一个养狗的
范文一：D类型的阅读理解
2009年江西省中考英语阅读理解及答案 一
The world is an interesting place. Different people like different things. Some people like loud music. Other people don't.1. _________
Many people like sports, but they do not all like the same sports. In some countries, cricket(板球运动 ) is a very popular sport, In others it is not popular at all. No one plays it or watches it on TV. However, most people like soccer. The World Cup is very popular.2. _________
Different people like different foods. Some people do not like meat.3. _________ Some people do not like potatoes or bread. They prefer rice. 4. _________ Most people have their favorite colors. Some people like bright colors. Others prefer pale colors.
Many people like traveling. Different people like different places. Some people like to go to the country. They like the fresh air. Some people like to go to the cities. Because they like shopping. 5._________
What do you like? Have you got an idea?
A. They like soft music.
B. Not everyone likes the same color.
C. Millions of people watch the games on TV.
D. Different people like different kinds of pets.
E. They eat fruit and vegetables most of the time.
F. So they don’ t raise pigs in their countries
G. Some other people enjoy beautiful places like the mountains or beaches
二
As we all know, weather changes are different from other world problems . 6. _________ It goes wherever it wants to. F1oods , strong winds , droughts, earthquakes, and things like that show us what a change in climate could bring upon us. 7. _________ They may hunt people who 1ive where they happen. If a11 countries work together to 1earn about the danger of nature, we can make it 1ess dangerous and less expensive by helping each Other. Luckily , in 1873, the IMO (国际气象组织 ) was founded . 8._________ Our country joined it in 1972. World Meterological Day (世界气象日 ) is celebrated each year on March 23rd. 9. _________ Because it can change the weather. A11 of the countries around the world are trying their best to protect the environment . 10._________ People know that if we don’ t protect our environment or pay any attention to (关注 ) the change in the weather and climate , bad things will happen.
三
March 14 is International Police Day. 11._________No matter if it's
burning hot or icy cold, a holiday or a school day, you'll see policemen at the centers of the crossroads directing traffic. 12_________There are more than 1.7 million policemen in China. 13. _________ Other police have different responsibilities (责任 ). Some are firefighters (消防员 ). Some watch out for bad guys and solve crimes. Others keep the peace. Special police deals with unexpected events.14. _________ He has to learn laws, science, shooting, driving and climbing.To keep people safe and make peace for all, Chinese police put their lives at risk.
15._________ Another 13,000 were injured in doing their jobs.
A. It is a day for people to show their respect for police, the people who keep millions off amilies safe.
B. A good special policeman needs a strong body as well as rich knowledge and many skills.
C. Since 1980, more than 7,000 policemen have lost their lives.
D. The traffic police is just one group.
E. These are the traffic police.
F. Police is a dangerous job.
G. We should love police because their hard work.
四
My teenage son Karl became withdrawn after his father died. As a single parent , I tried to do my best to talk to him.16. _________ When his report card arrived during his junior year , it said that he had been absent 95 times from classes and had six falling grades for the year. In this way he would never graduate. I sent him to the school adviser, and I even begged him. Nothing worked. One night I felt so powerless17. _________ and asked God for help.“ Please God, I can't do anything more for my son. I'm at the end of my rope. I'm giving the whole thing up to you.” I was at work when I got a phone call. A man introduced himself as the headmaster. “ I want to talk to you about Karl ’ s absences. ” 18._________, I choked up(哽咽) and all my disappointment and sadness over Karl came pouring out into the ears of this stranger.“ I love my son, but I just don’ t know what to do. I've tried everything to get Karl to go back to school 19._________. It's out of my hands.” For a moment there was silence on the other and of the line. The headmaster seriously said, “ Thank you for your time
“ That was me. I thought I'd play a joke but when I heard what you said, 20. _________. That ’ s when I knew I had to make you proud.”
A.and nothing has worked.
B. it really hit me how much I was hurting you
C. that 1 got down on my knees
D. I was really disappointed at you
E. Before he could say another word F. when she was saying something G. but the more 1 tried, the more he dulled away.
五
In China ,more and more middle school students are getting shorter sleeping time than before. 21. _________ because they have much homework to do. Some homework is given by their teachers and some by their parents. Also 22_________.They are not careful enough while they do their homework, 23_________.Some students spend too much time watching TV or playing computer games. They stay up very late. Some student have to get up early every morning on weekdays to get to school on time by bus or by bike. 24. _________.Schools and parents should cut down some of the homework so that children can enjoy more than nine hours of sleep every night for their health. For children, we should make best use of our time. 25._________,we will find it much better for both
our study and health.
A. Some homework is too difficult
B. Most students sleep less than nine hours every night.
C. When we have enough time for sleeping
D. It can be a long way from home to school
E. so it takes them a lot of time
F. Some students don’ t know how to save time.
G. Some students like to stay up late
六
Tom Smith was a writer. He wrote detective (侦探 ) stories for magazines . One evening he could not find an end for a story. He sat with his pen in front of him, 26. _________.So he decided to go to the cinema.
When he came back,_27. _________. The man had a drink, smoked several of Tom's cigarettes (香烟 ) and read the story. The man left a note ,
29. _________. Then he sat down and finished the story.,30. _________ but when he goes out in the evening, he always leaves a half-finished story on his desk.
A. Please read my advice and you can write a wonderful story
B. but had no idea.
C. Please write down my advices and you can finish you story.
D. Tom read the thief's advice
E. Tom is famous now
F. Tom is still not a famous writer.
G. he found that someone had broken into (闯入 ) his house
七
Happiness is for everyone. You don’ t need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or 31. _________ and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time.In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. 32. _________ When you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your health. When you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you. When you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. 33._________ All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always around you. Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can’ t be bought with money. 34._________, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋的 )door.
When it closes, it also opens. 35._________.
A. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you
B. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person
C. those who have nice cars and a lot of money
D. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too
E. those who have no houses
F. When you meet with difficulties, you can give them up and be happy
G. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy
八
In Canada you can find dogs, cats, horses etc. in almost every family. These are their pets. 36_________Before they keep them at their houses, they take them to animal hospitals to give them needles so that they won’ t carry disease(疾病 ). They have special animal food stores, though they can get animal food in almost every store. 37. _________ When you visit people ’ s homes, they would be very glad to show you their pets and they are very proud of them. You will also find almost every family has a bird feeder in their garden. All kinds of birds are welcomed to come and have a good meal. 38. _________ Nobody is allowed to kill any animals in Canada. 39. _________If you killed an animal, you would be
punished(处罚 ). If an animal happened to get run over by a car, people would be very sad about it.
40. _________ One of them might be: Their family tie is not as close as ours. When children grow up, they leave their parents and start their own career(生涯 ). Then the seniors(老人 ) will feel lonely. But pets can solve this problem. They can be good friends and never leave them alone.
A. People usually use cages to keep them at home.
B. They are free to come and go.
C. People in Canada have many reasons to like animals.
D. People love these pets and regard them as their good friends.
E. Why don’ t people kill animals ?
F. Some people spend around two hundred Canadian dollars a month on animal food.
G. They have a law against killing wild animals.
九
Australia is the largest island in the world. It is a little smaller than China. It is in the south of the earth. Australia is big, but its population is small. 41. _________
Enough laws(法律 ) have been made to fight against pollution.42.
_________ The sky is blue and the water is clean. You can clearly see fish swimming in the rivers. Plants grow very well.
Last month we visited Perth, the biggest city in Western Australia, and went to a wild flowers’ exhibition(展览 ).There we saw a large number
of wild flowers we had never seen before. We had a wonderful time.43. _________In spring every year Perth has the wild flowers’ exhibition. After visiting Perth, we spent a day in the countryside. We sat down and had a rest near a path at the foot of a hill. 44. _________ Suddenly we heard bells ringing at the top of the hill. What we saw made us pick up all our things and run back to the car as quickly as we could. There were about three hundred sheep coming towards us down the path.
45. _________After a short drive from any town, you will find yourself in the middle of white sheep. Sheep, sheep, everywhere are sheep.
A. We saw animals everywhere.
B. It was quiet and we enjoyed ourselves.
C. The population of Australia is nearly as large as that of Shanghai.
D. Perth is famous for its beautiful wild flowers.
E. The cities in Australia have got little air or water pollution.
F. Australia is famous for its sheep and kangaroos.
G. Australian has the smallest population in the world
十
Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true.
46. _________ If it’ s hard for you to communicate with your parents, don ’ t worry about it. Here are some advice for you to bridge the generation gap (消除代沟 ).
Don ’ t argue (争辩 ) with your parents. 47. _________ Your parents probably won’ t consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you can ’ t express yourself well if you are angry. Go someplace to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you don’ t think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter.
Try to reach a compromise (和解 ). 48. _________ You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael’ s mother didn ’ t agree with him about buying a motorcycle. They argued over it. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.
Of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect (尊敬 ) to them. 49. _________
Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. 50. _________
A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worth having a try!
A. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong.
B. Don’ t get to your parents when you are angry.
C. Perhaps you and your parents disagree on something.
D. Many children don respect their parents.
E. Perhaps you ask your parents to buy something.
F. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life.
G. Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. 十一
Mails, games, music, news, chat rooms(聊天室) and shopping! The Internet is part of the way we live today.1.____________ The only thing we need to do is to use a modem which is used for connecting a computer to a telephone line. 2._____________________. More and more people have computers and use the Internet. Using the Internet means surfing the World Wide Web(That ’ s the “ www ” you always hear about.) 3.___________________They are the places you go to get information and do things.4.____________________They are made by web designers (设计师) .What happens when you click on a word or a picture? You are sent to another page. It’ s all because of the web designer. Web designers do a lot of work by using a computer programming(程序编辑) language.Is Web design all about computer programming? No. It’ s about making something new. Web designers must imagine a lot when they are making a website. It must look good and be fun to use.
5._________________They choose the best pictures and colors to make the website look good. They also write the things that you see on the website. An important part of their job is to share(分享) ideas with the
website manager about how to design the website well.
A. Where do these websites come from?
B. The Internet is changing and growing all the time.
C. Where can we find websites
D. The Web(网) has large numbers of websites(网站) in it.
E. It’ s easy to get onto the Internet.
F. It’ s not easy to get on line,
G. A big part of Web design is art.
十二
COME TO NEW YORK AND SEE THE WORLD
If you are looking for the place that has everything, then ' s only one place to visit, and that's New York. It's a whole world in a city.
1._____________: All of New York is. And it begins with Broadway. Where else can you find so many hit shows in one place? Only in New York!
2. _____________; Spend an evening with Beethoven at Lincoln Center. Swing to the great
Jazz of Greenwich Village. Or rock yourself silly at the hottest dance spots found anywhere.
3. _____________: From Rembrand to Picasso. From Egyptian tombs to Indian Teepees. Whatever kind of art you like, you'11 find it in New York.
4_____________ : Whether it' s roast Beijing duck(北京烤鸭 |) in China-town, lasagna in little Italy, or the finest French coq au vin found anywhere, there's a world of great taste waiting for you in New York. 5. _____________: What other city has a statue of Liberty(自由女神 ) ? A Rocketfeiler center? Or a Bronx zoo? Where else can you take a horse drawing carriige through Central Park, on?ly in New York!
A. The World Of Sights
B. The World Of Art
C. The World Of history
D. The World Of people
E. The World Of Music
F. The World Of Theatre
G. The World Of Fine Dining
答案
一. 1— 5 ACEBG
二. 6— 10. BADEC
三. 11-15. AEDBC
四. 16一 20. GCEAB
五. 21— 25. FBEDC
六. 26-30 BGADE
七 31— 35. CADGB
八 . 36— 40.DFBGC
九 .41— 45. CEDBF
十. 46— 50. GBCAF 十一 .EBDAG
十二 . FEBGA
范文二：高考英语阅读理解题的类型及解题方法
第10卷第5期2008年10月
基础英语教育
JournalofBasicEnglishEducation
Vol110,No15Oct1,2008
高考英语阅读理解题的类型及解题方法
王云华
摘 要:任务实现的,,又体现,对阅读理解的任务进行归,关键词:高考英语试卷;阅读理解;任务类型
中图分类号:G623131 文献标识码:C 文章编号:
100922536(2008)0520079208
一、引言
阅读理解作为考查学生阅读与理解能力的试题,已成为一年一度的全国以及部分省市高考英语试卷中不可缺少的一部分。在这些试卷中,与阅读理解直接相关的试题的赋分比例平均高达
4617%左右。自1995年开始,阅读的篇数开始由
但要真正达到测试的目的,测试内容还必须具体为不同的任务,并进一步具体为一个个的项目或问题。鉴于这个原因,探讨阅读理解的测试内容,分析阅读理解中的任务,有助于我们对高考阅读理解命题的着力点获得清楚的认识,从而采取有效的方法解决任务中相关的问题。
二、阅读理解测试的内容
通俗地讲,阅读理解能力是指一个人读懂所读材料或掌握所读材料意思的能力,可以具体为对词、句、段落和篇章的把握和理解能力,它是语言能力的一部分。但语言能力实际上是一种理论假设,无法直接观察,通常我们对一个人的语言能力的判断是通过观察其相应的语言行为做出的(邹申,2005)。这就是说,一个人的语言能力表现为一定的语言行为,阅读能力的大小表现为阅读行为水平的高低,即不同的阅读层次。那么,要通过阅读理解测试考查一个人的阅读行为水平,就需要确定具体的阅读测试内容。一般来讲,阅读理解的测试内容主要涉及三个方面。一是阅读材料的类型。《2008
年普通高等学校招生全国统
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四篇增至五篇(不少于五篇)。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文四种。题材涉及日常生活、古今传说、人物社会、科技文化、历史地理、政治经济、环境保护等。材料来源广泛,有的选自小说,有的选自报纸、杂志,有的选自宣传材料。所选文章多出自于母语为英语的作者之手,主要反映外国的生活内容,很少涉及国内情况。这些新的现象表明,高考英语试卷的测试重心已发生根本性的转变。在其发展历程中,从“以知识为中心”向“以能力为中心”的质的飞跃已经实现。这种根本性的变化在促使我们转变思想观念的同时,也给我们的英语教学带来了新的挑战。
毫无疑问,阅读理解题旨在检测应试者的阅读理解能力,而测试中对阅读理解能力的检测是借助试卷,通过设计不同的测试内容来完成的。
一考试大纲(文科)》(教育部考试中心,2008a)规定,考生应能够读懂公告、说明文、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般话题的简短文章。这一规定在实际测试中得到了充分的体现。在全国乃至部分省市的高考英语试卷中,用于阅读理解的文章的体裁和题材就相当宽泛。二是篇幅。从近几年的情况看,阅读理解文段的篇幅平均在320词左右,一般没有超出350个词。三是能力要求。《2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合科考试大纲的说明》(教育部考试中心,2008b)把阅读理解能力概括为五个方面:1)和细节;2),的概念;3),也能理解根据字面意思可以推断出来的没有明确说出的深层含义,包括作者的态度、意图等;4)既能理解某句、某段的意义,也能理解全篇的逻辑关系,并据此进行推理和判断;5)既能根据文章所提供的信息去理解,也能结合中学生自己应有的常识去理解。
测试内容是测试的主体部分,但测试内容只有具体为不同的测试任务才能真正发挥测试的作用。所以,考试大纲中所概括的五种能力可以进一步具体为五种阅读理解任务:1)理解主旨要义;2)辨认事实细节;3)推测词语意义;4)作出判断、推理;5)理解作者的意图和态度。三、任务类型及任务中问题的处理
阅读理解中的任务是实现阅读理解测试目标的手段,而试卷中任务又表现为不同的问题。按照难度之深浅,阅读理解中的问题可分为三种类型:1)文章中明示的问题;2)文章中隐含的问题;3)涉及个人经验的隐含性问题(Mealey&Nist,1989)。问题的分类在表明自身类型的同时,也自然把阅读理解任务相应分为三种类型———明示性任务、隐含性任务和涉及个人经验的隐含性任务。
(一)明示性任务中问题的处理
此类任务主要涉及事实细节(如事件发生的时间、顺序,人物的外貌、特征以及相互间的因果关系等),体现任务的问题设计方式有两个,一
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是选项中的陈述与文章中的用语相同或相似;二
是选项中的陈述不是文段中的原话,而以释义或重述的形式出现。这类试题通常不针对文章的整体提问,而就某一部分设问(如某一具体段落、句子或短语等),主要考查学生对阐述主题的细节与具体事实的把握能力。问题多涉及文章中的人物、地点、时间以及有关的数字、数量、特征等,主要与五个W(who,what,when,where,why)和一个H()有关,,而且答案,一般从阅读材料中可以直接找到。常见的提问方法有:Accordingtothewriter(the
passage,thetext...),when(where,what,which,who,how)...?Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingiswrong?Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.Toimprovetheirreadingability,peopleshould
.
解答此类问题,首先需要选定能够概括问题的关键词,然后带着这些关键词,运用查读法,在文章中迅速寻找相关的信息。查读也叫寻读或扫读,是一种从大量的资料中快速寻找特定信息(如时间、地点、人物、事件、数字等)的阅读方法,故又被称为“为获取特定信息而阅读”。它不要求全面、仔细地阅读材料,而表现为快速确认特定信息在语言材料中的位置。其方法为:快速扫描文段,放弃大部分无关的内容,而只注意相关的一项或几项内容,然后仔细辨认,认真比较。为了达到快速、准确的效果,查读时可适当留意文段中比较明显的语言标识(如表示举例的forexample,forinstance,thatis等;表示因果关系的
because,for,so,asaresult等;表示转折关系的while,however,although,but,still等)、具体的细
节(如时间、地点、年代、人名、数字、事件、论点、定义等)以及特殊标点符号(如破折号表示解释)等等。例如:
Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?Ateacher?Adoctor?Howaboutanicecreamtaster?
Yes,therereallyisajobwhereyoucangetpaidtotasteicecream.
JustaskJohnHarrison,
an
“OfficialTasteTester”forthepast21years.Testinghelpsmanufacturerstobesureofaproductπsquality.
DuringhiscareerHarrisonhasbeenresponsibleforapprovinglargequantitiesofthesweeticecream—aswellasfordevelopingover75flavors(味道).
Somepeoplethinkthatitwouldbeeasytodothisjob,afterall,youjusthavetolikeicecream,right?No—thereπsmoretothejobthansaysHarrison,whohasadegreeinchemistry.Hepointsoutthatadairyorfood2sciencedegreewouldbeveryusefultosomeonewantingacareerinthis“cool.
Inatypicalandassessesles.icecreamwarmup12).Harrisonexplains,
A.Hestirstheicecream.
B.Heexaminesthecoloroftheicecream.C.Hetastestheflavoroftheicecream.D.Heletstheicecreamwarmup.
4.Whatdoestheword“that”underlinedinthethirdparagraphreferto?
A.Developingover75flavors.B.Havingadegree.C.ikingice的工作,那么job一词
这些关键词,对文段进行扫描,就可以在第一、二段发现相关的信息。根据Yes,therereallyisa
jobwhereyoucangetpaidtotasteicecream.JustaskJohnHarrison,an“OfficialTasteTester”forthepast21years.可以确定其工作为“冰激凌品尝工”。
“Yougetmoreflavorfromwarmericecream,whichis
whysomekidsliketostirit,creatingicecreamsoup.”
Whiletheicecreamwarmsup,Harrisonlooksoverthesamplesandgradeseachoneonitsappearance.“Tastingbeginswiththeeyes,”heexplains.Hecheckstoseeiftheicecreamisattractiveandaskshimself,“Doestheproducthavethecolorexpectedfromthatflavor?”Nextitπstimetotaste!
Continuingtothinkupnewideas,tryoutnewflavors,andtestsamplesfromsomanykindsoficecreameachdaykeepsHarrisonbusybuthappy—workingatonecooljob.
1.WhatisJohnHarrisonπsjob?A.Anofficial.B.Anicecreamtaster.C.Achemist.
D.Anicecreammanufacturer.
2.AccordingtoJohnHarrison,tobequalifiedinthe“cool”field,itishelpfulto
A.keepadiaryofwork
B.haveadegreeinrelatedsubjectsC.havenewideaseverydayD.findoutnewflavorseachday
3.WhatdoesHarrisondofirstwhentestingicecream?
.
第二小题与coolfield相关,那么关注的重点自然应该是coolfield以及周围的信息。文中thereπsmoretothejobthanthat,saysHarrison,who
hasadegreeinchemistry.Hepointsoutthatadairyorfood2sciencedegreewouldbeveryusefultosomeonewantingacareerinthis“cool”field.说明,要想在
这一非常“酷”的领域里就业,需要有相关的学位才行。
第三小题要求回答Harrison品尝冰激凌的第一道工序是什么,那么我们需要注意文中与工序相关的信息。这些信息主要集中在第四段,其中Heletstheicecreamwarmuptoabout12).一句为整个品尝工序的第一步,故答案是D。
第四小题涉及指示照应,属于篇章结构问题。指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近来确定所指对象(胡壮麟,1998),常用的照应词有this,that,these,those,it,the和sucha等,也包括here,there,now,then等地点指示词和时间指示词。其中this指上文出现过的事物、后发生的事情或时间空间上较近的人或物,能承上启下;that指上文出现过的事物、先发生的事情或时间空间上较远的人或物,只能承上,不能
启下。
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鉴于照应词that的特点,在寻找所指对象时首先要关注其前面的文字陈述,然后结合上下文予以定位。该题选项中的A、C、D属前述信息,但从上下文来看,此处是在叙述对工作的态度问题。那么,that所指的对象显然应该是C。
(二)隐含性任务中问题的处理
与明示性任务中的问题不同,隐含性任务中的问题通常无法直接从文段中找到答案,选项中的叙述也与文章中的用语不同。读者必须从文章中搜集相关的信息,根据文章结构以及对主题和针对整篇文章或某个段落设问。常见的提问方法有:Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?Themain
purposeofwritingthistextisabout
.Whatisthe
mostsuitabletitleforthetext?Thispassageismainly
.Wecanlearnfromthefirst(second...
.一般来讲,主旨大意
last)paragraphthat
试题的提问方式有一个明显的特点,问句中常含有表示推断意义的动词(如infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean等)或表示推测意思的情态动词(如can,could,might,would等)或其他表示可能性的形容词或副词(如probably,mostlikely等)。与事实细节类问题的提问方法相似,推理判断类问题也多针对五个W和一个H,常用的提问方法有:Accordingtothewriter(the
text,theparagraph...(why,how...)..bethatwecanlearnthat
.that
.
.The
Wecaninferfromthe.Thepassageimpliesthat
from
thepassage
.Fromthepassage(paragraph
),
Wemayconclude
类问题的答案大多在文章或段落的主题句之中,因为文章的主题思想通常是由各段落的主题句综合而成,有时某个段落的主题句也可能就是全文的主题句。因此,找出文章的主题段或各段落的主题句是解决此类问题的关键。但需要注意的是,并不是所有体裁的文章都有可以直接概括中心思想的主题句。在一些记叙文或描述文中,当作者客观地对事件的发展进行描述时,往往不用明确的主题句(肖建壮,1997)。在这种情况下,读者就必须通读全文,从整体上进行把握,并对中心思想进行归纳概括。
一般情况下,作者会在作品中把事件发生的来龙去脉清楚地介绍给读者,但有时候作者不把这些内容清楚地陈述出来,而把它留给读者,要读者自己去判断。这时,读者只有正确无误地理解文章内容,才能准确地体会出作者的“言外之意”。所以在解答此类问题时,推论必须忠实于原文内容,必须以文中事实为依据,要通过语篇逻辑关系和细节暗示,从不同的角度对文章提供的信息进行分析、加工,立足已知推断未知。此类
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除了这种形式外,另一种考查推理判断能力
的形式是猜测词义。此类试题针对文章的某一部分,特别是某个词或词组提出问题。被考查的对象多为文中的生词,有时是熟词新义,其目的是考查学生利用已知信息、常识或上下文猜测词义的能力。常见的提问方式有:Theunderlinedword
(phrase/sentence)inthefirst(second...)paragraphmeanstext?What
.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsdoes
the
underlinedword“...”
themeaningoftheword“...”asitisusedinthe(paragraph1)probablymean?与前一类试题一样,
此类试题的答案也不能从文章中直接找到,而必
须通过上下文,利用相关信息进行猜测和判断。例如:
ProfessorBarryWellmanoftheUniversityofTorontoinCanadahasinventedatermtodescribethewaymanyNorthAmericansinteract(互动)thesedays.Thetermis”.Thisconceptisnoteasytounderstandbecausethewordsseemtohaveoppositemeanings.Howcanwebeindividuals(个体)andbenetworkedatthesametime?Youneedotherpeoplefornetworks.
HereiswhatProfessorWellmanmeans.BeforetheinventionoftheInternetande2mail,oursocialnetworksincludedliveinteractionswithrelatives,
neighbors,andfriends.Someoftheinteractionwasbyphone,butitwasstillvoicetovoice,persontoperson,inrealtime.
ArecentresearchstudybythePewInternetandAmericanLifeProjectshowedthatforalotofpeople,electronic
interaction
through
the
computerhas
replacedthisperson2to2personinteraction.However,alotofpeopleinterviewedforthePewstudysaythatπsagoodthing.Why?
Inthepast,manypeoplewereworriedthattheInternetisolated(孤立)usandcausedusmuchtimeinthei.thePewstudyistrue.TheInternetconnectsuswithmorerealpeoplethanexpected—helpfulpeoplewhocangiveadviceoncareers,medicalproblems,
raisingchildren,
and
choosingaschoolorcollege.AmericanstoldPewthatthedecisions.
Thankstothecomputer,weareabletobealoneandtogetherwithotherpeople—atthesametime!
1.peoplepeoplesay
B.havetherightsandfreedomtodothingsoftheirowninterest
C.dothingsintheirownwaysandexpressopinionsdifferentfromotherpeople
D.areabletokeeptothemselvesbutatthesametimereachouttootherpeople
2.that
ItcanbeinferredfromthePewstudy
.
A.peoplehavebeenseparatedfromeachotherbyusingcomputers
B.theInternetmakespeoplewastealotoftimeandfeelverylonely
C.theInternethasbecomeatoolforanewkind
The
.
underlined
phrase
About60millionInternetplaysan
ofsocialcommunication
D.alotofpeopleregardtheperson2to2personcommunicationasagoodthing
3.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.WeπrealoneontheInternet.B.WeπrecommunicatingontheInternet.C.WeπrealoneandtogetherontheInternet.D.WeπreintheimaginaryworldoftheInternet.
,这种阅读方法常用来不同,查读是逐页、逐段、逐行进行的扫描性阅读,而跳读则是有所取舍地跳跃式前进,目光只停留在那些有价值的内容上,其他内容则可以大段甚至整页地掠过。略读是一种选择性的阅读,不是逐字逐句地阅读,而是有选择性、有针对性地获取一些主要信息,而略过一些次要信息,常用于获取文章的大意或中心思想,也被称为“浏览”和“为获得主旨大意而阅读”。研读又称“细读”或“深读”,属于精读的范畴,目的是深层次理解篇章结构和寓意。现在我们结合上面的文段和问题,谈一下相关策略的应用。
第一小题要求判断画线部分的含义。解答此类问题需要找到与画线部分相关的信息,这些信息通常分散在画线部分的周围,其类型包括相关的定义、解释、举例、同义词、近义词、反义词、因果关系、同位关系甚至标点符号等等。首先,我们使用跳读法在文中找到画线部分的位置,注意周围关键的信息,然后用研读法认真阅读,仔细分析。与本题相关的信息是下文中的Howcan
webeindividualsandbenetworkedatthesametime?
importantroleinhelpingthemmakemajorlife
“networked
individualism”probablymeansthatbyusingcomputers
A.sticktotheirownwaysnomatterwhatother
和Youneedotherpeoplefornetworks.是对画线部分的解释,其意思是“我们怎样才能做到既是独立的个体而同时又与外界建立联系?要建立关系网你需要别人。”由此可以看出,networkedindividualism的意思与选项D一致。
第二个小题是对Pew的研究意义作出推断。通常,进行推断时我们主要使用的方式有五种:1)依据数据推断;2)依据事实推断;3)
依据
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细节推断;4)依据语气推断;5)依据全文推断。具体使用哪一种推断方式需要依据相关信息在文章中呈现的方式而定。如果相关信息是数字,那么就要依据数据进行推断;如果相关信息分散在文章中或在文中不明显,那么就要依据全文进行推断。不管使用哪种方式,首先要借助查读法对文章阐述的相关信息予以定位,然后采用研读法对相关信息进行分析,以挖掘暗含的意思。该题既然与Pew的研究有关,那么Pew,research和study即可作为查寻时的关键词。与本题有关的信息集中在第四段,具体为...foralotofelectronic
replacedthis.alotofpeopleforPewstudysaythatπsagoodthing.研究发现,尽管很多人认为这种面对
建壮,1997)。因此,在确定主题句时,需要重点
关注段落的起始句,注意分析它与其他句子的关系。如果从第二句开始是对首句进行说明、议论或描述,则表明第二句及后面的句子是支撑句,首句就是主题句。当主题句位于段落中间时,开头的句子大都起引介主题的作用,为段落要论述的主题作文字铺垫,主题句则由随之而引出的句子来表达。有时,为了阐明主题,主题句的后面,,概括性的句,并以此收尾(肖建壮,1997),其主题句往往是根据上下文所述内容而总结出的结果或作出的推论。对于没有主题句的文段或没有主题段的文章,则需要从具体细节的阐述中提取要点,然后据此概括出中心思想。
在寻找主题段和主题句时,我们可以采用略读法。这种方法高效、省时,可以迅速、准确地确定目标。本文首段的主题句ProfessorBarry
WellmanoftheUniversityofTorontoinCanadahasinventedatermtodescribethewaymanyNorthAmericansinteractthesedays...开宗明义点明“互
面的交互方式已经被基于计算机的电子互动方式
所取代(即很多人使用计算机与人交流),但被调查者中很多人仍然认为,那种方式仍然是一种很好的互动方式。这里的“那种方式”指的是什么?that所指的对象是“电子互动”还是“面对面的交互”?这需要依据句子结构和逻辑关系予以确定。从第二句开头的however一词可以看出,上下句间是一种转折关系,那么that一词的指称对象就应该是“面对面的交互”。只有这样,上下文义才通顺自然。那么很明显,选项D中的陈述与文中的含义是相同的。
第三小题涉及主旨大意。上面提到,解决此类问题的关键是找出文章的主题段或各段落的主题句,所以确定文章的主题句是获取段落大意并最终总结归纳全文中心思想的有效方法。一篇文章的主题往往体现在文章的首尾段上,因为文章的第一段往往要点明主题,而文章的最后一段常常用于总结或重述文章的主要内容。同样,一个文段的主题也往往在该段的首尾句上。一般来讲,主题句有三个明显的特征:1)表述相对概括;
2)句子简单明了;3)居于核心地位。主题句的
动”问题,尾句Thankstothecomputer,weareabletobealoneandtogetherwithotherpeople—atthesametime!对文段主要内容予以总结和概括———有了计算机我们既可以成为独立的个体,又可以成为群体中的一员。由此来看,只有选项C能够体现该文段的主题。
(三)涉及个人经验的隐含性任务中问题的处理
一篇文章不可避免地要反映作者的观点和态度,作者也期望读者能够透过字面意思,真正领悟其文外之意(林生香、马淑英,2003)。为了检测读者与作者通过文字符号进行思想交流的效果,阅读理解题中往往会设计一些反映作者观点和态度的评价性理解任务。涉及个人经验的隐含性任务中的问题涉及较高层次的理解,此类问题的叙述和解答通常超越了文章字面所提供的信息。读者的理解既要超越文章的所述内容,其判断又必
须基于文中的事实。只有在忠实原文的基础上结
位置也具有一定的特点,通常总是位于段首或段尾,有时也会出现在段落中间,但位于句首的可能性最大。一般来讲,科普题材的说明文、记叙文、议论文及新闻报道等大都具有这一特点(肖
84
合自己的常识、价值观和阅读经验,才能对阅读内容作出合理的分析与评价。评价性问题常用的提问方式有:Whatdoesthewritermeanby
saying...?Theauthorwouldagreethatwriterπspurposeinwritingthisstoryis
.The.What
Andso,asIapproachthedaywhenIcannotevenjumpoverthetennisnet,Iammovedtosharesomethoughtsonagingwithyou.Iammovedtoshowhowagingfeelstomephysicallyandmentally.
Getting
older,ofcourse,isobviouslyabetterchangethantheonethatbringsyoueulogies(悼词).Infact,apoetnamedRobertBrowningconsidereditthebestchangeofall:
oldalongwithwasright,mostofmyyearshavebeengoldenones,soIwillsettleforwhatisaheadbeingasgoodaswhathasgoneby.Ifindmyselfmovingtowardwhatisaheadwithacuriousblend(混合)ofbothfightingandacceptingmyaging,hopingthatthephilosopher(哲学家)wasrightwhenhesaid,“Oldisalwaysfifteenyearsfromnow.”
1.TheauthorseemstotellusinParagraph1that.
A.timealonewilltellB.timegoesbyquicklyC.timewillshowwhatisrightD.timemakesoneforgetthepast2.life
Theauthorconsidershisfiftyyearsof.A.peacefulC.satisfactory
B.ordinaryD.regretful
istheauthorπsattitudetowards...?Howdoestheauthor(probably)feelabouthis...?Bytelling...theauthorseemstoshow
.
由于高考阅读理解中的问题常以四项选择的方式命题,这种设计方式实际上对可能性的评价予以一定的限制,,,产生限制的同时的难度。同时,由于试题的难度往往受问题范围的影响,所以尽管此类试题属于“高难度”层的问题,但如果问题涉及的范围较小,或提问比较简单,那么难度就被大大降低。也正是由于这些原因,有时你会感到此类试题的难度似乎远远小于推理判断类问题的难度。但无论难度如何,在对作者的观点或态度作出评价时,读者要力戒个人意见第一,更不能把自己的观点强加于作者。例如:
Irecentlyturnedfifty,whichisyoungforatree,midlifeforanelephant,andancientforasportsman.FiftyisanicenumberforthestatesintheUSorforanationalspeedlimitbutitisnotanumberthatIwaspreparedtohavehungonme.Fiftyissupposedtobemyfatherπsage,butnowIamstuckwiththisnumberandeverythingitmeans.
Afewdaysago,afriendtriedtocheermeupbysaying,“Fiftyiswhatfortyusedtobe.”Hehadmadeaninspirationalpoint:AmIoverthehill?Peoplekeeptellingmethatthehillhasbeenmoved,andIkeeptellingthemthatthehigh2jumpbarhasdroppedfromthesixfeetIonceeasilyclearedtothefourfeetthatisimpossibleformenow.
一般情况下,读者只有在掌握了文章的大意
和主要事实以后,才能对作者的观点和态度作出判断。但由于作者的观点、态度等主观倾向必然要通过文章的措词反映出来,所以文章中的一些词语,特别是带有感情色彩的词语,就如同一扇扇窗口,透过这些窗口我们可以洞察作者通过词汇手段所暗示的观点和态度。与推理判断类问题的处理方法相同,我们先用略读法迅速定位关键信息,然后采用研读法仔细琢磨、体会作者的用词特点,进一步揣摩其真实的意图、观念和态度。
第一小题有关作者的意图。第一段中包含的相关的信息有:Irecentlyturnedfifty,whichis
youngforatree...Fiftyisanicenumberfor...but
it
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“Youarenotgettingolder,youaregetting
better,”saysDr.JoyceBrothers.This,however,is
thekindofdoctorwhoinspiresasecondopinion.
isnotanumberthatIwaspreparedtohave...Fiftyissupposedtobemyfatherπsage,butnowIamstuckwiththisnumber...句中的turnedfifty,youngforatree,anicenumberfor,butnotanumberthatIwasprepared...,supposedtobemyfatherπsage等词语
方法和手段,一要平时有意识地开展相应的训练,
培养应用的自觉性;二要广泛地阅读,养成良好的阅读习惯。这样,在应试中才能驾轻就熟,取得良好的效果。
透露出作者的心态———自己不知不觉到了50岁,虽很不情愿进入这个年龄,但又无可奈何,这明显是作者对于光阴如梭发出的感叹。由此可以确定,B项是作者在第一段中要表达的真实意图。第二小题有关作者对50年生活的态度。由于该题针对hisfiftyyearsoflife设问,键自然是与“50..years
havebeengoldensoIwillsettleforwhatisaheadbeingasgoodaswhathasgoneby一句,句中
参考文献:
Mealey,
DonnaL.
&Nist,
SherrieL.
1989.
Comprehension
S[l32(6):93
.[M].上海:上海
.
林生香,马淑英.2003.高中英语阅读技巧[M].上
海:上海教育出版社.
肖建壮.1997.英语学习策略[M].北京:现代出
版社.
中华人民共和国教育部考试中心.2008a.2008年普
通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲(文科)
[S].北京:高等教育出版社.
的golden和asgoodas清晰地表明了作者的态度。既然作者把过去的50年称为“金色的”,而且把自己的未来看得与过去“同样美好”,要坦然面对,欣然接受,说明作者对过去的50年的生活是比较满意的,故答案应为D。
四、结束语
综上所述,阅读理解的测试目标和阅读理解测试中的任务实际上是一个事物的不同表现形式,两者相辅相成,相互关联,最终以问题予以具体体现。阅读理解中的问题既是任务的再现,又是测试目标的体现。了解阅读理解测试中的问题与阅读任务和测试目标的关系,有助于我们根据不同的阅读任务,采用相应的阅读方法和处理手段解答任务中的问题。这些阅读方法和处理手段是应试中十分有效的策略,但要能够灵活应用这些
中华人民共和国教育部考试中心.2008b.2008年普
通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合科考试大纲的说明[S].北京:高等教育出版社.
邹申.2005.语言测试[M].上海:上海外语教育出
版社.
收稿日期:2008208
通讯地址:450000 郑州大学西亚斯国际学院外语学
院英语系
电子信箱:winheartking@1261com
编辑:
祝玲
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范文三：小升初阅读理解的类型
小升初阅读理解题型
第一类写人类文章
写人类文章，一般是指以写人为主的记叙文。这类文章，主要通过对人物外貌、语言、动作、心理的描写，通过一件或几件典型事例的叙述，来表现人物的思想品质和精神风貌。阅读写人类文章时，指导学生从以下几点入手：
1．感悟人物的外在形象。 2．读懂人物语言。3．分析人物动作。 4．剖析人物的内心活动。5．关注人物所处环境。 6．分析细节描写。7．抓住文章主要情节。 如：《詹天佑》、《我的伯父鲁迅》、《凡卡》
第二类：写记事类文章
写人类文章，一般是指以写事为主的记叙文。这类文章有着比较鲜明的特征：时间、地点、事件、人物。四大要素的交代给我们的有效阅读提供了重要信息。
做好记事类阅读题目，要求学生做到：
1．仔细地去阅读，去发现作者将要告诉我们的事情。
2．对文章的篇章结构进行基本的分析和准确的把握，能够比较精确地概括出文段的段意，总结出文章的中心思想。
3．能根据作品中提供的事情或问题联系生活实际，谈谈自己的认识或看法。《窃读记》、《一面》、《唯一的听众》
第三类：咏物类文章
以描摹物体的形状、状态、色彩等元素为主要内容的记叙文称为咏物类记叙文。阅读此类文章的方法是：
1．理解作者具体写了什么事物，这个事物是什么样的，有什么特点？
2．文章是按照什么顺序写的，是写物的整体，后写物的部分；还是先写物的部分，后写物的整体；是先上后下，还是与之相反，等等。
3．要明白作者“咏”的物是什么，是怎样由事物展开丰富的联想去“咏”的；事物和联想
范文四：考研英语阅读理解考题类型详解
考研英语阅读理解考题类型详解
根据大纲和历年考题, 海天辅导专家老师总结阅读理解的考题类型, 主要包括以下 5种:主 旨题 、推理引申题 、观点态度题、词义 /句义猜测题 、事实细节题 ,下面就以实际例子为 大家具体讲解:
文章主旨题
1、出现形式
(1)文章首段或首句提出主旨或讨论的问题;
(2)在文章或段落的末尾归纳总结出中心思想;
(3)文章或段落中间给出中心;
(4)最难的情况,不给出明确中心,需要考生根据内容自己总结。
2、命题基本模式
文章主旨题
v The passage is mainly about
v Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage?
v The proper subject of this article is
段落主旨题
v From the first (2nd,3rd,4th,ect)paragraph that
v From the last(2nd,3rd,4th,ect)paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that
v We learn from the first (last, ect.)paragraph that
隐蔽的文章主旨题
v From the passage we learn (infer) that
v What can be inferred from the passage?
v What the author tries to suggest may be interpreted as
3、 相应策略
(1)主旨题的正确选项特点:不应该是细节信息 ; 不含过分肯定或是绝对意义的词;
(2)错误选项的特点:大多以偏概全,只是文章的细枝末节,不能涵盖全文内容;出现细 节性的名词信息;过于笼统;
(3)因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨,解答此类题时,不管它出现在什么位置都 要把它作为最后一道来做。 而且, 做完另外几道题后, 无疑会有助于考生加深对整个文章的 理解,保证此类题的正确性;
(4)出现在文章中间的主旨句比较少,如果出现,多起承上启下的作用,所以应该警惕前 后段意思转折的地方
推理引申题
首先提醒考生注意的是,把这类题和细节题区分开来,命题专家在命制此类试题时通常 要求考生对文章或是段落进行深层推理和理解, 因此不可能把考题答案非常直接地暴露于选 项中,推理引申题必须以事实为依据,但是得出的结论绝对不能是事实本身,即不能 “ 就事 论事 ” 。此类题考察的是考生的理解能力,特别理解作者字里行间的言外之意。
此类题对一些基础比较薄弱的考生是一个难点,考生似乎对文章读懂了,然而试题作不 对。 这是考生没有领会命题专家设置推理引申题的用意, 它要求考生透过文章的字里行间去 推测作者未说明而又意欲表达的含义。
1、 常见的命题模式
1) It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the first sentence/the exa mple that
2) The author suggests(indicates) in the passage that
3) It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that
4) It can be concluded from the passage that
5) What conclusion can be drawn from (the 1st paragraph, the last paragraph)?
2、 选项特点及其解答技巧
1)干扰项特点:①只是原文的简单重复,而非推理出来的结论,把直接表达当成简单推理 ; ②基于考生的常识是正确地, 而不是基于文章事实, 考生不能根据自己的主观想法或是生活
经验去推理, 因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力; ③推理过头, 虽然是根据文章 提供的事实或是内在逻辑为推理依据, 但是概括过头; ④一些选项因果倒置, 把原文中的手 段变成了选项中的目的;⑤有的选项内容纯属编造。
2)正确选项的特点:①不是原文明确说明的内容,因为即使符合原文,没有引申推理就不 是正确选项; ②如果四个选项全凭常识推断, 其中含义深刻的是正确选项; 或是唯一不是常 识项的是正确选项。
观点态度题
每一篇文章都肯定包含作者的某种观点和态度,只不过有的直截了当,有的含而不露, 有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现, 有的则需要通读全文, 把握主旨才能领会。 此类题可细分 为作者态度题(表明作者的好恶)和作者观点题(表明作者对某事物的观点) 。
1、 命题模式
1)作者观点题
① According to the author,---
② In the author’s opinion,---
③ What is the author’ s opinion (idea) about?
(2)作者态度题
① What is the tone (mood) of the passage?
② The author’s attitude towards…might be summarized as (seems to be)---
③ The author is most critical of---
2、 解题技巧
①不要把自己的态度揉入其中,还要区分作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度
②当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者的语言的褒贬去判断作者的态度,如, wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。
③作者的态度一般与文章主旨有很大关系
④ 07年的考试题出现了新变化 :第一,提问不再局限于作者的态度,发展到文中某人对某事 的态度;第二,不再是明确的否定或是肯定词, strong/complete/entire/enthusiastic;而带有程
度限制的词比较客观,常常是正确选项,如 reserved(保留的 ) ; qualified(有条件的,有限制 的 )tempered(有所控制的 ) ; guarded(慎重的 )/ approving(赞同的 )
⑤某一事是好是坏, 作者对它是支持是反对, 态度一般都很明确, 而带中立色彩的词最不可 能 是 正 确 答 案 。 问 作 者 态 度 时 , 表 示 “ 客 观 ” 的 词 多 为 正 确 选 项 , 如 objective, impartial, unbiased 等;问作者对文中提到的人物或他们的观点态度时,答案多是 肯定或否定,支持或反对。
如 ,critical, approval, opposed, supporting 等。还有一点,既然作者写了文章, 他的态度就不可 能是漠不关心的,因此见到 indifferent, uninterested 可以首先排除。
词义 /句义猜测题
这是考研英语阅读理解中常出现的题目。它主要考察考生通过上下文判断词义、句义的 能力。 其中词义题又可以分为两类, 即对超纲词语含义的推断和对熟悉词语的生僻含义的推 断或是词语在特定场合的含义。
1、 词义句义命题模式主要有:
① The phrase (word, sentence) “…”(inline…)most probably means---
② By “…”, the writer (probably) means---
③ From the passage, we can infer that the word “…”is ---
2、 解题技巧
1)根据上下文猜词必须明确两点:不管这个词有多么超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意义; 不管这个词多么熟悉, 都要通过上下文得出它在特定场合下的意思, 要避免直接用自己熟悉 的意义去解释词义。
2)猜测生僻词的词义:我们可以用以下几种方法去猜测其含义。
①反用构词法,即根据词根、前缀后缀的意义推测词的含义。如 2006年 passage1中 homogenizing (homo-相同; -gene- 生长,产生; -ize 动词后缀,使成为,变成 ) 。
②词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性, 再看它与哪些词语可以搭配, 最后根据自己的 常识猜测词语含义。
③找同义词、同义解释;找反义词、反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表达法,可能是 一个近(反)义词、一个解释或一些暗示。
④找同位词:上下文中可能有与生词出现的句子类似的平行结构, 找出和生词处于同一位置
的词去推测。
事实细节题
在阅读理解测试中,很大比例的题目是考细节的。在对历年试题的分析中发现,事实细 节题的比例占一半以上。 文章中的细节通常指的是作者为论证文章主题特别是论证段落的大 意而使用的具体信息。因为就议论文和说明文而言,作者在阐明所要论述的问题和观点后, 通常会用大量具体的事实细节去支持说明它们。这些细节可以是理由、 例子、数字等, 可以 采用下定义、做比较、打比方等方法去组织。
1、 命题模式
According to the author/passage, who( what, where, when, why, how, ect.)---
Which of the following is true/correct/false/not included?
All of the following are (not) true/mentioned except---
The author mentions all of the items listed below the following except---
We learn from the last paragraph (the first three paragraphs, the text) that---
2、 选项特点
正确选项特点:
①一般可以在文章中找到直接或间接的答案, 但不可能与阅读材料一模一样, 而是用不同的 词语或句型去表达相同的思想。 例如,原文用双重否定, 选项用肯定句式; 进行同义词替换 或是句子结构的替换或句子结构变换; 原文与选项互换反义词等等。 当然这只是形式上的变 换,意思还是一致;
②在因果关系处常常命题,正确项多为产生原因或是主要原因,也有少量考结果的; ③体现中心思想,有很多选项刚好落在段落主旨句中。
干扰项特点:① 部分正确,部分错误 ; ② 是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容,如,根据题 干中的关键词定位到段落,若选项中出现这个范围之外其他段落的内容必错;③符合常识, 但不是文章的内容; ④与原句的内容极为相似,但程度上有些变动,如:将文中并非绝对化 的内容绝对化, 或偷梁换柱改动一些关键词; ⑤明显不是文中信息, 与文章信息不符或是相 反。
范文五： 考研英语阅读理解考题类型详解
考研英语阅读理解考题类型详解
根据大纲和历年考题，海天辅导专家老师总结阅读理解的考题类型，主要包括以下5种:主
旨题 、推理引申题 、观点态度题、词义/句义猜测题 、事实细节题 ，下面就以实际例子为
大家具体讲解:
文章主旨题
1、出现形式
(1)文章首段或首句提出主旨或讨论的问题;
(2)在文章或段落的末尾归纳总结出中心思想;
(3)文章或段落中间给出中心;
(4)最难的情况，不给出明确中心，需要考生根据内容自己总结。
2、命题基本模式
文章主旨题
v The passage is mainly about
v Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage?
v The proper subject of this article is
段落主旨题
v From the first (2nd,3rd,4th,ect)paragraph that
v From the last(2nd,3rd,4th,ect)paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that
v We learn from the first (last, ect.)paragraph that
隐蔽的文章主旨题
v From the passage we learn (infer) that
v What can be inferred from the passage?
v What the author tries to suggest may be interpreted as
3、 相应策略
(1)主旨题的正确选项特点:不应该是细节信息;不含过分肯定或是绝对意义的词;
(2)错误选项的特点:大多以偏概全，只是文章的细枝末节，不能涵盖全文内容;出现细节性的名词信息;过于笼统;
(3)因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此类题时，不管它出现在什么位置都要把它作为最后一道来做。而且，做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整个文章的理解，保证此类题的正确性;
(4)出现在文章中间的主旨句比较少，如果出现，多起承上启下的作用，所以应该警惕前后段意思转折的地方
推理引申题
首先提醒考生注意的是，把这类题和细节题区分开来，命题专家在命制此类试题时通常要求考生对文章或是段落进行深层推理和理解，因此不可能把考题答案非常直接地暴露于选项中，推理引申题必须以事实为依据，但是得出的结论绝对不能是事实本身，即不能“就事论事”。此类题考察的是考生的理解能力，特别理解作者字里行间的言外之意。
此类题对一些基础比较薄弱的考生是一个难点，考生似乎对文章读懂了，然而试题作不对。这是考生没有领会命题专家设置推理引申题的用意，它要求考生透过文章的字里行间去推测作者未说明而又意欲表达的含义。
1、 常见的命题模式
1) It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the first sentence/the exa
mple that
2) The author suggests(indicates) in the passage that
3) It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that
4) It can be concluded from the passage that
5) What conclusion can be drawn from (the 1st paragraph, the last paragraph)?
2、 选项特点及其解答技巧
1)干扰项特点:?只是原文的简单重复，而非推理出来的结论，把直接表达当成简单推理;?基于考生的常识是正确地，而不是基于文章事实，考生不能根据自己的主观想法或是生活
经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力;?推理过头，虽然是根据文章提供的事实或是内在逻辑为推理依据，但是概括过头;?一些选项因果倒置，把原文中的手段变成了选项中的目的;?有的选项内容纯属编造。
2)正确选项的特点:?不是原文明确说明的内容，因为即使符合原文，没有引申推理就不是正确选项;?如果四个选项全凭常识推断，其中含义深刻的是正确选项;或是唯一不是常识项的是正确选项。
观点态度题
每一篇文章都肯定包含作者的某种观点和态度，只不过有的直截了当，有的含而不露，有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现，有的则需要通读全文，把握主旨才能领会。此类题可细分为作者态度题(表明作者的好恶)和作者观点题(表明作者对某事物的观点)。
1、 命题模式
1)作者观点题
?According to the author,---
?In the author’s opinion,---
?What is the author’s opinion (idea) about?
(2)作者态度题
?What is the tone (mood) of the passage?
?The author’s attitude towards…might be summarized as (seems to be)---
?The author is most critical of---
2、 解题技巧
?不要把自己的态度揉入其中，还要区分作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度
?当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者的语言的褒贬去判断作者的态度，如，wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。
?作者的态度一般与文章主旨有很大关系
?07年的考试题出现了新变化:第一，提问不再局限于作者的态度，发展到文中某人对某事的态度;第二，不再是明确的否定或是肯定词，strong/complete/entire/enthusiastic;而带有程
度限制的词比较客观，常常是正确选项，如reserved(保留的);qualified(有条件的，有限制的)tempered(有所控制的);guarded(慎重的)/ approving(赞同的)
?某一事是好是坏，作者对它是支持是反对，态度一般都很明确，而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。问作者态度时，表示“客观”的词多为正确选项，如objective, impartial, unbiased 等;问作者对文中提到的人物或他们的观点态度时，答案多是肯定或否定，支持或反对。
如,critical, approval, opposed, supporting 等。还有一点，既然作者写了文章，他的态度就不可能是漠不关心的，因此见到indifferent, uninterested 可以首先排除。
词义/句义猜测题
这是考研英语阅读理解中常出现的题目。它主要考察考生通过上下文判断词义、句义的能力。其中词义题又可以分为两类，即对超纲词语含义的推断和对熟悉词语的生僻含义的推断或是词语在特定场合的含义。
1、 词义句义命题模式主要有:
?The phrase (word, sentence) “…”(in line…)most probably means---
?By “…”, the writer (probably) means---
?From the passage, we can infer that the word “…”is---
2、 解题技巧
1)根据上下文猜词必须明确两点:不管这个词有多么超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意义;不管这个词多么熟悉，都要通过上下文得出它在特定场合下的意思，要避免直接用自己熟悉的意义去解释词义。
2)猜测生僻词的词义:我们可以用以下几种方法去猜测其含义。
?反用构词法，即根据词根、前缀后缀的意义推测词的含义。如2006年passage1中homogenizing (homo-相同;-gene- 生长，产生;-ize动词后缀，使成为，变成)。
?词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性，再看它与哪些词语可以搭配，最后根据自己的常识猜测词语含义。
?找同义词、同义解释;找反义词、反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表达法，可能是一个近(反)义词、一个解释或一些暗示。
?找同位词:上下文中可能有与生词出现的句子类似的平行结构，找出和生词处于同一位置
的词去推测。
事实细节题
在阅读理解测试中，很大比例的题目是考细节的。在对历年试题的分析中发现，事实细
节题的比例占一半以上。文章中的细节通常指的是作者为论证文章主题特别是论证段落的大
意而使用的具体信息。因为就议论文和说明文而言，作者在阐明所要论述的问题和观点后，
通常会用大量具体的事实细节去支持说明它们。这些细节可以是理由、例子、数字等，可以
采用下定义、做比较、打比方等方法去组织。
1、 命题模式
According to the author/passage, who( what, where, when, why, how, ect.)---
Which of the following is true/correct/false/not included?
All of the following are (not) true/mentioned except---
The author mentions all of the items listed below the following except---
We learn from the last paragraph (the first three paragraphs, the text) that---
2、 选项特点
正确选项特点:
?一般可以在文章中找到直接或间接的答案，但不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的
词语或句型去表达相同的思想。例如，原文用双重否定，选项用肯定句式;进行同义词替换
或是句子结构的替换或句子结构变换;原文与选项互换反义词等等。当然这只是形式上的变
换，意思还是一致;
?在因果关系处常常命题，正确项多为产生原因或是主要原因，也有少量考结果的;
?体现中心思想，有很多选项刚好落在段落主旨句中。
干扰项特点:? 部分正确，部分错误;? 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容，如，根据题
干中的关键词定位到段落，若选项中出现这个范围之外其他段落的内容必错;?符合常识，
但不是文章的内容;?与原句的内容极为相似，但程度上有些变动，如:将文中并非绝对化
的内容绝对化，或偷梁换柱改动一些关键词;?明显不是文中信息，与文章信息不符或是相
反。
