_老基哥
范文一：《双城记》中的主要人物分析
《双城记》中的主要人物分析
【标题】《双城记》中的主要人物分析 【作者】付敏 【关键词】人道主
义;复活;自我牺牲;爱 【指导老师】余烈全王艳蓉 【专业】英语 【正
文】I. Introduction
A. About the Author
Charle s John Huffam Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. John Dickens, Charles’father was a
respectable, middle-class naval pay clerk. His family moved several times during Charles’youth, and the boy attended several schools, received instruction from his mother, and read voraciously. John Dickens received a reasonable salary, but he always spent more than he made. In 1824 he was imprisoned for debt. Two weeks before his father’s imprisonment, young Charles was sent to work in a black warehouse, pasting labels on bottles of boot polish. He lived alone in poverty, a rented lodging while the rest of his family moved in John Dickens to prison with his father―a common practice at that time. John Dickens was released after three months, and Charles returned to school. Dickens always remembered and hated this period of his life and the degradation it seemed to entail. Yet here he first became familiar with the lower―class people who appeared through
his novels. Dickens also returns again and again in books to prison scenes. Considered the most widely read writer of fiction in the English language, Charles Dickens led the humanitarian movement of the 19th century, using the novel as a moral force against every social abuse. He defended the poor and lowly against the injustices inflicted by the powerful rich. While David Copperfield is considered his masterpiece, and A Tale of Two Cities his most popular, the tale of Oliver Twist is Hollywood’s favorite with A Christmas Carol, one of the most famous stories ever written. Dickens is seemingly simple, but actually difficult, method of making the characters real and unique, combing pathos and sentimentalism with inimitable humor, secures his true place among the giants of the written
world.
Despite his public success, Dickens’s personal life was lacking. He and wife Catherine Hogarth, who bore him 10 children, separated after 22 years. In 1857 he met actress Ellen Ternan, and the relationship lasted until his death in 1870. His many works have endured as literary classics in print and on the big and small screens, among them Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop, Barkley Rudge, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Great Expectations, and, which again tells of the misery of the French lower classes that led to the horrors of the bloody French Revolution. While critics do not rank it highly, it is the most popular amongst his
readers.
B. About Humanitarian
Charles Dickens is not only a notable critical realistic novelist of England in the 19th century but also a great author in literature field. His works are famous for criticizing capitalist society. Among his many novels humanitarian is one of distinct features. This thesis, taking A Tale of Two Cities for example, analyses the view of Dickens’humanitarian.
Humanitarian is an adjective, which is concerned with improving the lives of mankind and reducing suffering, esp. by social reform. It can be used as a noun. It refers to people who support humanitarian behave. 1
Charles Dickens was a typical humanitarian, who expressed his humanitarianism completely by his novels. His humanitarianism focused on morality as well as it based on morality. He advised people to be mercy and human, and he was a good example of humanitarian. For an instance, he showed deep sympathy to the poor. On the other hand，he strongly
condemned the feudal aristocrats’behavior. And he also held a greatest
esteem for the love of the human being. Dickens believed love was always more powerful than resentment. In his opinion, no matter the person was rich or poor, if his behavior agreed with morality, it should be praised. If not, then it should be criticized. Therefore, facing the contradiction between the aristocrats and the poor, Dickens firmly believed the contradiction could be solved by the great love of the human being. In
short, the view of Dickens’humanitarian could be summarized as
this ―“be humanitarian and love other”.
II. Overview A Tale of Two Cities
The year is 1775, and social ills plague both France and England. Jerry Cruncher, an odd-job-man who works for Tellson’s Bank, stops the Dover mail-coach with an urgent message for Jarvis Lorry. The message instructs Lorry to wait at Dover for a young woman, and Lorry responds with the cryptic words, “Recalled to Life. 2”At Dover, Lorry is met by Lucie Manette, a young orphan whose father, a once-eminent doctor whom she supposed dead, has been discovered in France. Lorry escorts Lucie to Paris, where they meet Defarge, a former servant of Dr. Manette, who has kept Dr. Manette safe in a garret. Driven mad by eighteen years in the Bastille, Manette spends all of his time making shoes, a hobby he learned while in prison. Lorry assures Lucie that her love and devotion can recall her
father to life, and indeed they do.
The year is now 1780. Charles Darnay stands accused of treason against the English crown. A bombastic lawyer named Sydney Carton pleads Darnay’s
case, but it is not until his drunk, good-for-nothing colleague, Sydney Carton, assists him that the court acquits Darnay. Carton clinches his argument by pointing out that he himself bears an uncanny resemblance to the defendant, which undermines the prosecution’s case for unmistakably identifying Darnay as the spy the authorities spotted. Lucie and Doctor Manette watched the court proceedings, and that night, Carton escorts
Darnay to a tavern and asks how it feels to receive the sympathy of a woman like Lucie. Carton despises and resents Darnay because he reminds him of
all that he himself has given up and might have been.
In France, the cruel Marquis Evremonde runs down a plebian child with his carriage. Manifesting an attitude typical of the aristocracy in regard to the poor at that time, the Marquis shows no regret, but instead curses the peasant and hurries home to his chateau, where he awaits the arrival of his nephew, Darnay, from England. Arriving later that night, Darnay curses his uncle and the French aristocracy for its abominable treatment of the people. He renounces his identity as an Evrémonde and announces his intention to return to England. That night, the Marquis is murdered; the murderer has left a note signed with the nickname adopted by French revolutionaries: “Jacques.”A year passes, and Darnay asks Manette for permission to marry Lucie. He says that, if Lucie accepts, he will reveal his true identity to Manette. Carton, meanwhile, also pledges his love to Lucie, admitting that, though his life is worthless, she has helped him dream of a better, more valuable existence. On the streets of London, Jerry Cruncher gets swept up in the funeral procession for a spy named
Roger Cly. Later that night, he demonstrates his talents as a “Resurrection-Man,”sneaking into the cemetery to steal and sell Cly’s body. In Paris, meanwhile, another English spy known as John Barsaddrops into Defarge’s wine-shop. Barsad hopes to turn up evidence concerning
the mounting revolution, which is still in its covert stages. Madame Defarge sits in the shop knitting a secret registry of those whom the revolution seeks to execute. Back in London, Darnay, on the morning of his wedding, keeps his promise to Manette; he reveals his true identity and, that night, Manette relapses into his old prison habit of making shoes. After nine days, Manette regains his presence of mind, and soon joins the newlyweds on their honeymoon. Upon Darnay’s return, Carton pays him a visit and asks for his friendship. Darnay assures Carton that he is always
welcome in their home.
The year is now 1789. The peasants in Paris storm the Bastille and the French Revolution begins. The revolutionaries murder aristocrats in the streets, and Gabelle, a man charged with the maintenance of the Evrémonde
estate, is imprisoned. Three years later, he writes to Darnay, asking to be rescued. Despite the threat of great danger to his person, Darnay
departs immediately for
范文二：《双城记》中的主要人物分析 --毕业论文
【标题】《双城记》中的主要人物分析
【作者】付 敏
【关键词】人道主义; 复活;自我牺牲;爱
【指导老师】余烈全 王艳蓉
【专业】英语
【正文】
I. Introduction
A. About the Author
Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth,
on England’s southern coast. John Dickens, Charles’ father was a respectable, middle-class naval pay clerk. His family moved several times during Charles’ youth, and the boy attended several schools, received instruction from his mother, and read voraciously. John Dickens received
a reasonable salary, but he always spent more than he made. In 1824 he was imprisoned for debt. Two weeks before his father’s imprisonment, young Charles was sent to work in a black warehouse, pasting labels on bottles
of boot polish. He lived alone in poverty, a rented lodging while the rest of his family moved in John Dickens to prison with his father—a common
practice at that time. John Dickens was released after three months, and Charles returned to school. Dickens always remembered and hated this period of his life and the degradation it seemed to entail. Yet here he first became familiar with the lower—class people who appeared through his novels.
Dickens also returns again and again in books to prison scenes.
Considered the most widely read writer of fiction in the English language, Charles Dickens led the humanitarian movement of the 19th century, using the novel as a moral force against every social abuse. He defended the poor and lowly against the injustices inflicted by the powerful rich. While David Copperfield is considered his masterpiece, and A Tale of Two Cities his most popular, the tale of Oliver Twist is Hollywood’s favorite with A Christmas Carol, one of the most famous stories ever written. Dickens is seemingly
simple, but actually difficult, method of making the characters real and unique, combing pathos and sentimentalism with inimitable humor, secures his true place among the giants of the written world.
Despite his public success, Dickens’s personal life was lacking. He and
wife Catherine Hogarth, who bore him 10 children, separated after 22 years. In 1857 he met actress Ellen Ternan, and the relationship lasted until his death in 1870. His many works have endured as literary classics in print
and on the big and small screens, among them Nicholas Nickleby, The Old
Curiosity Shop, Barkley Rudge, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Great Expectations, and, which again tells of the misery of the French lower classes that led to the horrors of the bloody French Revolution. While
critics do not rank it highly, it is the most popular amongst his readers.
B. About Humanitarian
Charles Dickens is not only a notable critical realistic novelist of England in the 19th century but also a great author in literature field. His works
are famous for criticizing capitalist society. Among his many novels humanitarian is one of distinct features. This thesis, taking A Tale of Two Cities for example, analyses the view of Dickens’ humanitarian.
Humanitarian is an adjective, which is concerned with improving the lives of mankind and reducing suffering, esp. by social reform. It can be used as a noun. It refers to people who support humanitarian behave. 1
Charles Dickens was a typical humanitarian, who expressed his
humanitarianism completely by his novels. His humanitarianism focused on morality as well as it based on morality. He advised people to be mercy and human, and he was a good example of humanitarian. For an instance, he showed deep sympathy to the poor. On the other hand， he strongly condemned the
feudal aristocrats’ behavior. And he also held a greatest esteem for the love of the human being. Dickens believed love was always more powerful than resentment. In his opinion, no matter the person was rich or poor, if his
behavior agreed with morality, it should be praised. If not, then it should be criticized. Therefore, facing the contradiction between the aristocrats and the poor, Dickens firmly believed the contradiction could be solved by the great love of the human being. In short, the view of Dickens’
humanitarian could be summarized as this — “be humanitarian and love
other”.
II. Overview A Tale of Two Cities
The year is 1775, and social ills plague both France and England. Jerry Cruncher, an odd-job-man who works for Tellson’s Bank, stops the Dover
mail-coach with an urgent message for Jarvis Lorry. The message instructs Lorry to wait at Dover for a young woman, and Lorry responds with the cryptic words, “Recalled to Life. 2”At Dover, Lorry is met by Lucie Manette, a
young orphan whose father, a once-eminent doctor whom she supposed dead,
has been discovered in France. Lorry escorts Lucie to Paris, where they meet Defarge, a former servant of Dr. Manette, who has kept Dr. Manette safe in a garret. Driven mad by eighteen years in the Bastille, Manette spends all of his time making shoes, a hobby he learned while in prison. Lorry assures Lucie that her love and devotion can recall her father to life, and indeed they do.
The year is now 1780. Charles Darnay stands accused of treason against
the English crown. A bombastic lawyer named Sydney Carton pleads Darnay’s case, but it is not until his drunk, good-for-nothing colleague, Sydney
Carton, assists him that the court acquits Darnay. Carton clinches his
argument by pointing out that he himself bears an uncanny resemblance to the defendant, which undermines the prosecution’s case for unmistakably identifying Darnay as the spy the authorities spotted. Lucie and Doctor Manette watched the court proceedings, and that night, Carton escorts Darnay
to a tavern and asks how it feels to receive the sympathy of a woman like Lucie. Carton despises and resents Darnay because he reminds him of all that he himself has given up and might have been.
In France, the cruel Marquis Evremonde runs down a plebian child with his
carriage. Manifesting an attitude typical of the aristocracy in regard to the poor at that time, the Marquis shows no regret, but instead curses the peasant and hurries home to his chateau, where he awaits the arrival of his
nephew, Darnay, from England. Arriving later that night, Darnay curses his uncle and the French aristocracy for its abominable treatment of the people. He renounces his identity as an Evrémonde and announces his intention to return to England. That night, the Marquis is murdered; the murderer has left a note signed with the nickname adopted by French
revolutionaries: “Jacques.”
A year passes, and Darnay asks Manette for permission to marry Lucie. He says that, if Lucie accepts, he will reveal his true identity to Manette.
Carton, meanwhile, also pledges his love to Lucie, admitting that, though his life is worthless, she has helped him dream of a better, more valuable existence. On the streets of London, Jerry Cruncher gets swept up in the funeral procession for a spy named Roger Cly. Later that night, he demonstrates his talents as a “Resurrection-Man,” sneaking into the
cemetery to steal and sell Cly’s body. In Paris, meanwhile, another English spy known as John Barsaddrops into Defarge’s wine-shop. Barsad hopes to
turn up evidence concerning the mounting revolution, which is still in its covert stages. Madame Defarge sits in the shop knitting a secret registry of those whom the revolution seeks to execute. Back in London, Darnay, on the morning of his wedding, keeps his promise to Manette; he reveals his true identity and, that night, Manette relapses into his old prison habit of making shoes. After nine days, Manette regains his presence of mind, and soon joins the newlyweds on their honeymoon. Upon Darnay’s return, Carton
pays him a visit and asks for his friendship. Darnay assures Carton that he is always welcome in their home.
The year is now 1789. The peasants in Paris storm the Bastille and the French Revolution begins. The revolutionaries murder aristocrats in the streets,
and Gabelle, a man charged with the maintenance of the Evrémonde estate, is imprisoned. Three years later, he writes to Darnay, asking to be rescued. Despite the threat of great danger to his person, Darnay departs immediately
for France.
As soon as Darnay arrives in Paris, the French revolutionaries arrest him as an emigrant. Lucie and Manette make their way to Paris in hopes of saving him. Darnay remains in prison for a year and three months before receiving
a trial. In order to help free him, Manette uses his considerable influence with the revolutionaries, who sympathize with him for having served time in the Bastille. Darnay receives an acquittal, but that same night he is arrested again. The charges, this time, come from Defarge and his vengeful
wife. Carton arrives in Paris with a plan to rescue Darnay and obtains the help of John Barsad, who turns out to be Solomon Pross, the long-lost brother
of Miss Pross, Lucie’s loyal servant.
At Darnay’s trial, Defarge produces a letter that he discovered in
Manette’s old jail cell in the Bastille. The letter explains the cause of Manette’s imprisonment. Years ago, the brothers Evrémonde (Darnay’s
father and uncle) enlisted Manette’s medical assistance. They asked him to tend to a woman, whom one of the brothers had raped, and her brother, whom the same brother had stabbed fatally. Fearing that Manette might report their misdeeds, the Evrémondes had him arrested. Upon hearing this story, the jury condemns Darnay for the crimes of his ancestors and sentences him
to die within twenty-four hours. That night, at the Defarge’s wine-shop,
Carton overhears Madame Defarge plotting to have Lucie and her daughter (also Darnay’s daughter) executed as well; Madame Defarge, it turns out, is the surviving sibling of the man and woman killed by the Evrémondes. Carton arranges for the Manettes’ immediate departure from France. He then visits Darnay in prison, tricks him into changing clothes with him, and, after dictating a letter of explanation, drugs his friend
unconscious. Barsad carries Darnay, now disguised as Carton, to an awaiting coach, while Carton, disguised as Darnay, awaits execution. As Darnay, Lucie, their child, and Dr. Manette speed away from Paris, Madame Defarge arrives at Lucie’s apartment, hoping to arrest her. There she finds the supremely protective Miss Pross. A scuffle ensues, and Madame Defarge dies by the bullet of her own gun. Sydney Carton meets his death at the guillotine, and the narrator confidently asserts that Carton dies with the knowledge
that he has finally imbued his life with meaning
III. Analysis of Major characters
A. Lucie’s Responsibility for Dr. Manette and Sydney Carton’s Resurrection
1. Lucie Manette
A young French woman grows up in England. She is the ideal Victorian lady,
perfect in every way. She is very positive and unselfish, always willing to help others. She has her wonderfully kind and sympathetic nature. She is also a compassionate and benevolent character that aids in the resurrection of Sydney Carton and Dr. Manette. After Dr. Manette was rescued from prison, He was completely incapable of functioning in the outside world, having entirely forgotten what life outside of prison is like. Lucie loves him unconditionally and helps him regain his sanity. It is a long
process, but Lucie is dedicated to her father and assists in recovering from his crazed state. It is obvious that Lucie’s love and determination nurse
Dr. Manette back to normality. At the same time, Lucie helps Sydney Carton to resurrect. Carton stops getting drunk and begins to lead a respectable life. Because Lucie sees potential in Carton, he is inspired to better his life.
2. Dr. Manette
Dr. Manette was a brilliant scientist. He had been imprisoned in the Bastille
for eighteen years. He was jailed and insane because he couldn’t stand what the Evremonde brothers had done to the peasants and he wrote a letter to the King’s officials. Not for a long time, the Evremonde brothers sent him to the prison. In the living grave—the Bastille, Dr Manette was in great
pain and sadness. But later, his daughter—Lucie, fell in love with Charles
Darnay—the Evremonde brothers’ descendant. In order to love her and not to hurt her, Dr. Manette agreed that Lucie married Darnay. To our great
surprise, later when Darnay was sent to prison and sentenced to death Dr. Manette forgave the Evremonde brothers’ fault and tried to save Darnay through his own good influence. Here, Dr. Manette completely presented humanitarian. Dickens emphasized the power of love again.
His daughter, Lucie, resurrects Dr. Alexander Manette’s life after he is rescued from prison. Dr. Manette was imprisoned in the Bastille for 18 years, driving him to insanity. He was jailed because he knew information that the
Marquis St. Evremonde did not want to get out. He is saved when the Defarges get him out of the Bastille and brings him to their wine shop, where his daughter and family friend, Mr. Lorry, then pick him up. At the time they bring Dr. Manette back to his house, he is insane. He refers to himself as “One Hundred and Five, North Tower,” 3his prison cell number. He knows of nothing other than his prison life and frequently reverts to busily making shoes, a hobby he picked up while jailed. He is completely incapable of
functioning in the outside world; having entirely forgotten what life outside of prison is like. Lucie loves him unconditionally and helps him regain his sanity. Dr. Manette recovers gradually with the help of family and friends. It is a long process, but Lucie is dedicated to her father and assists in recovering from his crazed state. As time passes, Dr. Manette becomes more mentally stable and his regressions to shoe making become less often. By the end of the book, Dr. Manette is nearly back to normal; he is
once again a fully functional person. Lucie’s love and determination nurse Dr. Manette back to normality.
3. Sydney Carton
Sydney Carton’s life is made meaningful by the hope that he receives from Lucy Manette. At the beginning of the story, Sydney Carton’s life has no
significance. He is a drunkard with a seemingly worthless life. Sydney is working as a clerk for the lawyer C.J. Stryver, and though Sydney is the real brain behind the ideas, the attorney receives all the credit. Carton
has had an unfavorable life and has no inspiration, nothing to live for. Sydney really wants for his life to have served some purpose, for him to
make a difference. He changes his life around after a conversation with Miss Manette in which Carton professes his love to her. Carton describes himself as a “self-flung away, wasted, drunken, poor creature of misuse”4 and states that there is no hope for bettering his life. However, Lucy explains that she believes in him and that he is “capable of better things.”5 As
Carton leaves he tells her, “For you, and for any dear to you, I would to
anything,”6 a promise he winds up keeping. Carton feels much better about himself knowing that Lucie, the woman he idolizes, believes in him. He strives to be a better person and tries to change his life around. He stops getting drunk and begins to lead a respectable life. Because Lucie sees potential for Carton, he is inspired to better his life.
B. Sydney Carton’s Responsibility for Charles Darnay’s Resurrection
1. Charles Darnay
Charles Darnay, the descendant of the Evremonde brothers, was born in an aristocratic family. But he hated and criticized what his father and his uncle had done before. “He knew very well, that in his horror of the deed which had culminated the bad deeds and bad reputation of the old family
house, in his resentful suspicions of his uncle?”7 . Then he gave up his
Marquis and propriety and changed his name and went to England, living as a teacher.
Sydney Carton twice saves Charles Darnay, first from prison and then from
death. Charles Darnay is a wealthy aristocrat, but he chooses to live a more modest life. He marries Lucie Manette, Sydney Carton’s love. In the beginning of the book, Darnay is put on trial for treason, though he really has not done anything wrong. Sydney Carton is the clerk for Darnay’s attorney. Things do not look hopeful for Charles, but then the court notices a remarkable resemblance of Darnay to Carton. Darnay is luckily set free because of this similarity. Had Carton not been present, Charles would have
almost surely been found guilty. Darnay is later imprisoned and sentenced to death in France because of something his uncle and father did many years before. All hope is lost after every attempt to set Darnay free ends up in failure. The day of the execution, Carton has a plan of his own that is completely unexpected. He goes to the prison and trades places with Charles Darnay. Darnay safely leaves the prison while Carton stays in his place, awaiting his own death. Sydney does this because of his promise to Lucie
earlier, that he would do anything for her or for anyone dear to her. Carton sees that Darnay has a family to go home to, while he does not. This serves as the perfect opportunity for Sydney to make his life meaningful, allowing
a person with purpose to live on. There is no hope for Sydney after the change is made; he goes to the guillotine later that day. But Sydney dies with dignity, knowing his life did not go to waste. Because Sydney Carton bravely sacrifices his own life for Charles Darnay, Darnay is given an extra chance.
2. Sydney Carton’s Sacrifice—a Tragic Hero’s Deed
Many people want to be remembered as martyrs or heroes, to have proven their
devotion to a person or cause, and many people have and do die for this. Some of their deaths may have been in vain; foolish, impetuous sacrifices of themselves that had no true effect or some of the deaths may have furthered just causes and strengthened beliefs or saved the day. A deeper, case-specific look must be used to judge the true heroes from suicide martyrs
caught in a fit of passion. An example of self-sacrifice arises in A Tale
of Two Cities by Charles Dickens when Sydney Carton, an alcoholic leading a generally miserable life, sacrifices himself so the husband of the woman
he adores (Lucie Manette) can live. He does this by switching places with Charles Darnay, Lucie’s husband, just before Darnay’s execution. Whether the switch was a heroic deed or a foolish one can be debated.
Sydney Carton, a young, bright lawyer, changed from a smart young man to
an addictive alcoholic to drown his sorrows. This was due to his nihilism, which could have been influenced by a broken heart due to a teenage affair gone wrong or due to a nervous breakdown occurring maybe when he was a child
pushed too hard in becoming a lawyer. Carton’s nihilism could have been influenced due to him being an atheist. Being an atheist means that Carton does not believe in any religion or anyone greater than himself. However compared to Charles Darnay, an altruist, Carton is the antithesis as well
as selfish. Carton becomes jealous as he realizes that he would have been like Darnay. This is shown at the Inn where he talks to himself in the mirror. “Much to be regretted. You might have used your talent better”.
8 The tragic hero in Charles Dickens novel A Tale of Two Cities is Sydney Carton. It is necessary for all tragic heroes to be accompanied by a tragic flaw. Sydney Carton’s tragic flaw is love. Ultimately the tragic flaw leads to the downfall of the character. Carton’s cloud state of mind places him
in a situation where his life is lost. This tragic flaw led to death or tragedy thus making Sydney Carton the tragic hero.
C. the Main Character Representing Revenge—Madame Defarge
Possessing a remorseless bloodlust, Madame Defarge embodies the chaos of
the French Revolution. The initial chapters of the novel find her sitting quietly and knitting in the wine-shop. However, her apparent passivity
belies her relentless thirst for vengeance. With her stitches, she secretly
knits a register of the names of the revolution’s intended victims. As the revolution breaks into full force, Madame Defarge reveals her true viciousness. She turns on Lucie in particular, and, as violence sweeps Paris, she invades Lucie’s physical and psychological space. She effects
this invasion first by committing the faces of Lucie and her family to memory, in order to add them to her mental “register” of those slated to
die in the revolution. Later, she bursts into the young woman’s apartment in an attempt to catch Lucie mourning Darnay’s imminent execution.
Dickens notes that Madame Defarge’s hatefulness does not reflect any inherent flaw, but rather results from the oppression and personal tragedy that she has suffered at the hands of the aristocracy, specifically the
Evrémondes, to whom Darnay is related by blood, and Lucie by marriage. However, the author refrains from justifying Madame Defarge’s policy of retributive justice. For just as the aristocracy’s oppression has made an oppressor of Madame Defarge herself, so will her oppression, in turn, make oppressors of her victims. Madame Defarge’s death by a bullet from her own gun—she dies in a scuffle with Miss Pross—symbolizes Dickens’s belief
that the sort of vengeful attitude embodied by Madame Defarge ultimately
proves a self-damming one.
However Dickens’ attitude towards her wasn’t all the same. When Dickens described Madame Defarge’s unfortunate childhood, his sympathy came out of the bottom of his heart. Nevertheless, when Madame Defarge was eager to
carry on the revolution and want to revenge on Darnay. Dickens, as a humanitarian, didn’t appreciate or dislike such persons like Madame Defarge. In later description of Madame Defarge, Dickens even cursed her of her such “crazy actions”. He thought she was inhuman and her behavior
was against the morality.
IV. Dickens’ Purpose in A Tale of Two Cities
Dickens sets A Tale of Two Cities primarily in Paris and London during one of the most turbulent periods of European history, the French Revolution.
The novel covers events between 1775 and 1793, referring also to incidents occurring before that time. The French Revolution began in 1789 and continued in various forms through at least 1795. Dickens takes most of his historical perspective from The French Revolution (1837), a three-volume
description and philosophical discussion written by his friend Thomas Carlyle. He is a Scottish-born British historian and essayist who was the leading figure in the Victorian era. History was Carlyle the storehouse
of “heroes”, and in this intuitive spirit he wrote such works as The French Revolution. Carlyle’s view was not objective or well documented; his intention was argumentative and dramatic. He portrays vividly the suffering of the poor and especially the Reign of Terror, best symbolized by the
guillotine. Dickens greatly admired Carlyle and his work, and he read The French Revolution many times. Like Carlyle, Dickens cared less for accurate history and factual presentation than for vivid descriptions and the
meanings he found behind the events. He did not concern himself with the revolution’s immediate political or economic causes but focused on the human suffering that he believed warped the very humanity of individuals on both sides of the battle lines.
On the eve of the French Revolution, bickering between King Louis XVI and leading aristocrats revealed that the king could not effectively enforce his will through the military. In 1787 and 1788 excessive exports of already-scarce food caused near starvation among the poorer classes, and
a bumper grape harvest depressed prices and further reduced the buying power of poor agricultural workers. Then came the winter of 1788-1789, probably
the worst of the entire century. Inspired by political philosophers and the
recent success of the American Revolution, many members of the middle and lower classes became increasingly hostile to the system that seemed to cause their suffering. During these years members of the poorer classes working toward revolutionary action referred to themselves as “Jacques,” as do
the patrons of the Defarges’ shop in Dickens’s novel. On July 14, 1789, a large group of Parisian citizens attacked the Bastille, the large central prison that symbolized to the populace the worst aristocratic offenses.
Dickens describes this event in part 2, chapter 21 of A Tale of Two Cities. Chapter 22, in which Foulon, an aristocrat, is captured by a mob and cruelly executed, illustrates what happened in France during the months that followed, as local bastilles were attacked and aristocrats murdered. In
chapter 23 Dickens shows peasants burning the chateau of Charles Darnay’s uncle. Power struggles for control of the country—political and
philosophical—dominated the next few years. In August 1792, when Darnay
leaves England for France, the dominant political group passed a series of laws renouncing monarchy and proclaiming death for any returning aristocrats. During the months that followed, this political group used the infamous guillotine to behead aristocrats and others who opposed their
policies. As Dickens shows, it became very dangerous even to voice opinions contrary to the prevailing ideas. During this period approximately 300,000 people were jailed, and about 17,000 of these were executed.
Against the merciful behavior done by the aristocrats, but at the same time, he disliked the revolution. He preferred to take some reforms to reconcile the contradiction between the aristocrats and the peasants. As
the matter of fact, the society of England in later the 19th century was remarkably like the France of later the 18th century. He hoped the governors in England could learn the lesson from the French Revolution. Dickens was afraid that revolution would take place in England. Only from this point,
we also can know Dickens was a truly humanitarian.
V. Conclusion
The characters in A Tale of Two Cities all play significant roles in each other’s lives. None of the characters would be the same if it wasn’t for
the influence and impact of someone else. Resurrection is a predominant theme through the novel, and three characters are resurrected. Dr. Manette is resurrected by his daughter and he is returned to sanity. Sydney Carton’s life is changed from despair to honor. Because of the great change in Carton,
Darnay’s life is spared. The power and determination is clearly exemplified by the resurrection of Dr. Manette, Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay.
Every coin has two sides, the same as Dickens’ view of humanitarian. We
recognize the positive aspects of Dickens’ opinion about humanitarian. On certain degrees, we also should agree that there are some improper points. For example, his view about Madame Defarge is not absolutely right. When he made comments about her he only focused on social morality and
humanitarian. He didn’t concern about other aspects such as the social
background and the problems of the capitalist society. Hence, his humanitarian is sometimes so abstract and isolated. It isn’t suitable for all kinds of situations. But, anyway, at that time the view of Dickens’ humanitarian is positive and advanced. Just as we can’t deny that the position of humanitarian is important in Dickens’ novels, we also can’t deny that some of Dickens’ views about humanitarian are still worth
appreciating and learning today. That is, we should agree that humanitarian is important to us。And only “love makes the world go round” 9.
范文三：浅析《双城记》中的理想人物
浅析《双城记》中的理想人物
CANGSANG
浅析《双城记》中的理想人物
阎静之
摘要狄更斯在《双城记》中塑造了不同的人道主义理想人物,通过气氛紧张的社会历史背景,
精心安排的艺术架
构,作者刻画了梅尼特医生,代尔那和卡尔登三位男性理想人物,他们围绕路茜这条”爱的金
线”构建起一幅和谐仁爱的
生活画面.《双城记》通过浪漫现实主义描写,成功戏剧化了个人困境与人性冲突,堪称是最
充分地宣扬作者人道主义理
想的作品.
关键词狄更斯《双城记》理想人物浪漫仁爱
查尔斯?狄更斯(CharlesDickens,1812,1870)是19世纪英
国伟大的批判现实主义作家中的杰代表.他的创作广泛地描
绘了维多利亚时代英国社会的广阔画面,并以锐利的目光透视
现代生活,揭示了资本主义社会的种种罪恶.狄更斯的《双城记》
是一部历史题材的小说,以18世纪的巴黎和伦敦为故事发生的
背景.自20世纪上半叶《双城记》翻译到中国以来,中国学者与
读者一直将其推崇为批判现实主义的经典力作,却忽视他作品
中强烈的浪漫主义因素.英国现代诗人T.s?艾略特认为,”狄更
斯的人物与但丁和莎士比亚的人物一样,都属于诗的范畴”lll.可
见把狄更斯定义为现实主义者并不妥当.本文试通过《双城记》
中三位理想角色剖析狄更斯作品中的浪漫因素.
一
,引言
狄更斯像许多资产阶级激进派一样,看到了英国维多利亚
时代的社会症结,但他们的中产阶级立场和人道主义思想素养
决定了他们仅仅提倡积极的社会改良而不是激烈的阶级斗争和
革命.面对l9世纪30,40年代的宪章运动和1848—1849年风
起云涌的欧洲大陆各国革命运动,他们忧心忡忡,纷纷以自己的
着述f政论的,历史的,文学艺术的)揭露和抨击种种社会弊端.狄
更斯着名小说《双城记》完成于1859年,全书分为三部,《复活》
《金钱》和《暴风雨的踪迹》.它不同于一般的历史小说,书中细节
描绘独具特色,它以一种借古喻今的方式,以法国大革命为载
体,反映了当时法英两国尤其是巴黎和伦敦两座城市尖锐的阶
级对立和激烈的阶级斗争;《双城记》对人物的外部特征观察细
致敏锐,在法国大革命广阔的真实背景下,狄更斯以虚构人物梅
尼特医生的经历为主线,把冤狱,爱情和复仇三个互相独立而又
互相关联的故事交织在一起,创作了四类人物形象:理想的正面
人物(梅尼特,代尔那,卡尔登,露茜),自我牺牲的怪人(卡尔登,
普洛斯),革命人民的代表(得伐石夫妇),贵族,资产阶级代表
(厄弗里蒙地侯爵,巴尔塞).其中梅尼特,代尔那,卡尔登为代表
的理想人物,作者期望以人道主义解决社会矛盾,提倡用仁爱和
宽恕的精神来化解仇恨.
二,法国医生梅尼特与女儿路茜
法国医生梅尼特是小说的核心,他的人格和所经历的故事,
使他成为狄更斯笔下人道主义的典型.《双城记》记录了梅尼特
从1757年到1789年期间的一段曲折的人生经历.梅尼特出于
?
锯岳?2010?4
正义控诉侯爵兄弟的暴行,被投进了巴士底狱囚禁了18年,导
致他家破人亡,逐渐由一个年轻有为的医生变成了一个满头白
发,神志不清的人,每天只知道机械地做鞋来打发时光.当他被
自己的仆人和好友劳雷等人营救出狱后,梅尼特已几近死亡.梅
尼特女儿路茜用爱唤醒了父亲死去的心,《双城记》这样描述路
茜:”现在那手却又伸向了他,颤抖着,急于把他那幽灵样的面孔
放到她那温暖年轻的胸膛上去,用爱使他复活,使他产生希
望.”日在路茜的精心照顾下,梅尼特恢复了”生活,爱情,业务,休
息和安乐”.梅尼特得到了重生,并把所有的爱无私地奉献给所
爱的人.在这段细节描写中,狄更斯以一种浪漫现实主义的写法
勾勒出梅尼特在精神上的转变,因为他得到了女儿的爱.他痛恨
侯爵兄弟,但当他发现女儿路茜深爱着的仇人的后代代尔那时,
“父亲的脸仿佛冻结了,很奇怪地望着代尔那.那是一种专注的
眼神,眉头渐渐地皱紧了,露出厌恶和怀疑的神气.甚至还混合
有恐惧.他露出这种离奇的表情,思想已飞到了远处”13].最终,梅
尼特为了女儿的幸福,摒弃了宿仇旧恨,甘愿牺牲自我.在路茜
的关爱下,梅尼特的智力恢复正常,但最后当梅尼特被革命法庭
判处死刑后,他又成为一个浑噩的白痴.革命的暴力手段同样也
是毁灭人性的,只有一切阶级的人彼此相爱,才能使人性发射光
芒.耶稣说过:”爱你的敌人,为迫害你的人祈祷,这样你就成为
了天堂上天父的孩子.”梅尼特承受着巨大的精神痛苦只为爱女
的幸福,他拼命压抑个人恩怨,至此,一位内心痛苦到极点以致
精神分裂的伟大的父亲的形象跃然纸上.狄更斯宣扬人性的善
与美,告诉人们爱具有无穷的力量,宽恕可以拯救罪恶.梅尼特
堪称是作者精心刻画的一个”善和爱”的化身,是作者笔下人道
主义的典型.
三,法国贵族代尔那
厄弗里蒙地侯爵的侄子查理斯?代尔那是个近乎完美的形
象,是一个贵族阶级的叛逆者.在《双城记》中,狄更斯始终用歌
颂的笔调来刻画代尔那.他不仅仪表堂堂,而且正直高尚,举止
文雅,是狄更斯心目中理想的统治者.他不满意贵族阶层对穷苦
民众无人性的欺压.厌恶家族的罪恶,厌恶叔父厄弗里蒙地的飞
扬跋扈,他曾这样对叔父侯爵说:”我们曾经胡作非为,甚至在我
父亲的时代,我们就已经犯下了许多罪恶,伤害了妨害我们享乐
的每一个人.”《双城记》中这样描述过代尔那:”他没有压迫过
人,没有关押过人.他不但远离了横征暴敛,而且主动放弃了自
己那份收入,投入了一个不会偏袒他的世界,在NiL找到了自己
的地位,赚来了自己的面包.盖白勒先生按照他的书面指示处理
-
235——
文瓣术CANGSANG
了他那衰败困顿的庄园财产.他要盖白勒体恤百姓,能给的都给
他们.”怛代尔那却拿不出有力的方法来反对.只有拒绝继承贵
族爵位和世袭领地,抛弃安享尊荣的闲适生活,隐姓埋名到伦敦
自食其力,试图通过自己的实际行动来”赎罪”,但是事实证明,
温和的反抗不能从根本上解决问题.代尔那来到英国后,被诬陷
犯有间谍罪,要判处死刑.但因为他来英国时f合好与梅尼特的女
儿路茜同船,路茜出庭作证表明他是无辜的,代尔那被无罪释
放.路茜的美丽和善良吸引了代尔那,他用自己的实际行动和仁
爱精神赢得了梅尼特的认可,与路茜完婚,并一直幸福地生活
着,直到生命尽头.1789年法国大革命爆发,代尔那为了营救一
名无辜的老仆人返回巴黎,却因受到家族的牵连而身陷囵圄,并
判处死刑,但他关心的却不是自己,而是妻女和岳父的安危.这
是狄更斯理想的青年形象,在作者看来,代尔那对本阶级的叛逆
极富于人道主义思想,对人民的仁爱与他对路茜的爱慕则充满
了浪漫主义因素.但狄更斯在刻画代尔那时,只是从道德自我修
养上去美化,代尔那的自食其力缺乏坚实的思想基础与社会基
础,他对贵族阶级的抗争是抽象的.
四,英国律师卡尔登
英国律师卡尔登长相与代尔那极为相似,但二者命运却截
然不同.在《双城记》中他是个悲剧人物,他感情深厚,有才华,却
无法用那才华和情感为自己获得幸福.他性格复杂,厌恶罪恶的
社会,但却无力反抗,面对生活的挫折,只感前途渺茫,因此他开
始堕落,变得懒散,放荡不羁.他曾说,”我是个绝望了的苦力,我
不关心世上任何人,也没有任何人关心我”.他对自己的缺点了
然于胸,却又无力克服.孤独落寞侵蚀着他,让他感觉在这个世
界没有容身之所.因此,当卡尔登爱上路茜后,却又觉得自己没
有资格爱她,他深知自己无法给路茜带来幸福,因而主动退出情
场,放弃对路茜的追求.卡尔登担心自己”难免使她痛苦,悲哀和
侮辱,拖着她一起堕落”[51.在路茜与代尔那完婚后,他羡慕代尔
那,同时也恨代尔那,但在痛苦情绪纠缠中,他依旧带着诚挚的
祝福,愿代尔那与路茜永远幸福,因为”爱常常比恨更为强有力
得多”.他以一种无法复制的爱随时准备为路茜的幸福献出自己
生命,”我愿为你和你所爱的人做任何事,若是我的事业条件较
优,有作出牺牲的机会或能力.我愿抓住一切机会为你和你所爱
的人作出任何牺牲……请不时想起有这么一个人,他为了让你
所爱的人留在你的身边是不惜牺牲他的生命的”.他最终实践了
自己的诺言,为了路茜的幸福,卡尔登设法潜入监狱,救出了代
尔那,并代替代尔那上了断头台.卡尔登用自己的身体,抵挡了
一
种无人可以抵挡的暴力,以此来表达了他对路茜的深入骨髓
的爱.当小说描写乍尔登从容就义时,反复引用《新约?约翰福
音》中的一段话:”主说:复活在我,生命也在我;信我的人,虽然
死了,也必复活;凡活着信我的人,必永远不死.”至此,卡尔登形
象完成了人道主义理想的最高体现,极具浪漫色彩.卡尔登为了
纯粹的爱,无条件地用自己的生命换来所爱之人的幸福,突显了
《双城记》审美价值,升华了小说的主题,完美地诠释了狄更斯所
倡导的爱精神,他的爱是无私的,奉献的.
l,语
1859年,狄更斯在谈到《双城记》的创作经历时说:”我花了
大量时间和精力来创作《双城记》,经过无数次的修改,总算感到
满意.能够偿还我在创作中所付出的心血的,决不是金钱和其他
任何东西,而是小说的主题意义和创作完成时的喜悦.”《双城
记》完整体现了狄更斯的仁爱精神和人文思想.英国文学史上也
只有伟大的莎士比亚一个人可以和他相提并论.但他的愿望建
立在空想的基础之上,因此是软弱无力的.除了死亡,狄更斯好
像找不到其他的通路.历史的局限性使狄更斯的人道主义思想
蒙上了一层浪漫唯美的宗教色彩,成为了一个不切实际的”乌托
邦”.
参考文献:
【1】罗经国.前言fA1.狄更斯评论集【c】.上海:上海译文出版社,
1981.
【2】【3】(英)乔治?吉辛.查尔斯’狄更斯[MI.伦敦:海斯克尔书
屋.1925.
【4l狄更斯.孙法理译.双城记【M1.上海:译林出版社,1996.
[5】王玉芝.从《双城记》看狄更斯思想的矛盾性U1.外国文学
研究,1997.
[6]NomanPage.ADickensCompanion[M].London:TheMacm
illanPressLtd,1984.
阎静之太原师范学院英语系讲师
(责编张文娟)
学术创新和学术评价机制创新的探索与思考
许红珍
学术评价,涉及对学术人才,学科发展,学术成果,学术机构的业绩,水平,研究能力和综合实力
的评价,评价的结果
与学科的设置,研究机构的建撤,课题的立项,科研经费的投入,研究人员与教师职称的评定,
高校与研究院所的学术地
位等,都具有直接的,重要的关系因此,一个健全的学术评价机制将有利于科学研究事业的可
持续与和谐发展;反之,
学术评价机制的缺陷和弊病,将对科学研究事业和高等教育事业的发展,产生负面和消极的
影响.此文将以引起学术界
瞩目的”原创奖”为例,以学术评价机制创新作为切人点,从学术评价的现状与问题,华东师范
大学以”原创奖”倡导学术
创新的实践,对学术创新和学术评价机制创新可行性的思考三个方面进行论述,以期在实践上解决学术评价中存在的有
违”公开,公平,公正”的弊端,推进学术评价机制的健全和完善..叠
|0栽包社会聃哮总~}2009,3,
-
236-?算?2010?4
范文四：分析《双城记》中的人物冲突
分析《双城记》中的人物冲突
摘要:《双城记》的作者是英国著名现实主义作家查尔斯狄更斯。该
小说于1859年写成，以法国大革命为背景，反映了当时激烈的社会矛盾。旨在分析不同阶层之间的一系列人物冲突。善良博爱的曼奈特医生与残酷的厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟的冲突。达内，一个高尚的年轻人，与封建家族的冲突。最激烈的要数人民群众与封建贵族的冲突。在《双城记》中，狄更斯不仅谴责了社会中的压迫与暴力，同时指出仁爱才是解决冲突的关键。
关键词:冲突;压迫;革命;仁爱
英国著名作家查尔斯?狄更斯(1812-1870)一生创作了14部长篇小说和许多中、短篇小说。他的创作广泛地描绘了维多利亚时代英国社会的广阔画面，并以锐利的目光透视现代生活，揭示了资本主义社会的种种罪恶。他与萨克雷、夏洛蒂?勃朗特、盖斯凯尔夫人等人一起，被马克思称为“现代英国的一批杰出的小说家”。
狄更斯的著名小说《双城记》以法国大革命为背景，通过讲述不同人物之间的冲突，反映了当时法英两国尤其是巴黎和伦敦两座城市尖锐的阶级对立和激烈的阶级斗争。强烈地抨击贵族阶级的荒淫残暴，并深切地同情下层人民的苦难。小说中不仅包含社会矛盾，而且涉及个人情感冲突。例如，曼奈特医生接受他的敌人的后代-达尔内为他的女婿的心理历程。从人物的对比分析中，能清晰的看出狄更斯的人道主义思想。
冲突之一:曼奈特医生与厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟
在《双城记》中，曼奈特医生与厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟他们分别代表下层阶级与上层阶级，阶级的不同性决定了他们之间的冲突。亚历山大曼奈特是一个仁慈博爱的医生。他本有一个幸福的家庭，然而，他平静的生活被厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟打破了。1757年12月的一个深夜，曼奈特被厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟强迫出诊，看到一对姐弟气绝的惨状。弟弟在临死前将侯爵兄弟二人对自己家族的迫害告诉了医生。正直的曼奈特拒绝了贿赂，并写信给一位大臣告发侯爵府里发生的罪恶，不料信却落到侯爵兄弟手里。为了灭口，侯爵兄弟将曼奈特医生投进了巴士底狱。曼奈特在狱中被单独囚禁了18年，狱中黑暗而艰苦的生活没有令他屈服。为了控诉侯爵兄弟的暴行，他在在狱中用铁锈和着眼泪写下了一份控告书。这份控告书最后作为证据证明了侯爵兄弟的罪行。
在小说中，厄弗里蒙地侯爵和曼奈特医生是两个对立的形象，作者借助这两个形象颂扬了博爱与人道的主题，谴责了贵族阶级的残暴统治。
冲突之二:达内与贵族家族
虽然查尔斯?达内是法国贵族后裔，但是他对其家族压迫劳动者的行为感到不满，他放弃财产的继承权，隐藏了身份和姓名，一个人在伦敦生活。达内作为新兴资产阶级的代表，追求的是平等、自由与幸福。在《果刚的脑袋》一章中，达内跟他的叔叔有一番谈话，在谈话中，他说道:“我们的家族，我们光荣的家族。对于它的荣誉我们俩都很看重，可是态度却完全不同。就在我父亲的时代，我们就犯下了数不清的错误。无论是谁，无论是什么原因，只要拂逆了我们的意愿，就要受到伤害。”“为了活下去，我要跟我的同胞们一样靠工作来维持生活――我的有贵族身份的同胞们
有一天也会这样做的。”这体现了达内盼望阶级平等的美好愿景。
冲突之三:曼奈特的内心冲突
在达内与露西举行婚礼的早上，达内单独向曼奈特说出了自己作为厄弗里蒙地侯爵后裔的真实身份。曼奈特医生受到极大地打击，又回到了刚出狱时的无意识状态。作者用“做鞋”这一行为展现了曼奈特医生所经受的心理煎熬。一面是害自己被囚禁18年之久的仇人之子，一面是女儿深爱的人，是以仇恨之心对待，还是用宽容化解。九天九夜以后，曼奈特医生清醒过来，超越了18年的苦难，接纳达内作为自己的女婿。最终，爱和宽容战胜了仇恨。这里的爱即代表了曼奈特医生对女儿的爱，也代表了露西对父亲的爱。可以说，露西帮助医生完成了从恨到爱的转化。
冲突之四:人民群众与封建贵族
以德伐石太太为代表的人民群众与以厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟为代表的贵族统治阶级的冲突贯穿整部小说。法国大革命前期，社会矛盾异常尖锐。1854年底，狄更斯说:“我相信，不满情绪像这样冒烟比火烧起来还要坏得多，这特别像法国在第一次革命爆发前的公众心理，这就有危险，由于千百种原因――如收成不好、贵族阶级的专横与无能把已经紧张的局面最后一次加紧、海外战争的失利、国内偶发事件等等――变成那次从未见过的一场可怕的大火。”在小说中，狄更斯通过描述得伐石太太和曼奈特等人的悲惨遭遇，对统治者惨无人道的暴行进行控诉，揭示出正是由于这种非人道的罪恶统治导致了被压迫的激烈反抗。
得伐石太太是一位机智、勇敢、行动敏捷、意志坚定的腐女。充满必胜的信心。当人民冲向巴士底狱时，她领导妇女们冲在前面。她总是勇往
直前，毫无退缩之意。狄更斯高度评价了她，并把她称作“令人钦佩的女人”。狄更斯赞扬了人民的反抗精神及力量，革命者的智慧及勇气。但是，当得伐石太太的复仇失去理智，甚至危及无辜时，他的感情就由同情肯定变为怀疑否定了。狄更斯既批判了统治阶级残酷压迫又否定了革命群众盲目复仇，既肯定了革命的正义性，又否定了革命的暴力性。从人道主义立场出发，希望用仁爱和宽恕的精神来化解仇恨与矛盾。
根据对人物冲突的描写可以看出，在《双城记》中，狄更斯既赞扬了人性的善良与美好，又揭露了人心的丑恶与残忍。他希望通过爱来感化仇恨，化解矛盾。作为一个中产阶级作家，狄更斯固然痛恨压迫残害人民的统治阶层，但是他希望通过积极的社会改良而不是激烈的暴力革命改变这一切。“流血只能造成更多的流血，仇仇相报无有已时，只有仁爱的心才能挽救浩劫”。
范文五：狄更斯《双城记》的主要创作特色
刘 蓉 《教育前沿·综合版》 2009年第5期 本文字数：2115 小 中 大
《双城记》是狄更斯晚年一部杰作,它以巨大的历史内容和完整、出色的艺术描写,赢得了读者广泛的爱好,成为世界名著之一。作品在情节安排悬念跌宕。故事展开后主要围绕医生梅尼特父女、与厄弗里蒙地叔侄、以及得伐石夫妇几个主要人物的纷繁纠纷和错综复杂的矛盾来描写。然后,又以倒插手法,把医生在狱中所写的血书公之与众,揭示故事产生的根由。这使作品在情节上曲折、委婉,富有戏剧性,给读者以深刻的印象。作品在人物塑造,上运用了大量对比手法,把对立的形象和画面,加以相互衬托、突出了作品仁爱精神的主题,加强了作品人文思想的倾向。作品在风格上,改变了狄更斯早期创作的诙谐、幽默,活泼的特色,代之以冷峻、沉郁,使作品更显得深刻有力。同时,作品的环境描写与抒情插笔,都增加了艺术的感染力。本文着重从小说的情节安排、人物塑造及语言风格三方面来具体分析《双城记》这篇世界名著的的主要创作特色。
情节安排悬念跌宕
《双城记》是经过狄更斯精心安排的艺术佳作,这部小说不同于狄更斯的早期作品,其情节紧凑,结构合理,故事生动有趣。在狄更斯的早期作品如《雾都孤儿》《大卫·科波菲尔》,故事是按照事件发生的先后顺序展开的,故事情节较为松散,似乎没有什么高潮。但是,《双城记》的写作方式就不同。在这部小说中,故事没有按照事件发生的先后顺序展开,而是采用了倒序和插序的方法。小说的故事情节起伏跌宕,故事叙述总是一个悬念接着一个悬念,高潮迭起,让读者不禁产生很大的兴趣往下读。例如小说开篇描写英法两国动荡不安的局势,一开始就渲染了一种神秘和紧张的气氛。小说前面章节,作家对造成梅尼特18年牢狱之灾的原因只字不提,留给读者一个巨大的悬念。可是狄更斯一次又一次让读者探奇的心悬着。这种气氛随着故事情节的展开而越发加强。梅尼特医生出狱后奇怪的缝鞋活动,代尔纳婚前和梅尼特的神秘对话,卡尔登和代尔纳面貌酷似,这种种疑团加深了小说的魅力,使它的结构犹如巴士底监狱通道那样迂回曲折,直到最后才把散见于全书的各条线索串联起来,创造出豁然开朗的艺术效果。正是通过悬念的运用,梅尼特医生的苦难经历蒙上了一层神秘的色彩。
人物塑造对立鲜明
狄更斯塑造人物的娴熟技巧,不管是描绘人物的面貌、气质、谈吐,还是人物的服饰、举止风采,无不把人物特征全部栩栩如生地表现出来,真是如见其人,如闻其声。《双城记》使用了不少对比手法,把对立的形象和
环境,加以相互衬托、以增强故事的真实性和艺术感染力,突出了作品的主题和思想倾向。譬如厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟的 邪恶、残忍与梅尼特医生的善良、宽容形成鲜明对比;得伐石太太革命前性格坚强、才智卓越和组织领导能力非凡的形象与革命后变成一个冷酷、凶狠、狭隘的复仇者的形象的对比。另外还有卡尔顿,这个聪明绝顶而又玩世不恭、酗酒放纵,生活没有目的的青年,最后为心爱的人幸福,甘愿代替代尔纳去死。
语言风格冷峻沉郁
从《双城记》开始,狄更斯进入创作的后期阶段,而这时,又正值他的家庭破裂时期,这些都导致这部作品的语言风格也发生变化,欢快明朗的风格几近消失,轻松幽默只存留在对普洛斯和克软彻等少数人的描述上。他在这部作品里,遣词造句明显较过去考究,语言风格冷峻沉郁,全书行文精确、严谨,以简驭繁,举重若轻。
例如,为了突出地表现圣·安东尼贫民窟寒冷、肮脏、贫病和饥饿的凄惨情景,狄更斯饱含感情,以极其简练的词句,描画了贵族统治下的一个居民小村的暗淡景象:在磨坊里经过可怕的反复碾磨的人们,在他们身上,在他们苍老脸上的每一道皱纹里,都是饥饿的标记。到处都是饥饿横行。饥饿给赶出了高楼大厦,钻进挂在竿子上和绳子上的破衣烂衫,饥饿同干草、破布、木片、烂纸一起修补在衣服、房屋上;饥饿附在那锯木人锯子下面的每一块小小的木柴上……这样入木三分地反复重述使我们读了之后,宛如身临其境,仿佛看到了当时人们衣不蔽体、面黄肌瘦的悲惨情景,嗅到那里的污秽恶臭,从而情不自禁地产生强烈的同情。
狄更斯善于使用不同的技巧突出主题。在《双城记》里,他多次使用象征手法,增加了作品的内涵和深度。狄更斯以其高超的智慧和独出心裁的创造力创作了大量具有象征意义的形象:譬如以不停编制毛线活的德伐日太太象征命运女神,以圣安东区流淌成河的红葡萄酒象征革命爆发后流淌的人血,以厄弗里蒙地侯爵回乡下时的夕阳残照象征贵族统治的末日,小个子锯木工的嚓嚓锯木象征吉洛汀的砍头动作。
《双城记》堪称英语文学的典范,狄更斯在这部作品中展示了他的最高语言艺术水平。1859年,狄更斯在谈到《双城记》的创作经历时说:“我花了大量时间和精力来创作《双城记》,经过无数次的修改,总算感到满意,能够偿还我在创作中所付出的心血的,绝不是金钱和其他任何东西,而是小说的主题意义和创作完成时的喜悦。”的确,狄更斯的这部殚精竭虑之作,被公认是他的巅峰之作。《双城记》的创作特色是一个永远值得探讨的话题。
转载请注明出处范文大全网 » 《双城记》中的主要人物分析
