executive summary 要怎么写啊?请举个例子,好困扰啊,第一次写英...
这是我们写的一篇关于DELL的process improvement & lean thinking 的report。
这个是我们的Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryThe purpose of this report is to examine how process improvement and lean thinking can be beneficial to the manufacturing industry and to specifically illustrate the real-life benefits gained in the application of the Just-In-Time methodology through a case study of the PC manufacturer Dell.Section A provides a literary review of process improvement and lean thinking ideas. It summarises the major points of each philosophy from a variety of sources, briefly outlines the history of lean thinking, and looks specifically at the popular Just-In-Time methodology, its limitations and risks, followed by the benefits of adopting these concepts. Additionally, the common determinants of successful implementation are listed and explained.Section B is purely focused on the implementation of JIT in the personal computer manufacturer Dell. It starts with a brief background to the company that provides the reasoning for the adoption of JIT, and then looks at how Dell went about implementing JIT into its operations. Next, in order to evaluate the success of its implementation, the benefits and potential risks that Dell reported post-JIT are listed and explained.The report concludes with the opinion that based on the research, and case study implications, process improvement and lean thinking practises such as Just-In-Time provide substantial benefits that outweigh the risks and limitations of operating as a lean manufacturer.
literature review包含几个部分
你现在是要写literature review吧。
老师布置的,还是要写。
一楼那个直接进入正题了,不叫literature review.Literature review的意思就是你要看看别人已经在你的话题上作了那些研究。
人家的论点和你的论点不一定要相同(最好有正有反-你要看看人家写出那些东西了,一来你更了解你的话题,二来可以把话题的范围缩小一点,太广了不容易写全),而且也要致力达到你做的东西不要和别人已经研究出来的东西大同小异。
现在这阶段不用写你自己的论点想法,主要写人家已经有了什么想法。
一般,Introduction几句话,写写你review了什么方面的资料,中心主题(你想问的问题)是什么。
中间写你对资料的总结和想法,一般可以以时间规划(如先写1800年代的,后写1900年代的),以论点规划等等。
结尾写你现在有什么体会,在看了这些资料之后,你觉得你自己的话题研究方向会往那个方向走。
最后给你几个参考链接。
前面两个主要是介绍literature review到底是什么回事,第三个是一个sample literature review.http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/literature_review.htmlhttp://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/write-a-literature-review例子:http://faculty.mwsu.edu/psychology/Laura.Spiller/Experimental/sample_apa_style_litreview.pdf...
怎样写Literature Review
估计很多刚到外国读书的同学和我有一样的体会:第一次接触literature review,根本无从下笔。
今日看到一篇帖子写的很好,故转给各位看看,希望有所帮助。
首先需要将“文献综述(Literature Review)”与“背景描述(Backupground Description)”区分开来。
我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展 半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。
“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。
其次,文献综述是评论性的(Review就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking)来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。
评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的 问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。
清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么 做文献综述。
虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一:瞄准主流。
主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。
而多数 大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。
怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期 刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。
质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。
二是利用学校图书馆的 “期刊数据库检索”,能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。
三是国家图书馆,有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书,学校图书馆往往没有收藏,但是国图 却是一本不少。
技巧二:随时整理,如对文献进行分类,记录文献信息和藏书地点。
做论文的时间很长,有的文献看过了当时不一定有用,事后想起来却找不着了,所以有 时记录是很有必要的。
同时,对于特别重要的文献,不妨做一个读书笔记,摘录其中的重要观点和论述。
这样一步一个脚印,到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干 货”,可以随时享用。
技巧三:要按照问题来组织文献综述。
看过一些文献以后,我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来,像“竹筒倒豆子”一样,洋洋洒洒,蔚为 壮观。
仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。
我写过十多万字的文献综述,后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。
文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路,这条道路 本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题,当然是直线距离最短、最省事,但是一路上风景颇多,迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中,反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”, “曲径通幽”不知所终了。
因此,在做文献综述时,头脑时刻要清醒:我要解决什么问题,人家是怎么解决问题的,说的有没有道理,就行了。
A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a separate assignment (sometimes in the form of an annotated bibliography--see the bottom of the next page), but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.A literature review must do these things:be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research1. Introduction Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. Components Similar to primary research, ...
几个31.Accordingtotheliteraryreview,...
31.B..你用排除法..首先排除A和D..A是将来时..但这里是过去的过去..D是现在时..更不可能...C..要有个时间点才能接...所以只能用B...表示过去的过去32.C..固定搭配...如果没有主语..所以要用不定式来连接30.D..根据句子的意思来判断..意思是...这似乎看起来生活的绿色是根本不容易和负担得起.一个小小的脚步就能制造起一个很大的改变收工
Accordingtotheliteraryreview,Shakespeare
《哈利波特》读后感A brown nose hair, in a wide edge on big glasses boy. He holds a magic wand, and bring you into the magical gently the magical world, let you every moment for him by surprise of power. He has a magic broom, ride on it, they can enjoy the fly in the sky. Who is he? He is the boy wizard magic - harry potter.In harry potter book, false things become true. There is a monster, wizard, also have devil. Elves, They represent a good and evil. But this kind of boys, and harry potter is the story of the hero. From the book, the author is the boy wizard magic experience for clues to the children, and the children, teachers and students, the sincere affection between children and is facing difficulties to fight back, with their wickedness, wit, strength, again and again to escape. And the book is the most special place is described and harry potter and his friends in the mysterious magic school drabs.一个棕色头发,在鼻梁上架着一副宽边大眼镜的男孩。
他手持一根神奇的魔法棒,轻轻便能带你进入神奇的魔法世界,让你时刻都为他的神力所惊喜。
他拥有一把神奇的扫把,骑上它,便可尽情的在空中飞行。
他是谁?他便是神奇的小魔法师--哈利波特。
在《哈利波特》这本书中,虚幻的事物变成了真实。
有巫师,有怪兽,有精灵,也有恶魔。
他们分别代表着善与恶。
而这个善良的男孩,哈利波特,是这个故事的主角。
从整本书来看,作者是以这个小魔法师的神奇经历为线索,从而表现了孩子与孩子,学生与老师之间的真挚感情,还有的便是孩子们面对困难时坚持不退缩,机智斗恶,用他们有限的力量,一次又一次地逃过难关。
而这本书最特别的地方就是记述了哈利波特,还有他的朋友,在这个神秘的魔法学校中的点点滴滴。
哪位高手能给一篇英语 Proposal范文?内容不限!
两篇英文proposal。
网址http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/workbooks/proposal.samples.htmlA Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997Introduction Nuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of Problem On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site. There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain. Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water. Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.Objectives I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals: (1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and (2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (D...
谁能给我找几篇本科毕业论文文献综述的范文,不胜感激,一定要标...
你看下这个吧,虽然不是范文,应该对你写作有点帮助。
文章来源:期刊云-论文格式。
文献综述的写作及注意事项(供毕业设计参考)1. 基本概念 文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议。
它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。
它往往针对某一特定研究领域,分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作,进展到何种程度,并对国内外相关研究的动态、前沿性问题做出较详细的论述、判断和研究设想,并提供代表性参考文献。
这里需要将“文献综述(Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。
我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国铁电陶瓷产业的发展历程”、“国外zhengfu发展复合材料产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。
而“文献综述”主要是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。
另外,文献综述是评论性的(Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking)来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究成果的流水账。
评论的主线要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷或不完善?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。
要求同学们学写文献综述,至少有以下好处: ① 通过搜集文献资料过程,可进一步熟悉科学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法;在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面; ② 查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题及进行科研的第一步,因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程; ③ 通过文献综述的写作,提高归纳、分析、综合能力,有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高。
文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献分析”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方,它们都是某一方面专题研究论文或报告中归纳整理出来的。
但是,文献综述的特点是“综”与“述”:“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理,使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次;“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
总之,文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。
2. 文献检索 撰写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段:即选题,搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲(包括归纳、整理、分析)和成文。
文献综述选题范围广(对于毕业设计课题的文献综述,则需要结合课题的性质和任务撰写),题目可大可小,大到一个领域、一个学科,小到一种算法、一个方法、一个理论,可根据自己的需要而定。
选定题目后,则要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。
关于搜集文献的有关方法,可以如看专著、年鉴法、浏览法、滚雪球法、检索法等等。
搜集文献要求越全越好,因而最常用的方法是用检索法。
下面是文献检索的基本要领:【要领一】:瞄准主流。
主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要出版物的观点和论述等,是文献综述的“正餐”。
而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从略。
建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后顺藤摸瓜(留意它们的参考文献)。
质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。
二是通过学校图书馆的“中国期刊网”、“万方数据库”、“外文期刊数据库检索”和外文过刊阅览室等渠道,查到一些较为早期的经典文献。
三是国家图书馆,有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的图书,学校图书馆往往没有收藏,但是国图却是一本不少(国内出版的所有图书都要送缴国家图书馆),不仅如此,国图还收藏了很多研究中国政治和zhengfu的外文书籍,从互联网上可以轻松查询到。
【要领二】:随时整理,如对文献进行分类,记录文献信息和藏书地点。
学习及做研究的时间很长,有的文献看过了当时不一定有用,事后想起来却找不着了,所以随时记录是很有必要的。
同时,对于特别重要的文献,不妨做一个读书笔记,摘录其中的重要观点和论述。
这样一步一个脚印,到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量"干货",可以随时享用。
【要领三】:要按照问题来组织文献综述。
看过一些文献以后,我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来,仿佛一定要向别人证明自己劳苦功高。
文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路,这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题,当然是直线距离最短、最省事,但是一路上风景颇多,迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中,不知所终了。
因此,在做文献综述时,头脑时刻要清醒:我要解决什么问题,人家是怎么解决问题的,说的有没有道理,就行了。
3. 文章撰写 文献综述的结构与一般研究性论文的结构有所不同。
这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,而文献综述要求介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态...
怎么写PaperReview各位师哥师姐,我们老师让我们写Pap?
Paper Review通用格式 一篇Paper Review按照内容可以分为三个部分: 1、这篇Paper的概况。
谁写的?在哪儿写的?哪年发表的等等…… 2、这篇Paper的内容。
3、你对这篇Paper的看法。
详细点来说是这样的: 第一部分:文章概况 这部分是最为简单和公式化的,内容主要是文章的作者,作者所处的位置,文章的出处:会议论文还是期刊,或者是网上的资料,文章的读者是哪些。
如果有必要,可以在这部分加入对文章整体的简略评价。
第二部分:文章内容 这部分也是比较公式化的。
因为每一篇合格的论文都会包含一下的几个部分: 1.background 背景 2.problem/hypothesis 问题/假设 3.solution/argumentation 解决方案/论证 4.experimental test/conclusion 实验/结论 把每个点用一句话来概括就可以了,要注意的是不必叙述每个细节,把文章的主线理清楚就可以了。
第三部分:你的看法 这 部分是最为重要的,你的评价应该直接反映该篇文章对你的研究有何意义、文章的强处以及弱处。
你对文章的评价可以分为三层。
最高层的是对文章的内容的评价, 例如方法是否新颖,解决的问题是否有意义,所用的实验步骤、实验对象是否合适,结论是否正确。
第二层是关于文章的结构和风格的,如论述的组织是否合理,论 证的过程有没有漏洞,文章的段落结构有没有问题等等。
最底层的是关于文章的用词以及语法方面的评价,句子是否通顺,词语是否恰当,有没有更好的表达方式等 等。
三层的重要性是递减的,最上面的那一层是最重要的,这应该是你读文章的重点,也应该是你写Review的重点。
关于一些写Review的细节问题,可以查看这篇出自University of Massachusetts Lowell的文章。
里面列出了一些写Review的该注意的问题,不过比较凌乱。
此外,还有一点是需要注意的。
写Paper Review要写得批判性,即Critical,可是又不能写成Negative的。
在我们评论别人文章的不足的时候,我们应该在后面加上一些可能的改进意见。
如果是纯粹的批判对自己或对别人的改进没有丝毫的帮助。
诚心为你解答,给个好评吧亲,谢谢啦
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