L一世受宠
范文一：数字英语翻译有技巧
翻译知识
http://www.etctrans.com/ 高效过滤器
在英语翻译中，数字英语根据语境的不同及翻译成汉语的表达习惯，可能需要等值翻译、不等值翻译和不必翻译出来三种情况。看一下下面的一些例句，你就明白啦, ,1,等值翻译:
a drop in the ocean沧海一粟
within a stones throw一箭之遥
ki11 two birds with one stone一箭双雕
,2,不等值翻译:
at sixes and sevens乱七八糟
on second thoughts再三考虑
by ones and twos两两地，零零落落地
Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。 ,3,不必译出:
One mans meat is another mans poison.人各有所好。 I love you three score and ten.我会一辈子爱你的。 Ten to one he has forgotten it,很可能他已经忘了。 She is a second Lei Feng。她是雷锋式的人物。
I always believe my sixth sense。我总相信我的直觉。 通过上面的例句，感觉怎么样,试着翻译一下下面几句数字英语例句吧。
1.A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.
2.He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the
wine.
3.He talks about you nine times out of ten when we have a chitchat.
——1. 吃一堑，长一智。
——2. 他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。
——3. 每次我们闲聊他几乎都谈及。
从近年的考研翻译真题可以看出，文章的题材大多是有关
政治、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，
文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强。明确
了考研英语翻译经验，我们有针对性地来谈一下英语翻译技巧。
天译时代北京翻译公司给考生整理了考研英语翻译反译法，希
望在考试过程中有所帮助。
一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英
语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。
1)否定译成肯定。
Eg:
I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次经过那家剧院，我都会想起他的最后一次演出。
Eg:
Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美国
公民科盲
日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。(双重否定)
2)肯定译成否定。
Eg:
Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.人人有不挨饿
的权利。
Eg:
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion
that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
这种困境将是确定无疑的，[来源:考研加油绽]因为能源的匮
乏使农业无法以高能
量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继
续下去了。
Eg:
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent
users.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这
类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使
用不当。
几种特殊否定句式的翻译法
“no more…than翻译成汉语“和……一样不”
Eg:
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.脏和胃一样不能思维，都受大脑支
配。
Eg:
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他们没有理
由限
定你吃多少维生素，就如同他们不能限定你喝多少水一样。
“not so much …as”翻译成“与其说……，不如说……”
Eg:
It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.与其说他输了比赛是
多次
被击中，不如说是自己缺乏斗志。
Eg:
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research
techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指
历史研究中各个具体
领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
Eg:
He is the last person I want to see in the world.他是这个世界
上我最不愿意见到的人。
范文二：英语翻译中的数字表达
英语翻译中的数字表达
在汉英笔译和英语写作中，经常会遇到数字；哪些场合用单词表示，哪些场合用阿拉伯数字表示，往往使人难以确定，现行语法书中也极少涉及此类问题。
实际上，以英语为母语的国家，在书写数字时已形成几条约定俗成的规则，现总结如下供读者参考。
一. 英美等国的出版社在排版时遵循一条原则，即1至10用单词表示，10以上的数目用阿拉伯数字（也有的以100为界限），这条原则值得我们行文时借鉴。
Eg. That table measures ten feet by five.
那个工作台长10英尺，宽5英尺。Eg. The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week.
由一个教授和十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。
二. 人数用阿技伯数字表示显得更简洁明了，但不定数量、近似值用单词表示较恰当。 Eg. There are 203817 voters on the electoral rolls.
选举名单上有203817个投票人。
Eg. Nearly thirty thousand voters took part in this election.
近3万个投票人参加了这次选举。
三. 遇到日期、百分比、带单位的特殊数字，通常用阿拉伯数字。
Eg. Maximum swivel of table is l20.
工作台的最大回转角度是120度。
Eg. 3rd March l991或3 March l991；
a discount of 5 percent（5%的折扣）；
Eg. purchased 7 yards of carpet（买7码地毯）；
Eg. ordered 2 pounds of minced steak
（订购2磅剁碎的肉）。
如果涉及的数目和单位是不定数，可用单词表示。
Eg. about five miles per hour（每小时大约5英里）
Eg. at least ten yards away（至少有10码远）
Eg. hesitated for a moment or two（犹豫了片刻）
Eg. I have warned you a hundred times（我已经警告你多少遍了）。
四. 在科技文章中，数字频繁出现，用阿拉伯数字比用单词陈述更有利。
Eg. The new engine has a capacity of 4.3 litres and a power out-put of 153 kilowatts at 4400 revolutions per minute.
这台新发动机的容积为4.3升，转速为每分钟4400转时输出功率是153千瓦。
Eg. We know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0oC and 76cm，pressure is 0.08l pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weigh a pound.
我们知道，1立方英尺的空气在0摄氏度和760毫米汞柱压力下，重量是0.81磅，也就是说12立方英尺空气的重量是1磅。
五. 句首不用阿拉伯数字，句末要尽量避免用阿拉伯数字。
Eg. 4th July is an important date in American history.
应该写成The fourth of July... Eg. 19 couples took part in the ballroom dancing competition. 19对选手参加了交际舞比赛。 应改写成：Nineteen couples took... Eg. 60％profit was a reported． 据报道有60％的利润。 应改写成：Sixty per cent profit… Eg. 1345 kilograms force was applied at the center point of the bar. 试验时在杆的中点加1345公斤力。 可改成When tested, a force of l345 kg was applied... 六. 遇到分数，可用带连字符号的单词表示。 Eg. At 1east two-thirds of the class have had colds. 这个班至少有三分之二的学生患重感冒。 Eg. Nitrogen forms about four-fifths of the atmosphere. 氮约占大气的五分之四。
范文三：数字信号专业英语翻译
电子与通信专业英语
Digital Signal Processing
（英文翻译）
姓名：赵 豪
班级：信工 122
学号：2012020217
Digital Signal Processing
1、Introduction
Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing. DSP includes subfields like audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal processing for communications, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, etc.
Since the goal of DSP is usually to measure or filter continuous real-world analog signals, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using an analog to digital converter. Often, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which requires a digital to analog converter. Even if this process is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range, the stability of digital signal processing thanks to error detection and correction and being less vulnerable to noise makes it advantageous over analog signal processing for many, though not all, applications.
DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specialized processors called digital signal processors (DSP)s, or on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs). Today there are
additional technologies used for digital signal processing including more powerful general purpose microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal controllers (mostly for industrial applications such as motor control), and stream processors, among others.
In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the following domains: time domain (one-dimensional signals), spatial domain (multidimensional signals), frequency domain, autocorrelation domain, and wavelet domains. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an informed guess (or by trying different possibilities) as to which domain best represents the essential characteristics of the signal. A sequence of samples from a measuring device produces a time or spatial domain representation, whereas a discrete Fourier transform produces the frequency domain information that is the frequency spectrum. Autocorrelation is defined as the cross-correlation of the signal with itself over varying intervals of time or space.
2、Signal Sampling
With the increasing use of computers the usage of and need for digital signal processing has increased. In order to use an analog signal on a computer it must be digitized with an analog to digital converter (ADC). Sampling is usually carried out in two stages, discretization and quantization. In the discretization stage, the space of signals is partitioned into equivalence classes and quantization is carried out by replace the signal with representative signal values are approximated by values from a finite set.
The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal. In practice, the sampling frequency is often significantly more than twice the required bandwidth.
A digital to analog converter (DAC) is used to convert the digital signal back to analog signal.
The use of a digital computer is a key ingredient in digital control systems.
3、Time and Space Domains
The most common processing approach in the time or space domain is enhancement of the input signal through a method called filtering. Filtering generally consists of some transformation of a number of surrounding samples around the current sample of the input or output signal. There are various ways to characterize filters, for example: A“linear” filter is a linear transformation of input samples; other filters are “non-linear.” Linear filters satisfy the superposition condition, i.e. if an input is a weighted linear combination of different signals, the output is an equally weighted linear combination of the corresponding output signals.
A “causal” filter uses only previous samples of the input or output signals; while a “non-causal” filter uses future input samples. A non-causal filter can usually be changed into a causal filter by adding a delay to it.
A“time-invariant” filter has constant properties over time; other filters such
as adaptive filters change in time.
Some filters are “stable”, others are “unstable”. A stable filter produces an output that converges to a constant value with time, or remains bounded within a finite interval. An converges to a constant value with time, or remains bounded within a finite interval. An unstable filter can produce an output that grows without bounds, with bounded or even zero input.
A“Finite Impulse Response” (FIR) filter uses only the input signal, while an “Infinite Impulse Response” filter (IIR) uses both the input signal and previous samples of the output signal. FIR filters are always stable, while IIR filters may be unstable.
Most filters can be described in Z-domain (a superset of the frequency domain) by their transfer functions. A filter may also be described as a difference equation, a collection of zeroes and poles or, if it is an FIR filter, an impulse response or step response. The output of an FIR filter to any given input may be calculated by convolving the input signal with the impulse response. Filters can also be represented by block diagrams which can then be used to derive a sample processing algorithm to implement the filter using hardware instructions.
4、Frequency Domain
Signals are converted from time or space domain to the frequency domain usually through the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform converts the signal information to a magnitude and phase component of each frequency. Oft
en the Fourier transform is converted to the power spectrum, which is the magnitude of each frequency component squared.
The most common purpose for analysis of signals in the frequency domain is analysis of signal properties. The engineer can study the spectrum to determine which frequencies are present in the input signal and which are missing.
Filtering, particularly in non real-time work can also be achieved by converting to the frequency domain, applying the filter and then converting back to the time domain. This is a fast, O (nlogn) operation, and can give essentially any filter shape including excellent approximations to brickwall filters.
There are some commonly used frequency domain transformations. For example, the cepstrum converts a signal to the frequency domain Fourier transform, takes the logarithm, then applies another Fourier transform. This emphasizes the frequency components with smaller magnitude while retaining the order of magnitudes of frequency components.Frequency domain analysis is also called spectrum or spectral analysis.
5、 signal processing,
Signal usually need in different ways.For example, from a sensor output signal may be contaminated the redundant electrical "noise".Electrode is connected to a patient's chest, electrocardiogram (ecg) is measured by the heart and other muscles activity caused by small voltage variation.Due to the strong effect electrical interference from the power supply, signal picked up the
"main" is usually adopted.Processing signal filter circuit can eliminate or at least reduce unwanted part of the signal.Now, more and more, is by the DSP technology to extract the signal filter to improve the quality of signal or important information, rather than the analog electronic technology.
6、the development of DSP
The development of digital signal processing (DSP) in the 1960 s to large Numbers of digital computing applications using fast Fourier transform (FFT), which allows the frequency spectrum of a signal can be quickly
calculated.These techniques have not been widely used at the time, because suitable computing equipment is usually only in university and other research institutions can be used.
7、 the digital signal processor (DSP)
In the late 1970 s and early 1980 s the introduction of microprocessor makes DSP technology is used in the wider range.General microprocessor, such as Intel x86 family, however, is not suitable for the calculation of DSP intensive demand, with the increase of DSP importance in the 1980 s led to several major electronics manufacturers (such as Texas instruments, analog devices and MOTOROLA) to develop a digital signal processor chip,
microprocessor, specifically designed for use in the operation of the digital signal processing requirements type of architecture.(note that abbreviation DSP digital signal processing (DSP) of different meanings, this word is used in digital signal processing, a variety of technical or digital signal processor, a
special type of microprocessor chips).As a common microprocessors, DSP is one kind has its own local instruction code of programmable devices.DSP chip is able to millions of floating point operations per second, as they are of the same type more famous universal device, faster and more powerful versions are introduced.DSP can also be embedded in a complex "system chip" devices, usually includes analog and digital circuit.
8、the application of digital signal processors
DSP technology is widespread in mobile phones, multimedia computers, video recorders, CD players, hard disk drives and controller of the modem equipment, and will soon replace analog circuits in TV and telephone service.DSP is an important application of signal compression and
decompression.Signal compression is used for digital cellular phone, in every place of the "unit" let more phone is processed at the same time.DSP signal compression technology not only makes people can talk to each other, and can be installed on the computer by using the small camera make people
through the monitor to see each other, and these together is the only needs to be a traditional phone line.In audio CD system, DSP technology to perform complex error detection and correction of raw data, because it is read from CD.
Although some of the underlying mathematical theory of DSP technology, such as Fourier transform and Hilbert transform, the design of digital filter and signal compression, can be quite complex, and the actual implementation of these technologies needed for numerical computation is very simple, mainly
including operations can be in a cheap four function calculator.A kind of
structure design of the DSP chip to operate very fast, deal with the sample of the hundreds of millions of every second, and provide real-time performance: that is, to a real-time signal processing, because it is sample, and then the output signal processing, such as speakers or video display.All of the DSP applications mentioned above instance, such as hard disk drives and mobile phone, for real-time operation.
Major electronics manufacturers have invested heavily in DSP
technology.Because they now find application in mass-market products, DSP chip electronic device occupies very large proportion in the world market.Sales of billions of dollars a year, and may continue to grow rapidly.
DSP is mainly used of audio signal processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video compression, speech processing, speech recognition, digital communication, radar, sonar, earthquake, and biological
medicine.Concrete example is in digital mobile telephone voice compression and transmission, space balanced stereo matching, amplification area, good weather forecasts, economic forecasts, seismic data processing, and analysis of industrial process control, computer generated animation film, medical image such as CAT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
MP3compression, image processing, hi-fi speaker divider and equilibrium, and compared with electric guitar amplifier using audio effect.
9、the experiment of digital signal processing
Digital signal processing is often use special microprocessor, such as dsp56000 TMS320, or SHARC.These often processing data using the fixed point operation, although some versions can use floating-point arithmetic and more powerful.Faster application of FPGA can flow from a slow start the emergence of application processor Freescale company, traditional slower processors, such as single chip may be appropriate.
数字信号处理
1、介绍
数字信号处理(DSP)的关心表示信号序列的数字或符号和处理这些信号。数字信号处理与模拟信号处理是信号处理的分支学科。DSP 包括分支学科如音频和语音信号处理、声纳和雷达信号处理、传感器阵列处理、谱估计, 统计信号处理, 数字图像处理, 信号处理, 通信、生物医学信号处理、地震数据处理等。
由于DSP 的目标通常是测量或过滤连续真实世界的模拟信号, 第一步通常是将信号从模拟转换成数字形式, 通过使用一个模拟数字转换器。通常, 所需的输出信号是另一个模拟输出信号, 这就需要一个数字模拟转换器。即使这个过程比模拟加工和复杂的离散值范围, 数字信号处理的稳定性由于错误检测和校正和不太容易受到噪声使它优于模拟信号处理对许多人来说, 虽然并不是所有的应用程序。
DSP 算法一直是标准的计算机上运行, 在专门的处理器称为数字信号处理器(DSP),或在专用硬件如专用集成电路(asic)。今天有额外
的技术用于数字信号处理包括更强大的通用微处理器, 现场可编程门阵列(fpga),数字信号控制器(主要是电机控制等工业应用), 和流处理器等等。
在DSP, 工程师通常在以下领域之一:研究数字信号时间域(一维信号), 空间域(多维信号), 频域, 自相关域, 和小波域。他们选择的域来处理信号通过一个消息灵通的猜测(或尝试不同的可能性), 域最能代表信号的基本特征。一个序列样本的测量装置产生一个时间或空间域表示, 而离散傅里叶变换会产生频谱的频域信息。自相关是指信号的互相关与本身在不同时间间隔的时间和空间。
2、信号采样
随着计算机的应用越来越多地使用，对数字信号处理的需要增加了。为了在电脑上使用一个模拟信号必须数字化模拟到数字转换器(ADC)。抽样通常在两个阶段进行, 离散化和量化, 在离散化阶段信号的空间划分等价类和量化进行了信号替换为代表的信号值从一个有限集值来近似。
Nyquist-Shannon 抽样定理指出, 一个信号可以准确重建的样品如果样品采样频率大于信号最高频率的两倍。在实践中, 采样频率往往远远超过所需的带宽的两倍。
数字模拟转换器（DAC ）用于将数字信号转化到模拟信号。数字计算机的使用是数字控制系统中的一个关键因素。
3、时间域和空间域
在时间或空间域中最常见的处理方法是对输入信号进行一种称
为滤波的操作。滤波通常包括对一些周边样本的输入或输出信号电流采样进行一些改造。现在有各种不同的方法来表征的滤波器，例如：
一个线性滤波器的输入样本的线性变换；其他的过滤器都是“非线性”。线性滤波器满足叠加条件，即如果一个输入不同的信号的加权线性组合，输出的是一个同样加权线性组合所对应的输出信号。
“因果”滤波器只使用以前的样本的输入或输出信号；而“非因果”滤波器使用未来的输入样本。一个非因果滤波器通常可以通过增加一个延迟将它变成了一个因果滤波器。
“时间不变”滤波器随着时间的推移性具有稳定特性；其他滤波器如随时间变化的自适应滤波器。
一些滤波器是“稳定”的，别的是“不稳定的”。一个稳定的滤波器产生的输出信号随时间收敛于一个恒定值，或在一个有限的时间间隔内是有界的。一种不稳定的滤波器可以产生一个没有增长界限的输出，甚至零输入有界。
“有限脉冲响应”过滤器只使用输入信号, 而一个“无限脉冲响应滤波器(IIR)使用的输入信号和之前的样本输出信号。冷杉过滤器总是稳定的, 虽然IIR 滤波器可能不稳定。
大多数滤波器可以被描述在z 域（频域的一个超集）的传递函数。如果它是一个FIR 滤波器的脉冲响应和阶跃响应，滤波器也可以被描述为一个差分方程，或对零点和极点的收集。一个FIR 滤波器的输出是通过对任何给定的输入与脉冲响应的卷积计算得到的。滤波器也可以被用来推导出一个样品的处理算法的方块图利用硬件指令实现滤
波器所代表。
4、频域
信号从时间或空间域转换到频率域通常通过傅里叶变换, 傅里叶变换将信号转换为信息级每个频率和相位组成部分。通常转换为功率谱的傅里叶变换, 这是每个频率分量的幅度的平方。
在频域对信号分析的最常见的用途是信号特性分析。工程师可以研究频谱来确定哪一频率的存在于输入信号中。
滤波，特别是在非实时的工作也可以被转换到频域实现，应用滤波器，然后转换回时域。这是一个快速，O （nlogn ）操作，可以基本上给出任何滤波器的形状包括砖墙滤波器优良的逼近。
有一些常用的频域转换。例如, 倒频谱的信号转换为频率域傅里叶变换, 将对数, 然后应用另一个傅里叶变换, 这强调了规模较小的频率成分, 同时保留的震级components.Frequency 频率域分析也称为光谱和光谱分析。
5、信号处理
信号通常需要以不同的方式进行处理。例如，从一个传感器的输出信号可能被污染的多余电“噪音”。电极连接到一个病人的胸部时，心电图是测量由心脏和其他肌肉的活动引起的微小的电压变化。由于电的干扰从电源的强烈影响，信号通常是采用“总管拾取”。处理信号的滤波电路可以消除或至少降低信号的不需要的部分。现在，越来越多的的情况下，是由DSP 技术来进行信号的滤波以提高信号质量或提取重要信息，而不是模拟电子技术。
6、DSP 的发展
数字信号处理的发展从1960年代的大型数字计算机的数字运算应用程序的使用快速傅立叶变换（FFT ），它允许一个信号的频谱可以快速计算。这些技术在当时没有被广泛使用，因为合适的计算设备通常仅在大学及其他科研机构可以使用。
7、数字信号处理器（DSP ）
在20世纪70年代末和20世纪80年代初微处理机的介绍使DSP 技术在更广泛的范围内得到了使用。然而，通用微处理器如Intel x86的家庭并不适合于DSP 的计算密集型的需求，随着20世纪80年代DSP 重要性的增加导致几个主要的电子产品制造商（如德克萨斯仪器，模拟设备和摩托罗拉）去开发数字信号处理器芯片，专门的微处理器，专门设计用于在数字信号处理要求的操作的类型的架构。（注意，缩写DSP 数字信号处理的不同的意思，这个词用于处理数字信号，多种技术或数字信号处理器，一种特殊类型的微处理器芯片）。像一个通用微处理器，DSP 是一种具有其自己的本地指令代码的可编程器件。DSP 芯片是能够每秒进行数以百万计的浮点运算，像他们同类型的更著名的通用器件，更快和更强大的版本正在不断被引入。DSP 也可以嵌入在复杂的“系统芯片”装置，通常包括模拟和数字电路。
8、数字信号处理器的应用
DSP 技术是当今普遍在手机，多媒体计算机，录像机，CD 播放器，硬盘驱动器和控制器的调制解调器等设备，并将很快在电视和电
话业务中取代模拟电路。DSP 的一个重要的应用是信号的压缩和解压。信号压缩用于数字蜂窝电话，在每一个地方的“单元”让更多的电话同时被处理。DSP 信号压缩技术不仅使人们可以相互交谈，而且可以通过使用安装在计算机上的小的摄像机使人们通过显示器看见对方，而这些只需要将传统的电话线连接在一起。在音频CD 系统，DSP 技术来执行复杂的错误检测和校正原始数据，因为它是从光盘读取。
虽然一些潜在的DSP 技术的数学理论，如傅立叶和希尔伯特变换，数字滤波器的设计和信号压缩，可以相当复杂，而数值运算所需的实际实现这些技术是非常简单的，主要包括操作可以在一个便宜的四功能的计算器上进行操作。一种DSP 芯片的结构设计进行这样的操作非常快，处理的样品每秒数以亿计，提供实时的性能：即，能够处理一个实时的信号，因为它是采样，然后输出信号的处理，例如扬声器或视频显示。所有的DSP 应用前面提到的实例，如硬盘驱动器和移动电话，要求实时操作。
主要电子产品制造商已投入巨资在DSP 技术。因为他们现在发现在大众市场的产品应用中，DSP 芯片的电子装置占有世界市场的很大比例。销售额每年数十亿美元，并可能继续快速增长。
DSP 主要应用的音频信号处理，音频压缩，数字图像处理，视频压缩，语音处理，语音识别，数字通信，雷达，声纳，地震，和生物医学。具体的例子是在数字移动电话的语音压缩与传输，空间匹配均衡的音响、扩声领域，良好的天气预测，经济预测，地震数据处理，
和工业过程控制分析，计算机生成的动画电影中，医学影像如CAT 扫描和MRI ，MP3压缩，图像处理，高保真度扬声器分频器和均衡，并与电吉他放大器使用的音频效果。
9、数字信号处理的实验
数字信号处理是经常使用专门的微处理器，如dsp56000，TMS320，或SHARC 。这些通常处理数据使用定点运算，虽然某些版本可以使用浮点算法和更强大。更快的应用FPGA 可能从慢启动流处理器应用Freescale 公司的出现，传统的较慢的处理器如单片机可能是适当的。
范文四：英语翻译技巧之数字的翻译
英语翻译技巧之数字的翻译
翻译中，我们时常也会碰到数词的翻译。由于英汉两种语言在表达数字以及倍数增减方面存在一定的差别，翻译时应十分小心，稍有不慎，就可能会出现错误。因此我们在翻译数字时务必格外谨慎，力争做到准确无误。
一、数词组成的常用短语
这类短语大多是由数词和介词搭配而成，或是数词和其他词类搭配而成，常用来表示不确定的范围和概念，有时也可表示事物所处的状态或其他情况。
例如：
by hundreds 数以百计
by thousands 数以千计；大量
by(the) millions 数以百万计
by halves 不完全
hundreds of 数百；数以百计
thousands of 数千；数以千计
hundreds of thousands of 几十万；无数的
thousands upon thousands 万千上万
millions upon millions of 千百万
tens of, decades of 数十个
dozens of 几打；几十个
scores of 许多，大量
billions of 几十亿
hundreds of millions 亿万
a thousand and one 无数的
a hundred and one 许多
ten to one 十之八九
nine cases out of ten 十之八九
nine tenths 十之八九；几乎全部
tens of thousands 好几万
several millions of 数百万
fifty-fifty 各半的；对半的；平均
by one hundred percent 百分之百的；全部
a long hundred 一百多；一百二十
a few tenths of 十分之几；有几成
by twos and threes 三三两两
by ones or twos 三三两两；零零落落
in two twos 转眼；立即
at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
one or two 少许；几个
twenty and twenty 三分之二，2/3
first of all 首先
second to none 首屈一指
last but one 倒数第二
a decade of 十个，10
a score of 二十，20
a dozen of 一打，12个
Thousands of people attended the meeting.
数千人参加了会议。
Ten to one she has forgotten it.
十有八九她把这件事给忘了。
二、需要换算数词的翻译
由于英语数字的表达与汉语数字的表达方式不同，汉译时需要换算。数字的换算看起来似乎很简单，但翻译工作者往往会因为不小心而犯错误，可谓失之毫厘、廖之千里。
例如：
ten thousand（10个千）一万
one hundred thousand（100个千）十万
ten million（10个百万）千万
one hundred million（100个百万）亿
one billion十亿（美式英语）
ten billion（10个十亿）百亿
one hundred billion（100个十亿）千亿
one trillion 万亿
三、概数的译法
概数是用来表示简略、大概情况的数字。英语和汉语中都有使用概数来表示不确定的范围或概念的语言现象。例如汉语中的几个、十来个、若干、大约、大概、左右、上下、约有、不到、多于、少于等概念，在英语中都能找到与之对等的词。
（一） 表示“大约”、“不确定”的翻译策略
在英语中，一般常使用about, some, around, round, nearly, towards, somewhere about, estimated, approximately, in/of/on the border of, close to等词修饰数字，表示“不确定”、“大约”、“上下”、“将近”、“几 乎”等。
It is nearly (or towards) 4 o’clock.
现在已是将近4点了。
The price of this new machine is in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars.
这台新机器的价格约1,000美元。
According to the weatherman, the temperature will be up 5℃ or so.
据天气预报，气温将升高5℃左右。
（二）表示“高于”、“多于”的翻译方法
英语常用more than, odd, over, above, long, past, or more, upwards of , higher than, exceed, in excess of 等词修饰数字，表示“超过”、“以上”、“有余”、“高于”、“多于”等。 The weight of this child is said to be over one hundred pounds.
据说，这个孩子的体重有100多磅。
It took me more than two hours to finish the homework.
我花了两个多小时才做完家庭作业。
（三）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等的翻译方法
英语常用less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of , off, to, within, as few as 等词修饰数字，表示“少于”、“不到”、“以下”等。
The price of that tricycle is less than one hundred and eighty-five francs.
那辆三轮车的人售价还不到185法郎。
四、倍数的译法
倍数在英语中使用得相当普遍，但在表达方式上，英汉两种语言却大相径庭。例如：to increase 5 times，汉语可译成“增加到5倍”，也可译成“增加了4倍”；to decrease 5 times在汉语中通常不译为“减少5倍”，而译为“减少到1/5”或“减少了4/5”。因此“了”和“到”这类问题很容易使人混淆迷惑。翻译时务必谨慎严密，力争做到准确无误。
（一）倍数增加的译法
英语中表示倍数增加时，常常要把基数包括在内。增加的倍数通常指现在的数量为原来数量的倍数。译成汉语“增加到若干倍”、“为??的若干倍”或“若干倍于??”这种句型时，可将原文中数字照旧译出；若是译成“增加（了）若干倍”这种句型时，通常要把原文中的数字减去一。
1．倍数+as?as
The grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.
今年的粮食产量大约是去年的三倍。（或：今年的粮食产量比去年多两倍左右。）
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲比欧洲大3倍。（或：亚洲是欧洲的4倍大。）
2．倍数+比较级+than
Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than U.S. wells.
科威特油井的产油量几乎是美国油井的500倍。
Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.
铁的重量几乎是铝的3倍。（或：铁几乎比铝重两倍。）
3．表示增加意义的动词+倍数
常见的表示增加意义的动词有increase, rise, exceed, grow, raise, expand, go up等。
The number of the students enrolled in evening classes has increased more than twofold. 注册上晚间课的学生人数增加了一倍多。
The production of various picture tubes has been increased four times as against 1993. 各种显像管的产量比1993年增加了3倍。
4．表示增加意义的词+by a factor of+数词
这种名句译成汉语时，必须把原文中的数字减去一，因为汉语不把基数包括在内。
Today the speed of our car exceeds the ordinary speed by a factor of three.
今天，我们的汽车速度超过了平常速度的两倍。
The population of this county has increasedby a factor of five
这个县的人口已经增长了4倍。
5．表示倍数意义的词+宾语（或表语）
英语中表示倍数意义的动词主要有double （变成两倍），treble （变成三倍），quadruple （变成四倍）等。这些词也能当形容词使用。作不及物动词时，后面没有宾语或表语。
The new airport will double the capacity of the existing one.
新机场是现有机场容量的2倍。
The population has nearly trebled in forty years.
人口在40年中增加了近2倍。
The company quadrupled output to around 20 million tons.
该公司把产量增至2，000万吨 左右，是原来的4倍。
（二）倍数减少的译法
英语中常使用表示减少意义的词加上数词来说明减少的倍数。减少的倍数通常指原来数量为现在数量的倍数。
1．用表示“减少”的动词（decrease, reduce, fall, lower等）连接“by n 或n%”，表示净减量；用系动词连接“n less(than)”表示净减量，所减数字均可照译。
180 decreased by 90 is 90.
180减去90等于90。
The cost decreased by 40%.
成本下降了40%。
This new process used 35% less fuel.
这种工艺少用了35%的燃料。
2．用表示“减少”的动词（decrease, reduce, fall, lower等）连接“by n times”, “n times”, “n times as + 形容词或副词+as”，“by a factor of n”等，均可译 作“减少了n 分之(n-1)”或“减少到n 分之1”。
因为英汉语言在使用分数方面的差异（如汉语的分母中极少使用小数点），如果英语减少的倍数中有小数点时，则应换算成分数。
The principal advantage is a four fold reduction in volume.
主要优点是体积缩小了3/4。
The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through technical innovation. 通过技术革新该设备误差概率降低3/5。
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范文五：如何用英语翻译不确定的数字
如何用英语翻译不确定的数字,
1) 表示大约数目
大约数目指的是围绕特定数目、以及比特定数目或多或少的数目。汉语在数词前加“约”、“约 计”、“大约”、“大概”等词，或在数词后加“左右”、“上下”等词表示。英语在 数词前加 about, around，some，approximately，roughly，more or less，in the neighbourhood of等词或词组，或在数词后加or so，or thereabout，in the rough等词组表示，例如:
a) about,around five o’clock大约五点钟,五点钟左右
b) about,around,some,approximately,roughly,more or less,in the neighbourhood of twenty people 大约二十人,二十人左右
2) 表示“少于”的数目
表示比特定数目少或小的数目，汉语在数词前加“少于”、“小于”、“低于”、“不到”、“不 及”、“不足”等词，或在数词后加“以下”、“以内”、“以里”等词表示。英语在数词前加fewer than， less than，under，below，within等词或词组表示，例如:
a) fewer than,less than,under,below,within one thousand yuan少于一千元,不到一千元,一千元以下
b) below zero degrees Celsius 摄氏零度以下
3) 表示“差不多”的数目
差不多，是一种特殊的表 示“少于”的数目的方法，接近特定数目或仅差一点。汉语在数词前加“近”、“将近”、“接近”、“几乎”、“差不多”、“差一点”、“差一点不到”等词表 示。英语在数词前加nearly，almost，toward，close on等词或词组表示， 例如:
a) nearly,almost,toward fifty years old将近五十岁,差一点五十岁
b) nearly,almost,close on one hundred yuan将近一百元,差不多一百元
4) 表示“多于”的数目
表示比特定数目多或大的数目，汉语在数词前加“多于”、“大于”、 “高于”、 “超过”等词，或在数词后加“多”、“来”、“几”、“余”、“以上”等词表示。英语在数词前
加more than ，over，above，upwards of等词或词组表示，或用在数词后加and more，odd，and odd等词或词组表示，例如:
a) more than,over,above,upwards of a hundred yuan one hundred
yuan and more,odd,and odd一百多元,一百来元
b) above thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit华氏32度以上
5) 表示“介于"的数目
表示介于两个特定数目之间 的数目，汉语用“到”、“至”等词连接两个数词，或用“介于…之间”表示。英语用from…to;(anywhere)between…and…表示，例 如:
a) from five to six days; between five and six days五至六天
b) from eight hundred to nine hundred kilometres anywhere between eight
hundred and nine hundred kilometres(介于) 八百到九百公里 (之间)
6) 表示“相邻”的数目
连用两个相邻的数字，表示一个不确定数目。英语用or连接两个相邻数字
两”是特殊的“相邻”的数目。表示“两个或两个以上”等，英来表示。注意“三三两
语在数词后加or more表示， 例如:
a) two or three两三个
b) sixty or seventy六七十
c) three thousand or four thousand三四千
d) by twos and threes 三三两两
e) two or more两个或两个以上
7) 表示“数十”等数目
表示“数十”、“数百”、 “数千”等不确定数目，英语在ten,dozen,score,hundred/thousand,million,billion等数词的复数形式后加 of 构成，例如:
a) tens of(20—99);dozens of(24—99); scores of(40-99) 数十,几十,好几十
b) hundreds of (200—999);several hundred 数百,数以百计,几百,好几百,成百
c) thousands of (2，000—9，999);several thousand 数千,数以千计,几千,好几千,成千
d) tens of thousands of (20，000—99，999) 数万,数以万计,几万,好几万
e) hundreds of thousands of (200，000—999，999) 数十万,几十万,好几十万
f) millions of (2，000，000—9，999，999) 数百万,几百万,好几百万
g) tens of millions of (20，000，000-99，999，999) 数千万,几千万,好几千万
h) hundreds of millions of (200，000，000-999，999，999) 数亿,几亿,好几亿
i) 数十亿,几十亿,好几十亿 billions of(2，000，000，000—9，999，999，999)
