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范文一：英文版的化学有关词汇
英文版的化学有关词汇
Angular methyl group 角甲基
Alkylidene group 亚烷基
Allyl group 烯丙基
Allylic 烯丙型 [的 ]
Phenyl group 苯基
Aryl group 芳基
Benzyl group 苄基
Benzylic 苄型 [的 ]
Activating group 活化基团
Chromophore 生色团
Auxochrome 助色团
Magnetically anisotropic group 磁各向异性基团 Smally ring 小环
Common ring 普通环
Medium rimg 中环
Large ring 大环
Bridged-ring system 桥环体系
Spiro compound 螺环化合物
Helical molecule 螺旋型分子
Octahedral compound 八面体化合物
Conjugation 共轭
Conjugated-system 共轭体系
Acyl cation 酰 [基 ]正离子
Benzylic cation 苄 [基 ]正离子 Arenirm ion 芳 [基 ]正离子
Ketyl radical 羰自由基
Radical ion 自由基离子
Radical cation 自由基正离子 Radical anion 自由基负离子 Isomerism 异构 [现象 ]
Aci form 酸式
Fluxional structure 循变结构 Stereochemistry 立体化学
Optical activity 光学活性
Dextro isomer 右旋异构体
Laevo isomer 左旋异构体 Tetrahedral configuration 四面体构型 Stereoisomerism 立体异构 [现象 ] Asymmetric atom 不对称原子 Asymmetric carbon 不对称碳 Pseudoasymmetric carbon 假不对称碳 Phantom atom 虚拟原子
Homotopic 等位 [的 ]
Heterotopic 异位 [的 ]
Enantiotopic 对映异位 [的 ] Diastereotopic 非对映异位 [的 ] Configuration 构型
Absolute configuration 绝对构型
Chirality 手性
Chiral 手性 [的 ]
Chiral center 手性中心
Chiral molecule 手性分子
Achiral 非手性 [的 ]
Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式
Neoman projection 纽曼投影式
D-L system of nomenclature D-L 命名体系 R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S 命名体系 Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence 顺序规则 Symmetry factor 对称因素
Plane of symmetry 对称面
Mirror symmetry 镜面对称
Enantiomer 对映 [异构 ]体
Diastereomer 非对映 [异构 ]体
Epimer 差向异构体
Anomer 端基 [差向 ]异构体
Erythro configuration 赤型构型
Erythro isomer 赤型异构体
Threo configuration 苏型构型
Threo isomer 苏型异构体
Trigonal carbon 三角型碳
Cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构
E isomer E 异构体
Z isomer Z 异构体
Endo isomer 内型异构体
Exo isomer 外型异构体
Prochirality 前手性
Pro-R group 前 R 基团
Pro-S proup 前 S 基团
Re face Re 面
Si face Si 面
Racemic mixture 外消旋混合物 Racemic compound 外消旋化合物 Racemic solid solution 外消旋固体溶液 Meso compound 内消旋化合物
Quasi recemate 准外消旋体 Conformation 构象
Conformational 构象分析
Torsion angle 扭转角
Rotamer 旋转异构体
Anti conformation 反式构象
Bisecting conformation 等分构象
Anti periplanar conformation 反叠构象
Synperiplanar conformation 顺叠构象
Synclinal conformation 反错构象
Synclinal conformation 顺错构象
Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象
Gauche conformation, skew con-formation 邻位交叉构象 Staggered conformation 对位交叉构象
Steric effect 空间效应
Steric hindrance 位阻
Atropismer 阻转异构体
Puckered ring 折叠环
Conformational inversion 构象反转
Chair conformation 椅型构象
Boat conformation 船型构象
Twist conformation 扭型构象
Skew boat conformation 扭船型构象
Half-chair conformation 半椅型构象
Pseudorotation 假旋转
Envelope conformation 信封 [型 ]构象 Axial bond 直 [立 ]键
Equatorial bond 平 [伏 ]键
Cisoid conformation 顺向构象
Transoid conformation 反向构象 Retention of configuration 构型保持 Regioselectivity 区域选择性 Regiospecificity 区域专一性 Stereocelectivity 立体选择性 Stereospecificty 立体专一性
Conformer 构象异构体
Conformational effect 构象效应
Cram’s rube 克拉姆规则
Prelog’rule 普雷洛格规则 Stereochemical orientation 立体 [化学 ]取向 Conformational transmission 构象传递 Homolog 同系物
Ipso position 本位
Ortho position 邻位
Meta position 间位
Para position 对位
Amphi position 远位
Peri position 近位
Trigonal hybridization 三角杂化 Molecular orbiral method 分子轨道法 Valence bond method 价键法 Delocalezed bond 离域键
Cross conjugation 交叉共轭
Vinylog 插烯物
Mesomeric effect 中介效应 Resonance 共振
Resonance effect 共振效应 Hyperconjugation 超共轭
Isovalent hyperconjugation 等价超共轭 No-bond resonance 无键共振 Aromaticity 芳香性
Aromatic sexter 芳香六隅
Huckel’rule 休克尔规则 Paramagnetic ring current 顺磁环电流 Diamagnetic ring cruuent 抗磁环电流 Homoaromaticity 同芳香性 Antiaromaticity 反芳香性
Alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃
Non-alternant hydrocarbon 非交替烷 Pericyclic reaction 周环反应
Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环 [化 ]重排 Conrotatory 顺旋
Disroatatory 对旋
Cycloaddition 环加成
Symmetry forbidden-reaction 对称禁阻反应 Synfacial reaction 同面反应
Antarafacial reaction 异面反应
Mobius system 默比乌斯体系
Leois structure 路易斯结构
Coordinate-covalent bond 配位共价键
Banana bond 香蕉键
Pauling electronegativity scale 鲍林电负性标度 Polarizability 可极化性
Inductive effect 诱导效应
Field effect 场效应
Electrical effect 电场效应
tautomerism 互变异构
Tautomerization 互变异构化
Keto-enol tautomerism 酮 -烯醇互变异构 Phenol-keto tautomerism 酚 -酮互变异构
Imine-enamine atutomerism 亚胺 -烯胺互变异构
Ring-chain tautomerism 环 -链互变异构
Valence tautomerism 价互变异构
Ambident 两可 [的 ]
Solvent effect 溶剂效应
Acid-base catalyxed reaction 酸性溶剂
Basic solvent 碱性溶剂
Dielectric constant 介电常数
Solvated electron 溶剂化电子
Acid-base catalyzed reaction 酸碱催化反应
Conjugate base 共轭酸
Conjugate base 共轭碱
Therm odynamic acidity 热力学酸度
Kinetic acidity 动力学酸度
Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomplex 电子给 [体 ]受体络合物 Host 主体
Guest 客体
Primary isotope effect 一级同位素效应
Secondary isotope effect 二级同位数效应
Inverse isotope effect 逆同位素效应
Kinetic control 动力学控制
Thermodynamic control 热力学控制
Substrate 底物
Intermediate 中间体
Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体 Microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性 Hammond postulate 哈蒙德假说 Linear free energy 线性自由能
Non-bonded interaction 非键相互作用 Torsional effect 扭转效应
Pitzer strain 皮策张力
Restricted rotation 阻碍旋转
Eclipsing effect 重叠效应
Eclipsing strain 重叠张力
Small-angle strain 小角张力
Large angle strain 大角张力 Transannular interaction 跨环相互作用 Transannular strain 跨环张力
I strain 内张力
F strain 前张力
B strain 后张力
Anomeric effect 端基异构效应 Walden inversion 瓦尔登反转 Racemization 外消旋化
Aminomercuration 氨汞化
Abstraction 夺取 [反应 ]
Internal abstraction 内夺取 [反应 ] Rearrangement 重排
Prototropic rearrangement 质了转移重排 Double bond migration 双键移位
Allylic migration 烯丙型重排
Allylic migration 烯丙型迁移
Ring contraction 环缩小 [反应 ]
Ring expansion,ring enlargement 扩环 [反应 ] -ketol rearrangement -酮醇重排
Pinacol rearrangement 频哪醇重排 Retropinacol rearrangement 逆频哪醇重排 Semipinacol rearrangement 半频哪醇重排 Benzilic rearrangement 二苯乙醇酸重排 Acyl rearrangement 酰基重排
Migratory aptitude 迁移倾向
Transannular insertion 跨环插入 Transannular rearrangement 跨环重排 Migration 迁移
Prototropy 质子转移
Cationotropic rearrangement 正离子转移重排
Anionotropy 负离子转移
Anionotropic rearrangement 负离子转移重排 Sigmatropic rearrangement -迁移重排 Homosigmatropic rearrangement 同迁移重排 Electrophilic rearrangement 亲电重排 Photosensitization 光敏化
Forbidden transition 禁阻跃迁 photooxidation 光氧化
Photoisomerization 光异构化 Photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排 2. 4 有机化合物类名
Aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物 Hpdrocarbon 碳氢化合物
Alkane 烷
Wax 蜡
Paraffin wax 石蜡
Alkene 烯
Alkyen 炔
Acetylide 炔化物
Active hydrogen compounds 活泼氢化合物 Carbon acid 碳氢酸
Super acid 超酸
Diene 双烯
Triene 三烯
Allene 丙二烯
Ccumulene 累积多烯
Enyne 烯炔
Diyne 二炔
Alkyl halide 卤代烷
Alcohol 醇
Homoallylic alcohol 高烯丙醇
Ether 醚
Epoxide 环氧化物
Cellosolve 溶纤剂
Crown ether 冠醚
Netro compound 硝基化合物
Amine 胺
Quaternaryammonium com-pound 季铵化合物 Amine oxide 氧化胺
Diazoalkane 重氮烷
Mercaptan 硫醇
Sulfonic acid 磺酸
Sulfoxide 亚砜
Sulfone 砜
Aldehyde 醛
Detone 酮
Aldehyde hydrate 醛水合物 Ketone hydrate 酮水合物 Hemiacetal 半缩醛
Acetal 缩醛
Ketal 缩酮
Dithiane 二噻烷
Aminal 缩醛胺
imine 亚胺
Aldimine 醛亚胺
Oxime 肟
Aldimine 醛肟
Oxime 亚硝基化合物 aldoxime 硝酮
Hydrazone 腙
Azine 嗪
Semicarbazone 缩氯基脲 Cyanohydrin 羟腈
Pinacol 频哪醇
Enol 烯醇
Enol ether 烯醇醚
Enol ester 烯醇酯
Enamine 烯胺
Ynamine 炔胺
Mannich base 曼尼希碱 Carboxylic acid 羧酸
Ester 酯
orthoester 原酸酯
Acyl halide 酰卤
Acyl fluoride 酰氟
Acyl chloride 酰氯
Acyl rtomide 酰溴
Acyl iodide 酰碘
Carbobenzoxy chloride 苄氧甲酰氯 Acyl tosylate 酰基对甲苯磺酸酐 Ketene 乙烯酮
Peracid 过酸
Perester 过酸酯
Acyl peroxide 酰基过氧化物 Nitrile 腈
Nitrile oxide 氧化腈
Isonitrile 异腈
Amide 酰胺
Imide 二酰亚胺
N-bromo compound N-溴化物 Hydrazide 酰肼
Acyl azide 酰叠氮
Amidine 脒
Keto ester 酮酸酯
Acyl cyanide 酰腈
Carbon suboxide 二氧化三碳 Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸 Carbammic acid 氨基甲酸 Carbamate 氨基甲酸酯
Urea 脲
Cyanamide 氨腈
Carbodiimide 碳二亚胺 Allophanate 脲基甲酸酯 Thioester 硫代酸酯
Thiol acid 硫羰酸
Lactone 内酯
Lactol 内半缩醛
Macrolide 大环内酯
Amino acid 氨基酸
Zwitterions 两性离子
Inner salt 内盐
Betaine 甜菜碱
Lactam 内酰胺
Hydantion 乙内酰脲
Peptide 肽
Glycol 二醇
Aldol 羟醛
Acyloin 偶姻
Carbohydrate 碳水化合物
Aldose 醛糖
Ketose 酮糖
Furanose 呋喃糖
Pyranose 吡喃糖
Glycoside 糖苷
Glucoside 葡 [萄 ]糖苷
Aglycon 苷元
Saccharide 糖类
Oligosaccharide 寡糖 Polysaccharide 多糖
Alditol 糖醇
Osazone 脎
Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物
Cycloalkene 环烷
Spirane 环烯
Cage compound 螺烷 Propellane 笼型化合物 Rotazane 螺桨烷
Catenane 轮烷
Rused ring 索烃
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最后登录 :2009-02-25 小 中 大 Aromatic compound 稠环化合物 Arene 芳香化合物 Alkylbenzene 芳烃
Bibenzyl 烷基苯
Aiaryl 联苄
Biphenyl 联芳
Biphenyl 联苯
Indene 茚
Fluorene 芴
fulvene 富烯
cyclophane 环芳
Acene 并苯
Helicene 螺旋烃
Aryne 芳炔
Annulene 烨烯
Dewar benzene 杜瓦苯 Benzvalene 盆苯
Barrelene 桶烯
Azulene ?
Diazo compound 重氮化合物 diazonium salt 重氮盐 Diazohydroxide 重氮氢氧化物 Azo cimpound 偶氮化物
Hydrazo compound 氢化偶氮化物 Azoxy compound 氧化偶氮化合物 Phenol 酚
Hydroquinone 氢醌
Quinhydrone 醌
Quinhydrone 醌氢醌
Semiquinone 半醌
Benzoin 苯偶姻
Benzil 偶苯酰
Heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物 Furan 呋喃
Pyrrole 吡咯
Thiophene 噻吩
Porphyrin 卟啉
Pyridene 吡啶
Piperidine 哌啶
Oxazole ?唑
Azlactone 二氢?唑酮
Pyrazole 吡唑
Imidazole 咪唑
Thiazole 噻唑
Oxazine ?嗪
Diazine 二嗪
Diketopiperazine 哌嗪二酮 Sydnone 悉尼酮
Triazole 三唑
Triazine 三嗪
Indole 吲哚
Quinoline 喹啉
Isoquinoline 异喹啉
Flavone 黄酮
Isoflavone 异黄酮
Chalcone 查耳酮
Azepine 氮杂?
Addition compound 加合化合物 Organometallic 有机金属化合物 Grignard reagent 格氏试剂 Ferocene 二?铁
Sandwich compound 夹心化合物
Chloroborane 氯硼烷 Phosphine 膦 Phosphonium salt ?盐 Arsine 胂
Ylide 叶立德
Nitrogen ylide 氮叶立德 Sulfur ylide 硫叶立德 Phosphorus ylide 磷叶立德 Arsenic ylide 砷叶立德 Lipid 类脂 Phospholipid 磷脂 Essential oil 精油 Terpene 萜
Monoterpene 单萜 Sesquiterpene 倍半萜 Diterpene 二萜
Triterpene 三萜
carotene 胡萝卜素
Steroid 甾族化合物 Sex hormone 性激素 Pheromone 信息素 Phytohormone 植物激素
Alkaloid 生物碱
2. 5 有机化学分析和方法
Charge-transfer spectrum 电荷转移光谱 Chemical shift reagent 化学位移试剂 Polarized light 偏振光
Specific rotation 比旋光
Molar rotation 摩尔旋光
Circularly polarized light 圆偏振光 Optical rotatory dispersion 旋光色散 Circular dichroism 圆二色性
Octant rule 八区规则
Cotton effect 卡滕效应
Plain curve 平坦曲线
Resolution 拆分
Optical purity 光学纯度
Enantiomeric excess,ee 对映体过量 Diasteromeric excess,de 非对映体过量 Synthesis 合成
Retrosynthesis 逆合成
Total synthesis 全合成
Formal synthesis 中继合成
Partial synthesis 部分合成
Relay synthesis 接替合成
Tandem reaction sequence 连续反应过程 Synthon 合成子
Chiron,chiral building block 手性子 Asymmetric synthesis 不对称合成 Asymmetric induction 不对称诱导 Optical induction 光学诱导
Chiral induction 手性诱导
Chiral reagent 手性试剂
Chiral catalyst 手性催化剂
Chiral solvent 手性溶剂
Chiral auxiliary [reagent] 手性助剂 Topochemistry 拓扑化学
Biomimetic synthesis 仿生合成 Protecting group 保护基
Umpolung 极反转
Linear synthesis 线性合成
Convergent synthesis 汇集合成
03. 分 析 化 学
03. 1 一般术语
Qualitative analysis 定性分析 Quantitative analysis 定量分析
Chemical analysis 化学分析
Instrumental analysis 仪器分析
Classical analysis 经典分析
Systematic analysis 系统分析
Routine analysis 常规分析
Referee analysis,arbitration ana-lysis 仲裁分析 Macro analysis 常量分析
Semimicro analysis,meso analysis 半微量分析 Mcro analysis 微量分析
Ultramicro analyisis,submicro analysis 超微量分析 Trace analysis 痕量分析
Ultratrace analysis 超痕量分析
Wet method,wet way 湿法
Dry mithod,dry way 干法
Indirect mithod 间接法
Reagent 试剂
Reagent grade 试剂级别
Guaranteed reagent,G.R. 保证试剂
Analytical reagent,A.R. 分析纯
Chimically pure,C.P. 化学纯
Identification 鉴定
Detection 检出
Confirmatory test 证实试验 Determination 测定 Measurement 测量
Separation 分离
Calibration 校准
Correction 校正
Recovery 回收
Mesh [筛 ]目
Sampling 取样
Quartering 四分 [法 ]
Sample 试样
Reference material,RM 标准物质 Primary standard 一级标准 Secondary standard 二级标准 Selectivity 选择性
Selective reagent 选择 [性 ]试剂 Specific reagent 特效试剂 Mole 摩尔
Stock solution 储备溶液
Test solution 试液
Fusion 熔融
Rlux 熔剂
Air drying 风干
Weighing 称量
Constant weight 恒量
Aliquot 等分部分
Residue 残渣
Ash 灰分
Misture content 含湿量
Cleaning solution 洗涤液
Mauor constituent 主成分
Minor constituent 少量成分
Trace constituent 痕量成分
Trial-and error method 尝试法
Analytical balance 分析天平
Single pan balance 单盘天平
Air-damped balance [空气 ]阻尼天平 Electronic balance 电子天平
Semimicro [analytical]balance 半微量天平 Micro[analytical]balance 微量天平 Ultramicro[analytical ]balance 超微量天平 Torsion balance 扭力天平
Weights 砝码
Rider 游码
Filter paper 滤纸
Test paper 试纸
PH paper PH 试纸
Erlenmeyer flask 锥形瓶
Volumetric flask [容 ]量瓶
Weighing bottle 称量瓶
Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗
Sintered-glass filter crucible [烧结 ]玻璃砂 [滤 ]?锅 Iven,drying over 烘箱
Water bath 水浴
Hot plate 电热板
Magnetic stirrer 洗瓶
Iodine flask [电 ]磁搅拌器
Iodine flaski 碘瓶
Reagent bottle 试剂瓶
03. 2 化学计量学
Chemometrics 化学计量学
Accuracy 准确度
Sensitivity 灵敏度
Precision 精密度
Repeatability 重复性
Reproducibility 再现性
Detection limit 检出限 Determination limit 测定限 Signal-noise ratio 信噪比 Background 背景
Blank 空白
Uncertainty 不确定度 Tolerance limitc 容许限 Confidence limit 置信限 Confidence interval 置信区间 Confidence coefficient 置信系数 Population 总体
Sample 样本
individual 个体
Random variable 随机变量 Fixed variable 固定变量 Standardization 标准化 Friquency 频数
Histogram 直方图
Frequency distribution 频数分布 Class interval 组距
Probability 概率
Probability density 概率密度
Nirmal distribution 正态分布
Nonnormal distribution,abnormal distribution 非正态分布 Log transformation 对数变换
Normalization 正态化
F-distribution F 分布
t-distribution T 分布
X2-distribution X2分布
Binomial distribution 二项式分布
Poisson’s distribution 泊松分布
Uniform distritution 均匀平布
True value 真值
Value of expectation 期望值
Observed value,measured value 观测值
Unbiased estimator 无偏估计值
Sample value 样本值
Population mena 总体 [平 ] 均值
Sample mean 样本 [平 ]均植
Veighted mean 加权 [平 ]均植
Median 中位值
Variability 变异性
Variation within laboratory 组内变异性
Variation between alboratories 组间变异性
Error 误差
Random error 随机误差
Systematical error 系统误差
Bias 偏倚
Gross 过失误差
Absolute error 绝对误差
Relative error 相对误差
Standard eror 标准误差
Deviation 偏差
Residual 残差
Population deviation 总体偏差
Sample deviation 样本偏差
Arithmetic average deviation [算术 ]平均偏差 Standardard deviation 标准 [偏 ]差
Absolute deviation 绝对偏差
Relative deviation 相对偏差
Relative standard deviation 相对标准 [偏 ]差 Pooled standard deviation 合并标准 [偏 ]差 Tolerance error 容许误差
Variance 方差
Population Variance 总体方差
Sample variance 样本方差
Pooled variance 合并方差
Variance within laboratory 组内方差 Variance between laboratories 组间方差 Residual variance 残余方差 Covariance 协方差
Range 极差
Statistical test 统计检验
Hypothesis Test 假设检测 Significance test 显著性检验 Significance level 显著性水平 Significant difference 显著性差异 One-tailed test 单侧检验
Two-atailed test 双侧检验
Test statistic 检验统计量
Parameter test 参数检验 Nonparameter test 非参数检验 Parameter estimation 参数估计
Point estimation 点估计
Interval estimation 区间估计
Null hypothesis 零假设
Alternative hypothesis 备择假设 Critical value 临界值
Acceptance region 接受域
Rejection region 舍弃域
Statistical inference 统计推断
Error of the first kind,type 1error 第一类错误
Error of the second kind,type 2error 第二类错误
Extremum value 极值
Outlier 异常值
Sing test 符号检验
Dixon’s test method 狄克松检验法
Grubbs’test method 格鲁布斯检验法
Cochrane’s test method 柯奇拉检验法
t-test T 检验
F-test F 检验
X2-test,chi-square test X2检验 Homoscedasticity,homogeneity of variance 方差齐性
Sum of squares of residues,resi dual sum of squares 残差平方和 Regression sum of squares 回归平方和
Additivity of sum of squares 平方和加和性
Analysis of variance,ANOVA 方差分析
Cross classification 交叉分组
Multiple comparisons 多重比较
Paired comparison 成对比较
Random factor 随机因素
Fixed factor 固定因素
Controllable factor 可控因素
Level of factor 因素水平
Pseudo leval 拟水平
Factorial effect 因素效应
Main effect 主效应
Two-factor interaction,simple interaction 二因子交互效应 Positive correlation 正相关
Negative correlation 负相关
Correlation test 相关性检验
Correlation analysis 相关分析
Correlation coefficient 相关系数
Total correlationCorrelation 全相关系数
Partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数
Regression analysis 回归分析
Curve fitting 曲线拟合
Least square fitting 最小二乘法拟合
Weighted least square method 加权最小二乘法 Goodness of fit 拟合优度
Regression equation 回归方程
Regression curve 回归曲线
Regression surface 回归曲面
Regression coefficient 回归系数
Partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数 Standar4dized regression coeffi-cient 标准回归系数 Linear regression 线性回归
Non-linear regression 非线性回归
Stepwise regression 逐步回归
Weighted regression 加权回归
Polynomial regression 多项式回归
Parallel displacement of curve 曲线平移 Calibration curve 校正曲线
Linearity range 线性范围
Experimental design 实验设计
Randomized blie 随机区组设计
Factorial experiment 析因实验
Latin square design 拉丁方设计
Orthogonal table,orthogonal layout 正交表 Homogeneous design 均匀设计
Simplex oqtimization 单纯形优化
Simple simplex 基本单纯形
Modified simplex 改进单纯形
Step sixe,step width 步长
Variable step size 可变步长
Reflection 反射
Expansion 扩展
Whole contraction 整体收缩
Optimal estimate 量优估计
Optimal value 最优值
Optimal block design 最优区组设计
Local optimization 局部优化
Constrained optimization 有约束优化 Constrained condition 约束条件 Sequential search 序贯寻优
Gradient search 梯度寻优
Steepest ascent 最速上升法
Steepest descent 最速下降法
Holeen cut method 黄金分割法
Mimimum residual method 最小残差法 Iterative method 迭代法
Recurrence method 递推法
Successive approximate method 逐次近似法 Monte Carlo method 蒙特卡罗法
Quality control 质量控制
Control chart 控制图
Central line,CL 中心线
X-control chart 平均值控制图
R-control chart 极差控制图
Upper alarm limit 上警告限
Lower alarm limit 下警告限
Upper control limit,UCL 下控制限 Lower control limit,LCL 下控制限 Rankom sampling 随机抽样 Proportional sampling 比例抽样 Systematic sampling 系统抽样 Sequential sampling 序贯抽样 Sequential sampling 序贯分析 Sampling inspection 抽样检验
Sample size,sample capacity 样本 [容 ]量 Random sample 随机样本 Randomization 随机化
Raw data 原始数据
Coded data 编码数据
Array 数组
Data handling,data processing 数据处理 Flow chart,flow diagram 程序框图 Significant figrue 有效数字
Rounding off method 修约方法
Round-off error 修约误差
Cluster analysis 聚类分析
Discriminant analysis 判别分析
Factor analysis 因子分析
Generalized standard addition 广义标准加入法 Method 模式识别
Pattern recognition 矩阵
Correlation matrix 相关矩阵
Eigenvector 特征向量
Eigenvalue 特征值
Information 信息
Information content 信息容量
Information efficiency 信息效率
Information profitability 信息效益
Specific information price 信息比价
0. 33 化学分析
Gravimetry,gravimetric analysis 重量分析法 Titrimetry,titrimetric analysis 滴定 [分析 ]法 Titration 滴定
Visual titration 目视滴定 [法 ]
Stepwise titration 分步滴定 [法 ]
Back titration 返滴定 [法 ]
Replacement titration 置换滴定 [法 ]
Linear titration 线性滴定 [法 ]
Logarithmic titration 对数滴定 [法 ]
Non-aqueous titration 非水滴定 [法 ]
Aquametry 测水 [滴定 ]法
Karl Fischer titration 卡尔 •费歇尔滴定 [法 ]
Acid-base titration 酸碱滴定 [法 ]
Acidimetry 酸量法
Alkalimetry 碱量法
Precipitation titration 沉淀滴定 [法 ] Compleximetry,complexometry,complexometric ietration 络合滴定 [法 ] Chil[at]ometry,chel[at]ometric 螯合商定 [法 ]
Redox titration 氧化还原滴定 [法 ]
Mohr mithod 莫尔法
Volhard method 福尔哈德法
Fajans method 法扬斯法
Clear point 澄清点
Argentimetry 银量法
Mercurimetry 汞量法
Cyanometric titration 氰量法
Permanganate titration 高猛酸钾 [滴定 ]法
Dichromate titration 重铬酸钾 [滴定 ]法 Cerimetry,cerimetric titration 铈(IN )量法 Iodimetry,iodometry 碘量法
Bromometry 溴量法
Priodate titration 高碘酸钾 [滴 ]法 Thermometric 热滴定 [法 ]
Thermometric titration 气体分析
Elemental analysis 元素分析
Flow in jection analysis,FIA 流动注射分析 Vilatilization method,evolution method 挥发法 Kjedahl determination 凯氏定氮法
Automatic titration 自动滴定
Ringoven method 环炉法
Drop method 点滴法
Spot test 斑点试验
Brown ting test 棕环试验
Blowpipe test 吹管试验
Borax-bead test 吹管试验
Borax-bead test 硼砂珠试验
Flame test 焰色试验
Bead test 熔珠试验
Marsh test 马什试验
范文二：英文版“老人与海”的英雄特征分析
An Analysis of the Heroic Characteristics in "The Old Man And The Sea"
ABSTRACT
Hemingway was one of the most famous novelists in America. He created a perfect image of Code Hero: Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea which won Hemingway Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the most influential and far-reaching novels of the literary treasure of the world. It’s so widely-read that people consider that “Whatever there is an intellectual, people know Hemingway and nobody knows Hemingway without knowing his works The Old Man and the Sea”. Why the novel is so widely read? Why is it so influential and why is it so loved by the people of different colors and different nations? Surely many factors may contribute to the success of the novel. But the main factor, no doubt, is the touching and unforgettable portrait of the immortal artistic figure, Santiago, a representative of Code Hero.
In the introduction of the essay, I will make a brief description about the contents of this novel and point out the main idea of the novel. The content of the essay is to analyze the characteristics of Code Hero. And then I will set out framework of the essay. The first part of the body is the background information. Through the introduction to Hemingway’s legend life, we find some common points between the author and the old man, and the most familiar point is that both of them have the spirit of Code Hero. In the second part of the body, I will portray the process of his catching Marlin and fighting with the sharks. Then I will analyses the spirit of Code Hero. The spirit is concentrated on four areas: First, never give up hopes in any difficult conditions; secondly, keep daring spirit and never admit defeat in the process of fighting; thirdly, behave heroically in the actual battle; and last, endure the loneliness in the long process of the fighting. The last part of the essay is the conclusion. This paper will analyze the image of the old man, reveal the characteristics of Code Hero, and advocate the spirit of never giving up.
KEY WORDS：The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway, Code Hero, Santiago
OUTLINE
Abstract
Introduction
I.Background Information
1.1 The introduction to the author
1.2 The introduction to the novel background
II.The Introduction to The Old Man and the Sea
III. The study of the heroic characteristics
3.1 Everlasting hope for the future
3.2 Unyielding spirit for facing the challenge
3.3 Heroic behavior in the actual battle
Conclusion
Introduction
The Old Man and the Sea was published in 1952 and was one of Hemingway’s most successful novels which won Hemingway Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.
The novel writes a very simple story which chronicles the adventure of Santiago, based on a true story of a Cuba fisherman. After eighty-four days without catching a fish, Santiago, an old Cuban hooks a giant fish. For two days and two nights the old man holds on while the fish pulls him further and further. Finally he kills the fish and ties it to his skiff. Almost at once, brutal sharks begin to take his price away. He struggles against the sharks with the harpoon, the oar, the knife, the short club. The sharks eat all but the bones of the fish. Half dead with exhaustion, he brings the skeleton home and makes his way to bed and dreams of his golden time.
In the novel, Hemingway creates an immortal artistic figure, Santiago, a representative of Code Hero. Santiago is a poor fisherman who lives alone and has finally lost all will to live. Every day is the same dull, monotonous routine. His wife had died; his only comfort is a boy.
The chief point about Santiago is that he behaves perfectly and honorably, with great courage and endurance. While losing to the sharks the giant fish he has caught, he comes with the message that while man may grow old, and be wholly down on his luck, he can still dare to stick to the rules, persist when he is destroyed, and thus by the manner of his losing to win his victory. I also want to point out that the novel not only describes the fight between human and nature and fate but also indicates Hemingway’s Code Hero getting to its summit. Although the old man in the novel is weak and in the grim fate of pressure, he also shows the spirit of Code Hero.
This paper will analyze the image of the old man, reveal the characteristics of Code Hero, and advocate the spirit of never giving up.
I.Background Information
1.1 The introduction to the author
Ernest Hemingway (1896-1961) was a novelist and short story writer who became one of the best-known American authors in his century. He was famous for his experience and unique artistic style all over the world. According to The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.
Hemingway centers his novels on personal experience and affections. He could not cope with post-war America, and therefore he introduced a new type of character in writing called the “Code Hero”. Hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and the surrounding environment.
Moreover, Hemingway’s creation not only originated from life true to life but superior to life. Hemingway is a realism writer, consequently, copied something mechanically. He was also a master of turning reality into fiction, representing not only what had actually happened but also what logically might happen. He didn’t lay special emphasis by his inner beauty. So Santiago leaved an indelible impression to us. Hemingway once said that The Old Man and the Sea could be in a longer novel. In the novel, he could describe many other villagers and how they made a lively life, how they were educated, how they bore children, and so on. But he omitted all those, only describing, the old man and the process of fishing the Marlin and fighting the sharks. Besides, Hemingway not only reflected real life but also expressed himself in his work. Or, we can say, Hemingway’s creation is superior to life.
However there is a question, “Is Hemingway timid and pessimistic, so that he is committed suicide?” The answer, of course, is “No”, Hemingway suffered much illness and injury and he committed suicide at last. But his suicide cannot show he was timid and pessimistic. On the contrary, he set upon image of braver because he regarded his illness and injury as his “enemy”such as the sharks. He used his life as a weapon, in order to get rid of his “enemy”, he would rather choose to die. He and his “enemy” ended in common ruin.
1.2 The introduction to the novel background
Hemingway defined the Code Hero as “a man with lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful” (The American Tradition in Literature, Page78) . He showed, in his famous phrase for it, “grace under pressure”. In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces death. The code believes in “Nada”, a Spanish word meaning nothing. Along with this, there is nothing after life.
II.The Introduction to The Old Man and the Sea
Hemingway’s view of human nature is that happiness is rare and is found within a man and not in his outside circumstance or surroundings. Hemingway illustrates this in three ways. First, he portrays the human nature of Santiago, the main character, as being one of humility and compassion, full of strength and pride. He is shown not as a gleefully happy man, but one who meets life with a serene, quiet resilience. Second, Santiago’s fellow villagers are shown as shallow, with a narrow view of life compared to his. Their focus on appearances is in sharp contrast to Santiago’s focus on intrinsic values. Third, it will be shown that his rare brand of happiness comes from within.
To Hemingway, the dignity of a man should be so important to that man that he is willing to die for it. Most likely that is the reason Santiago went deep into that sea, following the Marlin, tearing the skin off his hands as he held on to that line. This is also why Santiago risked his life catching the Marlin. Finally, he caught the marlin, he was proud of himself that he so extremely wanted. When the sharks attack the fish, it is as same as the sharks attacking his dignity. This is mostly why an elderly man, armed only with crude weapons would fight many sharks. As the sharks tear apart the Marlin bit by bit, it is as they are tearing apart his dignity bit by bit. That is why Santiago found the courage to fight off sharks to protect his dignity. Hemingway shows that a man will not risk his life for his dignity, then what is in that life to live for? Even though the old man lost the battle with the sharks at the end, “his persistent determination makes him as a perfect Code Hero”(The American Tradition in Literature, Page82) . He had done everything a person possibly could have. Through Santiago Hemingway told us that we are wholly down on our luck and destroyed in the end. Then we should conduct ourselves just like the old
fisherman, not be pessimistic and disappointed but to keep on struggling until we get what we want. That is, undefeated spirit is most important. This is also the normal principle of Hemingway.
I think Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea was Hemingway himself. In The Old Man and the Sea , Hemingway was fond of him and sang high praise of him. He placed his personal experience on the old man and reflected some of his innate characters. Hemingway merged himself with Santiago in thoughts and feelings. The spirit of Santiago lasted and re-embodied on Hemingway. Throughout Santiago, the old man cannot accept the fact that he is getting old and that he slowly casting his strength. Hemingway in reality was having the same problems. He was getting old and things he once did, he no longer could do. Just as Hemingway could not accept that fact, neither could his character: Santiago. In fact, Hemingway utilized his life to show that he was an unconquerable “old lion”.
III. The study of the heroic characteristics
3.1 Everlasting Hope for the Future
One may lose the battle in life, but he can achieve a moral significance after his courage, bravery and ability to endure have been tested. Because hope does not die, power is not off. Even if the hope is slim, we also must try our best to fight for it. The author believes that, hope makes the old man to fight with the Marlin, fight with the sharks and fight with his own will.
At the beginning of the novel, the author portrays the image of the old man. “The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of the neck. The brown blotched of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his cords. But none of these scars were flesh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert”(The Old Man and the Sea, Page1). When we read here, we maybe show our sympathy to the old man and think that he cannot do anything. Further more, Santiago’s life is not in good condition. He lives in a shack in which there is only a bed, one chair and a place on the dirty floor to cook with charcoal. He is so poor that had no “pot of yellow rice and fish to eat”(The Old Man and the Sea, Page2). While sailing for fishing, he has only a bottle of water with him. He leads a lonely life. His wife died leaving him no children.
Except a boy he once taught to fish, he has few friends. It seems that few people care him. What is more, he is a failure in catching fish. For eighty-four days he fished in a skiff without taking a fish. Eighty-four days is a long period of time. Eighty-four days without a fish is very unfortunate for a fisherman. For a weather-beaten, poverty-stricken and lonely old man like Santiago, the misery might be beyond anyone’s intolerance. For a man can tol erate failure, but can’t tolerate continuous failure. Too much failure will sure defeat a man even with strong will. For this reason, we may arrive at the conclusion that Santiago will give up fishing. But to our surprise, the color of the character is brighter in the following, “everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated” (The Old Man and the Sea, Page2).
What makes the old man make such a decision under the difficult condition? Through the man, the author points out —even though life is harder, even the wretched standpoint, “But who knows? Maybe today. Every day is a new day”(The Old Man and the Sea, Page22). This is the hope for the future, never giving up hope for the future.
3.2 Unyielding spirit for facing the challenge
The process of the old man’s fishing is just like the human’s whole life. Everyone in the world lives a hard life and has to face the vast and vast sea, the greedy sharks with sharp tooth, and along with himself is just a boat and his soul that support him live in the world. Facing with the respected but fearsome nature, the human being is so insignificant. However the author has raised such a question: by what the human being should have to live in the work? At the same time, the author answered this question by portraying the way that the old man faces the sea and deals with the sharks alone.
“Just then, watching his lines, he saw one of the projecting green sticks dip sharply.” (The Old Man and the Sea, Page31) A big fish is hooked. At the first round of contest, the old man suppresses his own desire and waits the fish to eat the hook quietly. The old man’s silent sounds reflect his strong desire from the deep heart.
Next is the contest of the strength. The old man “swing with each arm alternately on the cord with all the strength of his arm and the pivoted weight of his body.” But “nothing happened. The fish just moved away slowly and the old man could not raise him an inch.” The fish is so big that can pull away the boat to the wider deep sea. At one side is a very old man, and at the other side is unfathomable sea and unknown injuries, the readers can imagine the picture. Hegel ever said, “The great personality and the degree of firmness can only be measured by those of the opponents.” (The Image in Hemingway’s ‘The Old Man and the Sea’, Page24) The old man’s admirable courage is also demonstrated by the opponent—the sea and the sharks.
When the old man was young, his spirit of daring to be the number one has been accumulated. The author portrays that the old man played the hand game with a great Negrofrom Casablanca who was the strongest man on the docks, “they had gone one day and one night with their elbows on a chalk line on the table and their forearms straight up and their hands gripped tight. Each one was trying to force the other’s hand down onto the table.” “He had unleashed his effort and forced the hand of the negro down and down until it rested on the wood. ” (The Old Man and the Sea, Page57) “He decided that he could beat anyone if he wanted to badly enough and …”(The Old Man and the Sea, Page59) It’s no doubt that, the age of being full of energy and power has gone and the old man is not stronger than ever before. But from the novel we can see that the old man is so eager to regain the power. He pursues what is called a eternal thing—dignity of the human.
3.3 Heroic Behavior in the Actual Battle
Definitely a midget in spiritual couldn’t become an actual giant. If a person has strong will but he takes no actual action, he is still a midget. Santiago doesn’t only have spiritual power, he also prove his power and strength by his action. By describing the process of his fishing the Marlin and fighting with the sharks, Hemingway shows us another characteristic of Santiago as a code hero. That is, to display great tenacity and to show the death—defying spirit in the actual battle.
With his exceeding self-confidence he gets rid of his bad luck and catches the fish which is longer than his skiff. The Marlin is immense and strong. Santiago and the Marlin, neither side is ready to yield. The great fish is also a remarkable and respectable fish. The Marlin is actually towing the skiff behind him. The fish moves steadily and they travels slowly on the calm water.
Then Santiago meets with a more terrible disaster. The sharks spring on the Marlin and want to take his prize away. The old fisherman doesn’t fold his hands and wait for destruction. Instead, he bravely determines to fight them until he dies. Actually the old man’s head is clear and good now. He is full of resolution to fight with them until the sharks. But he knows that there is little hope for him to win since he is so weary and so tired. He knows the failure is inevitable. But he should behave as a man in the battle field. With his blood mashed hands he rams the harpoon down onto the biggest shark, but the shark takes his harpoon away. So he lashes his knife to the butt of one of the oars. Then he takes up the oar with the knife blade snaps. In the dark, groups of sharks spring onto the Marlin. He knows that his triumph is too good to last. But on the other hand, “man is not made for defeat,” (The Old Man and the Sea, Page89) this declaration clearly presents his characteristic as a Code Hero. “This fidelity to what he believes is part of his quixotic gallantry.” In facing so many sharks, Santiago doesn’t show any fear. He pulls himself together and fights the sharks more fiercely.
Conclusion
In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway vividly creates an image of Code Hero. Santiago emerges as a hero who reflects the author’s own life attitude. That is, to fight through the failure is inevitable and to show dignity and grace under pressure. Santiago has strong will, self-confidence and resolution to overcome all kinds of difficulties in his life. Even though he knows that he cannot win the battles, he still tries all his best to fight in order to show his dignity and courage and bravery and skill. He is a failed hero in the battle, though with his fall and failure, he wins our love and respect.
We should not only appreciate the Code Hero but also try to be a man like Code Hero. Especially in the present society, everyone may confront failure, from the study or from the work. What we learn from the Code Hero can help us conduct ourselves well as “bad luck” is coming, that, to show “grace under pressure” (Elegant Demeanor under Heavy Pressure, Page2). We shall never give up hopes in any difficult conditions, keep daring spirit and never admit defeat in the process of fighting.and last, endure the loneliness in the long process of the fighting. If we did that, we can behave like the old man, and no longer be afraid of any difficult things. In our future studying and working, we will overcome difficult problems with the confidence of bounding to win.
范文三：有关万圣节的风俗和来历 英文版
有关万圣节的风俗和来历 英文版
关于万圣节的来历
Halloween (or Halloween) is an annual holiday observed on October 31, which commonly includes activities such as trick-or-treating, attending costume parties, carving jack-o-lanterns, bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films.
Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain, whose original spelling was Samuin (pronounced sow-an or sow-in).The name is derived from Old Irish and means roughly summers end.Snap-Apple Night (1832) by Daniel Maclise.Depicts apple bobbing and divination games at a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland.The name Halloween and many of its present-day traditions derive from the Old English era.
The word Halloween is first attested in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All-Hallows-Even (evening), that is, the night before All Hallows Day.[4] Although the phrase All Hallows is found in Old English (ealra hālgena m?ssed?g, mass-day of all saints), All-Hallows-Even
is itself not attested until 1556.
有关万圣节的风俗
Halloween is a holiday observed 1 on the evening of October 31 in most areas of North America and in some areas of Western Europe. The word “Halloween” comes from “All Hallows Eve.” November 1, “All Hallows Day” (or “All Saints Day”), is a Catholic (天主教的) festival observed in honour 2
of all saints. All Souls Day, observed on November 2 to help purify 3 the spirits of the dead, is also closely linked to Halloween.
Most Halloween customs are based on folk beliefs concerning supernatural (超自然的) forces and spirits of the dead. Halloween
decorations (装饰) are typically images of supernatural beings such as witches, werewolves (狼人) , vampires, goblins (小妖怪) , and ghosts. Images
thought to symbolize bad omens 4 — such as black cats, bats, owls and
spiders — are also commonly used as Halloween decorations. People once believed that ghosts roamed 5 the earth on Halloween. They also thought that all witches met on October 31 to worship 6 the Devil. Today, most people do not believe in ghosts or witches, but these supernatural beings remain symbols of Halloween.
One of the traditions popular on the night of Halloween is trick-or-treat, the main Halloween activity for most children in the United States. Britain imported 7 the custom from America in the early 1980s. On Halloween many children wear ghost costumes 8 and masks or witches hats and go from door to door to ask their neighbors for candy by saying “Trick or Treat!” The saying implies that if the people in the house give the children a “treat” then the children will not play a trick on them. The neighbors, to avoid having tricks played on them, give the children such treats as candy, fruit, and pennies.
The most celebrated Halloween decoration is the jack-o-lanterm (把南
瓜挖空并雕成人面开形的杰克灯) , traditionally a pumpkin (南瓜) that has
been hollowed out and carved 9 to resemble a grotesque (奇形怪状的) face.
Most jack-o-lanterns contain a candle or some other light, which makes the face visible from far away. People in England and Ireland once carved out beets (甜菜根) , potatoes, and turnips (芜菁) to use as lanterns on Halloween.
After this custom reached America pumpkins began to be used.
Dressing in costume is also one of the most popular Halloween customs,
especially among children. Traditional costumes usually represent witches, ghosts, and other supernatural beings. However, costumes inspired by contemporary (当代的) popular culture, such as politicians or movie characters, have become increasingly common in recent years. Adults often favor costumes with satirical 10 or humorous overtones (含蓄之意)。
范文四：有关外国绘画音乐的内容英文版
星空
“Starry sky” was created in June 1889 in a psychiatric hospital in Saint-Rémy by Van Gogh. This style of painting shows two lines, one is long-term distortions, another is broken short-term. Both interactive use, so that the screen presenting kinds dazzling fantasy
scene. On the composition of a picture,the impulsive sky is in contrast to the calm village . Flame is to achieve a balance with the horizontal visual mountains, sky. Now this work is hidden in the New York Museum of Modern Art.
本作品是由梵高创作于1889年6月的圣雷米一家精神病院里。这幅画中呈现两种线条风格，一是歪曲的长线，一是破碎的短线。二者交互运用，使画面呈现种眩目的奇幻景象。在构图上，骚动的天空与平静的村落形成对比。火焰则与横向的山脉，天空达成视觉上的平衡。现藏于纽约现代艺术博物馆。
蒙娜丽莎的微笑
"Mona Lisa" is a prestigious portrait masterpiece. It represents the art of Leonardo da Vinci's highest achievement, successfully created an image of middle class woman in the city during the rise of capitalism,. Da vinci trying to make the woman’s rich inner feelings combining with the beautiful appearance cleverly , so Mona Lisa’s smile has a mysterious rhyme, especially the charming smile like a dream.Lots of art historians call it "the mysterious smile."
《蒙娜丽莎》是一幅享有盛誉的肖像画杰作。它代表达·芬奇的最高艺术成就，成功地塑造了资本主义上升时期一位城市有产阶级的妇女形象。画家力图使人物的丰富内心感情和美丽的外形达到巧妙的结合, 使蒙娜丽莎的微笑具有一种神秘莫测的千古奇韵，那如梦似的妩媚微笑，被不少美术史家称为“神秘的微笑”。
日出~印象
"Impression Sunrise"is the beginning of Impressionist painting, it marks the generation of impressionist paintings,and it became a popular global and far-reaching global painting. It emphasizes the nature of light and color,making the change of light and color as the mainstream painting. Monet is considered to be the first Impressionist masters who use the optical techniques to paint.
《日出·印象》是印象主义绘画的开山之作, 它标志着印象派绘画的产生。迅速成为一个风靡全球, 影响深远的世界性画派。它强调自然界的光和色，把光与色的变化作为绘画的主流。莫奈被认为是第一个采用外光技法进行绘画的印象派大师。
帕格尼尼
Paganini (Niccolo Paganini, 1782.10.27--1840.5.27), Italian violinist and composer. His violin technique influenced later works, also influenced piano skills and work. His works include "bE major Concerto," "twenty-four Caprices," "Witch Dance", "Napoleon Sonata", "Love scene "and so on. Besides, there is a guitar song for two hundred, and a variety of indoor music.
帕格尼尼（Niccolo Paganini ，1782.10.27--1840.5.27），意大利小提琴演奏家、作曲家。他的技巧影响了后来的小提琴作品，也影响了钢琴的技巧和作品。他的作品有《bE 大调协奏曲》、《二十四首随想曲》、《女巫之舞》、《拿破仑奏鸣曲》、《爱的场面》、《魔女》。另外，还作有吉他曲二百首，以及各种室内乐曲。
莫扎特
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 on January 27-1791 on December 5), was born in the Holy Roman Empire of Salzburg. European classical music composer. Mozart is one of the representatives of Viennese classical music,his works involved in a variety of genres, his music gathering in Germany, Austria, Italy, France and Asian countries’ essence, The style is elegant, the feelings is sincere, energetic and lively.His later works’ content and form achieve a perfect unity.
沃尔夫冈·阿玛多伊斯·莫扎特（德语：Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart，1756年1月27日－1791年12月5日），出生于神圣罗马帝国时期的萨尔兹堡。欧洲古典主义音乐作曲家。 莫扎特是维也纳古典乐派的代表之一，大量作品涉及各种体裁，其音乐博采德、奥、意、法诸国精华，风格典雅，感情真挚，朝气明快。后期的作品，内容和形式完美统一。
贝多芬
Beethoven (Ludwig van Beethoven), born on December 16, 1770, died on March 26, 1827. German composer and musician, one of the Vienna's classical music
representatives.He set the culmination of classical music, while opening up the romantic period music on the music road, and plays an important role on the development of world music.
路德维希·凡·贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven ），生于1770年12月16日，逝世于1827年3月26日。德国作曲家和音乐家，维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一。他集古典音乐的大成，同时开辟了浪漫时期音乐的道路，对世界音乐发展有着举足轻重的作用。
范文五：与龙历史有关的作文英文版
与龙历史有关的作文英文版
篇一:英语作文中名人例子
4008111111
英语作文中名人例子
1.成功 / 英雄 / 困难类 (被写的经久不衰～)
2.大众观点类:(媒体 / 团体 / 主流)
3.谎言 / 现象本质 / 隐私 (这个我也不懂)
4.动机类 (这个说的优点玄乎)
5.改变 / 科技 / 创新类
6.了解自身类
7.选择类
下面就淘选了些经典例子～～
1.Bill Gates (比尔盖茨)
When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1
University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and
Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.
用于有放弃就会有所得、勇气、懂得把握机会类
2.Thomas Edison (托马斯 爱迪生)
In 1879, after more than 1,000 trials and $40,000, Thomas Edison introduced an inexpensive alternative to candles and gaslight: the incandescent lamp. Using carbonized filaments from cotton thread, his light bulb burned for two days. These bulbs were first installed on the steamship Columbia and have been lighting up the world ever since. 用于创造力/科技类、失败是成功之母、努力、成功 /
英雄 / 困难类
3.Mother Teresa (特雷莎修女)
Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name "Saint of the Gutters.The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.
用于大众观点类/善良、品性/
4.Diana Spencer(戴安娜王妃)
Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.
不好意思了，戴安娜王妃，我还真不知怎么用你呢..
5.Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (纳尔逊?罗利赫拉赫拉?曼德拉)
Mandela, the South African black political leader and former
president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to
antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa
won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a
quarter-century of
imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa‘s
antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial
equality.
用于英雄、斗争/大众观点类(非暴力)/
6.Beethoven (贝多芬)
Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition. 用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类
7.George Bush(乔治 布什)
On January 16, 1991, President Bush ordered the commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a massive U.S.-led military offensive against Iraq in the Persian Gulf.
In late 1992, Bush ordered U.S. troops into Somalia, a nation devastated by drought and civil war. The peacekeeping mission would prove the most disastrous since Lebanon, and President Clinton abruptly called it off in 1993.
用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类
8.Jimmy Carter(吉米卡特)
President Carter's policy of placing human rights records at the forefront of America's relationships with other nations contributed to a cooling of Cold War relations in the late 1970s.
In 1980, for the first time in seven years, Fidel Castro authorized emigration out of Cuba by the country's citizens. The United States welcomed the Cubans, but later took steps to slow the tide when evidence suggested that Castro was using the refugee flight to empty his prisons.用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类/斗争、
9.Neville Chamberlain(内维尔张伯伦)
In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time."
Eleven months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Germany broke the peace in Europe by invading Poland. A solemn Chamberlain had no choice but to declare war, and World War II began in Europe.
不喜欢他，不说了...
10.Raoul Wallenberg (瓦伦堡)
Raoul Wallenberg was a young Swedish aristocrat. In 1944 he left the safety of his country and entered Budapest. Over the next year he outwitted the Nazis and saved as many as 100,000 Jews (he was not himself Jewish) from the death camps. In 1945 he was arrested by the Russians, charged with spying, and imprisoned in a Russian labor camp.
用于道德类/英雄、自救 (Conscience is a more powerful
motivation than money,fame and power)
11.George Soros -- (乔治 索斯洛)the financial crocodile
Soros, who at one stage after the fall of the Berlin Wall was providing more assistance to Russia than the US government, believes in practising what he preaches.His Open Society Institute has been pivotal in helping eastern European countries develop democratic societies and market economies. Soros has the advantage of an insider's knowledge of the workings of global capitalism, so his criticism is particularly pointed. Last year, the Soros foundation's network spent nearly half a billion dollars on projects in education, public health and promoting democracy, making it one of the world's largest private donors.
用于大众观点类:(媒体 / 团体 / 主流)
12.Paul Revere(保罗 )
Our perceptive towards Paul Revere just illustrates this point.
According to the romantic legend, he, galloping along of the dark from one farm house to another, alerted the people to the coming British. And of course the story emphasized the courage of one man, made him a hero in our history books. However, his heroism required a matrix of others
who were already well-prepared to mobilize against the oppressor
and he was just one part of a pre-arrange plan. Heroes like Revere have no usefulness apart from a society primed to act.
用于英雄、斗争/勇敢/合作类Cooperation
13.Hey Ford(亨利 福特)
Hey ford,one of the most influential inventors in the history, was always inattentive in school. Once ,he and a friend took a watch apart to probe the principle behind it. Angry and upset, the teacher punished him both to stay after school. their punishment was to stay until they had fixed the watch. but the teacher did not know young ford’s genius,in ten minutes,this mechanical wizard had repaired the watch and was on this way home.It is imagination that invigorated Ford to make a through inquiry about things he did not know.He once plugged up the spout of a teapot and placed it on the fire. then he waited to see what would happen. the water boiled and, of course, turned to steam. since the steam had no way to escape, the teapot exploded. the explosion cracked a mirror and broke a
window.Ford’s year of curiosity and tinkering paid off,when he built his imagination of horseless carriage into reality, the history of
transportation was changed forever
用于creativity/curiosity/科技类
15.Alexander Graham Bell (亚历山大 格雷厄姆贝尔)
Not realizing the full impact it would have on society, Alexander Graham Bell introduced the first telephone to an amazed audience at America's Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Within a year, Bell had installed 230 phones and established the Bell Telephone Company, which was later transformed into AT&T. In 1997, 643,000,000,000 calls were made by people in the United States alone.
用于英雄/创造、科技/影响力类
考研政治大题答题技巧
普遍适用规则:
在掌握知识量基本相同的情况下，答题技巧的不同可能使总分
相差10到20分。政治的考研试卷中大题的分值占百分之六十，
而实际上大题也是技巧性最强的题型。下面向大家介绍大题答题
四步曲:第一步:仔细审题。找出本题目是关于哪个学科的哪个
章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概
念及原理。大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的
发散性。
第二步:解释每一个概念并写出原理的基本内容。如果自己写
出的相关概念太多，则视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念
和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。什么,
太多了,不要怕，答多不扣分。但要注意答题时每个概念和原理
要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。好了，本题目分数的一半你已经
拿到了，下面进行第三步。
第三步:联系实际。如果本题是论述题，则根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价;如果本题是材料题，则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。这部分一定要有，而且要作为一个段落，如果字迹工整的话，即使这一段答得驴头不对马嘴，至少也有两分。 第四步:总结。这一部分是绝对送分的，但也要有技巧。要将其作为一个段落，如果此题是论述题，则将整个题目再复述一遍，不要忘了在前面加上一个所以;如果此题是材料题，则提倡材料中好的做法，批评材料中坏的做法。
如果答大题时你能熟练地按上面的四步做，大题方面你至少可以比相同水平的其他人多得n分，不信,试用历史唯物主义的有关原理说明"以德治国"与"以法治国"的关系及其重要意义(2002年政治重中之重)。首先仔细读题目，题目中已经告诉我们是用马哲中的历史唯物主义的几章的原理，而以法治国和以德治国是邓论中的内容，因此要考虑将两个学科结合起来答题。表面上看题目中有两个基本概念以法治国和以德治国，联系到马哲，以德治国便是是道德问题，是上层建筑;以法治国便是法制问题。如此以来，此题需要答的基本概念和原理有:道德，法制，以德治国，以法治国，上层建筑，道德与法制的关系，以法治国和以德治国的关系。然后联系实际，这一步没关系，只要稍微写两句而且字迹工整便不失大格。最后总结，好像这里把
题目重抄一遍不顺口，其实只要稍微一改便行:要把以法治国和以德治国相结合。
下面我们看一下标准答案:
1)历史唯物主义认为道德与法制既有联系又有区别，二者的区别表现在:道德的概念;法制的概念;道德与法制的关系。
2)历史唯物主义又认为，社会的经济基础决定上层建筑的产生、性质和变化;上层建筑反作用于经济基础。社会主义的法律和道德是社会主义上层建筑的重要组成部分，它对经济基础的发展有重大意义。
3)以法治国和以德治国又是相辅相成，不可分割的。以法治国的概念;以德治国的概念;以法治国和以德治国的关系。
4)把以德治国和以法治国紧密的结合起来，是建设有中国特色的社会主义的要求，也是社会主义市场经济的要求。
怎么样，是不是感到大题的简单了,上面是我总结的几条关于政治考研的技巧，如果你能真正掌握它，不好意思，你的政治考研分数再也没有希望低于70分了。
论述题:
第一步:仔细审题。
建议考生找出本题目是关于哪个科学的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的发散性。 第二步:解释每一个概念并写出原理的基本内容。
如果自己写出的相关概念太多，建议视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。什么,太多了,不要怕，答多了不扣分。但考生要注意答题时每个概念和原理要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。好了，本题目分数的一半你已经拿到了，下面进行第三步。
第三步:联系实际。
如果本题是论述题，建议考生根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价，如果本题是材料题，则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。这部分一定有要有，而且要作为一个段落，字迹工整。
篇二:龙的作文
龙的作文
龙的作文(一)
龙，是一个神奇完美的“动物”，多少个日日夜夜，中国人传唱着那首《龙的传人》，多少个岁岁年年，中国人把自己叫做“龙的传人”。
人们都说，龙的故乡在中国，于是九州大地上留下了龙的传人，所以就有了龙口，龙潭，九龙坡，龙门寺??关于龙的地名，也铸就了不屈不挠的中华民族。
有关龙的传说数不胜数，下面我就讲一个关于龙的传说，“小白龙的故事”:
泰山黑龙潭下边有个白龙池，据说小白龙从前住在这里。有一
次，玉皇大帝叫小白龙下一场狂风暴雨，但他不忍心毁坏老百姓的庄稼，只下了一场牛毛细雨。这下激怒了玉帝，罚他到人间做苦工。小白龙到人间去做短工，并和一个姓崔的姑娘相爱结婚。有一年，赶上大旱，庄稼都快干死了，小白龙偷偷地显现龙形，帮助下了一场透雨。但它的原形还是让人发现了。它的妻子听到传闻后，不相信，追问丈夫，并让他现出原形给她看看，小白龙被逼无奈，现出原形，一下子把他的妻子吓死了。后来人们为了纪念小白龙为民浇地的好处，在泉边盖了一座白龙庙。
小白龙，不存在于现实，可这个故事赋予了小白龙以助人为快乐的品质。
我们是龙的传人， 不屈不挠的精神，拥有龙自由完美的能力。龙，虽然不存在于现实生活中，但他的精神值得每一个中国人学习～
龙，在中国人心中就是完美自由的代名词，让我们这一代，来赋予龙新的精神～让我们把龙的精神传播到，每一个角落～
龙的作文(二)
传说，中国人是龙的传人，只要你是一个中国人就会知道几个龙的传说。这是一种民族自豪～
在现在，元宵灯会都有龙，是因为传说有一年干旱，老百姓们种不了田，田地都干裂了，求皇上想办法，百姓们天天跪在太阳下请求老天下雨，这事感动了东海龙王，老龙王就上天找云神、风神、雷公让他们做好工作，最后请求雨神降雨。百姓们为了报
答东海龙王就为他雕了龙头，将木凳连成一个金龙，成了活灵活现的龙。从此，民间有了一项娱乐活动，就是舞龙。等到正月十五元宵节，许多村庄都要舞龙。
龙的表演有两种，主要是单龙戏珠和双龙戏珠。不过每一种都离不开龙。
传说蛇是小龙，它与龙有很多相似，它们的身体可以弯曲，都是细长的，但有两点
不同，蛇无角，无足，古人称蛇为蛇龙。
有一座寺庙以龙闻名。据说白蛇与青蛇的后代称为笼子，生肖属相有一种蛇的说法为“小龙”这些都说明蛇是龙主要的部分。也有重要的融合。
龙的传说无数，而我们也只用知道一两个就足够了。
龙的子孙，龙的传人，我为自己是龙的传人而骄傲～
龙的作文(三)
提起工艺品，有人喜欢晶莹剔透的钻石，有人喜欢那纯洁无瑕的水晶，更有甚者青睐于价值不菲的翡翠。而我则独爱我的龙纹笔筒。
我的龙纹笔筒造型别致、凹凸分明、有棱有角、十分美丽。
你仔细看就能看出上面写着“四季平安”四个大字。字旁边镀了两条飞龙。它们膘肥身健，体形匀称，它们那长长的脖子上面，长着一个威武的脑袋，它的头微微向前倾斜往左歪，脑袋上有一双炯炯有神的眼睛，眼睛目不转睛地凝视着前方;眼睛上有一双
胡须随风飘动，胡须上的两只角弧形地往后弯，浑身的鳞甲闪闪
发光，它的尾巴不是一般地往下垂，而是往前伸，显得特别结构
精致、古色古香。
每天我写作业的时候遇到难题，就抬起头看着它们，我十分喜
爱它们，因为这两条龙象征着“勇往直前”，它们告诉我:只要做
什么事情都不半途而废，不退缩，那么你一定能够成功。我的笔
筒将永远陪伴我走过风风雨雨，将永远陪伴我通往成功的彼岸，
永不退缩，永不服输。
这个工艺品设计精巧，意义非凡。我非常喜欢它。
篇三:中国篮球史英语作文
Early December 1891 Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States (Springfield) at the ymca international training school (after Springfield college), the school physical education teachers James Naismith (James Naismith), in order to solve the winter cold outside, football, baseball, unable to properly conduct and invented basketball, his reference to a basket of tennis (netball) rules, the rules of basketball is only 13, Dr Naismith died in 1939, aged 78. In 1891, Mr Naismith in springfield, Massachusetts ymca international training school.He from local children like the ball into the peach basket (local rich peach, families are equipped with the peach basket) of the game got inspired, choreographing the basketball game [1].
At first, naismith two basket, respectively, to stand in the gym railing, basket along the distance from the ground 3.04 meters (about 10 yards), with a football game tools, to the basket of throwing.Pitch into the basket score a point, according to the score decision.After each pitch into the basket, to climb the ladder to the ball and start again.After gradually change the bamboo basket to live at the end of iron basket, again to the iron ring hanging under the net.People call this kind of game "naismith ballor "basket ball", after a long period of time, after he and his colleagues to discuss again and again was named as "basketball".
Naismith invented basketball when 30, but for nearly half a century after the birth of basketball ignored by the people all the time, it was not until the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games by the respect they deserve.The 75 - year - old naismith along with the American basketball team arrived in Berlin, but the American basketball team coach only responsible for his airfare to Berlin from the United States, do not assume the hotel expenses and expenses of tickets in Berlin.And to disregard the United States Olympic committee (ioc), make the basketball, the father of the mood is very heavy.
The international amateur basketball federation's first secretary William Jones is respect and admire him very much, not
only solved the his hotel bill, and invited him to kick off at the first basketball game in Olympic Games.Before the kick-off, Jones to all the basketball players introduced inventor, naismith warmly welcomed by all of us.All after the match, Jones and arrange naismith presided over the trophy presentation, and give him a special Olympic MEDALS recognize he invented basketball achievements.When a German girl he laid on the crown, naismith ecstatic, excited to throw a hat toward the sky.
Naismith died in 1939.In order to remember the basketball movement pioneer, fiba in 1950 during the first session of the world men's basketball tournament at the first c.o., decided to put the
world man basketball championship gold cup named
"naismith cup".In honour of Dr Naismith invented basketball achievements, in the springfield college campus built in the United States basketball celebrity museum - James naismith memorial hall.
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