economic globalization and the accelerated flow of information changes, Chinese and western food culture will be continued integration in the collision, complement each other in the fusion. Chinese food now has begun focus on food, nutrition, health, the science of cooking, western food also begun to develop from the realm of Chinese food’s color, smell, taste and meaning. Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world. Bibliography Leslie ,White. 1949. The science of culture. New York: Random. Peter, Koslowski. 1999. Post-modernism culture. Ludwig Maximilian Muenchen University. 卞浩宇,2004, <论中西饮食文化的差异>>。南京: 南京林业大学学报。 陈华文, 2001, <文化学概论>>。上海: 上海文艺出版社。 党冰花, 2010, <中西饮食文化差异刍论>>。重庆: 科技学院学报。 多晓萍,2005, <从饮食角度浅析中西文化>>。兰州: 兰州工业高等专科学校学报。 胡文仲,1999, <中英文华习俗比较>>。北京: 外语教学与研究出版社。 李明英,1997, <社会习俗与饮食文化>>。锦州: 锦州师范学院学报。 李晓红, 2010, <浅谈中西方饮食文化差异>>。河北: 时代文学。 林丽瑞, 2009, <中西方饮食文化之比较>>。上海: 消费导刊。 来安方, 2004, <英美概况>>。河南: 河南人民出版社。 [德] 马克思、恩格斯, 1972, <马克思恩格斯全集>>第3卷。北京: 人民出版社。 孙伟学, 2004, <美国文化>>。北京: 文化艺术出版社。 杨乃济, 1993, <民以食为天—中西饮食文化漫谈>>。北京: 中国国情国力期刊。 邹广文,1998, <人类文化的流变与整合>>。长春: 吉林人民出版社。 课 程 论 文 系(院) 题目 论中西饮食文化的差异 学生姓名 班 级 ***** 学 号 完 成 日 期 年月日 Abstract Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, and attribution. We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'. For such a standard fair, western culture (in particular, modern American culture) can be said to be male and female culture. But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture. Key Words: dietary culture; cultural tradition; differences 摘 要 饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需,可是由于中西方文化传统的差异,导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式与归属方面产生了差异,研究这些差异,找出可以融会贯通的地方,促进中西文化交流。台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。就这样的标准而论,西方文化(特别是近代美国式的文化)可说是男女文化,而中国可说是一种饮食文化。”由于文化传统的缘故,西方人的人生倾向男女关系,而中国人由于对男女关系的褊狭,把人生精力倾泄导向于饮食。由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵,虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达,但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果,所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析,我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统;同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。 关键词:饮食文化;文化传统;区别 Outline Introduction 1. Difference in concepts 1.1 Western diet is a national and scientific concept. 1.2 Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet. 2. Differences in targets 2.1 Chinese diet is always done with vegetables 2.2 Meat is the main dish in western country 3. Differences in Dietary Patterns 3.1 In china,people often sit together to share one feast, which shows a mutual respect between people. 3.2 In western countries,people pay more attention to entertainment which shows a western personality and self-respect. 4. Differences in Diet Attribution 4.1 Western diet tends to be scientific and rational. 4.2 Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental. Conclusion On Differences Between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures Introduction Once there is a saying that As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristic. The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic; such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture. Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures. I Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts. Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured. It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day. Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition. And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine. The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere. In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials. But no matter how luxurious the grade is; from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of. And as dishes, the chicken is chicken; steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish. In a dish of Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet. When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit. This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive. Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste. The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish. The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs. II Differences in targets All diet cannot be done without vegetables. The word Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish; it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists. They deem animals as Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit. They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation. Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement. There are more meat dishes in their lives. Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals. When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China. The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition. Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles; but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak. The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified. Mr. Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition. In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish. So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition. And the transfer will not carry out in a short time. According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character. In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict; but the Chinese people only like to live banally. According to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions on the III Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. Cate are in the center of the table. It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication. People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity. Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect. However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste. Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. IV Differences in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution. Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental. During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry. And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor. Cooking is from diet; the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition. Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality. The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field. Mencius said: improvement of life. Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm, in fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom. It is characterized by randomness. For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation. Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor. And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy. It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety; we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine. Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes. Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before. Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes. But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors. It is the arbitrariness of skills. In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific. Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation. Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science. Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science. The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine. There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures. But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the Conclusion By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures. But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization. Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe. Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries’ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue. So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other's advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding. China is the country of a long history with an ancient culture, and enriching in cultural traditions. She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive; in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures. Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World. China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges. We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture. This work can make the world to know China better and let China go to the world. Bibliography [1] 安静.解读美国[M]. 北京:中国旅游出版社,2007. [2] 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 2005. [3] 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994. [4] 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003. [5] 刘玫君,陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2005. [6] 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001. [7] 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004. [8] 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004. [9] 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳:贵州民族出版社,2004. [10] 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社,2007. [11] 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京:中国戏剧出版社, 2005. [12] 徐先玲,李祖状.中国饮食文化[M].北京:中国戏剧出版社, 2005. [13] 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000. [14] 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京:北京台海出版社, 2002. [15] 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003. [16] 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000. [17] 张起钧.烹饪原理[M].北京: 中国轻工业出版社 ,2000. 转载请注明出处范文大全网 » 中西饮食文化差异论文范文三:中西饮食文化的差异 论文
范文四:中西饮食文化的差异(学士论文)
范文五:论中西饮食文化差异论文