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范文一：怎样的翡翠形容词4篇
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怎样的翡翠形容词篇一
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怎样识别翡翠真伪 选购翡翠不可不知的事情
如何了解翡翠的真假，可以说是购买翡翠瓷不可忽视的内容，真的翡翠润滑如玉，能够给佩戴者安神作用，对于其身体有帮助，还能带来好运，假的翡翠除了没有这方面的功效之外，还浪费了金钱，影响了好心情，那么应该怎样识别翡翠真伪呢,现在就让乐维斯小编带大家一起来了解一下吧。
第一招、通过重量来鉴别翡翠真伪
真的翡翠密度比重比较大，所以在购买翡翠的时候，购买者可以通过将翡翠放在手里来感受，因为真的翡翠能够给人
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一种沉甸甸往下压的感受，
而假的翡翠仅仅只有轻飘飘的感觉。
第二招、通过硬度来鉴别翡翠真伪
怎样识别翡翠真伪，通过硬度来考量也是一大好方法。购买者可以用尖锐的刀子或者是钉子来刮翡翠的外表，如果属于真的翡翠，那么外表不为所动，不会有任何痕迹出现，而如果是假的翡翠外表一定会有伤痕。
第三招、通过声音来鉴别翡翠真伪
真的翡翠其声音非常清脆，而假的翡翠声音沉闷。购买者在选购时可以用绳子把翡翠吊起来，悬空在高处，再用硬木棍进行轻轻敲击，听它的声音来鉴别真假。
第四招、通过热水浸泡来鉴别翡翠真伪
将翡翠放入倒热水里面，可以看出翡翠的真伪。如果是真的翡翠，不会有任何掉色的情况出现，如果是假的翡翠，那么会有明显的掉色、当然有部分翡翠仿真度比较高，在经过热水浸泡之后，你可以用软布进行擦拭，如果有颜色出现的话，那么也可以说明它是假的。
第五招、用放大镜来鉴别翡翠真伪
实名钻戒一生只送一人
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翡翠并非是完美无瑕的，在放大镜的观察之下，真的翡翠会有明显不规则的断纹，而能够看到内部的结构，而假的翡
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翠，不管是切口处还是内部结构，都是光泽明亮的。
怎样识别翡翠真伪，在上文的了解之中，我们已经学到了鉴别的招数，如果你幸运的选购了，真的，翡翠，还不可以忽视保养它们，只有这样才能够让翡翠一直光滑靓丽。就如选购了钻石戒指，需要定时清洁它们一样，钻石是送给爱人的最佳礼物，能够代表爱情，乐维斯钻戒就是送给爱人的最佳信物，它是名副其实的真爱之戒，有实名定制、一生只送一人的品牌理念，还拥有美好的寓意，“以我之名，冠你指间;一生相伴，一世相随”。
怎样的翡翠形容词篇二
怎样简单测量翡翠原石赌石的密度
发布日期:2011-08-12
喜欢翡翠原石赌石 的朋友们在购买翡翠原石的时候，总会有一个顾虑，就是不知道这个翡翠是不是纯天然的A货，我们都知道翡翠原石赌石的密度为3.3，但在没有仪器的情况下，我们怎么样能用最简单的方法测量出翡翠原石赌石的密度呢,
我这有一个比较简单的方法可以测量出翡翠原石赌石的密
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度，提供给朋友们看看，希望可以帮助您们。
工具/原料
翡翠原石赌石 水桶 水 网兜 秤
步骤/方法
1.确定您要测量密度的翡翠原石赌石，称其重量，我们记为A
2.把水桶里装足够可以使您的翡翠原石赌石悬浮在水桶里的量，秤其重量
3.水桶里装水的重量忽略不记
4.用网兜把测量翡翠原石赌石密度的翡翠原石装进去，放进水桶的水里，使翡翠原石悬浮在水中，看其重量我们记为B
5.计算翡翠原石赌石的密度:
A/B=5.05/1.55=3.258
大家看到这个数字可能会比较惊讶为什么不是3.3呢,
在实际的经验中，翡翠赌石的密度测出的总不会是就是3.3，在现实中，只要测试的密度在3.2以上都是正常的密度。
注意事项
在实际的经验中，翡翠原石赌石的密度测出的总不会是就是3.3，在现实中，只要测试的翡翠原石赌石密度在3.2以上都是正常的翡翠原石密度。
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怎样的翡翠形容词篇三
现代汉语词汇里有一类ABB式的形容词，它是由一个单音语素加上一个叠音后缀构成的。黄伯荣、廖序东先生把这类词归入合成词里的附加式，即由词根和一个叠音词缀构成，如“喜洋洋”“沉甸甸”等。ABB式的形容词应该怎样读,人民教育出版社中学语文室编著的《现代汉语知识》第一册(1999年4月第1版)是这样表述的:“充当词缀的叠音语素不论原来是什么声调，都要变读阴平。”这类词语只有这样一种读法吗,笔者认为并非如此，ABB式的形容词应该有下面三种读法。
一、大多数ABB式的形容词，单音语素A读原声调，叠音后缀BB读作阴平调。这种情况与人教版《现代汉语知识》第一册的观点相吻合。例如:红彤彤(hóng tōng tōng)、黄澄澄(huáng dēng dēng)、蓝盈盈(lán yīng yīng)、绿油油(lǜ yōu yōu)、黑洞洞(hēi dōng dōng)、白茫茫(bái māng māng)、软绵绵(ruǎn miān miān)、乱蓬蓬(luàn pēng pēng)、热辣辣(rè lā lā)、湿漉漉(shī lū lū)等。“彤”、“澄”、“盈”、“油”、“洞”、“茫”、“绵”、“蓬”、“辣”、“漉”，在上面这些词语中都要读阴平，这是在特定的语言环境中临时产生的语音现象，不是它们的固定读音。
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二、少数ABB式的形容词，单音语素A和叠音后缀BB都读原声调。例如:红艳艳(hóng yàn yàn)、黄灿灿(huáng càn càn)、蓝湛湛(lán zhàn zhàn)、白皑皑 (bái ái ái)、亮闪闪(liàng shǎn shǎn)、乐陶陶(lè táo táo)等。
三、少数ABB式的形容词有两种读法:单音语素A仍读原声调，叠音后缀BB既可以读作阴平调，也可以读原声调，这类词数量较少。例如:赤条条(读chì tiāo tiāo或chì tiáo tiáo)、恶狠狠(读è hēn hēn或è hěn hěn)、空荡荡(读kōng dāng dāng或kōng dàng dàng)、直挺挺(读zhí tīng
tīng或zhí tǐng tǐng)等。
由此可见，ABB式的形容词有多种读法，认为只有一种读法的观点是不对的。那么，我们在朗读作品时，如果遇到这类词语，到底按照哪一种读法去读呢,笔者认为，应该根据具体的语义、语境而定，不能一概而论。只要我们认真对待，仔细推敲，就能正确读出ABB式的形容词。
安徽省宿州逸夫师范学校(234101)
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怎样的翡翠形容词篇四
新翡翠与老翡翠的区别:
新翡翠可以通过现代各种检测手段鉴定真伪与等次，而老翡翠是没有办法通过现代检测手段来检测真伪与新老的。新翡翠通过荧光测定便知真伪，如果是人工制品，放荧光中就会显形。而老翡翠，不管是出土还是传世品，都穿了件衣服，这衣服有由机包浆(动植物胶)、氧气表层、各种沁等构成，将翡翠矿严实包裹在内，放荧光中检测，被检测的是老翡翠的衣服，而非里面的翡翠矿。所以，我认为，应当将老翡翠纳入古玩——古玉的研究范畴，而非珠宝——翡翠的行列。所以，现在还能检漏收藏老翡翠，特别是出土翡翠。不是靠运气，靠眼开。翡翠靠色和种取悦于人。翡翠入土，也会遇酸钙化、风化，也受开裂受沁，这样就破坏了种与色的纯洁性和光泽，所以说翡翠入土就会有人说降低了价值。但也不能一概而说，在降低种色品相的同时，其文化、历史价值不能低估。玉器入土，玉质产生各种变化，如色彩丰富的沁色，温润的光泽，更增加了玉的耐看，但现代人对古玉鉴定缺乏自信，纷纷选择新玉收藏和把玩，这种现象是暂时的，也不仅仅是玉器如此，其它新工艺现在都在发展、都在盛极一时，打磨老翡翠，那是破坏古代文化遗产～是造孽行为～是唯利
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是图～老翡翠，你拿到现代所谓检测机构，检测结果都说假的，如果要说真的，那就多岀检测费用～
玉器的玉料是天然材料，捡来就雕琢，且自商周以降至当代，以和阗玉为主，玉器的老化又主要通过玉器一张皮壳的变化来判断真伪、判断传世与出土。而瓷就不同，瓷的瓷胎、釉与彩均为人工材料，自有瓷器始，历代、历代窑口、历代瓷器的胎、釉、彩材料千变万化，时时翻新，其老化也千变万化。翡翠使用历史较短，一般出土于明清、民国墓葬，特别是清代以后墓葬中，而当时的埋葬方式都是石灰浇浆墓，棺材之外是糯米、明矾、石灰浇浆，棺材内多石灰包、松香、木炭，再加上腐烂不彻底的尸骨，造成翡翠受沁现象严重，大大降低了岀土翡翠的种色。岀土翡翠应当从刀工特点、外沁、内沁、包浆等方便判断真伪及总结岀土特征。
翡翠问题我才了解个大概，我以前都把翡翠划规入珠宝鉴定行列，长期以来，接触到民间收藏家与爱好者，大家或多或少有些老的翡翠收藏，都碰到鉴定检测的困惑，珠宝行业的现代检测手段解决不了老翠的鉴定，所以，最近，我又将老翡翠纳入古玉鉴定的范畴。老翡翠表面有各种次生物质，一般收藏的人都知道老翡翠一些老的特点，但买的人拿到检测机构检测，就会被判定是假的，这样也导致收藏人的困惑，我还没有深入研究，刚关注翡翠问题。传世翡翠的受沁弱些，其实，荧光测定岀来的荧光亮度是不同程度的，关键在于解
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读。
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范文二：★ 形容词
★ 形容词：
1.贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken
2.富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off
3.优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding
4.积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous
5.消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable
6.明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest
7.健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome
8.惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous
9.美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching
10.有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated
11.流行的：popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive
★ 动词：
1.提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize
2.引起：cause = trigger = endanger
3.解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with
4.拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate
5.培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture
6.激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur
7.认为：think = assert= hold = claim = argue
8.完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve
9.保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold
10.有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize
11.减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten
★ 名词：
1.影响：influence= impact
2.危险：danger = perils =hazard
3.污染：pollution = contamination4.人类：human beings= mankind = human race
5.老人：old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens
6.幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being
7.老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers
8.教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing
9.青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents
10.优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue
11.责任：responsibility = obligation = duty = liability
12.能力：ability = capacity = power = skill
13.职业：job = career = employment = profession
14.娱乐：enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment
15.孩子：children = offspring = descendant= kid
★ 短语：
1.充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with
2.努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for
3.从事：embark on = take up = set about = go in for
4.在当代: in contemporarysociety = in present-day society= in this day and age
5.大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of
写作词汇
1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle
2损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize
3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford
4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster
5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness
7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle
8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significan
t, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative
9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced
10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve
11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge
12 有害的： Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental
13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition
14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away
15 导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate
16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this
17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to
18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to
19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out
20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably
21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly
22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim
23 发生：Happen, occur, take place
24 原因：Reason, factor, cause
25 发展：Development, advance, progress
26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous
27 影响：Influence, impact, effect
28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear
29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose
30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to
31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely
32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe
33 大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly
34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation
35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that
36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle
连接词
1.增补(Addition)in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally.
2.比较(Comparison) in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, ju
st as
3.对照(Contrast) whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and effect) because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
5.强调(Emphasis) certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important
6.让步(Concession) although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....
7.例证(Exemplification) for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.
8.总结(Conclusion) to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference) therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise
10.时间和空间(Time and space) afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
大家在使用这些词的时候要先弄清哪些是副词,哪些是连词.(副词不可以连接两个句子,连词可以.)以下是按照另外一种角度来概括 启承转合
启 A proverb says...... At present....... As the proverb says.... Currently..... Generally speaking, .... Now,.... In general, ..... On the Whole.... It is clear that.... Recently..... It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......
承 First(of all), ...... Moreover, ......... Firstly, ............ No one can deny that.... In the first place, ......... Obviously..... To begin with, ......... Of course, ......... Also, ....... Similarly,......... At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that..... Certainly...... There is no doubt that....... In addition,..... What’s more, .......... In fact........ It can be easily proved that... Meanwhile......
转 But... Still, ...... But the problem is not so simple... There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However, ....... To our surprise,.......... Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately....... On the other hand, ....... Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........ Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....
合 Above all, In brief, ........ Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........ All in all, ....... In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........ As a consequence, ......... In short, ......... As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........ In summary, ....... As has been noted, .... Obviously, ......... By so doing, ..... On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........ Presumably, ....... Eventually, ......... To conclude, ...... Finally, ........ To sum up, ..... In a word, ...... To summarize, ........
写作常用连接词
(1)表层次:first, firstly to begin with further in the first place second, secon
dly to start with still furthermore third, thirdly what’s more last but not the least also and then next besides and equally important too moreover besides in addition finally
(2)表转折:by contrast although though yet at the same time but despite the fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless
(3)表因果:therefore consequently because of for this reason thus hence due to owing to so
accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for
as a result as a consequence
(4)表让步:still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all
(5)表递进:furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only…but also…
too in addition
(6)表举例:for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate
(7)表解释:as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words
(8)表总结:in summary， in a word， thus as has been said ，in brief ，in conclusion altogether ，in other words， to conclude ，in fact， finally ，in simpler terms ，indeed， in short， in particular ，that is， in other words ，of course， on the whole ，to put it differently， namely ，in all， therefore， to summarize
(9)表强调:of course ，indeed ，surely ，as a matter of fact， above all ，most important ，in particular ，that is to say ，certainly ，in fact ，anyway i，n this case ，naturally ，obviously， no doubt ，actually， clearly
(10)表比较:in comparison ，likewise， however， similarly ，equally ，in the same way
(11)表时间:after a while ，afterward， next ，now again，and then， presently ，second ，as long as ，at last， shortly ，simultaneously， at length， at that time ，since， so far， eventually， finally ，subsequently ，further ， ，l in the first place， in the past ，until now，， meanwhile， lately
写作常见词组
1．经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy?
2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard?
3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology?
4．面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges?
5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…?
6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development?
7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention ?
8．不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…?
9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate?
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue?
11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument?
12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…?
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,?
14．
就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on… ?
15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons?
16．双方的论点 arguments on both sides?
17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…?
18．对…必不可少 be indispensable to …?
19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: ?
20．…也不例外 …be no exception?
21．对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…?
22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. ?
23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in?
24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon?
25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement?
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation?
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision?
28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills?
29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden?
30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration?
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective?
32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts ?
33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…?
34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society?
35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…?
36．综合素质 comprehensive quality?
37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach?
39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…?
40. 应当承认 Admittedly, ?
41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty?
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…??
43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information?
44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources??
45．因特网 the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）?
46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient?
?47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life?
48．环保（的） environmental protection / environmentally friendly?
49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress?
50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology?
51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue??
52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion?
53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence?
54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree，in some way ?
55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice?
56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…?
57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition?
58．眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest?
59．从长远看 from the long run?
60．…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages ?
61．扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones??
62．取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essen
ce and discard the dregs.?
63．对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to ?
64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information?
65．跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with?the latest development of
66．采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth.?
?67．…的健康发展 the healthy development of
68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides. There are two sides to every question
69．对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person. ?
70．重视 attach great importance to… ?
71．社会地位 social status?
72．把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…?
73．扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge?
74．身心两方面 both physically and mentally?
75．有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…?
76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal ?
77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that ?
78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden?
79．优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.?
80．与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with ??
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.?
82．代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of ??
83．经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water?
84．提供就业机会 offer job opportunities?
85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress?
86．毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that
87．增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding?
88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of /make most of
89．承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure?
90．保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society?
91．更多地强调 put more emphasis on…?
92．适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society?
93．实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true?
94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:??
95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with ?
96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place?
97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore??
98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly, ??
99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,
（一）段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是
……
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。
Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
_____ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?
（二）中间段落句
1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.
2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……
______is necessary and important to our country’s development and construction. First，______.What’s more, _____.Most important of all,______.
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was don
e about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.
7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……
Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.
8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.
9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
（三）结尾句
1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.
2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.
3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……
But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.
4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that_____. Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.
5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ______.So it’s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you _____.
7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to____. The reasons are as follows. Firstly _____.Secondly______. Last but not least,______.
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。
It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view we find that ______.
9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚
地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.
常见短语
1. at the thought of一想到…
2. as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论
3. at will 随心所欲
4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于，富有
5. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解
6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地，意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地，
7. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地
8. in accord with 与…一致 . out of one’s accord with 同…。不一致
9. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地
10. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据
11. on one’s own account
1) 为了某人的缘故， 为了某人自己的利益
2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责
3) (=by oneself)依靠自己
12. take…into account(=consider)把..。考虑进去
13. give sb. an account of 说明， 解释 (理由)
14. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释， 说明。
15. on account of (=because of) 由于，因为。
16. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)
17. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控，控告
18. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于。
19. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉
20. act on 奉行，按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理
21. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于
22. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编， 改写(以适应新的需要)
23. in addition (=besides) 此外， 又， 加之
24. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外
25. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持， 遵循
26. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的， 临近的
27. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应;
28. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地。
29. in advance (before in time) 预告， 事先
30. to advantage 有利的，使优点更加突出地
31. have an advantage over 胜过
have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件
have the advantage of sb。知道某人所不知道的事
32. take advantage of (=mak
e the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用
33. agree with 赞同(某人意见) agree to 同意
34. in agreement (with) 同意， 一致
35. ahead of 在…之前， 超过…;……. ahead of time 提前
36. in the air 1)不肯定， 不具体. 2)在谣传中
37. above all (=especially, most important of all) 尤其是， 最重要的
38. in all (=counting everyone or everything, altogether) 总共， 总计
39. after all 毕竟，到底; (not) at all 一点也不;
all at once(=suddenly)突然; once and for all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of all 首先; all in all 大体上说; be all in 累极了; all but 几乎
40. allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考虑到， 估计到
41. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计， 等于。
42. answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 对…负责。
43. answer to (=conform to) 适合，符合。
44. be anxious about 为…焦急不安; 或anxious for
45. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉
46. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁. appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力
47. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请; apply for申请; apply to 适用。
48. apply to 与…有关;适用
49. approve of (=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right) 赞成， approve vt. 批准
50. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起。
51. arrange for sb./sth. to do sth. 安排…做…
52. arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出，作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方);
53. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以…为羞耻
54. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证， 使…确信。
55. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚， 系 ,结
56. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 试图做…
57. attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意，照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候，照料
58. attitude to/ toward …对…的态度。看法
59. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把.。归因于.., 认为.。是.。的结果
60. on the average (=on average, on an average) 平均
61. (be) aware of (=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到，知道。
62. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面
63. in the back of 在…后部(里面); on the back of 在…后部(外面); be on one’s back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起。
64. at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持，维护; have sb. at one’s back 有…支持， 有…作后台
65. turn one’s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背弃，抛弃
66. behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)
67. be based on / upon 基于
68. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上
69. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
70. begin with 以…开始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先， 第一(经常用于开始语)
71. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义
72. believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth./sb. to be true) 相信，依赖，信仰。
73. benefit (from) 受益，得到好处。74. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)
75. for the better 好转76. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败， 胜过。
77. by birth 在出生上，论出身，按血统 at birth 在出生时; give birth to 出生
78. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 . blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上
79. in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作)
80. on board 到船上， 在船上， 上火车或飞机
81. boast of (or about) 吹嘘
82. out of breath 喘不过气来
83. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之
84. in bulk 成批地，不散装的
85. take the floor 起立发言
86. on business 出差办事。
87. be busy with sth。于某事。 be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
88. last but one 倒数第二。
89. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设
90. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买
91. be capable of 能够， 有能力
be capable of being +过去分词：是能够被…的
92. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何
93. in case (=for fear that) 万一;
94. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一
in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
95. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)
96. be cautious of 谨防
97. center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上
98. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握， 一定。
99. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地，有把握地
100. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然
范文三：形容词
形容词(adjective)简称adj.或a.，很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。它分为性质形容词和叙述形容词两类.一般放在所修饰的名词之前;若修饰不定代词,则需后置.
形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。
形容词的判断方法
(1) 结构特点
以-able,-al,-ful, -ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词,一般是形容词,如:changeable(多变的),medical(医学上的),careful(仔细的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗心
的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(多雨的)等.
(2)句法特点 大多数形容词都可以作定语;在be,look,seem等词之后作表语;可用very来修饰,有比较级和最高级形式.其中,在句中作定语或作表语是形容词最主要的特点.如:
Mary is very nice.玛丽很可爱.(表语) Mary is a nice girl.玛丽是个可爱的女孩.(定语)
He was asleep.他睡着了.(表语) She is a perfect teacher.她是位十全十美的老师.(定语) 形容词的用法
1.用作定语 Li Mei is a beautiful city girl. The new student comes from Japan.
2.用作表语 My father's car is very expensive. The English story is very
interesting.
常见的后跟形容词作表语的动词:
①become, come, fall, get, go, grow, make, turn(表示"变成某种状态")
②continue, hold, keep, lie, remain, stay(表示"保持某种状态")
③appear, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, know(表示"感觉")
例如: He turned red when he heard the news. It's going to stay cold for some time. The beer tastes very delicious.
3.用作宾语补足语 Don't keep the door open. His success made him happy.
4."the+形容词",表示一类人或事物,相当于名词,用作主语及宾语
The old often think of old things. The new always take the place of the old.
5.有时也可用作状语或补语
Please speak loud and clear. These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather, cold and hungry.
6.少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语.
这些形容词包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,alive,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等.例
如:(正)Don't be afraid.
形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面, 音节多的形容词放在后面。
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
英语单词中,something, anything, nothing 等不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词放在名词后面。
There is nothing dangerous here. 这儿一点都不危险。
由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。
This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。
用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议。
You can take any box away, big or small. 这些箱子，不管大小，你都可以拿走。
形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较
主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。 也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天暖和。
This meeting is less important than that one. 这次会议不如那次会议重要。
The sun is much bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大得多。
形容词最高级的用法:
形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为:
主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海是中国最大城市之一。
This is the biggest apple I have ever met. 这是我见到的最大的苹果。
几个特殊用法:
most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事，太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..."表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。
用形容词表示类别和整体
the + 形容词 表示某种人。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
2）有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper. Times is published daily.
副词(adverb)是一类用以修饰动词(相当于英语的verb)或加强描绘词组或整个句子的词，修饰名词的词一般为形容词，又称限制词。
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
1. 一般副词的位置
在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。如：
The girl dances very well. 这个女孩跳舞跳得好。
We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
He does his work very carefully. 他做工作非常仔细。
I want to see the film very much. 我很想看这部电影。
有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。如：
He angrily closed the door. 他生气地把门关上了。
置于句中的副词，若碰上助动词，则通常放在助动词之后、主要动词之前：
He has just left for work. 他刚刚离开去上班。
We have already read the book. 我们都已读过这本书。
2. 频度副词在句中的位置
频度副词表示动作发生的次数，常见的有ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often, always 等，它们通常位于实意动词之前，动词 be、助动词、情态动词之后。如：
He never reads such books. 他从不看那样的书。
He often comes to school late. / He is often late for school. 他上学常迟到。
有时为了强调，频度副词也可位于动词 be、助动词等之前：
She always was late. 她老是迟到。
为了强调等原因，有时频度副词可位于句首或句末(尤其受 very, only修饰时)：
Very often the phone rings when I’m in the bath. 电话经常在我洗澡时响起。
Do you go to the cinema very often? 你常去看电影吗?
频度副词 always 和 never 通常不位于句首，除非是祈使句：
Always remember this. 请时刻记住这一点。
Never tell him the news. 千万不要告诉他这消息。
在否定句中，有的频度副词可位于否定词not之后或之前(如usually, often)，有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后(如 always)，而有的频度副词必须要位于否定词 not 之前(如 sometimes)：
He doesn’t usually come here. / He usually doesn’t come here. 他通常不来这儿。 She doesn’t always come late. 她并非总是迟到。(不能说 always doesn’t)
He is sometimes not satisfied with my work. 他有时对我的工作不满意。
3. 副词位置对句意的影响
有时副词位置的不同会导致句子意义的改变。如：
Tom alone is coming. 只有汤姆要来。(alone 位于被修饰的名词或代词后，意为“只有”)
Tom is coming alone. 汤姆将一个人来。(alone 在此修饰动词come，意为“独自”)
Only I kissed her last night. 昨晚只有我吻了她(即别人没吻她)。
I only kissed her last night. 昨晚我只是吻了她(即没干别的事)。
I kissed only her last night. 昨晚我吻的只有她(即没吻过别人)。
I kissed her only last night [last night only]. 我只是在昨晚才吻了她(即其他时候未吻过)。 They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这个城市。
They decided to leave the town secretly. 他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。
He answered the question foolishly. 他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。
He foolishly answered the question. 他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。
Clearly he didn’t say so. 显然他没有这样说。(clearly 修饰句子，意为“显然”)
He didn’t say so clearly. 他说得没有那么清楚。(clearly 修饰动词 say，意为“清楚”)
副词的主要句法功能：
1. 用作状语。如：
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得很好。
He went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home. 他昨天回家了。
2. 用作表语。如：
I’ll be back in five minutes. 我五分钟就回来。
I must be off now. 我现在得走了。 Is the radio on or off? 收音机是开着的还是关着的？ 在一般情况下，作表语时不用副词而用形容词：
误：He looks very angrily.
正：He looks very angry. 他看上去很生气。
误：Mr. Smith is very carefully.
正：Mr. Smith is very careful. 史密斯先生很仔细。
英语中可用作表语的副词主要是表地点的副词以及某些与介词同形的副词，常见的有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, back, in, home, ahead, upstairs, downstairs, off, through, on, over 等。而且这些副词只能用于连系动词be 后作表语，而不用于其他连系动词后作表语，如：
误：He seems here. / He seems away.
正：He is here. / He is away.
3. 用作宾语。如：
It’s hot in here. 这里面很热。
It’s not far from here. 从这儿去不远。
副词用作宾语的用法十分有限，通常只用作介词宾语，并且只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词，而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点，如 here和there 可与along, around, down, from, in, near, round, up 等介词连用，但通常不与介词to连用，如不说come to here, go to there 等(注:from here to there是例外)。
4. 用作宾语补足语。如：
Please ask him in, please. 请叫他进来。
I’m pleased to see you back. 看到你回来了我很高兴。
一般说来，只有能用作表语的副词才可用作宾语补足语。
5. 用作定语。如：
Is there anything on tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗?
The people there were very friendly. 那儿的人很友好。
在通常情况下，副词用作定语总是放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
疑问副词
1. 疑问副词的特点
疑问副词有when, where, why, how 等，用于引出特殊疑问句：
Where do you come from? 你是哪里人？
When will it be ready? 这什么时候能准备好？
Why was she crying? 她刚才为什么
哭？
2. 两类易混句型的区别。请看以下两句：
Where do you think he has gone? 你认为他去什么地方了？
Do you know when he will come? 你知道他什么时候来吗？
上面第一句为特殊疑问句，第二句为一般疑问句，它们不能倒过来说成Do you think where he has gone? When do you know he will come? 其区别是：可以用 yes 或 no 回答者，用一般疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中，即主句之后)，适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等；不能用 yes 或 no 回答者，用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首)，适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等。
3. 使用疑问副词的注意点
(1) 疑问副词用于引导特殊疑问句，通常位于句首，但有时也不一定：
Without friends where are we? 没有朋友我们会怎样？
(2) 疑问副词引导特殊疑问句时，其后应接一般疑问句，但有时可有所省略：
Why argue with him? 为什么要与跟他争吵？
Why not ask the teacher? / Why don’t you ask the teacher? 为什么不问问老师呢？
【注】Why 或Why not后接动词原形，不接带to不定式，主要用于现在或将来，不用于过去，如不说 why not tell me yesterday?应改为Why didn’t you tell me yesterday?(昨天为什么不告诉我?)
(3) 有时两个疑问副词连用：
When and where were you born? 你生于何时何地？
九、句子副词
1. 句子副词的特点
句子副词用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词)，反映说话人的观点和看法，如 actually, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, obviously, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, undoubtedly, unexpectedly 等。
2. 句子副词在句中的位置
句子副词通常位于句首(或分句句首)：
Obviously he can’t tell the difference between them. 显然他无法区别两者的不同。
I arrived late but luckily the meeting had been delayed. 我迟到了，幸而会议推迟了。
但有些句子副词也可以出现在句中：
He smiled nastily. He evidently knew something I didn’t. 他发出狞笑，他显然知道一些我所不知道的事。
有的句子副词也可用作其他种类的副词，不过这往往会导致位置和语义的变化：
Clearly he didn’t say so. 显然他没有这样说。(句子副词)
He didn’t say so clearly. 他说得没有那么清楚。(方式副词)
Frankly, you are wrong. 说实在的，你错了。(句子副词)
He spoke frankly about his past life. 他坦率地谈了他过去的生活。(方式副词)
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 分 类:
1) 频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently,
seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.
2) 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.
3) 方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly
2) ) 程度副词: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.
5) 疑问副词: how, when, where, why.
6) 关系副词: when, where, why.
7) 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether.
1) 多数副词都可以放在动词的后面,如果动词带有宾语,副词就放在宾语后面。
She didn't drink water enough. 她没喝够水。火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
2) 副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's .rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。
3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I always remember the day when I first cameto this school. 我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。他很少来看我们。
4) 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。
5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday. 昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午你在教室里干什么？
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago. 一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。
副词和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式. 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词（除 early ）须用 more 和 most 。
副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。
He dives deeper than his teammates. .他比他的队员潜水深。
一.原级比较的基本用法
1. 原级比较由“as＋形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)＋as ”构成“原级相同”比较句，表示两者比较；其否定式，即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) ＋形容词或副词＋as”，而且as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰
2. “as (so)＋名词＋as＋名词”进行名词比较，这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词，但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语，应当用so而不用as
二、比较级
1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级＋than＋…，”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”。连词than后可接句子，也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、?ING结构和?ED结构，有时也可省去than。
2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致
三、最高级
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是“定冠词＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the
一、形容词与副词的同级比较： 由“as(so)…as”引出，其否定式为“not so…”或“not as…as”
1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子，必须被当作孩子对待。
2. as much：表示“与…同量” Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍，我也会愿意把它买下的。
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了。
3. as many：表示“与…一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错。
二、表示“几倍于”的比较级：用twice (两倍)，four times (四倍)，ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构
This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大。(这个比那个大三倍。) / Our campus is three times
as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍。 / He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍。
三、“the same ＋名词＋as”表示同等比较
四、比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量，far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely: close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2) late 与lately: late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与deeply: deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与highly: high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与widely: wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.
6) free与freely: free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。
可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
表语是用来说明主语的特征、状态等，补充说明主语的意义，因此，它也叫作主语补语。表语一般用在连系动词后面，连系动词除了be之外，还有become（成为）、look（看起来）、turn（变成）、go（变成）、seem（似乎）、appear（似乎、显得）、feel（摸起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）等等。可做表语的有: 形容词、代词、名词、分词、动名词、数词、介词短语或副词和从句：例如：
We are students.
He is very clever.
主语（The Subject）
定义：主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。
哪些词可以充当主语:
1,名词 例如：A mooncake is a delicious,round cake.
2,代词 例如：It’s a young forest. That’s a bit expensive.
3,数词 例如：One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more.
4,不定式（常以 It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出现）例如：To give is better than to receive =Its better to give. I found it difficult to get to sleep. But it’s good to swim in summer.
5,IT 作主语，有如下情况：
1）指代刚刚提到的事物：What’s this? It’s a bus. （指代what)
2）指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人：Who’s knocking the door? It’s me. （指代 who)
Who’s the baby in the picture? It’s my sister. （指代 who)
3） 表示时间，天气，距离：
What’s the time? It’s eight o’clock. （时间）
What’s it going to be tomorrow? It’s going to be rainy.（天气）
How far is it? It’s about one kilometre away. （距离）
6． THERE 引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。如：
There are many different kinds of mooncakes.
There will be a strong wind.
谓语（The Predicate）
谓语由动词构成，说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如： I like walking.（）
I made your birthday cake last night. （）
It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. （）
复合谓语也可分为两种情况：
第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：
What does this word mean? I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.
有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语，否则意思不完整，它们一起构成复合宾语，复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据，宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。
We all call him LaoWang. 我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。 定语（The Attribute）
用于描述名词，代词，短语或从句的性质，特征范围等情况的词叫做定语，定语可以由名词，形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词，短语担任。如果定语是单个词，定语放在被修饰词的前面，如果是词组，定语放在被修饰词的后面。
The TV set made in that factory is very good 那个工厂生产的电视机很好。
There are more than twenty trees in our school. 我们学校里有二十多棵树。
状语（The Adverbial）
1．说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，结果方式，条件或伴随情况，程度等情况的词叫。
2．状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
3、状语一般由副词、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语或从句来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等
A、副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是.
B、不定式在句子中可以作目的。
I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
C、
Ten years ago,She began to live in Dalian.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
D、从句作
When she was 12 years old,she began to live in Dalian.
If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you.
E、作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife,he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction,it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
补语
英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语，具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能，在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
1．主语的补语
它用在系动词后，是句子的一个基本成分。常用主－系－表结构。
I saw her with them,at least,I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语） Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？ -- Me. --我。（me做主语补语= It's me.）
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主语补语）
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
2．宾语的补语
不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
名词: At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy
形容词: What you said made Xiao Wang angry. I found the classroom empty
副词: Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off.
现在分词: We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed,sleeping.
过去分词: He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spoken of in the next room.
表语（The Predicative）
表语是用来说明主语的性质，身份，特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词，形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任.
My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他
同位语（The Appositive）
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。
在一个句子中，一个名词或代词后面有时还跟有另一个名词或代词，或相当于名词的短语或从句，用以说明前者的性质和情况，前者和后者的句法功能相同，因此，我们把后者视为前者的同位语。同位语是用来对名词（或代词）做进一步解释的。它可以是单词、短语或从句。同位语从句是名词从句的一种，置于某些名词后。这些名词包括：fact，doubt，idea，news，hope，indication，decision，possibility，assumption，suggestion，question等。这类从句通常由that引导，有时也可用what，why，whether，when等引导。在阅读和翻译的时候，要特别注意的是同位语和它的本位语分割的情况。这种情况通常是为了保持句子的平衡而出现的。在翻译的时候，这种分割成分的译法比较灵活，可将其提前，也可不提前，还可以增加“即”，或是用冒号、破折号等分开，如：
Beijing,the Captial of the People's Repubic of China, is my hometown.
中华人民共和国的首都北京是我的家乡。
Mr. White, our English teacher, doesn't live far from school. 我们的英语老师怀特先生住在离学校不远的地方。 Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, which I will always treasure.
过了这么多年与我叔叔的重逢是一个难忘的日子----- 一个我将永远珍惜的日子。
The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money. 那个最小的男孩彼得拒绝接受那笔钱。
Football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 足球--- 他唯一的爱好让他结交了许多朋友。 We four were greatly touched to hear the old man's story. 听了老人的故事，我们四个人都很感动。 That's her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看书是她的习惯。
I am looking for a job driving cars. 我正在找一份开车的工作。
Your suggestion, to strick while the iron is hot,seemed a good idea. 你建议要趁热打铁。这个建议很好。 The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl. 是否忏悔这个问题困扰着这个女孩。
He gave orders that the work (should) be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。
A saying goes that practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧是一句谚语。
介词of引导的短语也可以充当同位语。它可以表示与代词、数词、地点名词、年、月、日、年龄等名词，以及长度、速度、重量和价值等名词同位的成分。
The city of Beijing is the captial of China. 北京是中国的首都。
The bus is running at a speed of 50 miles an hour. 这辆车正以每小时50英里的速度行驶。 It’s now the month of September. 现在是九月.
范文四：形容词
形容词的常用语法
1. 要求形容词作表语的系动词：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn,
stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look, taste, sound, smell, feel
2. 常用以-ly 结尾的形容词：costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的
lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的
3. 只作表语的形容词：afraid 害怕的 alike 相像的 awake 醒着的alone 单独的、
惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的
4. 只作前置定语的形容词: earthen 泥土做的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden
金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 wooden 木制的outer 外面的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅，只不过 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的live 活的
5. 不用比较级和最高级的形容词：
1）表示颜色的有：white, black
2) 表示形状的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形）,level
3) 表示性质和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen,
earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead , deaf, blind, lame, rainy
4) 表示状态作表语的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike
5) 表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back,
forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final
6) 表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief,
minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite
7) 含有绝对概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough,
complete, utter, extreme
8）含有比较概念的有：comparative, relative
9) 表示独一无二的有：only, mere, sole, unique, unrivalled , invincible, matchless
6. 下列词和短语不用比较级形式表示比较概念：inferior to , minor to , senior to,
prior to ,prefer to , superior to , major to , junior to, preferable to, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than
范文五：形容词
automatic 自动的 serviceable 耐用的 shock resistant防震的 superior 优质的 water-proof 防水的 distinctive 独特的 elegant 优雅的 delicate 精美的
elaborate 精心制作的 exceptional 卓越的
user-friendly(design)易于使用的 graceful 大方的
attractive appearance
advanced technology 工艺先进 environment-friendly 环保的 professional design 设计合理 various styles 款式齐全 attractive design 款式新颖 service supremacy 服务至上
complete in specifications 规格齐全 quality and quantity assured 保质保量 dependable performance 性能可靠 easy and simple to handle 操作简便 skillful manufacture 制作精良 sophisticated technology 工艺精良 durable in use 经久耐用 superb 上乘的
serviceable durable in use shock resistant Serviceable shock resistant advanced technology elaborate
Advanced technology elaborate graceful
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