英语词汇学真题_范文大全网

范文一：英语词汇学真题

全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

课程代码:00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %)

1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence.

( )

A. small

B. large

C. fixed

D. free

2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( )

A. agree with

B. disagree with

C. be the same as

D. be different from

3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( )

A. Terminology

B. Jargon

C. Slang

D. Argot

4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( )

A. fast food

B. TV dinner

C. Mao jackets

D. Watergate

5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( )

A. own

B. let

C. rent

D. lend

6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English

was one of leveled endings. ( )

A. full

B. short

C. long

D. paralleled

7. The plural morpheme“-s” is pronounced as /z/ in the following words EXCEPT ______________. ( )

A. bottles

B. eggs

C. zoos

D. maps

8. There is/are _____________ free morphemic word(s) in the following words: wind,

man, reddish, collection. ( )

A. l

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____________. ( )

A. likes

B. dislike

C. liking

D. liked

10. The most productive means of word-formation are the following EXCEPT

_______________. ( )

A. affixation

B. blending

C. compounding

D. conversion

11. Prefixes generally do not change the __________ of the stem. ( )

A. meaning

B. form

C. word class

D. pronunciation

12. The word “dorm” is formed by _________clipping. ( )

A. back

B. front

C. phrase

D. front and back

13. The word “reading-lamp” is _______ motivated. ( )

A. onomatopoeically

B. morphologically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

14. The synonymous pair of “ask-question” has the same___________. ( )

A. motivation

B. value

C. functio

D. concept

15. In the sentence “East or west, home is best”, “home” has its __________

meaning of “family, safety, love”, etc. ( )

A. grammatical

B. connotative

C. stylistic

D. collocative

16. Semantically, a word which is related to other words is related to them

in____________。 ( )

A. sense

B. spelling

C. morpheme

D. root and stem

17. _____________, the derived meanings, no matter how many, are secondary in

comparison. ( )

A. Synchronically

B. Diachronically

C. Etymologically

D. Onomatopoeically

18. The antonyms used in the proverb “Speech is silver; silence is golden” are ____________. ( )

A. speech-silence

B. golden-silver

C. speech-silver

D. silence-golden

19. In Shakespearean line ‘Rats and mice and such small deer’, ‘6deer’ obviously designates ‘animal’ in general. Therefore ‘deer’ is a typical example of _________. ( )

A. extension

B. elevation

C. narrowing

D. degradation

20. Observation shows that it is much more common for word meanings to change

in denotation from neutral to ____________ than it is for them to go the other way.

( )

A. important

B. agreeable

C. respective

D. pejorative

21. Among the following words only“________ ” expresses the property of elevation. ( )

A. lust

B. criticize

C. knight

D. silly

22. Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of context? ( )

A. Elimination of ambiguity.

B. Indication for referents.

C. Understanding of cultural background.

D. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.

23. Which of the following is NOT a context clue? ( )

A. Definition.

B. Example.

C. Synonymy.

D. Sentence structure.

24. The sentence “The ball was attractive” is ambiguous due to_______________. ( )

A. grammatical structure

B. lexical context

C. homonymy

D. polysemy

25. Which of the following is one of the characteristics of idioms? ( )

A. Semantic unity.

B. Lexical manipulation.

C. Phonetic unity.

D. Structural variation.

26. Which of the following is NOT one of the rhetoric characteristics of idioms

in general?( )

A. Stylistic features.

B. Syntactical features.

C. Rhetorical features.

D. Occasional variations.

27. The idiom “bed of dust” is a ___________ as far as figures of speech are

concerned. ( )

A. simile

B. metaphor

C. metonymy

D. personification

28. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary is a(n) ________

A. unabridged

B. desk

C. pocket

D. encyclopedic

29. When we choose a dictionary, we should not pay attention to whether it is _____________. ( )

A. monolingual or bilingual

B. general or specialized

C. early or late

D. unabridged or abridged

30. Readers will usually find in a general dictionary the following areas of information of a word EXCEPT _______________ . ( )

A. spelling

B. definition

C. pronunciation

D. difference with its synonyms

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. ( 15% )

31. The jargon of criminals is generally referred as _____________.

32. From the historical overview of the English vocabulary, the language spoken from 1150 to 1500 is called _____________ English.

33. The morpheme is the smallest _____________unit in the composition of words.

34. The formation of new words by joining two or more stems is called __________________.

35. Unlike conceptual meaning, __________________ meaning is open-ended and indeterminate.

36. From the _______________ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.

37. Changing in word ______________ has never ceased since the language came into being and will continue in the future.

38. Based on the ______________________ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers” as “ arrange the flowers”.

39. The stylistic features of idioms are ___________________, slang and literary expressions.

40. The user-friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are its clear grammar codes, ____________________ and language notes.

III. Define the following terms. ( 15% )

41. free morphemes

42. allomorphs

43. affixation

44. polysemy

45. linguistic context

IV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. ( 20% )

46. What is the difference between root and stem?

47. What is collocative meaning of a word? Please take “pretty” and “handsome”

as an example to illustrate your point.

48. By the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups. Name the five groups and match the following expressions with them as their examples respectively.

“white elephant” “look into” “beyond the pale”

“tooth and nail” “Never do things by halves. ”

49. What contextual clues do you often use to help you in guessing the meanings of new words?

Demonstrate these clues with examples.

V. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space give

50. Analyze and comment on the following TWO sentences to illustrate the differences between blending and clipping.

The program will be telecast simultaneously to nearly 150 cities.

It sounds much better in stereo.

51. Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.

A: “Why is Sunday the strongest day?”

B: “Because all the others are week days. ”

范文二：历年自考英语词汇学真题

全国2003年4月英语词汇学试题第一部分选择题（共30分）

Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1.The process of meaning relation is also called .( )

A．extension B．degradation C．specialization D．elevation

2.Idioms in the coursebook are used in a . ( )

A．broad sense B．narrow sense C．figurative sense D．special sense

3.The relationship between the linguistic sign and a referent is . ( )

A．conventional B．non-conventional C．concrete D．specific

4.The way to define an antonym is based on . ( )

A．contradiction B．contrariness C．oppositeness D．relativeness 5.The fact that the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields can be exemplified by .( )

A．Roget‘s Thesaurus B．Concise Oxford Dictionary

C．New Webster‘s Dictionary D．Co-build Dictionary

6.Context meaning.（）

A．explains B．interprets C．defines D．all the above

7.Though still at work today , can hardly compare with what it was in the past. （） A．word-formation B．borrowing C．derivation D．conversion

8.Structural stability means the structure of an idiom is generally . （）

A．movable B．unstable

C．unchangeable D．ununderstandable 9.Sentence idioms can be divided into . （）

A．declarative and imperative B．interrogative and exclamative

C．verbal and adverbial D．both A and B 10. is considered to be a highly-inflected language. （）

A．Old English B．Middle English C．Early Modern English D．Late Modern English

11.A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be . （）

A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound

12.The introduction of at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. （）

A．printing B．Christianity C．French words D．all the above

13.Which of the following statements is true? （）

A． Every word has reference. B． Every word has sense.

C． Every word is semantically motivated. D． Every word is conceptually motivated. 14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT? （）

A． The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.

B． Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form.

C． Loan words are all unrecognisable as being foreign in origin.

D． Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.

15.The relationship between words and things in

the world is established by means of . （）

A．reference B．sense C．concept D．meaning

第二部分非选择题（共70分）

Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)

16.The degraded meaning ―sexual desire ‖of the word ―lust ‖comes from its old meaning ― ‖.

17.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and .

18.The headword or entries are defined in the same language in a dictionary. 19.The basic word stock forms the common of the language. 20 Conceptual meaning is also known as meaning.

Ⅲ.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) sense relations , 2) types of context , and 3) modes of word-meaning changes.(10%) A B

( )21.difference in connotation A. fond (from ―foolish‖ to ―affectionate‖)

( )22.perfect homonym B. homely /domestic ( )23.degradation C. date ;date ( )24.transfer D. diseasing (from ―discomfort ‖to ―illness‖)

( )25.elevation E. fabulous (from ―resembling a fable ‖to ―incredible‖) ( )26.narrowing F. journal (from ―daily paper‖ to ―periodical‖ )

( )27.extension G. silly (from ―happy‖ to ―foolish‖)

( )28.generalization H. pitiful (from ―full of pity‖ to ―deserving pity‖)

( )29.grammatical context I. It was a nice ball. ( )30.lexical context J. Visiting aunts can be boring.

Ⅳ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of word formation , 2) types of affixes, 3) types of dictionaries, and 4) the type of idiom. (10%)

31.LDCE ( ) 32.deadline ( ) 33.-ize,-en,-ate ( ) 34.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( ) 35.VOA ( )

36.The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ( ) 37.CED ( )

38.telephone → phone ( ) 39.fly in the ointment ( ) 40.hostess ( )

Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%) 41.a variation of an idiom 42.morphs 43.synonym 44.jargon

45.semantic motivation

Ⅵ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46.What is the role of context?

47.Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?

48.What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain with two examples. Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%) 49.Read the extract, pick out the idioms and explain their meanings. Then rewrite the extract in standard non-figurative language.

Sam is getting on ,too .His hair is pepper and salt, but he knows how to make up for lost time by taking it easy.

50.Comment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of subordinates and superordinates. a. The girl got a book in the university. b. The girl borrowed a dictionary from the department.

全国2004年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. There are ______ major classes of compounds. A. two B. for C. three D. five

2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned.

C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike. D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary.

3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______.

A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 4. The idiom ―Jack of all trades‖ results from ______.

A. addition B. position-shifting C. dismembering D. shortening

5. ______ are those that cannot occur as

separate words without adding other morphemes. A. Free roots B. Free morphemes C. Bound morphemes D. Meaningful units

6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______.

A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes

C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above

7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.

A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C

8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important? A. Stability B. Collocability.

C. Productivity. D. National character. 9. The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______.

A. historical reason and class reason B. historical reason and psychological reason C. class reason and psychological reason D. extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors 10. The fundamental difference between

homonyms and polysemants is whether ______. A. they come from the same source

B. they are correlated with one central meaning C. they are listed under one headword in a dictionary D. all the above

11. Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.

A. semantic transfer B. semantic pejoration

C. semantic elevation D. semantic narrowing

12. An idiom consists of at least two

words. Each has a single meaning and often functions as one word. This is called ______. A. semantic unity B. structural stability

C. rhetorical function D. none of the above

13. Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectives? ______ A. -ion. B. -ism. C. -ity. D. -ist.

14. More often than not, functional words only have ______.

A. lexical meaning B. associative meaning

C. collocative meaning D. grammatical meaning

15. Linguistic context is also known as ______ context.

A. social B. verbal C. lexical D. physical

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16. In the course book, the idioms are classified according to ______ functions.

17. Linguistic context can be further divided into ______ context and grammatical context. 18. The ______ languages made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary with a few place names like Avon, kent, Themes. 19. Morphemes which are identical with root

words are considered to be ______.

20. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) stylistic meanings; 2)language groups; 3)degrees of inflections and 4) onomatopoeic motivation. (10%)

A B

( )21. apes A. colloquial

( )22. Old English B. a language of full endings

( )23. Irish C. Italic

( )24. tiny D. very formal and official ( )25. French E. yelp ( )26. cattle F. poetic ( )27. domicile G. Celtic ( )28. abode H. gibber ( )29. foxes I. a language of leveled endings

( )30. Middle English J. low

Ⅳ. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of affixes; 2) types of meaning and 3) types of motivation. (10%) 31. mismanage ( ) 32. elephants-trumpet ( ) 33. pretty ( )

34. forehead ( ) 35. bossy ( ) 36. sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat ( )

37. anti-establishment ( ) 38. subsea ( ) 39. a sea of troubles ( ) 40. harder ( )

Ⅴ. Define the following terms. (10%) 41. idiom

42. functional words 43. degradation 44. bilingual dictionary 45. conversion

Ⅵ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46. What factors should one take into account when he chooses a dictionary?

47. What are the features of compounds? Give examples.

48. Cite ONE example to illustrate what grammatical meaning is. Ⅶ. Analyze and comment on the

following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%)

49. Read the following extract and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then explain what contextual clues help you work out the meaning.

?Get me an avocado, please,‘Janet said, smacking her lips, but her brother, with a glance up at the branches, said that there were none ripe yet.

50. Make a tree diagram to arrange the following words in order of hyponymy.

apple, cabbage, food, vegetable, mutton, fruit, peach, meat, beef, orange, spinach, pork, celery 2005年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试卷＋答案

第一部分选择题

I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative

answers．Choose the one that would best complete the

statement and put the letter in the bracket．(30％)

1． There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．Theyare______.

A．primary and secondary B．central and peripheral

C．diachronic and synchronic D．formal and functional [ ]

2． Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms?

A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary [ ] 3． Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____.

A．absolute and relative B．absolute and complete

C．relative and near D．complete and identical [ ]

4． In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French

C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin [ ]

5． Amonomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．concrete C．free D．bound [ ]

6． Whch of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet [ ]

7．LDCE is distinctive for its____.

A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above [ ]

8． From the historical point of view,English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish [ ]

9． Which of the following is NOT an acronym?

A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV [ ] 10. In the course book，the author

lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．six

C．seven D．five [ ] 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing

C．shortening D．all of the above [ ]

12．The written form of English is a(an)________representation of the spoken form．

A．selective B．adequate C．imperfect D．natural [ ] 13．Structurally a____is the smallest meaningful unit of a language． A．molpheme B．stem

C．word D．compound [ ] 14．Unlike affixes，____are often free morphemes．

A．sufrixes B．prefixes

C．inflectional morphemes D．roots [ ]

15．The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French. Latin，____.

A．Scandinavian and Italian B．Greek and Scandinavian

C．Celtic and Greek D．Italian and Spanish [ ] 第二部分非选择题

Ⅱ．Complete the rollowing staternents with proper words or

expressions according to the course book． 16．The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is____.

17．Longman lexicon of Contemporary English is a____dictionary．

18．When a new word appears for the first time，the author usually manages to give hints or

____in the context to help the readers． 19．Radiation and____are the two coinages which the development of word meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy．

20．Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to____.

Ⅲ．Match the words or explessions in Column A with those in

Column B according to 1)word Origin，2)word formation.

and 3)types of Synonyms or antonyms．

A B

( )21．skill A．back—formation

( )22．babysit B．blendlng

( )23．telequiz C．French origin

( )24．composition／compounding D．SCandinavianorigin

( )25．government E．clipping

( )26．same／different F. relative synonyms

( )27．gent G. Germanic

( )28．English H．absolute synonyms

( )29．change／alter I. contradictory terms

( )30．big／small J．contrary terms

IV．Smdy the following words or expressions and identify 1)

types of bound morphemes underlined, 2) types of

meanings,3)processes of meaning development，and 4)

forlnation of eompounds．

31．neck→primary meaning：that part of man joining the head tO the body；

a secondary meaning：the narrowest part of anything．( )

32．contradict ( )

33．mother：love，care ( ) 34．upcoming ( ) 35．window shopping ( ) 36．radlos ( )

37．property developer ( ) 38．Candidate→earlier meaning：white-robed；

later meaning：a person proposed for a place，award etc． ( )overcoat

39．handsomo-tyoewhter ( )man 40．northward ( ) V. Define the following terms. 41.encyclopendia 42.borrcwed 43.blending 44.extension 45.phrasal verb

VI. Answer the following questing questions. Your answers should be

Clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.

46.what is the difference prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples. 47.what is extra-linguistic context?

48.what is polysemy? Illustrate your points. VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. 49. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then what contextual help you to work out the meaning.

Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in

The street and ate it.

50.Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.

英语词汇学答案 (课程代码 0832) I．Each Of the smtements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．

1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.A

11.D 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.B II Complete the following statements with proper words Or expressions according to the course book．

16．extension 或generalization 17．specialized

18．clues 19．concatenation 20．1500

III.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according tO 1) word origin，2)word formation，and 3)types of synonyms or antonyms． 21．D 22．A 23．B 24．H 25．C 26．I 27．E 28．G 29．F 30．J

IV．Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of bound morphemes underlined，2)types of meanings，3)processes of meaning development，and 4)formation of compounds．

31．radiation 32．bound root

33．connotative meaning 34．adv+v-ing 35．n+v-ing 36．inflectional affix／inflectional morpheme

37．n+v-er 3.concatenation

39．collocative meaning 40．suffix／derivational affix

V．Definethefollowingterms．

41．An encyclopedia provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword；it is not concerned with the language per se. 42．Borrowed words,also，known，as loan words，are words taken over from foreign languages．

43．It refers to the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word with a part

of another word．

44．Extension is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now

become generalized．

45.idiom composed of a verb plus a preposition and／or a particle．

VI.Answer the following questions．Your answers should be clear and short．Write your answers in the space given below． 46．Prefixation does not generally change the word-class of the stem；it only modifies its meaning.

e.g．treat--maltreat

Suffixation，On，the other hand，changes the word-class instead of its meaning.e.g．employ—— employer

47.(1)Known as non-linguistic context or context of situation． (2)components

a.participants(addresser and addressee) writer and reader

speaker and listener／hearer b.time and place c.cultural background

48.要点：1)a common feature peculiar to all natural languages．

2)have more than one sense． 3)The problem of polesemy Can be dealt with from two angles：diachronic approach and

synchronic approach． VII．Analyze and comment on the

following．Write your answers in the space given below．

49(1)tiger is a hyponym，of carnivore (2)carnivore is a superordinate of tiger (3)tiger feeds on meat as known by all (4)carnivore may feed on meat (5)therefore，a carnivore is a meat-eating animal

50.(1)connotative meaning，known as connotation，refers to the overtones or associations

suggested by the conceptual meaning． (2)connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary．but associated with the word in actual

context to particular readers or speakers．Thus they are unstable.varying considerably

according to culture，historical period and the experience of the individual．

(3)For example，home may remind one child of warmth，safety or love，while to another child who is

often scolded or beaten at home,it may mean indifference，hatred，or even hell．

全国2006年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题

I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Extension can be illustrated by the following example: _________.（） A. butcher → one who kills goats B. journal → periodical

C. companion → one who shares bread D. allergic → too sensitive to medicine

2. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas, namely, _________.（） A. extension, increase and expansion B. denotation, connotation and application C. comprehension, understanding and knowing D. polysemy, homograph and homophone 3. Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as _________.（） A. inflectional affixes B. derivational affixes C. bound roots D. free morphemes

4. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _________.（） A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy

5. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the _________ relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in ―rain cats and dogs‖.（） A. illogical B. logical

C. mutual D. natural

6. Idioms verbal in nature are _________.（） A. verb phrases B. phrasal verbs C. verb idioms D. all the above

7. The idiom ―new brooms sweep clean‖ was created probably by _________.（） A. seamen B. housewives C. farmers D. hunters

8. The following are all denominal suffixes EXCEPT _________.（） A. –ful B. –wise C. –less D. –ike

9. Both English and _________ belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.（） A. Celtic B. Dansih C. French D. Scottish

10. Chiefly found in derived words, bound morphemes include _________.（） A. bound roots B. inflectional affixes C. derivational affixes D. all the above

11. Motivation accounts for the connection between the word-form and _________.（）A. its referent

B. its referring expressions C. its meaning D. its concept

12. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________.（） A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin

13. Which of the following is NOT correct? _________（）

A. A word is a meaningful group of letters. B. A word is a unit of meaning.

C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds. D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence.

14. If one wants to find out the minute difference between shades of meaning, the best source is _________.（） A. a thesaurus B. a synonym finder C. an encyclopedia D. an encyclopedic dictionary

15. Which of the following can be said about a British Dictionary?（）

A. It is always better than an American dictionary. B. One can always expect to find American usages in it.

C. One can never expect to find American usages in it.

D. It tends to include more grammatical information.

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16.The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a

continual flow of ___________ words into English.

17. The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or ___________.

18. Context can help eliminate ambiguity, provide clues for inferring word-meaning and give ___________ of referents.

19. Compounds are different from free phrases in

___________ unit.

20. Content words have both meanings, and ___________ meaning in particular.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of figures of speech; 2) types of motivation; 3) types of changes in word meaning. (10%) A B

( )21. senior citizen A. metonymy ( )22. the pot calls the cattle black B. narrowing

( )23. earn one‘s bread C. euphemism ( )24. from cradle to grave D. synecdoche ( )25. sit on the fence E. hiss ( )26. constable (a policeman) F. personification

( )27. criticize(find fault with) G. morphologically motivated

( )28. liquor(alcoholic drink) H. degradation ( )29. snakes I. metaphor ( )30. hopeless J. elevation

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of affixes; 2) types of word formation; 3) types of meaning. (10%) 31. harder ( ) 32. Fridge ( ) 33. autocide ( )

34. tremble with fear ( ) 35. notorious, skinny ( ) 36. two-layer ( ) 37. UNESCO ( ) 38. cloudy ( ) 39. subway ( ) 40. police,

money ( )

V. Define the following terms.(10%) 41. extra-linguistic context 42. prefixation 43. semantic change 44. conceptual meaning 45. specialization

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in

the space given below. (12%) 46. What is semantic unity of idioms?

47. What are the three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? Illustrate your points.

48. What are the major differences between basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary?

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%) 49. Analyse the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.

dishearten, idealistic, unfriendly

50. Collocation can affect the meaning of words. Comment on the statement with your own example.

全国2006年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832

3．Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1．Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms?（） A．Phonetic manipulation. B．Lexical manipulation. C．Figures of speech. D．Phrasal verbs.

2．The sentence ―I like Mary better than you.‖ is ambiguous due to ______.（） A．extra-linguistic context B．lexical context

5．The following are user-friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, except ______. （）

4．Which of the following is NOT considered as an inflectional affix?（） A．-es B．-or C．-est D．-er

characteristics of the basic word stock? （） A．Creativity. B．Stability. C．Duality.

D．All national character. C．grammatical context D．homonymy

A．extra column B．clear grammar codes C．usage notes D．language notes

6．Which of the following is a case of suffixation? （） A．Hemisphere. B．Attempt. C．NATO. D．Respondent.

7．Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?（）

A．The rapid development of modern science and technology.

B．Geographical and political changes.

C．The influence of other cultures and languages. D．Social and economic changes.

8．Webster’s New World Dictionary is a(n) ______ dictionary. （） A．unabridged B．desk C．pocket D．encyclopedic

9．Angel, martyr and paradise have their meanings ______ because of the influence of Christianity.（） A．elevated B．degraded C．narrowed D．extended

10．As far as denotation is concerned, relative synonyms may differ ______. （） A．in the diachronic approach

B．in the stylistic and emotive colouring of words C．in usage in simple terms

D．in the range and intensity of meaning 11．Which of the following is NOT true about Old English? （）

A．Uses of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.

B．Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000.

C．Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150.

D．Old English was a highly inflected language. 12．Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOT an example of neologisms? （） A．SARS. B．Can-opener. C．Futurology. D．Freak out.

13．Which of the following words is morphologically motivated? （） A．Black market. B．Greenhorn. C．Hopeless. D．Neigh.

14．In the sentence ―Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed.‖ The meaning of quattrocento can be inferred from the clue of ______. （） A．definition B．explanation C．example D．relevant detail

15．Tooth and nail is an idiom ______ in nature. （） A．norminal B．adjectival C．adverbial D．verbal

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16．The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is the ______________.

17．Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and _____________

18．In the word ―post-war‖, ―post-‖ is a prefix of ______________.

19．Functional words such as preparations, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong ______________meaning.

20．Relative synonyms also called ______________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degrees of a given quality.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) meaning of prefixes; 2) type of word formations; 3)types of meaning changes and 4) types of idioms. (10%) A B （）21．Ultr- A. backformation （）22．burgle B. initialism （）23．pop C. transfer of sensation （）24．clear-sounding D. before （）

25．VOA E. brim (water’s edge —the top edge of a cup)

（）26．fore- F. mistress （）27．degradation G. succeed （）28．kick the bucket H. clipping （）29．extension I. die （）30．make it J. extreme

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify

1) historical stage of English vocabulary; 2) origins of homonyms; 3) types of meanings; 4) sources of synonyms;

5) causes of ambiguity and 6) types of motivations. (10%)

31．ball, ball （）

32．a hard businessman （）

33．friend or foe （）

34．miniskirt （）

35．an attractive ball （）

36．lie –distort the fact （）

37．occupation-walk of life （）

38．coffee （） 39．mother (love, care) （）

40．enrich （） V. Define the following terms. (10%) 41．loan words

42．specialized dictionary 43．conversion 44．lexical context 45．amelioration

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)

46．What are bound morphemes? Illustrate your point.

47．Why is context very important for the understanding of word-meaning?

48．What is the difference between associative meaning and conceptual meaning?

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write

your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49．Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agree or disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples. 50．Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.

全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832

Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1．The definition of a word comprises the following points except ________.（） A．a sound unity

B．a minimal unit of meaning C．a unit of meaning

D．a form that can function alone in a sentence 2．Words may be classified into content words and function words by ________. （） A．origin B．notion C．stability D．use frequency

3．It’s said that modern English vocabulary develops through three channels. Which of the following is NOT one of them? （） A．Borrowing. B．Semantic change. C．Creation. D．Blending.

4．What did modern English begin with? （） A．The establishment of printing. B．The Norman invasion.

C．Britain’s trade relations with the low countries. D．The Second World War.

5．Which of the following is NOT considered to be a stem? （） A．-tion. B．Nation. C．International. D．National.

6．Which of the following is a case of conversion? （） A．Encourage. B．Week. C．Toothache. D．Doubt. 7．Which of the following words is semantically motivated? （） A．Airmail. B．Hiss.

C．Mouth in the phrase ―the mouth of a river‖. D．Laconic in the phrase ―a laconic answer‖. 8．One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ________ than ________ in it. （） A．hyponyms … homonyms B．homonyms … hyponyms C．synonyms … antonyms D．antonyms … synonyms

9．Which of the following words was used during the American Civil War to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South? （） A．Rattlesnake. B．Villain. C．Informer. D．Copperhead.

10．In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and is known as ________. （） A．non-linguistic context B．linguistic context C．extra-linguistic context D．type of context

11．Ambiguity in a passage often occurs due to ____

____ and homonymy in an inadequate context. （） A．allomorph B．variation C．suffixation D．polysemy

12．Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom ―might and main‖?（） A．Rhyme. B．Alliteration. C．Juxtaposition. D．Synecdoche.

13．The idiom ―by twos and threes‖ shows the characteristics of idioms that ________. （） A．the words that make up the idiom have lost their individual identity in the idiom

B．idioms are semantically inexplicable

C．the word order in an idiom can’t be inverted or changed

D．idioms are grammatically unanalysable 14．CCELD is noted for its unique features except ________. （） A．definition B．extra column C．usage examples

D．complicated grammar codes

15．Webster’s Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ________. （） A．desk dictionary B．pocket dictionary C．unabridged dictionary D．encyclopedic dictionary

Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ________.

17. In the word ―pseudo-science‖, ―pseudo-‖ is a ________ prefix.

18. Associative meaning is open-ended and indeterminate, while ________ meaning is constant and relatively stable.

19. Antonyms are classified on the basis of ________. 20. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called ________.

Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of meaning changes; 2) features of idiom; 3) meaning of prefixes and 4) word formation. (10%) A B （）21. BASIC A prefixation （）

22. doctor (skilled in any learned profession → B extra-linguistic factor specialist in medicine) （）23. fine art C idioms adjectival in nature （）24. up in the air D elevation （）

25. governor (pilot → head of a state) E compounding

（）26. retro- F deletion （）

27. a chocolate frog (an informer) G acronym （）28. inter- H back （）29. hyperactive I between

（）30. for good and all = for good J narrowing Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressions and identify

1) types of sense relations; 2) features of idioms; 3) types of meanings and

4) historical stages of English. (10%) 31. external （）

32. home (East or west, home is best. ) （）

33. by-gone （）

34. hesitate → be in two minds （） 35. candidate → a person seeking an office （）

36. notorious （）

37. ―A friend in need is a friend in deed. ‖ （）

38.win → gain the upper hand （） 39. might and main （）

40. ―Two heads are better than one. ‖ （） Ⅴ. Define the following terms. (10%) 41. neologisms 42. back-formation 43. associated transfer 44. lexical context 45. usage notes

Ⅵ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46. What are affixes?

47. What is collocative meaning? Please illustrate you

r point with an example.

48. Guess the meaning of the word underlined in the following sentence and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning.

Italian artists were more active in the than in the sixteenth century which followed. Ⅶ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. Analyze and comment on the differences of synonyms in three ways.

50. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined.

The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building.

全国2008年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

课程代码：00832

. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Which of the following words does NOT belong to terminology? ( ) A. Penicillin. B. Algebra. C. Symphony. D. Knife.

2. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words. ( ) A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5

3. Of the characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is ________. ( ) A. all national character B. productivity C. polysemy D. collocability

4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the following EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner

C. tahini D. Watergate

5. The prehistoric ________ parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language, which English originated from. ( ) A. Prussian B. Indo-European

C. Czech D. Russian

6. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into the ________ set and the Western set. ( ) A. Eastern B. African C. American D. Northern

7. The plural morpheme ―-s‖ is realized by /z/ after the following sounds EXCEPT ________. ( ) A./z/ B./g/ C./d/ D./b/

8. The word ―recollection‖ comprises ________ morphemes. ( ) A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. works B. worker C. working D. worked

10. ―Dis-‖ in the word ―disloyal‖ is a ________ prefix. ( ) A. negative B. reversative C. pejorative D. locative

11. The word ―AIDS‖ is a(n) ________. ( ) A. initialism B. acronym C. derivative D. compound

12. The word ―smog‖ is created by blending, with the structure of ________. ( ) A. head + tail B. head + head C. head + word D. word + tail

13. So far as stylistic meaning is concerned, ―residence‖ is ________. ( ) A. neutral B. informal C. colloquial D. formal

14. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________. ( ) A. appreciative B. pejorative C. connotative D. collocative

15. ―Pavement‖ in British English and ―sidewalk‖ in American English have the same ________. A. motivation B. collocation C. sense D. connotation

16. A common feature peculiar to all natural languages is ________. ( ) A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. monosemy D. polysemy

17. In both CCELD and LDCE, the most frequently used meaning of the word ―gay‖ is ________. A. joyous and lively, merry, happy B.

homosexual

C. given to social life and pleasure D. bright, brilliant

18. All the following words can be used as an antonym to the word ―clear‖ EXCEPT ________. A. dirty B. fussy C. guilty D. ambiguous

19. The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT ________. ( )

A. influx of borrowing B. analogy C. psychological factors D. shortening

20. A good example of ________ is the word ―manuscript‖, which now means ―writing by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processor‖, but its original meaning was ―handwriting‖ only.( ) A. degradation B. elevation

C. narrowing D. extension

21. In the sentence ―Never run towards a dangerous animal.‖, the word ―dangerous‖ is used in the ________ sense of transfer. ( ) A. subjective B. objective C. sensational D. physical

22. The sentence ―They saw her duck.‖ is ambiguous due to ________. ( ) A. grammatical context B. lexical context

C. antonymy D. hyponymy

23. The following are types of context EXCEPT ________. ( )

A. linguistic context B. non-linguistic context C. syntactical context D. extra-linguistic context

24. In the sentence ―The village had most of the usual amenities: a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical centre, and a school.‖ The meaning of amenity can be inferred from the clue of ________. ( ) A. relevant details B. word structure C. antonymy D. hyponymy

25. The idiom ―hustle and bustle‖ is a ________ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. ( )

A. simile B. repetition

C. reiteration D. personification

26. Sentence idioms embrace the following sentence types EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. declarative sentence B. interrogative sentence C. imperative sentence D. simple sentence

27. ―Beyond the pale‖ is an idiom ________ in nature. ( )

A. verbal B. nominal C. adjectival D. adverbial

28. The following are the types of dictionary EXCEPT ________. ( )

A. monolingual dictionaries and bilingual dictionaries B. linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries C. specialized dictionaries D. Chinese and English dictionaries

29. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980) is a(n) ________ dictionary. A. specialized B. desk C. pocket D. encyclopedic

30. Usage notes of the dictionary explain the following aspects EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. literal meanings of the words B. difficult points of grammar and style C. important British and American differences D. slight differences between words of similar meanings

II. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) sources of synonyms; 3) types of motivation; and 4) types of transfer. (10%) A B

( ) 31. morphological motivation A. laconic meaning ―brief‖ or ―short‖

( ) 32. associated transfer B. the foot of the mountain ( ) 33. borrowing C.

squeak/hiss

( ) 34. etymological motivation D. You

should address your remarks to the chair. ( ) 35. notional words E.

charm/glamour

( ) 36. abstract to concrete F. black market/greenhorn

( ) 37. semantic motivation G. occupation/walk of life

( ) 38. figurative use H. fire/flame/conflagration ( ) 39. regional English

I. This

teaching assistant is an efficient help. ( ) 40. onomatopoeic motivation J.

cloud/yellow

III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

41. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or ________ of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment. 42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, ________ and borrowing. 43. The ________ is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

44. Suffixation generally changes the grammatical function or word ________ of stems of words. 45. ________ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.

46. Relative synonyms or ________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.

47. There are generally ________ major factors that cause changes in meaning.

48. Physical situation or environment relating to the

use of words is called ________ or non-linguistic context.

49. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent ________.

50. Three good general dictionaries are LDCE, CCELD and ________.

IV. Define the following terms. (10%) 51. bound root 52. prefixation 53. pejoration 34. homophone 55. grammatical context

V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%) 56. What are the types of morphemes?

57. What is conceptual meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.

58. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the changes in word meaning. State your reason with one example.

Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.

59. What is semantic unity of idioms? Explain it with one example.

VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)

60. Comment on the following 2 groups of words or sentences to illustrate the semantic features and grammatical features of compounds. Group 1: ―red meat/hot dog‖

Group 2: ―He bad-mouthed me. / majored generals‖

61. Analyze and comment on the following two pairs of sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates:

[a]Trees surround the water near our summer place.

[b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.

[a]I met a writer who is the relation of a politician.

[b]I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.

全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832

Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by

four alternative answers. Choose the one that

best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）

1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of

______.（） A．meaning

C．combination of sounds

2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling

over the years.（） A．more slowly than C．more rapidly than

3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and

nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（） A．use frequency C．origin

4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds

such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution C．moon walk

5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on

a new ______ to meet the new need.（） A．form C．look

6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the

growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English ―fall‖ means ______ in British English.（） A．four C．for

7．The plural morpheme ―-s‖ is realized by /s/after the

following sounds EXCEPT ______.（） A．/t/ C．/p/

8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the

B．sound D．group

B．as quickly as D．not so quickly as

B．notion D．sound B．fast food D．space shuttle B．meaning D．pronunciation B．fell D．autumn B．/g/ D．/k/

following: bird, man, red, collection.（） A．one C．three

17．When a word is first coined, it is always ______.B．two （） DA．．four semantic B．onomatopoeic 9．The following words have derivational affixes

EXCEPT ______.（） A．works C．postwar

10．30% to 40% of the total number of new words in

English are produced through ______.（）A．compounding C．conversion

11．The word ―motel‖ is created by ______.（）A．compounding C．blending

12．―BBC‖ is formed in the way of ______.（）A．acronymy C．back-formation

13．The types of meanings include the following

EXCEPT ______.（） A．grammatical meaning C．associative meaning

14．By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning

of a word is related to its origin.（） A．onomatopoeic C．semantic

15．______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting

the objective world in the human mind.（）A．Reference C．Sense

16．Semantic field, according to the course book, is

also considered an integral part of ______.（） A．word formation C．meaning change

C．monosemic

18．The following are all synonymous pairs, but in B．prewar each the second is standard in usage whereas D．bloody the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（） A．ire/anger C．forlorn/distressed

B19．．affixation Shakespeare is difficult to understand than D．shortening contemporary writings because many of his words

were used in different ______ from what they B．clipping have now in dictionaries.（） DA．．suffixation senses C．dialects

B20．．clipping The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word D．prefixation ―picture‖, which originally denoted mere

―painting‖, but now has come to include ―drawings‖ and even ―photographs‖（）

BA．．conceptual meaning extension DC．．literal meaning narrowing

21．In the sentence ―The old man, though poor, is a

respectable gentleman.‖, the word ―respectable‖ is B．morphological used in the ______ sense of transfer.（） DA．．etymological subjective C．sensational

22．Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of B．Concept context?（） DA．．Motivation Elimination of ambiguity. B．Indication of referents.

C．Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. D．Provision of culture background for inferring B．word meaning word-meaning.

D23．．sense relations The sentence ― I lost Betty’s picture.‖ is ambiguous

D．polysemic

B．rich/wealthy D．bliss/happiness B．forms D．terms B．elevation D．degradation B．objective D．physical

due to ______.（） A．grammatical context C．antonymy

24．In the sentence ―An east or north-east wind brings

cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.‖, the meaning of D．Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English B．polysemy with Chinese Translation

D30．．hyponymy Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n)

______ dictionary.（） A．unabridged C．specialized B．desk D．encyclopedic

―sou’wester‖ can be inferred from the clue of ______.（） A．relevant details C．antonymy

25．The idiom ―toss and turn‖ is a(n) ______ as far as

rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. （） A．alliteration C．metonymy

26．Which of the following is NOT one of the types of

idioms?（） A．Sentence idioms. C．Clausal idioms.

27．The following are all variations of idioms,

EXCEPT ______.（） A．replacement C．shortening

28．Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the

following content EXCEPT ______.（） A．spelling C．pronunciation

29．As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______

is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one（） A．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)

B．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current

English with Chinese Translation C．A New English-Chinese Dictionary

Ⅱ．Match the words in Column A with the words B．synonymy in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; D．hyponymy 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of

vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)

B（． metaphor ）31．She burst into passionate sobbing. D（． rhyme ）32．He drops off to sleep, the lamb. （）33．and （）34．the man’s coat B（． Idioms adverbial in nature. ）35．here and there D（． Idioms nominal in nature. ）36．moon （）37．rough and ready （）38．ex-prisoner B（． addition

）39．fair and square D（． repetition

）40．Helen looks a fright in that old black dress.

BⅢ．．syntactical usage

Complete the following statements with proper

D．definition

words or expressions according to the course

book.（10%）

41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a

word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.

42．Modern English vocabulary develops through

three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.

A．

B．

C．

D．

E．

F．

G．

H．

I．

J．

43．We might say that free morphemes are free

________.

44．The formation of words by adding word-forming

affixes to stems is called ________. 45．Semantic ________ refers to the mental

associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word．

46．Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully

________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.

47．Vocabulary is the most ________ element of a

language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.

48．Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and

homonymy.

49．Idioms consist of set ________ and short

sentences.

50．Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________

language.

Ⅳ．Define the following terms.（10%）

51．morpheme 52．homonym 53．connotation 54．elevation 55．idiom

Ⅴ．Answer the following questions. Your answers

should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%） 56．As far as growth of present-day English

vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?

57．What are the semantic features of compounds?

Give an example to illustrate your point.

58．Decide whether the following statement is true or

false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example.

Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.

59．How do you account for the context function as

indication of referents?

Ⅵ．Analyze and comment on the following. Write

your answers in the space given below.（20%） 60．Analyze the following dialogue and comment on

the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font. —―You’re not eating your fish,‖ a waitress said to a customer. ―Anything wrong with it?‖ —―Long time no sea.‖ the customer replied. 61．Analyze the three causes of meaning change

within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below. （1）gold, bulb; （2）deer, beast, animals;

（3）fortuitous, fruition.

全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose

the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（） A. use frequency B. notion C. origin D. sound

2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （）

A. Orchestra. B. Bottom line. C. Ballpark figures. D. Bargaining chips.

3. In the sentence ―It is fun to play with children.‖, there are ______ content words. （） A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（）

A. open heart surgery B. fast food C. moon walk D. space shuttle

5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, the Americans use ―sick‖ for ______ in British English. （） A. six B. ailment C. throwing up D. ill

6. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______ endings. （） A. leveled B. short C. long D. paralleled

7. The plural morpheme ―-s‖ is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______. （） A. packs B. bags C. cheats D. ships

8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words: bird, man, red, turn.（） A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. （） A. subsea B. prewar C. postwar D. desks

10. The suffix ―-tion‖ is a ______ suffix. （） A. adjective B. verb C. adverb D. noun

11. From the sentences ―Hand in your papers.‖ and ―She papered the room green.‖, we can see such a means of word formation as ______. （） A. affixation B. compounding C. conversion D. acronymy

12. The word ―beg‖ comes from the word ―beggar‖. Such a way of creating a new word is called ______. （） A. suffixation B. clipping C. blending D. back-formation

13. ―Pen‖ and ―sword‖ in the sentence ―The pen is mightier than the sword.‖ are ______ motivated words. （） A. semantically B. etymologically C. morphologically D. onomatopoeically

14. ―Tables, men, potatoes‖ have the same ______ meaning, for they have the same plural meaning. （） A. lexical B. grammatical C. conceptual D. associative

15. Stylistic features of words include the following EXCEPT ______. （） A. formal B. literary C. argumentative D. slang

[1][2][3]下一页

16. The word ______ is an illustrative example of concatenation. （） A. neck B. board C. candidate D. harvest

17. Based on the degree of ______, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. （） A. intensity B. property C. similarity D. variety

18. Complete synonyms are identical both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including ______ and associative meanings. （） A. conceptual B. perceptual C. eventual D. actual

19. Narrowing of meaning, also called ______, is the opposite of widening meaning. （） A. specialization B. realization C. evolution D. creation

20. As far as transfer is concerned, the phrase ―loud colours‖ falls into the category of transfer ______.（）A. from concrete to abstract meanings B. from abstract to concrete meanings C. through association D. of sensations

21. In the sentence ―She said with an embarrassed laugh.‖, the word ―embarrassed‖ can be classified into ______ sense of transfer. （） A. subjective B. objective C. sensational D. physical

22. Based on ______ context, we can determine the meaning of ―do the flowers‖. （） A. cultural

B. grammatical C. lexical D. situational

23. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ______ or non-linguistic context. （） A. extra-linguistic B. lexical C. grammatical D. syntactical

24. In the sentence ―Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Mr. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.‖, the word ―polyglot‖ is explained by ______ clue. （） A. definition B. example C. synonymy D. hyponymy

25. Which of the following is NOT one of the stylistic features of idioms? （） A. Frozen style. B. Slang. C. Literary style. D. Colloquialisms.

26. ―Chop and change‖ is an idiom ______ in nature. （） A. verbal B. nominal C. adjectival D. adverbial

27. The change of idiom ―the last straw‖ from the original form is ______.（） A. replacement B. dismembering C. addition D. shortening

28. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ______ and encyclopedic dictionaries. （） A. linguistic B. encyclopedia C. specialized D. unabridged

29. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is a(n) ______ dictionary. （）

A. specialized B. desk C. pocket D. encyclopedic

30. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) was noted for the following aspects EXCEPT ______. （）

A. its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usages

B. its simple and clear definitions C. its use of extra column

D. its meticulous and complete grammatical information

Ⅱ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) types of morphemes; 3) sense relations and 4) types of idioms. (10% ) A B

( ) 31. rich/well-to-do/poor A. contradictory term of antonym

( ) 32. call it a day B. superordinate/subordinate ( ) 33. sow v. to scatter seeds/sow n. female adult pig C. homograph

( ) 34. recollection/idealistic D. idiom nominal in nature

( ) 35. employer/employee E. notional words ( ) 36. without/behind F. relative term of antonym ( ) 37. fish/herring G. bound morphemes ( ) 38. cut and dried H. free morphemes ( ) 39. watch/teach I. idiom verbal in nature ( ) 40. brain trust J. idiom adjectival in nature Ⅲ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

41. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.

42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and ______. 43. ______ morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.

44. Prefixes only modify the ______ of the stem. 45. Lexical ______ of a word has two components:

conceptual meaning and associative meaning. 46. In dictionaries, a ______ has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.

47. Indeed, it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the ______ has changed.

48. The sentence ―I lost Betty's picture.‖ is ambiguous due to ______.

49. Based on the criterion of ______ functions, idioms may be classified into five groups.

50. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ______ dictionaries and encyclopedia. Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%) 51. word 52. clipping 53. onomatopoeic 54. synchronic approach 55. desk dictionaries

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )

56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions?

57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?

58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages?

59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings. A. Do you know the architect? He designed St. Paul's Cathedral.

B. The book was only published posthumously, for the author had been dead for three years already. C. It is undesirable to write with too many parentheses, a pair of brackets round word or phrases.

Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%) 60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the

extra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below.

pen, atom churl copperhead

61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation and concatenation with the words neck and treacle.

全国2010年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ____ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. （） A. small B. meaningful C. vocal D. large

2. ____ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. （） A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot

3. ―I'm sure that they will come today.‖

There are____content words in the above sentence. （） A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary develops? （） A. Acronym. B. Blending. C. Elevation. D. Borrowing.

5. Social, economic and political changes bring about

such new words as the followings EXCEPT____. ( ) A. kungfu B.TV dinner C. fast food D. Watergate

6. In modern times, ____is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. （） A. semantic change B. borrowing C, expansion D. creation

7. The plural morphme ―-s‖ is realizd by/Iz/after the following sounds EXCEPT____.( ) A. /s/ B. /g/ c. /z/ D. /ろ/

8. The word ―idealistic‖ comprises ____morphemes. （） A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____.( ) A. happier B. worker C. harder D. taller

10. ―Washing machine‖ is a word formed by____.（）A. prefixation B. compounding C. conversion D. blending

11. ―TV‖ is a(n) ____.（） A. initialism B. acronym C. derivative D. compound

12. The prefix ―mis-‖ in the word ―mistrust‖ is a ____prefix. （） A. negative B. reversative C. pejorative

13. Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings of ―word meaning‖? （） A. Reference. B. Concept. C. Sense. D. Pronunciation.

14. Such synonymous pair as ―die-pass away‖ has the same ____but different stylistic values. （） A. reference B. concept C. motivation D. style

15. The word ―airmail‖ is ____motivated. （） A. onomatopoeically B. etymologically C. semantically D. morphologically

16. Words are arbitrary symbols with independent identities so far as their spelling and pronunciation is concerned. But ____, all words are related in one way or another.( ) A. linguistically B. semantically C. grammatically D. pragmatically

17, ____, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. （） A. Onomatopoeically B. Diachronically C. Synchronically D. Etymologically

18. One important criterion to tell the fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is to see their____. （） A. ideology B. etymology C. mythology D. methodology

19. Vocabulary is the most ____element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. （） A. unbalanced B. unstable

D. undoubted

20. In Shakespeare's well-known Hamlet, rival means ―____‖and jump means ―just‖. （） A. janitor B. partner C. collector D. observer

21. In the sentence ―Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now.‖ The word grown can be classified into ____sense of transfer. （） A. physical B. objective C. sensational D. subjective

22. In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is called ____context. （） A. non-linguistic B. lexical C. grammatical D. cultural

23. The sentence ―He is a hard businessman.‖ is ambiguous due to____. （） A. grammatical structure B. lexical context C. homonymy D. polysemy

24. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire____. （） A. physical situation B. grammatical structure C. mental activity D. cultural background

25. Which of the following is NOT one respect of the rhetorical features of idioms? （） A. Phonetic manipulation. B. Lexical manipulation. C. Syntactical manipulation. D. Figures of speech.

26. In nothing flat as an idiom is ____in nature. （）A. verbal B. nominal C. adjectival

27. The idiom ―failure is the mother of success‖ is a ____ as far as figures of speech are concerned. （） A. simile B. metaphor C. metonymy D. personification

28. Which of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionaries mentioned in the textbook? ( )

A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. B. Webster's Third New International Dictionary. C. A Chinese-English Dictionary.

D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary. 29. Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______dictionary. ( ) A. unabridged B. desk C. pocket D. encyclopedic

30. British dictionaries generally use____to mark the pronunciation.

A. British Phonetic Alphabet B. American Phonetic Alphabet C. International Phonetic Alphabet D. Webster's Phonetic Alphabet

II. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of prefixes; 2) the functions of affixes; 3) types of antonyms; and 4) types of meanings. (10%)

A B （） 31. appreciative meanings A. maltreat （） 32. parent/child B. Jap/nigger （） 33. pejorative prefixes C. tremble (not quiver) with fear

（） 34. man/woman D. famous/determined （） 35. hyperactive/superfreeze E. extraordinary/telecommunication

（） 36. collocative meaning E prefixes of degree

（） 37. decompose/unwrap G. inflectional affixes

（） 38. pejorative meaning H. reversative prefixes

（） 40. locative prefixes J. relative terms llI. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

41. Grammarians insist that a word be a ____form that can function in a sentence.

42. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present ____language.

43. The morphemes can be grouped into free morphemes and ____morphemes.

44. New words which are created by adding affixes to stems are called____.

45. Though having little lexical meaning, ____words have strong grammatical meaning.

46. The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal ____of the whole set alter.

47. The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or____. 48. The sentence ―I like Mary better than Jean.‖ will lead to____.

49. The fixity of idioms depends on the____. 50. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ____and encyclopedic dictionaries. IV. Define the following terms. (10%) 51. borrowed words 52. conversion 53. motivation 54. narrowing

55. replacement of idioms

V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%) 56. What are derivational affixes?

57. What is grammatical meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.

58. What type of transfer is experienced for the word in bold type?

The fairy tale ―The Sleeping Beauty‖ is very interesting.

59. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the stylistic features of idioms.

Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.

VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%) 60. Analyze and comment, with a diagram, on the italicized words increase, extend and expand in the

following three sentences based on the concept of discrimination of synonyms.

[a] The company has decided to increase its sales by ten per cent next year.

[b] The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year. [c] The metal will expand if heated.

61.State the roles of context in determination of word meaning. Illustrate your points with examples.

全国2010年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. （30%）

1. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human ______ equipment.（） A. visual C. physical

B. vocal D. mental

2. Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.（） A. use frequency C. origin

B. notion D. sound

3. ______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves. （） A. Terminology C. Slang

B. Archaisms D. Jargon

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary develops? （） A. Creation. C. Clipping.

B. Semantic changes. D. Borrowing.

5. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（） A.TV dinner C. moon walk

B. earthrise D. space shuttle

6. The surviving languages fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into the Eastern

set and the _______ set. （） A. Western C. American

B. African D. Northern

7. The plural morpheme "-s" is pronounced as/z/in the following words EXCEPT ______.（）

A. beds C. cheats

B. bags D. bottles

8. The word "prisoner" comprises ______ morphemes. （） A. 1 C. 3

B. 2 D. 4

9. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（） A. reread C. bloody

B. prewar D. harder

10. The prefix "over-" in the word "overweight" is a prefix of ______.（） A. orientation and attitude C. time and order

B. degree or size D. number

11. The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called ______.（） A. back-formation C. conversion

B. acronymy D. clipping

12. "Champagne", a common noun, comes from a ______.（） A. name of a person C. name of a book

B. name of a place D. tradename

13. ______ is the relationship between language and the world. （） A. Reference C. Sense

B. Concept D. Motivation

14. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its ______.（）

A. form C. spelling

B. pronunciation D. meaning

15. The word“______”is an onomatopoetically motivated word. （） A. miaow C. laconic

B. sword D. airmail

16. In modern English, an overwhelming majority of words are ______.（） A. original

B. initial

C. polysemous D. periodical

17. ______, the derived meanings, no matter how many, are secondary in comparison. （） A. Synchronically C. Etymologically

B. Diachronically D. Onomatopoetically

18. Want, wish, like and desire are synonyms, but as far as intensity is concerned, ______ is the strongest of all. （） A. wish C. want

B. like D. desire

19. There are five types of meaning changes and among which ______ are the most common.（）

A. degradation and elevation C. elevation and narrowing

B. transfer and extension D. extension and narrowing

20. Due to ______ reason, a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed. （） A. psychological C. class

B. historical D. linguistic

21. Among the following words only ______ is the word which originally had a specialized meaning and now has become generalized. （） A. journal C. accident

B. wife D. disease

22. Based on ______ context, we can arrive at the meaning of “do a sum”.（） A. grammatical C. cultural

B. lexical D. non-linguistic

23. The sentence "The fish is ready to eat." is ambiguous due to ______.（） A. grammatical structure C. cultural influence

B. hyponymy

D. non-linguistic context

24. In the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Birdwhistell." The meaning of kinesics can be inferred from the clue of _______.（） A. definition C. antonymy

B. synonymy D. hyponymy

25. Which of the following is NOT a figure of speech? （） A. Metaphor. C. Euphemism.

B. Personification. D. Shortening.

26. Never do things by halves is a（n） ______.（） A. verbal idiom in nature C. sentence idiom

B. nominal idiom in nature D. adverbial idiom in nature

27. The change of idiom "Silence is golden" from the original form is ______.（） A. replacement C. addition

B. position-shifting D. shortening

28. The following are the unique features of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary EXCEPT ______.（） A. definition C. usage examples

B. extra column D. clear grammar codes

29. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary （1983） is a（n） ______ dictionary. （） A. unabridged C. pocket

B. desk D. encyclopedic

30. Which of the following is NOT true for the Chinese-English Dictionary （Revised Edition）（CED）（1995）? （）

A. The new edition has more single character entries and more multi-character entries. B. The new edition revised some old entries.

C. The new edition cut off the previous alphabetical order of entries. D. The dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents.

Ⅱ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1） types of word formation; 2） types of morphemes; 3） types of vocabulary by notion; and 4） discrimination of synonyms. （10%） A （） 31. honeybee （） 32. handy/manual （） 33. upon （） 34. rich/wealthy （） 35. medicare （） 36. answer/reply （） 37. flu （） 38. steel （） 39.VOA （） 40. idealistic

A. difference in application B. difference in denotation C. bound morpheme D. clipping E. functional word F content word G. compounding H. initialism I. blending

J. difference in connotation

I]I. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. （10 % ）

41. ______ are newly-created words or expressions,, or words that have taken on new meanings. 42. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English has evolved from a ______ language to the present analytic language.

43. The morphemes can be grouped into ______ morphemes and bound morphemes. 44. The prefix "un-" in the word "unwrap"is a ______ prefix.

45. Lexical meaning of a word has two concepts: ______ meaning and associative meaning. 46. Hyponymy can be described in terms of ______ graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates.

47. In Old English, animals and their ______ share the same name.

48. Structural patterns where a particular word is used is called ______ context. 49. Idioms verbal in nature can be subdivided into ______ verbs and other verb phrases. 50. Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______ dictionary.

IV. Define the following terms. （10% ） 51. bound morphemes 52. affixes 53. blending

54. unabridged dictionary 55. dismembering of idiom

V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. （20%）

56. What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary? 57. How many types do bound morphemes include? What are they? 58. What is concept? Give an example to illustrate your point. 59. How do you use a dictionary to the full?

VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. （20 % ） 60. Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font. Customer: "How come your sausages taste like meat at one end, but like bread at the other? " Butcher replied: "Madam, in times like these no butcher can make both ends meet. "

61. Analyze and comment on the following statement.

As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context.

全国2012年4月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

课程代码：00832

Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose

the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena? ( ) A. Father. B. Fire. C. Evil. D. Old.

2. The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT ______. ( ) A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English B. stabilization of spelling by printing C. influence of the work of scribes D. innovations made by linguists

3. There are______ functional words in the following sentence: It is fun to play with children. ( ) A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

4. The surviving languages fall into eight principal groups. Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian belong to the et. ( ) A. Eastern B. Southern C. Western D. Northern

5. With the growth of______, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. ( ) A. civilization B. revolution C. colonization D. industrialization 6. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( ) A. English is more closely related to German than French.

B. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.

C. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.

D. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.

7. The word “recollection” comprises ______morpheme(s). ( ) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT______. ( ) A. happier B. worker C. harder D. taller

9. Which of the following words is a root? ( ) A. International. B. Nation. C. National. D. Internationalists.

10. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on ______. ( ) A. borrowing B. semantic change C. word-formation D. reviving archaic words 11. The word “brainstorming” belongs to ______ .( ) A. adjective compounds B. noun compounds C. verb compounds D. adverb compounds

12. ______does not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modifies its meaning. ( )

A. Prefixation B. Suffixation C. Affixation D. Derivation 13. A word is the combination of form and______. ( ) A. spelling B. pronunciation C. meaning D. sound

14. ______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.( ) A. Reference B. Concept C. Sense D. Motivation

15. The meaning given in the dictionary and forming the core of word-meaning is ______. ( )

A. grammatical meaning B. lexical meaning C. conceptual meaning D. associative meaning

16. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called ______. ( ) A. derivation B. deterioration C. purification D. pejoration

17. One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ______ than ______ in it. ( ) A. hyponyms ... homonyms B. homonyms ... hyponyms C. synonyms ... antonyms D. antonyms ...synonyms

18. Relative synonyms also called______ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degrees of a given quality. ( ) A. close-synonyms B. respondent-synonyms C. near-synonyms D. dependent-synonyms

19. Angel, martyr and paradise have their meaning______ because of the influence of Christianity. ( ) A. elevated B. degraded C. narrowed D. extended

20. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and______.( ) A. sense B. reference C. association D. transfer

21. The well-known semanticist Ullmann notes, “language is more______ than civilization,

material as well as moral.” ( ) A. creative B. conservative C. radical D. constructive

22. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of context? ( ) A. Linguistic context. B. Non-linguistic context. C. Extra-linguistic context. D. Intra-linguistic context. 23. Which of the following may NOT lead to ambiguity? ( ) A. Grammatical structure. B. Polysemy. C. Antonymy. D. Hyponymy.

24. Which of the following is NOT true about linguistic context? ( ) A. It can be subdivided into grammatical context and lexical context. B. It embraces the people, time and place.

C. It refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. D. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. 25. The idiom “live by one’s pen” is a ______as far as figures of speech are concerned.( ) A. simile B. metaphor C. metonymy D. personification 26. “Cut and driect” is an idiom ______in nature. ( ) A. verbal B. nominal C. adjectival D. adverbial

27. The change of idiom “A round peg in the squarest of holes” from the original form is ______.( ) A. dismembering B. position-shifting C. addition D. shortening

28. According to the textbook, the best-known unabridged dictionary is______. ( ) A. The Word Book Dictionary B. The Encyclopedia Americana C. Webster’s New World Dictionary

D. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary

29. Which of the following dictionaries is NOT a bilingual dictionary? ( )

A. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation. B. A New English-Chinese Dictionary. C. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. D. A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995).

30. Which of the following is true about an American Dictionary? ( ) A. It is always better than a British dictionary.

B. It contains more encyclopedic information in the main body. C. One can never expect to find British usages in it. D. It includes more grammatical information.

Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according

to the course book. (15%)

31. A word is a ______ form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

32. In the Middle English period, the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______ words into English.

33. The basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity is called a ______.

34. The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called ______.

35. Words such as ―vicious, tyrant, determined, famous, notorious‖ usually indicate the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. They have ______ meaning in themselves.

36. A word which is related to other words is related to them in ______.

37. Car which used to be a ―two-wheel cart drawn by horses and used in ______ ‖has taken on the meaning ―automobile‖ with the development of modern car industry.

38. In the sentence ―Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather than in the geocentric theory.‖, the word ―heliocentric‖ is explained by the clue of ______ structure.

39. Due to structural ______ of idioms, the word order of the idiom ―by twos and threes‖ cannot be turned into ―by threes and twos‖.

40. Against the traditional practice of lexicography, ______ creates an extra column arranged alongside the definitions.

Ⅲ. Define the following terms. (15% )

41. archaisms

42. stem

43. grammatical meanings

44. amelioration

45. rhetoric characteristics of idioms

Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write

your answers in the space given below. (20%)

46. What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary?

47. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples.

48. The word ―happy‖ has two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite. What are they?

49. Can you determine the meanings of the following sentences? Explain and make some alterations in the context so as to pin down the meaning.

(a) The fish is ready to eat.

(b) I like Mary better than Jean.

Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given

below. (20%)

50. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate semantic features and grammatical features of compounds.

Group 1 ―a green hand‖, ―flowerpot‖

Group 2 ―bad-mouth‖, ―new-borns‖

51. Analyze and comment on the following sentences based on the concept that antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.

［A］ How tall is his sister?

［B］ How short is his sister?

全国2012年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

课程代码：00832

I． Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Words can be classified into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.

( )

A. use frequency

C. origin B. notion D. grammar

2. In formal use, ―pot‖ means ―cooking utensil‖. Whereas, when it means ―marijuana‖, it is a ______. ( )

A. jargon

C. slang B. terminology D. argot

3. Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. For example, the English expression ―long time no see‖ is from ______. ( )

A. Latin

C. Greek B. Chinese D. French

4. The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as ______ languages. ( )

A. Hellenic

C. Celtic B. Albanian D. Scandinavian

5. Which of the following is NOT the main source of new words? ( )

A. The rapid development of modern science and technology.

B. Social, economic and political changes.

C. Environmental protection.

D. The influence of other cultures and languages.

6. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( )

A. In modern times，borrowing brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary.

B. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.

C. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.

D. In early Middle English period，English，Latin，and Celtic existed side by side.

7. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words：worker, car, impossible，anger, politely. ( )

A. 2 B. 3

C. 4 D. 5

8. There is/are ______ stem(s)in the word“internationalists” ( )

A 1 B. 2

C. 3 D. 4

9. The past tense marker“-ed”is pronounced as/t/in the following words EXCEPT ______.( )

A. enabled B. worked

C. jumped D. helped

10. The most productive ways of word-formation in modern English are the following EXCEPT ______.( )

A. affixation B. compounding

C. conversion D. blending

11. The formation of new words by joining two or more stems is called ______. ( )

A. clipping B. compounding

C. acronymy D. back-formation

12. The word ―pop‖ belongs to ______ clipping. ( )

A. front B. back

C. front and back D. phrase

13. The ______ meaning of words usually shows the attitude of approval of the speaker. ( )

A. affective B. appreciative

C. pejorative D. connotative

14. Which of the following is NOT one of the associative meaning of a word? ( )

A. Grammatical meaning. B. Stylistic meaning.

C. Collocative meaning. D. Connotative meaning.

15. ______ motivation explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( )

A. Morphological B. Onomatopoeic

C. Semantic D. Etymological

16. Antonyms are classified on the basis of ______ opposition. ( )

A. semantic B. euphemistic

C. idiomatic D. grammatical

17. Lion，elephant，tiger, turtle，sheep and snake are ______ of animal. ( )

A. hyponyms B. synonyms

C. collocation D. denomination

18. As far as denotation is concerned，relative synonyms may differ ______.( )

A. in the diachronic approach B. in the stylistic and emotive colouring of words

C. in usage in simple terms D. in the range and intensity of meaning

19. Borrowing has caused word-meaning changes，as indicated in“______ formerly meant

animal，and later animal from Latin and beast from French found their way into English ______.‖( )

A. deer B. cattle

C. sheep D. bird

20. There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning，extra-linguistic factors and ______ factors within the language system. ( )

A. functional B. external

C. meaningful D. internal

21. ______ is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense. For example，the original meaning of the word“meat” was food and the modern meaning is edible flesh. ( )

A. Conversion B. Elevating

C. Narrowing D. Formation

22. Which of the following is NOT a context clue? ( )

A. Relevant details. B. Sentence structure.

C. Synonymy. D. Antonymy.

23. The sentence ―I like Mary better than John’’ is ambiguous due to ______. ( )

A. grammatical context B. polysemy

C. antonymy D. hyponymy

24. In the sentence“Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe，rather than in the geocentric theory”，the meaning of heliocentric call be inferred from the clue of ______.( )

A. relevant details B. word structure

C. antonymy D. hyponymy

25. ―Tooth and nail‖ is all idiom ______ in nature. ( )

A. verbal B. nominal

C. adjectival D. adverbial

26. Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom ―wear and tear‖? ( )

A. Rhyme. B. Alliteration.

C. Juxtaposition. D. Synecdoche.

27. The idiom ―play fair‖ was created probably by______. ( )

A. seamen B. housewives

C. sportsmen D. hunters

28. Encyclopaedic dictionaries can be further divided into encyclopaedia and ______ dictionaries. ( )

A. 1inguistic B. encyclopaedic

C. specialized D. unabridged

29. LDCE is distinctive for the following features EXCEPT ______. ( )

A. clear grammar codes B. usage notes

C. 1anguage notes D. extra column

30. Which of the following is NOT true for a Chinese-English Dictionary (revised Edition) (CED) (1995)? ( )

A. It is a bilingual dictionary.

B. It is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated.

C. It cuts off the previous alphabetical order of entries.

D. It boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.

Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (15%)

31. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______.

32. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______ endings.

33. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and ______.

34. ―Motel‖ is a word formed through ______.

35. Words like ―bang, pingpong, miaow‖ are examples of ______ motivation.

36. Contradictory terms do not show ______, as far as antonyms are concerned.

37. Increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors that account for the change of word ______.

38. Based on the ______ context, we can determine the meaning of ―Sarcasm doesn’t become you‖ as ―Sarcasm doesn’t suit you‖.

39. ―Sing a different tune‖ is an idiom ______ in nature.

40. British dictionaries gene rally use International Phonetic Alphabet to mark the ______. Ⅲ. Define the following terms. (15%)

41. creation

42. conversion

43. homonymy

44. lexical context

45. deletion of idioms

Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)

46. Please illustrate the logical relationships of the following terms: free morphemes, bound root, derivational affixes, affixes, morphemes, inflectional affixes, bound morphemes.

47. Prefixation and suffixation are two subclasses of affixation. Please define prefixation and suffixation and explain the difference between them. Use ―polite—impolite‖, ―happy—happiness‖ to illustrate your point.

48. What are the four main sources of English synonyms?

49. What are contextual clues? Guess the meaning of the words underlined in the following sentences and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning.

(a) Their greatest fear was of a since fire would destroy their flimsy wooden settlement before help could arrive. V. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.

(20%)

50. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate types of meaning of words and their relationship.

Group 1: ―took, taught, became‖

Group 2: ―have, has, had, had, having‖

51. Analyze and comment on three adjectives used in the following sentences based on synonym difference in connotation.

[A] Look at that little boy.

[B] Look at that small boy.

[C] Look at that tiny boy.

范文三：2011年7月自考真题英语词汇学

全国 2011年 7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

课程代码:00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %)

1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence.

( )

A. small

B. large

C. fixed

D. free

2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( )

A. agree with

B. disagree with

C. be the same as

D. be different from

3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( )

A. Terminology

B. Jargon

C. Slang

D. Argot

4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( )

A. fast food

B. TV dinner

C. Mao jackets

D. Watergate

A. own

B. let

C. rent

D. lend

6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( )

A. full

B. short

C. long

D. paralleled

7. The plural morpheme“ -s” is pronounced as /z/ in the following words EXCEPT ______________. ( )

A. bottles

B. eggs

C. zoos

D. maps

8. There is/are _____________ free morphemic word(s) in the following words: wind, man, reddish, collection. ( )

A. l

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____________. ( )

A. likes

B. dislike

C. liking

D. liked

10. The most productive means of word-formation are the following EXCEPT _______________. ( )

A. affixation

B. blending

C. compounding

D. conversion

11. Prefixes generally do not change the __________ of the stem. ( )

A. meaning

B. form

C. word class

D. pronunciation

12. The word “dorm” is formed by _________clipping. ()

A. back

B. front

C. phrase

D. front and back

13. The word “reading -lamp” is _______ motivated. ()

A. onomatopoeically

B. morphologically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

14. The synonymous pair of “ask -question” has the same___________. ()

A. motivation

B. value

C. function

D. concept

15. In the sentence “East or west, home is best”, “home” has its __________ meaning of “family, safety, love”, etc. ()

A. grammatical

B. connotative

C. stylistic

D. collocative

16. Semantically, a word which is related to other words is related to them in____________。 ( )

A. sense

B. spelling

C. morpheme

D. root and stem

17. _____________, the derived meanings, no matter how many, are secondary in comparison. ( )

A. Synchronically

B. Diachronically

C. Etymologically

D. Onomatopoeically

18. The antonyms used in the proverb “Speech is silver; silence is golden” are ____________. ( )

A. speech-silence

B. golden-silver

C. speech-silver

D. silence-golden

19. In Shakespearean line ‘Rats and mice and such small deer’, ‘6deer’ obviously designates ‘animal’ in general. Therefore ‘deer’ is a typical example of _________. ( )

A. extension

B. elevation

C. narrowing

D. degradation

20. Observation shows that it is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from neutral to ____________ than it is for them to go the other way. ( )

B. agreeable

C. respective

21. Among the following words only“________ ” expresses the property of elevation. ( )

A. lust

B. criticize

C. knight

D. silly

22. Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of context? ( )

A. Elimination of ambiguity.

B. Indication for referents.

C. Understanding of cultural background.

D. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.

23. Which of the following is NOT a context clue? ( )

A. Definition.

B. Example.

C. Synonymy.

D. Sentence structure.

24. The sentence “The ball was attractive” is ambiguous due to_______________. ( )

A. grammatical structure

B. lexical context

D. polysemy

25. Which of the following is one of the characteristics of idioms? ( )

A. Semantic unity.

B. Lexical manipulation.

C. Phonetic unity.

D. Structural variation.

26. Which of the following is NOT one of the rhetoric characteristics of idioms in general?( )

A. Stylistic features.

B. Syntactical features.

C. Rhetorical features.

D. Occasional variations.

27. The idiom “bed of dust” is a ___________ as far as figures of speech are concerned. ( )

A. simile

B. metaphor

C. metonymy

D. personification

28. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary is a(n) _____________ dictionary. ( )

A. unabridged

B. desk

C. pocket

D. encyclopedic

29. When we choose a dictionary, we should not pay attention to whether it is _____________. ( )

A. monolingual or bilingual

B. general or specialized

C. early or late

D. unabridged or abridged

30. Readers will usually find in a general dictionary the following areas of information of a word EXCEPT _______________ . ( )

A. spelling

B. definition

C. pronunciation

D. difference with its synonyms

D. pejorative

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. ( 15% )

31. The jargon of criminals is generally referred as _____________.

32. From the historical overview of the English vocabulary, the language spoken from 1150 to 1500 is called _____________ English.

33. The morpheme is the smallest _____________unit in the composition of words.

34. The formation of new words by joining two or more stems is called

__________________.

35. Unlike conceptual meaning, __________________ meaning is open-ended and indeterminate.

36. From the _______________ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.

37. Changing in word ______________ has never ceased since the language came into being and will continue in the future.

38. Based on the ______________________ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers” as “ arrange the flowers”.

39. The stylistic features of idioms are ___________________, slang and literary expressions.

40. The user-friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are its clear grammar codes, ____________________ and language notes.

III. Define the following terms. ( 15% )

41. free morphemes

42. allomorphs

43. affixation

44. polysemy

45. linguistic context

IV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. ( 20% )

46. What is the difference between root and stem?

47. What is collocative meaning of a word? Please take “pretty” and “handsome” as an example to illustrate your point.

48. By the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups. Name the five groups and match the following expressions with them as their examples respectively.

“white elephant” “look into” “beyond the pale”

“tooth and nail” “Never do things by halves. ”

49. What contextual clues do you often use to help you in guessing the meanings of new words?

Demonstrate these clues with examples.

V. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. ( 20% )

50. Analyze and comment on the following TWO sentences to illustrate the differences between blending and clipping.

The program will be telecast simultaneously to nearly 150 cities.

It sounds much better in stereo.

51. Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.

A: “Why is Sunday the strongest day?”

B: “Because all the others are week days. ”

温馨提示:由于很多试题 (主要是主观题 ) , 其答案并不是唯一的,甚至是开放的,一道题的解题思路是多种多样的, 从实施素质教育的要求出发, 应该鼓励自考生用多样的思路解题。正是因为如此,在评卷过程中,往往会根据考生的作答情况,对评分标准进行调整,也正因如此, 教育部把国家教育考试靠后的评分标准仍然列为秘密材料。因此教育部不在网上公布答案,请考生谅解。

范文四：2008年4月英语词汇学真题和答案

全国2008年4月历年自考英语词汇学真题

课程代码:00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that

best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Words fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______. ( )

A. use frequency B. notion

C. productivity D. origin

2. Words like bear, nut, knocked out can be categorized as ______. ( )

A. terminology B. jargon

C. slang D. neologisms

3. Identify the word that is of Scandinavian origin among the following. ( )

A. Skirt B. Dress

C. Model D. Status

4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( )

A. Old English was a highly inflected language. B. Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary

C. The word cloak is of French origin.

D. Modern English is a synthetic language. 5. The root of the word “antecedent” is ______. ( )

A. ante- B. -ced-

C. -dent D. -ent

6.Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains is called

______. ( )

A. blending B. clipping

C. acronymy D. back-formation

7. Associative meaning of words comprises the following except ______. ( )

A. connotative meaning B. lexical meaning C. affective meaning D. collocative meaning 8. What is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages? ( )

A. Suffixation. B. Polysemy.

C. Allomorph. D. Variation.

9. Which word that formerly meant animal, and later animal from Latin and beast from French

found their way into English?( )

A. Deer. B. Cattle.

C. Sheep. D. Bird.

10. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, this word may create

) ______. (

A. semantic motivation B. degradation

C. ambiguity D. extension

11. Without ______, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker

intended to convey.

A. context B. semantic unity

C. structural stability D. stylistic feature

12. Idioms manifest such rhetorical features as the following except______. ( )

A. phonetic manipulation B. lexical manipulation C. literary expressions D. figures of speech 13. According to its grammatical functions, idioms can be classified into five groups. The idiom

“heart and soul” belongs to ______. ( )

A. idioms nominal in nature B. idioms adjectival in nature C. idioms verbal in nature D. idioms adverbial in nature 14. The main body for a dictionary is ______ of words. ( )

A. spellings B. pronunciations

C. definitions D. grammar

15. Readers can’t find pronunciation or meaning in ______. ( )

A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation

B. The Encyclopedia Americana

C. Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary

D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the

course book. (10%)

16. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ________ morphemes.

17. The chief function of ________ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning.

18. “Pavement” in British English and “sidewalk” in American English have the same

________.

19. Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc, make up the ________field of ‘colours’.

20. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being ________ and the other opposite

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1 ) types of meanings;2) types of motivations; 3) types of dictionaries; 4) origins of English and 5) types of sense relations. (10%)

A B

( )21. queer, odd A. onomatopoetically motivated

( )22. surplus value B. subordinate hyponymy

( )23. miaow C. specialized dictionary

( )24. CED D. Greek

( )25. hard disk, CPU etc. — computer E. polysemy

( )26. technology F. semantically motivated

( )27. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs G relative synonym

( )28. The pen is mightier than the sword. H. conceptual meaning

( )29. gay-joyous, brilliant and homosexual I. bilingual dictionary

( )30. home/dwelling place J. German

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of context; 2) types of word formation; 3) causes of meaning change; 4 ) types of bound morphemes underlined. (10%)

31. boob-head-one who returns too often to jail ( )

32. ascendant ( )

33. look out/look out ( )

34. descend ( )

35. telequiz ( )

36. landlord (in English vs. in Chinese) ( )

37. a coloured nail/a copper nail ( )

38. tolerance ( )

39. churl-bad people ( )

40. stockholder ( )

V. Define the following terms. (10%)

41. creation (as a mode of vocabulary development)

42. free morphemes

43. collocative meaning

44. concatenation

45. grammatical context

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your

answers in the space given below. (12%)

46. What is suffixation? Give an example to illustrate your point 47. What is the remarkable feature of Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English ?

48. Supply two examples to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to

change in meaning.

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.

( 18 % )

49. Explain the meaning of the phrase “a laconic answer”, using the theory of motivation. 50. Study the following sentence: 1) pick out the idiom, 2) explain its origin, and 3) comment on

the use.

David’s head was in the tool-box, but his voice was heard saying, “Too many cooks, better let me.”

2008年4月全国高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题答案及评分参考

? Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)

每小题2分

1.A 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B

? Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)

每小题2分，答错不给分，拼写错误最多给0.5分。

16.inflectional 17.prefixes 18.sense 19.semantic 20.negative

? Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)types of meanings; 2)types of motivations; 3)types of dictionaries; 4)origins of English and 5)types of sense relations.(10%)

每小题1分

21.G 22.J 23.A 24.I 25.B 26.D 27.C 28.F 29.E 30.H

? Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of context; 2)types word formation; 3)causes of meaning change; 4)types of bound morphemes underlined.(10%)

每小题1分，答错不给分，拼写错误最多给0.5分。

31. extra-linguistic factors-- psychological reason

32. derivational affix/prefix

33. extra-linguistic context

34. derivational affix/prefix

35. blending

36. extra-linguistic context

37. lexical context of linguistic context

38. bound root

39. extra-linguistic factors-- class reason

40. compounding

? Define the following terms.(10%)

每小题2分，表达完整准确得2分;基本达意但不够完整或准确，得1分;不达意，不得分。

41(Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements.

42. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.

43. The word-meaning which is suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.

44. A semantic process in which each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.

45. The meaning of a word that is influenced by the structure in which it occurs.

? Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)

每小题4分，其中内容3分，语言表达分。内容要点请参阅各小题的要点评分标准，各小题语言表达错误，

最多扣1分。

46. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to sterms.(1分) Suffixes

generally change the word class.(1分) For example, “economy” is a verb, but “employer”

becomes a noun when the suffix –er is added to the stem “employ”.(1分)

47. 1)compiled on the principle of semantic field;(1分)

2)some 15,000 items classified into fourteen semantic fields of a practical everyday

nature;(1分)

3)subfields also included;(0.5分)

4)semantically related words defining one another(0.5分)

48. pig/pork, sheep/mutton(1分)

In old English, animals and their meat shared the same name. with the Norman Conquest and borrowing of corresponding French words, the English words were kept only for live animals and the French words for the animals killed and brought to the table.(2分)

? Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)

每小题9分，其中内容8分，语言表达1分。内容要点请参阅各小题的要点评分标准，各小题语言表达错

误，最多扣1分。

49. Laconic is derived from Lacons (1分), a tribe of people who were known for their “brevity of speech” (2分) and for their habit of never using more words than necessary. (2分) So laconic means “brief or

short” (1分)， which is etymologically motivated.(1分) “A laconic answer” thus is “a short answer”. (1分)

50. 要点及评分标准:

1) “too many cooks”, from “Too many cooks spoil the broth”. (3分)

2) In the situation of disorder or chaos, when everyone tries to direct, the speaker manages to control

the situation. (2分)

3) The use of the short form indicate the informal situation. (2分)

4) This sentence implies the speaker and listeners are working or colleagues. (1分)

范文五：英语词汇学

2001年第6期

总第146期

外语与外语教学

Foreign Languages and Their Teaching

2001, №6Serial №146

《英语词汇学》

———国外英语词汇学著作述评之二

汪榕培

(大连外国语学院, 辽宁大连　116002)

　　摘　要:本文介绍了俄罗斯学者G. B. Antrushina 等人于1999年出版的《英语词汇学》一书, 并对其进行了评价。

关键词:英语; 词汇学

　　Abstract :This paper is an introduction to and comments on English Lexicology by the Russian B. Antrushina et al published in 1999.

K ey words :English , lexicology

:-(2001) 06-0015-05

　　从40较非正式的语言交谈。为使本书更加生动有趣, 我们摘录了

1999年由幽默作家的笑话和轶事和著名作家的书籍, 以显示不同的词G. B. Antrushina 、O. V. Afanasyeva 和N. N. Morozova 合汇学现象如何适用于不同的语体目的。

(English Lexicology ) 。著的《英语词汇学》作者在“导论”中首先援引了威廉?莎士比亚在《罗密欧

(第二幕, 第二场) 中的名言“与朱丽叶》:姓名本来是没有意

一、该书的“前言”和“导论”义的; 我们叫做玫瑰的这一种花, 要是换了个名字, 它的香味关于该书的宗旨, 作者在“前言”中写道:还是同样的芬芳。”接着用通俗的语言讨论了什么是“词”和读者在本书中将看到词的理论的基本知识, 以及涉及英“词汇学”的问题, 并且概述了本书中讨论的英语词汇学的主语词汇、英语词汇的特点和分类等主要问题的基本知识。每要内容:一章都包括供上课和自学的理论和练习。上述著名的诗行反映了语言学研究的一个根本问题:一

本书供师范大学上英语词汇学的英语学生(三、四年级) 个名字意味着什么? 一个词意味着什么? 一个词跟它代表使用, 完全符合该课程的要求。能够阅读中等难度文章而且的物体之间有没有任何联系? 一朵玫瑰能不能像朱丽叶所希望获得现代英语词汇来源(例如, 同义词和反义词) 、英语说的那样叫做“任何其他名字”? 词汇的语体特点、词义的复杂性质和研究的现代方法、英语词汇学家回答了诸如此类问题:词汇学(lexicology ) 作为熟语、英语词汇在其历史发展中经历的变化以及英语词汇学语言学的一个分支是研究词的。其他方面知识的所有读者都会对本书感兴趣。不掌握这些对某些人来说, 研究词似乎毫无趣味。但是, 如果研究知识就无法完全掌握英语, 因为要完全掌握一种语言必须自得恰到好处的话, 它会跟揭示外层空间的奥秘一样令人激觉地了解该语言的来源, 至少对语言系统运作的“内部机制”动、充满新意。有所了解。许多学者把词定义为一种语言现象是耐人寻味的。但

本书首创把理论和练习包括在一本书里, 而理论和练习是, 还没有一个定义是完美无缺的。同样令人惊奇的是, 尽是密不可分的。作者试图一方面在词汇学理论和活的言语管现代科学硕果累累, 我们对词的性质还有某些方面没有掌之间建立联系, 另一方面在语言学习和语言教学之间建立联握。我们也没有完全理解称为“语言”的现象, 而词是语言的系, 始终牢记本书的大多数读者是师范大学的教师和学生。一个基本单位。

作者努力以通俗易懂的风格叙述内容, 同时跟读者以比我们对语言的起源所知无多, 因此对词的起源也所知无

) , 教授, 研究方向:英语词汇学, 中国典籍英译作者简介:汪榕培(1942—

收稿日期:2000-10-09

多。确实, 现在有几种假说, 有些假说跟语言起源的神圣理论一样离奇。

我们对于说话人的心理过程如何转化为称为“词”的音组这样一种机制, 或者机会一无所知; 对于听话人的头脑如何把声音现象转化为概念和思想这样一种相反的机制、从而建立起双向的交流过程也是一无所知。

我们对词和指称对象(也就是词所指示的物体、现象、质量、行动等) 之间的关系知之甚少。如果我们认为词和指称对象之间有直接的关系(这种认识似乎是合乎逻辑的) , 那么就会产生另一个问题:我们应该如何解释同一指称对象在不同的语言里为什么会用完全不同的音组来表示这一事实。

我们现在确实知道(尽管不甚确切) 语言的词汇没有任何偶然的事情, 我们也知道每个词是庞大的、有效的、完全平衡的系统中的一个小单位。但是, 我们不知道词为什么具有这些性质, 也不甚知道词获得这些性质的过程。

未知的内容还可以列出很多, 不过现在也许应该不失时机地看看光明的一面, 的一些内容。

第一, , 第二, 第三, 从结构上看, 词具有若干特点。

词汇研究的现代方法是以区别词的外部结构和内部结构为基础的。

词的外部结构指的是它的形态结构。例如, 在post 2impressionists 这个词里, 可以分辨出下列词素(morpheme ) :前缀post 2和im 2, 词根press , 组成名词的后缀2ion 和2ist , 还有表示复数的语法后缀2s 。所以这些词素组成了post 2impressionists 这个词的外部结构。

词的外部结构和典型的构词法模式在构词法部分(见第5章, 第6章) 研究。

词的内部结构或词的意义(meaning ) , 现在一般叫做词的语义结构(semantic structure ) 。这当然是词的主要方面。词可以用于交际目的, 完全是因为词义; 非常不幸的是, 某些当代语言学家忽视了这个事实, 他们在迷恋于词的结构的时候往往把无法进行跟数学分析的内容斥为无关。意义具有难以觉察的变化和转移, 正是无法进行数学分析的。

词汇学对词进行语义研究的部分叫做语义学(seman 2tics ) (见第7章, 第8章) 。

词的另一个结构方面是整体性词具有外部(或形式) 整体性和语义整体性。词的形式整体性有时候被不确切地解释为不可分割性。Post 2impressionism 这个例子已经显示出来, 词严格说来不是不可分割的。然而, 组成词的词素在独立的时候和具有固定语境的时候都是永久地联系在一起的, 这一点跟词组不一样, 词组的组成成分具有一定的结构自由度, 例如bright light , to take for granted (见第12章) 。演示词的形式整体性最好的办法是比较具有相同组分的词和词组。解释blackbird 和a black bird 的区别, 最好由它们跟语言的语法系统的关系来解释。Blackbird 这个词具有整体性, 所以具有单一的语法框架:blackbird|s 。第一个组分black 不能有任何语法变化。在词组a black bird 里, 每个组分都能获得自己的语法形式:the blackest bird I ’ve ever seen 。在词的组分中间不可能插入其他词, 因为这样会破坏词的整体性:ablack night bird 。

同一个例子可以用来演示所谓的词义整体性。

在词组a black bird 中, 有意义的每一个词都表达一个分别的概念:bird是一种生物,black 是一种颜色。

Blackbird 这个词只表示一个概念:鸟的种类。这是任何词的主要特征之一:词总能表达一个概念, 不论它的外部结构有多少个词素组成。

, 而且在于词的理论在意义的实质方面有诸多尚未得到解答的问题(见第7章) 。

上述关于词的论述可以归纳如下。

词是用于人类交际目的的言语单位, 其物质外壳代表一组声音, 具有意义, 易受语法运用的影响, 其特征是形式整体性和语义整体性。

前文已经强调了两个问题。构词法问题跟流行的词汇形态结构和制造新词的过程有关。语义学是对意义的研究。研究这个问题的两个现代方法是两个研究层次:组合层次和聚合层次。

在组合层次上, 以词跟相邻词在连贯言语中的线性关系来分析其语义结构。换句话说, 词的语义特点是以其典型的语境来观察、描述和研究的。

在聚合层次上, 词是以其跟词汇系统里的其他词的关系来研究的。所以, 一个词可以通过跟具有类似意义的其他词相比较来研究(例如:workn . —labour n . ; to refuse v . —to reject v . —to decline v . ) , 可以通过跟具有相对意义的其他词相比较来研究(例如:busy adj . —idle adj . ; to accept v . —to reject v . ) , 可以通过跟具有不同语体意义的其他词相比较来研究(例如,man n . —chap n . —bloke n . —guy n . ) 。因此聚合研究的主要问题是同义关系(见第9章, 第10章) , 反义关系(见第10章) 和功能语体(见第1章, 第2章) 。

熟语(phraseology ) 是词汇学的一个分支, 专门研究结构稳定、意义转移的词组, 例如,to take the bull by the horns , to see red , birds of a feather 等(见第12章, 第13章) 。

词汇学研究的另一个重要目标是以系统的方式来研究一种语言的词汇。词汇可以用共时的角度来研究, 即研究其

某一发展阶段, 或者用历时的角度来研究, 研究其成长、发展

和获得现代形式的过程(见第3章, 第4章) 。然而, 现代语言学接受的两种研究方法是有争论的, 因为词汇以及作为其基本单位的词不仅是在语言发展现阶段的情况, 而且是几个世纪以前、乃至整个发展历史中的情况。二、各章内容简介

这本课本尽管是英语词汇学的入门读物, 然而也反映了俄罗斯研究英语词汇的最新动态。全书共287页, 除了导论以外, 正文为14章。现将目录抄录如下:

第1章　　　选正式词还是非正式词? 第2章选正式词还是非正式词? (续) 第3章英语单词的词源。英语都是真正的英语

词吗?

第4章英语单词的词源(续) 第5章英语词是怎样构成的? 构词法第6章英语词是怎样构成的? 构词法(续) 第7章什么是“意义”? 第8章第9章第10章:? 第11章同义词(续) 。委婉词语。反义词第12章词组学:带有转义的词组第13章词组学:分类的原则第14章美国人说英语还是美语? 上面所列的14章涉及“英语单词的功能语体”、“英语单词的词源”“、构词法”、“词的意义”、“同形异义词”、“同义词和反义词”“、词组学”和美国英语”等八个方面的内容。

11英语单词的功能语体

正如服装有礼服和便服一样, 言语也有正式言语和非正式言语。在参加部长的招待会和科学讨论会时不该穿一条色彩鲜艳的睡裤。(牛仔裤在这样的场合也不适合, 虽然这

) 因此, 交际的社交场合决定了服装的方可能是个见解问题。

式, 也决定了言语的方式。人们在处于不同的场合时, 凭直觉选择不同的词和结构来表达思想。一个词在每个特定的场合合适与否取决于其语体特点或其代表的功能语体。

现代语言学已经普遍接受功能语体(functional style ) 这个术语。I. V. Arnold 教授给这个术语下的定义是“特别适合于某种交际领域的表现方式系统”。“交际领域”的意思是在每个特殊情况下言语过程的环境:讲演、非正式谈话、正式信件、邀请信、法庭陈述等。这些环境或场合可以大致分为两类:正式的(演讲、法庭陈述、官方信件、学术交流) 和非正式的(非正式谈话、私人信件) 。

非正式词汇用于熟人之间:家庭、亲戚、朋友。在家里或感到随便的时候就使用非正式词。非正式语体放松随便、亲密无间。但是应该指出的是, 受过良好教育的人跟文盲或半文盲相比, 其非正式谈话是有很大差别的; 成年人跟十几岁的青少年人相比, 其用词是不同的; 住在外省的人使用方言词语或表达方式。因此, 每次选择词语不仅取决于非正式(或正式) 场合, 而且取决于说话人的受教育程度、文化背景、年龄段、职业特点和地区特点。非正式词语通常分为三类:口语词(colloquial words ) 、俚语(slang ) 和方言词(dialect words ) 词语。

正式词汇适用于正式场合, 通常分为“书卷词汇”(learned words ) 和(professional words ) 两大类。“专业词汇”书卷词汇又可以细分为文学词汇、诗歌词汇、官方词汇和科学词汇四种类型, 专业词汇则是某个专业领域(诸如心理学、植物学、音乐、语言学等) 使用的词汇。古词语(archaic words ) 和废弃词语(obsolete words ) 接近书卷词语, 只能偶尔用于诗歌或历史小说中。

(basic vocabu 2lary ) , , 所以是词汇中比较稳定的部分。, 基本词汇是初学者必须学习的词汇。

21英语单词的词源

由于英语的特殊发展历史, 英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一, 借词大约占词汇总数的65-70%, 而使用频率最高的词多属本土成分。本土成分包括印欧原始语成分、日耳曼语成分和公元5世纪以前的英语词。诸如bird 、boy 、girl 、lord 、lady 、woman 、daisy 、always 之类的词在印欧语系的其他语言中都没有同源词。

英语的借词来自凯尔特语、拉丁语、斯堪的那维亚语、法语、希腊语、意大利语、西班牙语、德语、印度语、俄语等多种其他语言。跟其他语言的接触是借词的外在条件, 但是借词的根本原因在于填补词汇空缺或增强词汇的表现能力。借词在进入英语以后, 从语音、语法和语义三个方面都经历了变化, 以适应英语的词汇系统。许多来自拉丁语和希腊语的词语(例如,philosophy 、mathematics 、physics 、chemistry ) 成为多种语言的借词, 从而成为国际性词语(international words ) ; 来自外国的水果和食物(例如,coffee 、cocoa 、choco 2late 、banana ) 为多种语言所借用, 也成为国际性词语。多种欧洲语言还有来自印欧原始语的同源词, 跟国际性词语是性质不同的。

两个词源相同而语音和意义不同的词语叫做“同源异体(etymological doublets ) 。同源异体词的来历是各不相同词”

的, 例如:shirt是本土词, 而skirt 借自斯堪的那维亚,canal 借自拉丁语而channel 借自法语,goal 和jail 则是从法语借入两次。三个词源相同而语音和意义不同的词语也偶有所见, 这

(etymological triplets ) , 样的词语可以叫做“三重同源异体词”

例如,hospital , hostel 和hotel 。

翻译借词(translation 2loans ) 是通过翻译过程借入的外来

词语, 例如英语的wonder child 来自德语的Wunderkind , 英语的first dancer 来自意大利语的prima 2ballerina 。

借词与词的语体特征有直接联系。不少本土词属于基本词汇, 但是基本词汇中也有不少来自拉丁语和法语的借词, 短小的常用词也不见得都是本土词(例如,very 、air 、hour 、cry 、oil 、cat 、pay 、box 等都是外来的借词) 。具有语体特征的借词多为书卷词汇和专业词汇, 而本土词和借词在进行同义词比较的时候, 借词一般比较正式和高雅。由于借词多用于专业意义,sunny 和solar 、handy 和manual 、toothy 和dental 根本算不上是同义词。

31构词法

从结构来看, 现代英语的单词主要有四种类型:根词(root words ) 、派生词(derived words ) 、复合词(compounds ) 和缩略词(shortenings ) 。从构词方法来看, 能产性最强的构词法有三种:转化法(conversion ) 、派生法(derivation ) 和合成法(composition ) 。

缩略法(shortening 或contraction ) 方法, , , 母缩略法。

(sound-imitation 或ono 2matopoeia ) 、重叠法(reduplication ) 和逆生法(back-formation 或reversion ) 。

41词的意义

(meaning ) 可以大致描述为词表达概念的一词的“意义”

个组分。语言学中研究意义的学科叫做语义学。

大多数英语单词都具有多义性(polysemy ) 。分析多义词的语义结构时, 有必要区分两个层次的分析。一个层次的分析是把一个词的语义结构看成是一个意义系统, 例如, flame 的若干意义都来自一个中心意义。另一个层次的分析是把一个词的各个意义看成是由转换过程而产生的, 每个意

(componential analysis ) , 例如, 义都可以进行“语义组分分析”

dull 的各个意义是由一个主要语义成分DEFICIEN T 联系在一起的。

一个词的语义结构的主要语义成分通常叫做“指称成分”(denotative component ) 或所指成分(referential compo 2nent ) , 这个成分表示词的概念内容; 表示附加意义的语义成

(connotative component ) , 包括表示情感、分叫做“内涵成分”

评价、持续时间、原因等不同的内涵成分。例如, 动词to glare 的指称成分是to look , 它的内涵成分是表示持续时间的BRIEFL Y , PASSIN G L Y 。

多义词容易引起误解, 语境通常可以防止引起误解, 当然语境也不是万能的。研究一个词义结构应该研究这个词在典型语境中与其他词的线性关系, 也就是研究它的组合性(combinability ) 或搭配性(collocability ) 。Build a house , create a work of art , compose music 等搭配往往是区分意义的一个

方法, 因为一个词往往会使人联想起另一词的某个意义。

多义词的意义系统是逐步进化的。新词义的产生有其历史的(又称语言外的extra 2linguistic ) 原因, 又有语言内部的原因。一个词产生新词义或语义变化的过程叫做“转移”(transference ) , 一种转移过程是以相似为基础的“语言隐喻”(linguistic metaphor ) , 另一种转移过程是以邻接为基础的“语

(linguistic metonymy ) 。转移过程的结果是一个词的言换喻”

意义范围有了变化(扩大或缩小) 或褒贬程度有了变化(扬升或贬降) 。

51同形异义词

同形异义词是读音和/或拼写相同而意义不同的词, 可以分为读音和拼写都相同的同形异义词(homonyms proper ) 、读音相同而拼写不同的同形异义词(homophones ) 和读音不同而拼写相同的同形异义词() 。

和knight ) , 有) , 有的是由comb 和动词to comb ) , 有的(例如缩略词fan 和拉丁借词fan ) , 有的是拟声词跟某个单词的巧合(例如拟声词bang 和名词bang ) 。上述原因有一点是共同的:都是出于巧合。另一种原因是多义词的分化(split polysemy ) , 例如,spring (跳跃) 、spring (泉水) 和spring (春天) 都来自古英语一个表示“跳跃”的动词, 而现在已经被认为是三个同形异义词。但是, 对于什么是多义词、什么是同形异义词, 不同的学者有不同的认识, 没有完全取得统一。

同形异义词的一种分类方法是将同形异义词分成完全同形异义词和部分同形异义词两大类, 部分同形异义词又可以分为三个小类:词类相同的简单词汇—语法部分同形异义词(例如, 动词to found 和过去分词found ) 、词类不同的复杂词汇—语法部分同形异义词(例如, 名词rose 和过去式rose ) 、词类相同而只有相应形式相同的词汇部分同形异义词(例如, 表示“躺下”的动词lie 和表示“撒谎”的动词lie ) 。

61同义词和反义词

同义词的意义既有相同的地方又有不同的地方, 同义词的主要功能是表现同一现象的不同侧面、不同色彩和不同变异。

在研究同义词的时候, 传统的范畴是“概念范畴”, 当代常用基本语义组分分析的“语义范畴”, 也有人使用“可替换性范畴”, 这些范畴都有可行的地方, 也有可争议的地方。

同义词有各种不同的分类方法。一种分类方法是把同义词分为表意(ideographic ) 同义词(表示相同概念但是意义有细微差别的同义词) 、语体同义词(语体特点有不同的同义词) 和绝对同义词(意义没有细微差别、语体特点也相同的同义词) 。另一种分类方法是根据不同内涵意义的类别而把同义词分为九个类型:(1) 程度, (2) 持续时间, (3) 情感, (4) 评价, (5) 原因, (6) 方式, (7) 伴随环境, (8) 伴随特征, (9) 语体。

在每组同义词中, 一般来说总有一个处于支配地位的词(dominant synonym ) , 它的使用频率最高, 意义最为广泛, 组合能力最强, 只有指称语义成分、而没有内涵语义成分。

每种语言里都有人们凭直感需要避免的词, 而人们在提到讨厌的所指对象时, 就要使用转弯抹角的替代词, 这种替

(euphemisms ) , 实际上也是一种同义代词就是“委婉用语”

词。委婉用语的使用和存在是由社会习惯或心理因素而引起的, 大多数委婉用语在其语义结构中具有内涵意义, 即委婉内涵意义。

反义词是词类相同而意义相对立的词。一个词可能有几个反义词, 多义词的每一个词义都可能有一个反义词。各个词类的反义词分布并不均匀, 形容词中的反义词最多, 动词占第二位, 名词较少, 而副词中的反义词可以分为两类, 一类是由形容词派生而来的副词, 另一类是本身就是副词。对于某些词来说, 反义内涵意义存在于它的语义结构中。

71词组学

“词组学单位”(phraseological units ) 又称“成(2

) “ioms ) , 其他名称有、(set 2phrases 、(语”“groups ) “、“自由词

(free word 2) 组”来区分“词组学单位”和“自由词组”, 主要是语义的一体性(semantic unity ) 和结构的稳定性(structural invariability ) 。

谚语(proverbs ) 都是句子, 总结了一个社团的集体经验, 它们跟以词组形式出现的“词组学单位”有明显的区别。不同的语言学家对于是否把谚语列入词组学单位持有不同的看法, 无论如何, 谚语和词组学单位没有一成不变的永久的界线, 有些谚语可以轻易地转变成词组学单位。

词组学单位可以根据不同原则进行分类, 本书列举了五

(thematic ) 原则, 第种不同的分类原则:第一种原则是“主题”

(semantic ) 原则, 第三种是(struc 2二种原则是“语义”“结构”

(meaningful constituent ) 原tural ) 原则, 第四种是“语义成分”

(structural 2semantic ) 原则。则, 第五种是“结构—语义”

81美国英语

美国英语的词汇有其独特的地方, 有些词语只属于美国

(Americanisms ) 。美国词语英语, 这些词语叫做“美国词语”

主要包括两大类:历史性美国词语(historical Americanisms )

(proper Americanisms ) 。另外还有特殊的和“正宗美国词语”

美国借词和美国缩略语。但是, 美国英语的词汇和英国英语的词汇是同一个词汇, 它们的基本词汇是一样的, 美国英语词汇和英国英语词汇之间的区别是微不足道的, 并在逐渐缩小的过程中。

美国英语和英国英语在语法和语音方面虽然也有差异, 但是差异并不大。所以, 美国英语只能看作英语的一种区域变体。同样, 加拿大英语、澳大利亚英语、印度英语也是具有自身特点的区域变体。

三、对该书的评价

从内容来看, G. B. Antrushina 等编著的《英语词汇学》在14章中讲述了英语词汇学8个方面的基本知识, 语言浅显易懂, 条理清晰, 把理论和练习结合在一起, 是一本比较实用的入门的教材。

尽管全书的篇幅不大, 但是由于重点比较突出, 所以在某些方面叙述还是比较详细的, 一个突出的方面是涉及“词

(phraseological 组学”的第12章和第13章。用“词组学单位”

(idioms ) 是俄罗units ) 的这一术语来代替西方学者的“成语”

斯词汇学家的独创, 在词组学研究方面, 俄罗斯学者处于领先地位。《英语词汇学》一书没有拘泥于一家的说法, 而是评论了俄罗斯学者V. V. Vinogradov 、A. V. K oonin 、A. I. Smirnitsky 的理论和英国学者L. P. Smith 的理论, 介绍了词组学单位5种不同的分类原则, , Vinogradov 的分类系, , 并且用整整5页的篇幅介绍了9种不同的内涵意义, 对于深入理解内涵意义和对同义词进行分类具有启示的作用。

全书的开头两章从功能语体的角度来描述英语词汇的结构, 在俄罗斯出版的同类著作中具有一定的新意。作者在论述词的语义变化时指出:不是“意义”发生了变化, 而是词的所指对象发生了变化、从而使该词产生了新义; 在词义的褒贬发生变化的时候, 不是“意义”本身发生了变化, 而是所指对象出现了扬升和贬降。这种提法是比较准确的。

本书最大的缺陷是没有紧跟当代语言学发展的最新步伐。从书后所附的参考书目来看, 作为1999年最新出版的一本英语词汇学著作, 除了引用在俄罗斯出版的著作以外, 所引的最新的欧美语言学著作仅到1979年为止, 连John Lyons 于1976年出版的Semantics 和David Crystal 于1986年出版的Lexical Semantics 都没有列在其中(他们的观点自然也没有参考或引用) , 引用的欧美词典竟然是60年代出版的, 引用的其他英语著作也仅到1980年为止, 更不用说90年代的最新著作了, 不能不说是一个遗憾。所以, 这本书与40年代的前苏联的英语词汇学著作相比, 没有取得突破性的进展。举例来说, 书中对反义词的论述还停留在几十年前的水平, 没有反映当代语言学的最新进展。不过, 在时隔30多年以后, 俄罗斯总算出版了一本新的用英语编写的英语词汇学著作(前一本用英语编写的英语词汇学著作是I. V. Arnold 于1966年出版的The English Word ) , 毕竟还是令人高兴的。参考文献:

　G. B. Antrushina , O. V. Afanasyeva , N. N. Morozova :English

Lexicology [M ], Moscow , 1999.

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