范文一:初中语法连词讲解
连词
一、并列连词:
(一)连词的概念:
连词是一种虚词,不能担任一个句子成分。连词在句中主要起连接词与词、短语与短语及句子和句子的作
用。它主要是包括并列连词和从属连词。
(二)并列连词的分类:
表示意思转折的连词 But, yet, however,still,while
表示因果关系的连词 For, so, therefore,since
表选择的连词 or, either…or, neither…nor,otherwise
表示并列的连词 And, not only…but also, both…and, as well as
例句:Slow but sure. 要慢而稳。
She’ll be back either this week or next week. 她将在这周或下周回来。
I went and she went also. 我去了,她也去了。
(三)并列连词的用法:
1、 并列连词and和or:
?and 和or 是用得最多的并列连词,可以连接:
a. 两个并列的动词:
We were singing and dancing all evening. 整个晚上我们都在唱歌跳舞。
b. 名词、形容词等:
This apple is big and red.
Would you like fish or beef?
c. 两个并列的分句(句子):
I said it and I meant it. 我说话算数。
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?and 可连接两个分句,表示递进关系。
Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。 ?or可连接分句,表示“否则”:
Don’t drive so fast or you’ll have an accident. 别开这么快,不然你会出车祸。 2、 表示意思转折的连词:but, yet:
?but和yet的用法:
The weather will be sunny but cold. 天气会晴朗但很冷。
It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪,却是真的。
?however, still 等为副词,但可起连接作用,表示意思的转折---“但是”或“然而”。 a. however:
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind.
他的第一反应是不行,但后来他改变了主意。
b. still:
It’s raining; still I’d like to go. 天在下雨,但我还是要去。 ?词组all the same:
She is naughty, all the same we have to laugh at her jokes.
她很调皮,但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。
3、表示因果的连词:
? for可以表示“因为”,但引导的不是从句,而是并列分句,对前面情况加以解释,常用逗号把它和前
面的分句分开,这在书面语中比较多见。
The days were short, for it was now December.
白天很短,因为现在已经是十二月。
She must have gone out early, for she had not come for breakfast.
她肯定一早出去了,因为她没来吃早饭。
? so 表示结果,可译为“因此”、“所以”。
Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi.
我们的箱子很重,因此我们坐了出租车
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? therefore 为副词,也表示同样的意思---“因此”,可放句前:
He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me.他走了,于是她把钱给了我。
4、both... and 的用法
A man should have both courage and perseverance.一个人既要有勇气又要有毅力。 【难点】
5、就近原则:
1)neither…nor…
Neither Lucy nor Lily is a League member.
2)not only…but also…
Not only you but also he likes football.
3)either…or…
Either Jim or Peter is right.
4)not…but…
Not Jim but Peter broke the cup.
6、as well as的用法:
I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays.
我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。
【基础练习】
(一)根据句意选用and, but, or, so, while, for填空。
1. The ground is wet, _________ it rained last night.
2. It's a fine day today, _________ everyone is busy.
3. This is our first lesson, _________ I don't know all your names.
4. Take an umbrella with you, _________ you'll get wet.
5. Do you understand what I said _________ do you want me to explain it again?
6. We have classes in the morning, _________ we don't have classes in the afternoon.
7. She is a doctor _________ I am a teacher.
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8. Use your head, _________ you'll find a way.
9. They went to the zoo yesterday, _________ they didn't see any animals. 10. I must go now, _________ it's getting dark.
11. Be careful, _________ you will fall off the tree.
12.—Excuse me. Do you have a table for two?
—I'm sorry, _________ there aren't any seats now. Would you mind waiting for a while?
13. Never give up, _________ you'll make it.
14. She was very thirsty, _________ she drank some water from the river. 15. You must work hard, _________ you'll fall behind。
一. 选择最佳答案:
( ) 1 My aunt asks whether I like a woolen sweater ______ a cotton one.
A. but B. or C. and D. not
( ) 2 Either Mary ______ Lucy told him to come to see us.
A. or B. and C. with D. nor
( ) 3 Hurry up, ______ we'll be late for the film.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
( ) 4 Be quick, ______ we'll be late.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
( ) 5 We ran to the trees, _____ we couldn't see any more monkeys.
A. but B. so C. and D. for
( ) 6 _____ Li Ping ______ Wu Fang ______ League members. A. Neither; nor; are B. Either; nor; is
C. Both; and; are D. Neither; or; is
( ) 7 You can ______ stay at home ______ go out to play.
A. either; or B. so; that C. neither; and D. both; and
( ) 8 _____ Wei Hua ______ Ann______ very busy.
A. Both; and; is B. So; and; is
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C. Either; or; is D. So; that; are
( ) 9 ______ Monday______ Tuesday is OK, I will be free then.
A. Either; or B. Neither; nor C. So; that D. Both; and
( ) 10 ______ my brother_______ sister are doctors.
A. Not; but B. Neither; nor C. Both; and D. Either; or
二、从属连词:
1(分类:
从句种类 主要从属连词
时间从句 when, while, as, before, after, until, till, whenever
条件从句 if, unless
目的从句 in order that, so that
结果从句 so…that, such…that, so that, so
原因从句 because, as, since
让步从句 although, though, even though(if), while
方式从句 as if, as though
地点从句 where, wherever
比较从句 than, as
[说明]that, whether, if 等从属连词可引导名词从句,在句中担任主语、宾语等。
2(引导时间状语从句的连词(重点):
when: Don’t get excited when you talk. 讲话时别激动。
while: We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。
as: He smiled as he passed. 他经过时笑了笑。
before: It will be five years before we meet again. 要五年后咱们才能再相见。
after: I’ll tell them after you leave. 我将在你走后告诉他们。
until, till: I propose waiting till the police get here. 我建议等警察来了再说。
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since: How long is it since you came to London? 你到伦敦有多久了, whenever: Whenever it is possible, they play outside. 一有机会他们就到外面玩耍。
3(引导条件状语从句的连词(重点):
1)条件状语从句主要由if, unless, supposing(suppose)引导:
if: If it rains tomorrow , we will have to stay at home.
unless: I won’t write unless he writes first. 我不写信,除非他先给我写。 2)条件状语从句还有其他形式:(难点)
You will always have a home as long as I have anything. 只要我有家产,你就永远会有一个家。
I will call you as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就给你打电话。 4(引导目的状语从句的连词:(重点)
in order that:
I lent him 500 yuan in order that he can go for a holiday.
我借给他50英镑,使他能去度假。
so that:
Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them. 让她快点把信打好,以便我能签字。
5(引导结果状语从句的连词:
1)结果状语从句主要由so…that和such…that 引导:
so…that:
He was so fat that he couldn’t get though the door.
他胖得连门都过不去了。
such…that:
Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet. 吉姆吵成那样,他姐姐让他安静点。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 6(引导原因状语从句的连词:
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because: Because it rained he took a taxi. 由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车。
as: As you’re sorry, I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。
Since: Since you will go there, I will go too. 既然你要去,那我也去。 7(让步状语从句的连词:
although / though:
Though / Although it is not large, the room was light . 房间虽然不大,采光却很好。
even if:
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。 8(引导方式状语从句的连词
as: You ought to do as I tell you. 你应当照我说的做。
like: She can’t draw like her sister can. 她不能像她姐姐那样画画。
as if / as though:
He looked about as if looking for something. 他四处看了看,仿佛在找什么似的。 9(引导地点状语从句的连词:(难点)
where: I’ll drive you where you’re going. 你到哪儿我都可以开车送你去。
wherever: We’ll go wherever you say. 你说哪里我们就到哪里。
everywhere:
Everywhere he went, he was introduced as the current US champion.
不管他到哪里,人们都介绍他是当前的美国冠军。
no matter where:
Keep your mobile phone with you no matter where you are.
不管在哪里你都要带着手机。
10(引导比较状语从句的连词:
than: You sing better than I do. 你的歌唱的比我好。
as: That’s not so simple as it sounds. 那事并不像听起来那么简单。 11( 引导其他从句的连词:
1)引导主语从句和宾语的连词有that和whether, if 可以引导宾语从句:
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that: She always complains that he is down on her. 她老是抱怨他看不起她。
whether: I don’t know whether you like flowers. 我不知道你喜不喜欢花。
2)that和whether 还可以引导表语从句:
that: The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事实是他没有真正去努力。
whether: The point is whether we ought to recommend him. 问题是我们是否应当推荐他。
【基础练习】
(一)选择所给的连词填空:
when, because, but, before, if, so….that, as….as, not…until, and, after, or, since
1. Hurry up, please! _______you’ll be late for school.
2. She ________go to bed ______ her mother came back.
3. Yesterday Jim didn’t go to see the film, ________he must go over his lessons.
4. The students were talking about the sports meeting _______ the teacher came in.
5. I was ______tired ________I couldn’t walk any more.
6. This building is _______ tall ________ that one.
7. Tom was ill yesterday, ________he still went to school as usual.
8. He asked me ______I would go there with him.
9. We have studied here ________ 1994.
10. The child had studied English for two years ________he went to middle school.
11. _______the boy finished his homework, he went to bed.
12. Study hard on your subjects, ________you’ll do well in the exam.
(二)选择最佳答案:
( )1. Liu Ming told us ____ his class were excited by the news.
A. when B. how C. that D. before
( )2. My father didn’t come back ____ he finished all the work.
A. until B. while C. if D. as soon as
( )3. More people came ____ I had expected.
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A. as if B. so that C. since D. than
( )4. He can’t decide which to choose ____ there’s no difference between them.
A. but B. so C. because D. and
( )5. Life today is easier ____ it was hundreds of years ago.
A. than . as C. what D. when
【中等题】
(一)并列连词
1. That was a long_______ dull talk.
A. so B. and C. so that D. or 2. _______ the parents_________ their children wanted to move to the country. A. Both, as well as B. Neither, nor
C. Either, and D. Both, also
3. He won't live in town, _____will his wife.
A. either B. neither C. also D. too 4. Charlie took the job,_______ he did it very well.
A. so B. yet C. and D. so that 5. My grandfather is in his eighties, ______he is still in good health. A. or B. but C. so D. for
(二)从属连词
1. I asked him _________dog it was.
A. whose B. which C. who's D. where 2. They go to concerts of modem music_________ they really like it. A. because B. if C. though D. after 3. Find out_________ they are going this evening and ask_________ may join them. A. whether, that B. where, whether
C. what, if D. where, why
4. His talk was_________ dull_________ we all got bored.
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A. as, as B. very, that
C. so. as D. so, that
5. Mother asked Charlie_________ lie had stayed out so late.
A. how B. why C. when D. where
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范文二:初中语法冠词讲解
冠词
冠词是虚词,主要放在名词前,说明名词所表示的人或物,不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词分为:不定冠词
a/an, 定冠词the.以及零冠词。
一(不定冠词a,an的用法如下:
a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前。
值得注意的是:
A. 如果不定冠词后面第一个词以元音字母u开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform,European。 B. 如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头,而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素,就用an。例如hour,
honest。
C. 如果不定冠词和名词前有其他词,不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如an actress, a
beautiful actress。
1.表示人或事物的某一类(含义相当于一类事物的任何一个);或在叙述时用于第一次提到的人或物
A dictionary is a useful book.
An underground train can start and stop quickly.
Across from the park is an old hotel.
2. 用于表示数量、时间的名词前,表示“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。The plan will be ready in a day or
two, once a week.
3(泛指某人或某物,但未具体说明何人、何物,如:
A boy is waiting for me.
Give me a pen, please.
4.用于某些固定短语中
如: a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson, a pair of, have a try
“have a +抽象名词”与该短语中名词作动词时同义:
Have a look=look have a walk=walk
二(定冠词用法如下:
定冠词的用法如下:
1(指彼此都知道的人或事物,如:
Open the door, please.
Go and close the window.
Give me the book, please.
2(特指某(些)人或某(些)事物,如:
The girl in red is my sister.
The man over there is our English teacher.
The book on the desk is mine.
3(指前面提到过的人或事物,如:
Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.
4(用在序数词和形容词最高级前,在方位词前。如:
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
He won the first prize.
The sun rises in the east.
5(用在某些名词化的形容词,过去分词前,表示一类人或事物, 如:
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the rich, the sick, the new , the false
6(用在由普通名词构成的专用名词前, 如:
the Great Wall
the People’s Republic of China
the United Nations
the Netherlands
7(在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面,如:
the North China Plain
the Rocky Mountains
the Yangtse River
8. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:
The earth moves around the sun.
9. 用在姓氏的复数形式前,表示一家人或夫妻俩。如:
The Greens are watching TV.
10(在一些固定搭配中,如:
in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the
other day, at the same time, all the same, in the end, at the end of...
三(不用冠词的情况
1(专有名词人名,地名,国名、节日,月份,年份,星期和不可数名词(一般指物质名词和抽象名词)前一般不
用冠词,表示泛指。如:
Mike is English, but he likes Beijing Opera.
I really like his movie Rush Hour.(尖峰时刻)
注意:在特指某年的某月或季节或节日时,要在前面加定冠词The.
He was born in the September of 1998.
2(名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any , no等代词(指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格)作
定语修饰时,不用冠词。如:
Every student likes English in our class.
The letter is from my father.
I have a book in my hand.
3(在复数名词表示一类人或事物时,如:
Horses are useful animals.
I like cakes.
4(在节日名称,(称呼语和表示官衔的名词前)星期、月份、季节前。如:
Today is Sunday.
Spring is the best season in the year.
Children’s Day
5(球类,棋类,语言,三餐,游戏名称和颜色、学科前不加冠词。如:
I like to play basketball.
We have lunch at school.
7(在表示家庭成员名称,称呼语,表示头衔或职务的名词前不加冠词。
This is Professor Li.
Mother is not at home.
8.与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。
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By car/bus/bike
注意:take a bus, in a boat, on the bike 固定搭配。
9. 在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中,如:
go to school , be in hospital, be in prison,in danger, in time, on time, at
四(复习时需要注意的要点
(1)在school, college, university, hospital, prison, church, class, table, bed等表示机构名称、组织名称和家具的名
词前,用定冠词和用不定冠词意义有差异。用定冠词强调处所,而不用定冠词意义有所引申。比较:
at table 就餐 go to school 去上学 in hospital 住院
at the table 坐在桌边 go to the school 去这个学校 in the hospital 在这家医院
go to prison (违法而)进监狱 go to church 做礼拜 in class 在课堂上
go to the prison 到监狱 go to the church 到教堂 in the class 在班级里
(2)在某些词前用不同冠词(定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词),意义大不相同,例如:
a little/few 有一点
little/few 几乎没有
a number of 许多
the number of ……的数目
in front of 在……前面
in the front of 在……前部
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
out of the question 根本不可能
out of question 没有问题
the most beautiful 最漂亮
most beautiful 非常漂亮
for a moment 片刻
for the moment 暂时
实战演练
一、例题选讲
例1 There is “h” in word “photo”(
A( a,a B( an,the
C( the,an D( an,an
答案: B
提示: h虽然是辅音字母,但发的音是元音音素开头的,因此要用an,而word
是特指,所以后面要用the。
例2 She is honest girl(
A( B( an a
C( D( / the
答案: A
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提示: “honest”中h是不发音的,因此这个单词是元音音素开头的。 例3 He goes to school after breakfast(
A( B( / the
C( D( an a
答案: A
提示: 在表示三顿饭前不用定冠词。
例4 Browns are going to visit Yangtse River. It is longest
river in China and third longest river in world
A( B( The…the…the…the…the…the The…the…the…/…the…the
C( D( /…the…the…the…/…the The…/…the…the…the…the
答案: B
提示: the+姓氏的复数形式表示一家人,在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名
称的前面要用定冠词the,而形容词最高级前面通常要加定冠词the,the+
序数词+最高级表示第几,而in the world表示在世界上。
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范文三:初中语法讲解
初中语法讲解 屈折变化
英语26个字母之间的关系
1、所有格:He is Fred's best friend.(+'s)([注]如结尾是s ,+?)
2、动词时的第三人称单数:Alfredo works.(+s)([注]辅音+y结尾,把y 变i 加es )
3、动词过去式:Fred worked.(+ed),但亦有不规则变化。
4、现在分词/现在进行时态:Fred is working.(+ing)([注]如果动词的末音节为辅音结尾的闭音节,则须双写末辅音,如running )
5、过去分词:Fred has talked to the police.(+ed),但亦有不规则变化。
6、动名词:Working is good for the soul.(+ing)
7、名词的复数:Fred has two blue eyes.(+s)([注]如果名词的尾字是s,sh,x,ch ,则需加+es,如dishes )
8、形容词的比较级:Fred is smarter than Rick.(+er)形容词末尾加+er,多音节在前面”加more ,如"more difficult"。
9、形容词的最高级:Fred has the fastest car.(+est)形容词末尾加+est,多音节词在前面加most ,如"the most difficult"。
英语的基本语序为SVO ,且基本上不能任意变换语序,除了在少数诗词以外;另一方面,有时英语会使用OSV 的语序。(注:S :Subject[主语];V :Verbal phrase[谓语];O :Object[宾语])
词性简介
英语中所有的词可分成十大类两部分,实词(notional word )和虚词(form word )。每一类词在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用。这十大词类就是:
实词
一、名词(n. )
二、形容词(adj. )
三、副词(adv. )
四、代词(pron. )
五、数词(num. )
六、动词(v. )
虚词
一、冠词(art. )
二、介词(prep. )
三、连词(conj. )
四、感叹词(interj. )
助动词
助动词(Auxiliary Verb)本身无意义,不能单独作谓语,其作用是辅助实义动词组成谓语。 情态动词
情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化。情态动词后+动词原形。
时态概述
英语共有十六个时态、四个体。
一般现在时
基本形式【以do (做)为例】
肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他;
否定句:主语+don‘ts/doesn't+动词原形+其他
一般疑问句:Did/Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他;
肯定回答:Yes ,(+ 主语+Did/do/does);
否定回答:No ,(+主语+don't/doesn't.);
特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语
一般过去时
be 动词+行为动词的过去式
否定句式:在行为动词前加didn’t,同时还原行为动词,或was/were+not; was 或were 放于句首;用助动词do 的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词; 一般将来时
am/are/is+going to+do 或will/shall+do
am/is/are/about to + do
Am/is/are to + do;
一般将来时的表达方法
be going to +动词原形
be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to +动词原形
be able to +不定式
be about to+动词原形
will + 动词原形;
过去将来时
be (was ,were )going to+动词原形
be (was ,were )about to+动词原形
be (was ,were )to+动词原形
肯定句:主语+be(was ,were )going to+动词原形~.
否定句:主语+be(was ,were )not going to+动词原形~.
疑问句:Be (Was ,Were )+主语+going to+动词原形~?
肯定句:主语+would(should )+动词原形~.
否定句:主语+would(should )not+动词原形~.
疑问句:Would (Should )+主语+动词原形~?
He would work for us.
现在进行时
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v 表示动词)
第一人称+am+doing+sth
第二人称+are+doing +sth
第三人称+is+doing+sth
过去进行时
肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它
否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ;答语:Yes, I主语+was/were./No, I主语+wasn't/weren't.
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它
将来进行时
主语+will + be +现在分词
过去将来进行时
should (would )+be+现在分词
现在完成时
基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done )
①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答:Yes+主语+have/has 否定回答:No+主语+have/has
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\ 过去完成时
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done )
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
肯定回答:Yes ,主语+had
否定回答:No ,主语+hadn't
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他) 语法判定:
( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。
( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。
将来完成时
(shall )will+have+动词过去分词
before+将来时间或by+将来时间
before 或by the time引导的时的从句
过去将来完成时
Should / would have done sth.
过去完成进行时
had been +-ing 分词
将来完成进行时
主语+ shall/will have been doing
过去将来完成进行时
should+ have been+现在分词用于第一人称
would have been+现在分词用于其他人称
主格宾格编辑
英语中的人称代词有主格和宾格之分,
主格放在句首做主语和表语, 宾格放在句末或句中做动词和介词的宾语.
打个比方,主人邀请宾客,主格就像主人,宾格就像宾客。主格在动词前面,宾格在动词或介词后面。
在实际运用中,主格和宾格代词有时会混淆。下面是常见的问题:
⒈在复合结构里,人称代词的主格和宾格在单独使用时,没有问题,如很少人会犯下这样的错误,但在复合结构中,错误就难免了,如:
这种错误是可避免的。第一,在有介词的复合结构中,特别要注意,第二个人称代词,必须用宾语,如:"for you and me"和 "between Maria and him"。第二,试把复合结构中的另一部分暂时用括号围起来,那么该用的格就容易辨别了,如:
显然的,(6)里的代词是宾格的"me", (7)里的代词是主格的"he" 。
⒉在比较结构里,连接词"as" 或"than" 后面,按理用主格式,但在口语中,人们常用宾格形式,学美式英语者,更是如此:
(a )和(b )两种说法,都可接受。但如果"as" 和"than" 后头分句的主语和词动都要完整出现的话,这时的人称代词,就必须是主格,如下:
此外,还有一点要注意,就是"as" 和"than" 后面虽然在语法上用主格好,用宾格也可,但是有时意思会有所不同。试比较(a )和(b )。
显然,这两句的深层意思大有差别。遇到这种情形,为了避免误解,不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来。换句话说,必要的话,要用(13)这句子。
不然,把(13)a 变成(14), (13)b 变成(15)也可。
属格
一个普遍的误解是在英语中只存在一个以“'s”结尾表示所属的属格。然而,语言学家已经表明英语的所有格完全不是一个格,而是一个独立的词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词的一部分,这可以有下面这个句子表明:The King of Sparta's wife was called Helen.(斯巴达国王的妻子叫做海伦。)如果“'s”是属格,那么“妻子”(wife )就属于“斯巴达”(Sparta ),但是“'s”并不是只表示“斯巴达”(Sparta ),而是表示“斯巴达国王”(King of Sparta)。 上面这个例子并不表明英语没有自己的属格;但是它已经发展成为另一个形式。在古英语中,ban 的属格形式是banes 。后来在现代英语中,这个发展成为了使用“'s”表示的“bone's”。
在18世纪,人们对此的解释是省略号代替了一个属格代词,就像“the King's horse”是“the King,his horse”的缩写。但是这个解释是不正确的。人们更相信是省略号代替了古英语中的“e”。
与格
英语语法
在现代英语中,与格不再是英语语法的一部分,它只出现在一些表达用语中。一个很好的例子是单词methinks (据我看来)。它来源于古英语的与格形式变化:me (与格的人称代词)+thinks(to seem,与动词词组to think很接近的一个词组)。 与格在英语中可以不要前置词,例如在“He built me a snowman.”中一样。在这个例子中,“me”是与格。 英语中不可把被动语态作为一种时态
在部分英语教材中,由于编者自身对被动语态的理解或其他原因,错误的将被动语态当成一种时态,但其实,被动语态是一种语态,不可能当作时态。在英国,这是一个常识。因此,在英国,如果有人犯了这种错误,简直是贻笑大方。
句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。
主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分,除少数句子(如祈使句和感叹句等)外,一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的,是一句话的主题,谓语用来说明主语的情况,为主语提供信息。例如:They are working.主语是they (他们),那么他们在做什么呢?看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下,英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致,也就是说主语在前,谓语紧跟其后。那么,哪些词语可以做主语,谓语,何时主谓倒置,主语与谓语的一致情况如何,我将一一讲述。
主语
主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是" 什么人" 、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。
名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子 都可以做主语。
谓语
谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
宾语
宾语,又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语(间接
宾语也称宾语补足语)两大类,其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子 都可以做宾语,而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。
定语
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用?……的?表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中,中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”,有的不需要,有的可要可不要。“的”是定语的标志。
状语
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial )。
状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
补语
英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
表语
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing 、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell 等词)之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
音标
音标可以让我们更方便的学习好英语,英语是通用世界的语言,这几个字就代表了英语的
重要性。
以下音标示例均以IPA 国际音标为主。
长元音:/a:/ /?:/ /?:/ /i:/ /?:/
短元音:/?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /e/ /?/
双元音:/??/ /a?/ /e?/ /??/ /??/ /e?/ /a?/ /??/
清辅音:/p/ /t/ /k/ /h/ /θ/ /f/ /s/ /?/ /t?/
浊辅音:/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /e/ /z/ /d?/ /?/ /?/ /m/ /n/ /?/ /r/ /j/ /w/
破擦音:/ts/ /tr/ /dr/ /dz/
开闭
开音节
分为绝对开音节和相对开音节两种:
绝对开音节:辅音+元音,元音发本音(he/hi:/)
相对开音节:辅音+元音+辅音(r 、w 、y 除外)+e,元音发本音(note/n??t/)
闭音节
辅音+元音+辅音(r 、w 、y 除外)
结构
以下资料适用于英语标准发音。一些音节中,节首辅音可能以/j/作结,音位//也可能出现。除此之外,资料也
适用于其他主要的英语变体,//只作为独立的节首辅音,并不在辅音连缀出现。
英语的音节结构是三个辅音、一个元音和四个辅音。最长的例子就是strengths (/stre?θs/,不过也可以读成/strθs/)。
节首辅音(onset )有一种语音转变(yod 脱落),辅音连缀中作为尾音的/j/逐渐消失。在英语标准发音,包含/sj/和/lj/的词中,辅音[j]可以省略,例如[su琂崀或者[sju琂崀。例如在通用美语, /j/也不在/n/、/t/和/d/之后出现。在威尔士英语,/j/在更多辅音后出现,例如/t乐/。
一些节首辅音较少出现,故此并不清楚它们是本族发音,还是并未同化的外来词,例如/pw/ (pueblo )、/bw/ (bwana )、/sv/ (svelt )、/sr/ (Sri Lanka)、/vr/ (oeuvre )、/ch/ (schwa )、/smj/ (smew )和/sfr/ (sphragistics )。
核心
以下都可以成为音节核心(nucleus ):
所有元音语音。
/m/、/n/和/l/在一些情况时(见下列的词语层次规则)。
英语的R 音化和非R 音化口音(例如通用美语)中,/r/在一些情况时(见下列的词语层次规则)。
音节尾音以下的组合大部分都可以加上/s/或/z/来表示形位-s 或z-,理论上全部均可,除了以/s/、/z/、//、//、/t/ 或/d/作尾音的词。按照同样道理,加上/t/或/d/可以表示形位-t 或d-,以/t/或/d/作尾音的例外。
一些使用者省略/θ/前的擦音,故此该擦音在这些情况永不出现:/f昂θ/变成[fθ]、/siksθ/变成[sikθ]和/twelfθ/变成[twelθ]。
层次规则
节首辅音和尾音(coda )并非必要。
/j/作为节首尾音时,(/pj/、/bj/、/tj/、/dj/、/kj/、/fj/、/vj/、/θj/、/sj/、/zj/、/hj/、/mj/、/nj/、/lj/、/spj/、/stj/、/skj/),随后必定是/u:/或/夂/
长元音和双元音后面不会是//
//极少作尾音节的首音
塞音加/w/加/u/、//、//或/a/被排除
当C1是同时在节首辅音连缀和尾音出现的辅音,而V 是短元音,组合/s/ + C1 + V + C1实际上不存在。
//不在重音音节出现
//不在英语本族词语的词首出现,但是可以作为音节的首音,例如/tree/
/θj/不在词首出现,除了古老词语thew
在非重读音节,/m/、/n/、/l/和R 音化变体的/r/可以作为另一辅音后的音节核心(即成节辅音),尤其是/t/、/d/、/s/或/z/。
单音节词语如没有辅音尾音,则一些短元音不会出现,称为闭节元音。在英语标准发音,//、/æ/、//和//是闭节的短元音。
范文四:初中语法数词讲解
数词
数词分为基数词和序数词两种,基数词表示人或事物的数量,序数词表示人或事物的次序。
注:数词与不定代词、冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词等被称之为限定词。
一、基数词和序数词
基数词 序数词
0 zero
1 one first/1st 第一
2 two second/2nd 第二
3 three third/3rd 第三
4 four fourth/4th 第四
5 five fifth/5th 第五
6 six sixth/6th 第六
7 seven seventh/7th 第七
8 eight eighth/8th 第八
9 nine ninth/9th 第九
10 ten tenth/10th 第十
11 eleven eleventh/11th 第十一
12 twelve twelfth/12th 第十二
13 thirteen thirteenth/13th 第十三
14 fourteen fourteenth/14th 第十四
15 fifteen fifteenth/15th 第十五
16 sixteen sixteenth/16th 第十六
17 seventeen seventeenth/17th 第十七
18 eighteen eighteenth/18th 第十八
19 nineteen nineteenth/19th 第十九
20 twenty twentieth/20th 第二十
21 Twenty-one twenty-first/21st 第二十一
22 Twenty-two twenty-second/22nd 第二十二
23 Twenty-three twenty-third/23rd 第二十三
30 thirty thirtieth/30th 第三十
40 forty fortieth/40th 第四十
50 fifty fiftieth/50th 第五十
60 sixty sixtieth/60th 第六十
70 seventy seventieth/70th 第七十
80 eighty eightieth/80th 第八十
90 ninety ninetieth/90th 第九十
100 hundred hundredth/100th 第一百
基数词的构成和用法
(1)最基本的基数词如下表所示:
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven
twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen
twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
(2)基数词的写法
① 21~99 的两位数,十位与个位之间用连字符―-‖。例:
◇ 21 twenty-one ◇ 32 thirty-two
◇ 98 ninety-eight ◇ 99 ninety-nine
② 101~999的三位数,百位数和后面的数之间用连词and ,百、千等数词一律用单数形式。例:
◇ 101 one hundred and one
◇ 225 two hundred and twenty five
◇ 999 nine hundred and ninety-nine
③ 1000以上的数,从后面向前数,每三位中间点―,‖,第一个―,‖前为thousand ,第
二个―,‖前为 million ,第三个―,‖前为billion 。例:
◇ 2,567 two thousand five hundred and sixty-seven
◇ 3,018 three thousand and eighteen
(3) 基数词的用法
① 作主语。例:
◇ Ten is a very important number. 十是一个很重要的数字。
◇ Two and three are (is ) five . 2加3等于5。
② 作定语。例:
◇ One kilometer is equal to two li. 1公里等于2华里。
◇ She has three brothers. 她有三个兄弟。
③ 作宾语。例:
◇ I wanted three but he gave me five. 我想要三个,但他给了我五个。
◇ I get up before six every day. 我每天六点之前起床。
④ 作表语。例:
◇ —What time is it?几点钟啦?
—It’s ten.十点。
(4) 疑难点
hundred ,thousand 和million 在合成数词中一般用单数形式,但是用来表示不定数目时,用作复数形式。例: ◇ Hundreds of workers will go on strike.
◇ Thousands of people are swimming in the river.
此时 hundred ,thousand 等词前没有数词修饰,且通常其复数形式与of 连用。
序数词的构成与用法
(1) 序数词的构成
① 一般来说,是由相应的基数词加词尾th 构成。例:
◇ four + th → fourth ◇ six + th → sixth
◇ seven + th → seventh ◇ ten + th → tenth
② 下面这些基数词在变为序数词时,有特殊的变化。例:
◇ one → first ◇ two → second ◇ three → third
◇ five → fifth ◇ eight → eighth ◇ nine → ninth
◇ twelve → twelfth
③ 十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y 变成i ,然后再加eth 。例:
◇ twenty → twentieth ◇ thirty → thirtieth
◇ forty → fortieth ◇ ninety → ninetieth
④ 两位或两位以上的基数词变成序数词时,仅将个位数变成序数词。例:
◇ twenty-one → twenty-first
◇ thirty-five → thirty-fifth
◇ a hundred andfifty-three → a hundred and fifty-third
(2) 序数词的用法
① 序数词在使用时,一般加上定冠词。例:
◇ the first book ◇ the second floor
◇ the third day ◇ the fourth week.
② 序数词在多数情况下都用作定语,有的也可以作表语、主语和宾语。例:
◇ The may 1st is Labour Day. 五月一日是劳动节。
◇ My room is on the second floor.我的房间在二楼。
◇ The first is larger than the second. (主语) 第一个比第二个大。
◇ Read the book from the first.(宾语) 从开头读这本书。
◇ You’ll be the sixth to write. (表语) 你将是第六个写的。
③ 序数词的前面可以加上不定冠词,用来表示―再一‖,―又一‖的意思。例:
◇ You may have a third try. 你可以第三次尝试。
时间表示法
① 时间都由基数词表示。例:
◇ It’s nine.现在九点。 ◇ It’s not five yet. 还不到五点。
有时后面要加o’clock,但在口语中通常省略。
② 几点几分表示法有两种形式。
A .倒读法:与汉语顺序不同,先读―分‖后说―点‖。30分钟以内,用―分钟数‖+past +―钟点数‖表示―几点过几分‖,超过30分钟,用―分钟数‖+ to + ―下一个钟点数‖表示―差几分到几点‖。15分钟也可以用a quarter ,30分钟也可以用a half。例:
◇ 2:15 a quarter past two ◇ 2:45 a quarter to three
◇ 1:55 five to two ◇ 7:05 five past seven
◇ 5:35 thirty five past five ◇ 9:30 half past nine
只有指几点钟整时才用o’clock,如ten o’clock,但不可以说seven past ten o’clock .
B .顺读法:与汉语顺序相同,连用两个基数词,第一个表示―点钟‖,第二个表示―分钟‖。
◇ 5:40 five forty ◇ 2:30 two thirty ◇ 1:15 one fifteen
这时的15和30不能用a quater, a half代替。
日期表示法
① 年的读法:用基数词,分成两位一读。例:
◇ 1949 nineteen forty-nine ◇ 1840 eighteen forty
② 月份的名称首字母要大写。例:
◇ January ◇ February ◇ March ◇ April
③ 日期用序数词表示,前面可加the ,也可以省略。例:
◇ 5月4日 May (the ) fourth
◇ 10月1日 October (the ) first
④ 年、月、日的顺序:在英语中,按月、日、年的顺序来读。例:
◇ 1949年10月1日 October (the ) first nineteen forty-nine
◇ 1999年5月1日 May (the ) first nineteen ninety-nine
表示在―在某年、在某月‖用介词in ,如in2000,in September,表示―在某日‖用介词on ,如on July 8。
(5) 编号的读法
① 表示―第几课(部分,章或节)‖时,用序数词时,前面一定要加冠词;用基数词时,不用冠词,但 语序与汉语相反。例:
◇ lesson one → the first lesson
◇ part three → the third part
② 当数字较长时,通常用基数词。例:
◇ 第219页 page 219 (two one nine) ◇ 第306号房间 room 306 (three o six)
◇ 第六路公共汽车 bus number six
◇ 电话号码 885316 telephone number 885316 (eight eight five three one six)
(6)分数、小数和百分数的表示法。
分数:分数分子用基数词,分母为序数词。分子为一时,分母为单,分子大于1,分母用复数。
One fourth 1/4 three fourths或three-fourths 3/4(连字符可用可不用)
小数:均用基数读出。0.02 zero point o two
百分数:用per cent/percent 表示。3% three percent
注:在带有分数的词组作句子的主语中,其后的谓语单复数形式要根据分数后面的名词的数决定。
考题点击1
It is not rare in _____ that people in ____ fifties are going to university for further education.
A. 90s, the B. the 90s, / C. 90s, their D. the 90s, their
题解:表示―几十岁‖;用 in one’s + 数词复数,如:He began to work in his teens.
表示" 年代" ,用 in +the +数词复数;
考题点击2
____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
题解:分数和百分数作主语时,关键是看其后的名词来决定其谓语动词的数。该题中的是不可数名词,所以动词需用单数。
提醒:表示百分之几或几分之几的人或物,记住一定要加of 。如:百分之三十的学生,要说30% of the students. 巩固练习:将下列句子译成英文。
1. 百分之四十的学生戴眼镜。
_________________________________________________________________
2. 三分之二的钱花在食物上。
_________________________________________________________________
考题点击3
Americans eat ______ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.
A. more than twice B. as twice as many C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many
题解:(倍数表示法)
主+谓+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. (+ n.) + as I have three times as many as you.
三、倍数的表达方式
1. 主+谓+倍数+ as +形容词/副词(原级)+ as +比较对象。
This bridge is three times as long as that one . 这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。
2. 主+谓+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词) 比较级+ than+比较对象
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
This room is two times bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个(房间)大两倍。
3. 主+谓+倍数(分数)+ the size (weight,length…) +of+比较对象
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
4. 主+谓+ junior (senior)+ to+比较对象
He is five years senior to his younger brother.他比他弟弟大三岁。
5. 主+谓+倍数+ what引导的从句
The college is twice what it was 5 years ago. 这所大学是它五年前的两倍。
数词练习题
基础型
用适当的数词完成下列句子:
1. One h_______ years is a century(世纪).
2. Thursday is the f_______ day of the week.
3. Autumn is the t________ season of the year.
4. Christmas is on December the t_______ each year.
5. Letter H is the e______ letter in the alphabet(字母表) 。
6. There are t_______ months in a year.
7. My brother is just 20. Today is his _____(20岁) birthday.
8. _______ (三分之二)of the fish have been sold out.
提高型
1. –What date is it?-It’s _______.
A. the May fourth B. the fourth of May C. fourth May D. May four
2.My good friend Zhangying studies at ______ Middle School.
A. 16 B. the 16 C. 16th No. D. No.16
3.His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.
A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street
C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street No.103
4.Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.
A. two and half a B. two and a half
C. half and two D. two a half
5.China is _______ larger than the United States.
A. one six B. one sixt h C. one sixes D. a sixths
6.Two ______ died of cold last winter.
A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples
C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples
7.999 reads nine hundred ______.
A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine
C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine
8.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition(作文).
A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words
C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word
9.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.
A. three B. the three C. third D. the third
10.Would you like to try _______ time?
A. two B. second C. a two D. a second
综合型
1.When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.
A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of
2.The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.
A. are; hundreds B. is; hundred C. are; hundred D. is; hundred
3.The world population will past ______billion by the end of ______century.
A six; twenty B. sixth; twentieth C. six; the twentieth D. the sixth; the twenty
4.John began to learn Japanese by himself in _____.
A. the fifty B. the fifties C. his fifty D. his fifties
5. –When were you born?
-I was born ______.
A. in 1988 June 6 B. on June 6, in 1988 C. in June 6, 1988 D. on June 6, 1988
6. –What’s the English for 12:30?-It’s _____.
A. twelve and thirty B. one to thirty C. twelve thirty D. a half past twelve
7.Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.
A. three; first B. three; a first C. the three; the first D. the third; one first
8.The library in the school isn’t large. There’re only _____ books in it.
A. six thousand, five hundred and forty-one
B. six thousands and five hundreds and forty-one
C. six thousands, five hundred forty and one
D .six thousand, five hundreds and fourth-one
9._____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.
A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths
10.In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.
A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870
11.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.
A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth
12. –How deep is the hole?-It is _____.
A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep
13.By the end of last year we had planted about five _____ trees.
A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundred of D. hundreds of
14.We’ve planted _____ trees in the centre of our city this year.
A. hundred B. two hundreds C. hundred of D. hundreds of
15._____ books must be produced for the children.
A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand
16.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.
A. thirteen, first B. thirty; the second C. thirty; the first D. thirteen; the first
17._____ trees are planted every year.
A. Thousand B. Thousand of C. Thousands D. Thousands of
参考答案:
考题点击:1 D
2 C 40% of the students wear glasses.
Two thirds of the money was spent on food.
3C
练习题:
基础型:1. hundred 2.fifth 3.third 4.twenty-fifth
5. eighth 6.twelve 7. the twentieth 8.Two thirds
提高型:1-5BDACB 6-10 CBADD
综合型:1-5ABCDC 6-10CAADB 11-15 CCADD 16-17CD
范文五:初中语法讲解
初中语法讲解
语法(词法?)
一(考点透视
知识与能力要求
重难点问题归纳
中考热点分析预测
应试策略
二(知识讲解
名词
代词
冠词
数词
形容词、副词
介词
三(典型例题
四(强化训练及答案
一(考点透视
【知识与能力要求】
1(掌握所学单词的形态变化。
2(掌握简单句的五种基本句型,四笔头练习基本正确。 3(能理解不复杂的、含有状语从句或宾语从句的复合句。 4(掌握动词的五种基本时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时)的基本用法。
5(能理解并初步掌握过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时的基本用法。
6(掌握一般现在时(包括含有情态动词的一般现在时)、一般过去时的被动语态的基本用法。
7(掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法(作主语和定语的用法只要求理解)。
【重难点问题归纳】
语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此,
单词的形态变化和简单句的五种基本句型是语法学习的基础之基础。五种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中毕业班学生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。五种基本时态中的一般过去时和现在完成时的基本用法及其区别是学习的难点。状语从句中的时态问题,宾语从句中的主语和谓语的语序问题是学生感到头痛的问题。被动语态是中国学生最不喜欢学习和使用的一种语态。因此,学生在学习时,时常感觉到很困难。动词不定式是初中英语语法中的一个重点。不定式在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等用法均要求掌握,特别是一些动词,有些后面要求跟不定式作宾语,有些则要求跟动词一ing形式作宾语。
总之,语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好,将大大加快英语学习的进程。
【中考热点分析预测】
语法部分历年来是中考的必考内容。考试的范围广,涉及单词词形变化、基本句子结构、五种基本时态搬动语态、不定式用法以及状语从句、宾语从句,等等。近年来,在教学改革方面加大了对听说教学的力度,初中段以培养学生的交际能力为主,为高中段的英语学习打好基础,对语法知识的要求作了调整,降低了难度,但考查的范围并没有减小。单纯考语法知识的题比以前明显减少。试题往往设置一个情景,在对话中考查时态及基本句型。当然,有些语法项目设置在单句中,如:不定式、被动语态以及词语搭配。
语言学习是一个积累的过程,不记住相当数量的词语、习惯用语。句型和语法规则,是学不好英语的。因此,对词形变换、句型结构、状语从句中的时态以及常用的五种基本时态的考查仍将是中考命题的热点。
【应试策略】
动词及其时态是英语学习最重要的部分,也是学习的难点。被动语态也是学习的难点。宾语从句和状语从句是复合句中最重要、最常用的结构,是初中毕业生必须掌握的从句。注意现在时、过去时和将来时及现在完成时的基本用法以及句中的副词(包括时间副词)的用法,尤其要注意过去时与现在完成时的区别。宾语从句要注意从句结构的
语序(连接词+从句的主语+从句的谓语+??)问题和时态问题(主句是过去时,从句必须用过去时的某种形式);状语从句要注意在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时态。动词、时态与语态与从句一定要在大量课文和对话的句子中反复操练,才能真正学会。只要你在复习和应试中注意以上几点,考试就一定能取得好成绩。
二(知识讲解
【名词】
1(名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个??”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。
2(名词的复数
(1)规则变化
A(一般情况下加-s。
B(以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es。
如:bus---buses,box---boxes,watch---watches,brush---brushes
C(以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。
如:city---cities,country---countries D(以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es。
(2)不规则变化
A(元音发生变化。
如:man---men,woman---women,foot---feet,tooth---teeth,mouse---mice
B(词尾发生变化。
如:child---children
C(单、复数同形。
如:fish---fish,Japanese---Japanese,Chinese---Chinese,sheep---sheep
3(物质名词(不可数名词)量的表示方法
(1)用much,a little,a lot of等表示
(2)用容器表示
a bowl of rice,a glass of water,a cup of tea,a piece of,orange,two glasses of milk,two pieces of paper 4(名词的所有格
(1) 名词所有格的构成法
A(单数名词词尾加’ s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’ s。 the worker's bike,the Children’ s ball
B(表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。如:
This is Lucy and Licy’ s room(
These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms(
C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如: the students’ books,the girls’ blouses
(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:
the legs of the desk,the door of the room 但在表示名词所有格时,’ s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.如:
ten minutes' walk,today's newspaper 【代词】
人称代词,物主代词,反身代词
类别
主格
宾格
形容词性 物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称
单数 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
1(人称代词
人称代词it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”。 当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,I。而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序。
2(物主代词
物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
3(反身代词
1)反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词:性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves(
2)反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。
如:I enjoyed myself at the party(另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:I can do it myself(
3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有:enjoy oneself,help
oneself to,learn by oneself,teach oneself,(all)by oneself,leave...by oneself,lose oneself in等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较:
“Help yourselves to some fish,Tom and Mike(”与I can’t leave
the girl by herself(
指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法:
(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。
(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。 不定代词
主要不定代词的用法:
(1)one的用法
A. one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物。
B. one,ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。
C. one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰。 D. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式。
it和one的用法区别:it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西。
(2)some和any的用法区别
A. some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。 B. some,any与—thing,—body,—one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。
C.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
D. some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定。
E(some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”。 (3)other,another的用法
数
种类
单数
复数
泛指
another=an other
other (boys)
others
特指
the other
the other (boys)
the others
功能
作主语、宾语、定语
作定语
作主语、宾语
A. another,another"另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如: I want to have another two cakes(我想再吃两个蛋糕。 B(the other表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用。常见形式是“one(((the other(((”。
C. other+复数名词,others
D. the other+复数名词,the others
(4) a11、both的用法
both表示“两者都??”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都??”。
a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前。
(5) each和every的用法
A. each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。
B. 从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。 (6)either,neither,both的用法
either:指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。 neither:指两者都不,全否定。作主语谓语用单数。 both:指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。
(7)many和much
many只能和复数可数名词连用。
much只能和不可数名词连用。
注意:
a lot of,lots of / plenty of,much,many
a large,great number of,many
a great,good deal of,much
(8)few,a few,little,a little
few,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”;a few,a little表示肯定含义,有一些”。few,a few用在可数名词前,little,a little用在不可数名词前。
【冠词】
1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前,其余用不定冠词a.
2(定冠词的基本用法
A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。
3(定冠词的特殊用法
A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。 C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。 E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。 F(用在乐器名称前。
G. 和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。
4(名词前不用冠词的情况
A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。
D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里
【数词】
1(数字的表示
三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。 1,000以上的数字,从后向前第三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion。
2(序数词除了first,second,third外,其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。
3(分数分子在前,分母在后,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1小时,分母序数词要变成复数。
4(Hundreds(thousands,millions)of??用法。 【形容词,副词】
形容词
1.形容词的位置
(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:something important,nothing serious。
(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置。如:
We have dug a hole two meters deep(
The hole is about two metres deep(
2(形容词的比较等级
(1) 单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加—(e)r,—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如:
popular———more popular———most popular important—more important—most important (2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
well
bad worse worst
ill
old older oldest
elder eldest
many more most
much
little less least
far farther farthest
further furthest
3. 形容词比较级的用法
形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式,具体而言,它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:
它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:
(1)as+原级+as
(2)比较级+than
(3)the+最高级+of (in)(((
需注意的原级的用法:
(1)否定结构有A((。not as+形容词原级+as B及A(((not so +形容词原级+as B两种结构。
(2)表示倍数有(((times as+形容词原级+as的句型。如: This garden is ten times as large as that one( This room is twice as large as that one(
(3)half as+形容词原级+as表示“??的一半”。
如:This book is half as thick as that one(
需注意的比较级的用法:
(1)than后面接代词时,一般要用主格,但在口语中工也可换成me。 (2)比较级前还可以用much,even,still,a little来修饰。 (3)表示倍数时,试比较
Our room is twice as large as theirs( 我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。
Our room is twice larger than theirs( 我们的房间比他们的大两倍。
(4) I’ m two years older than you( 我比你大两岁。 (5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越??”。
如: He becomes fatter and fatter(
(6)"The+比较级?,the+比较级”表示“越??,越??”。如:The busier he is,the happier he feels(他越忙就越高兴。 需注意的最高级的用法:
(1)常见结构有:“of+复数意义的词”表示“在??之中的”,“在??中”;“in+范围、场所”表示“在??之中”。如: He is the tallest“all the boys”(
China is the greatest in the world(
副词
1(副词比较级的构成
(1) 单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
(2) 绝大多数副词借助more,most来构成比较级和最高级。 (3) 少数副词的不规则变化:
原级 比较级 最高级
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
little less least
far farther farthest
farthest furthest
late later latest
(4) 副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
(5) 常用句型有like A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)? 其余变化和形容词类似。
2(常见副词用法
(1) too, either
Too 一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句时用either。 (2) ago,before
ago 以现在为起点,和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点,常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时,泛指“以前”,常和完成时连用。如:I have heard the
man before。我以前听说过那个人。
【介词】
一些容易混淆的介词
1(表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别
at主要表示:
(1)在某具体时刻之前,如at seven o’ clock,at 7:30。 (2)在固定短语中,如:at noon,at night,at that time,at the age of at the weekend,at Christmas。
On用来表示“在??天”,如:On Monday,On May lst,On Children’s
Day。
in用来表示:
(1)在某年、某月、某季节。
(2)在—段时间之后,如:in two hours,in a few days。 注意:在纯粹地表示在上午,下午,晚上时,用in the morning,afternoon,evening,但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如:on Monday morning,on the morning of Children’ s Day。 2. 表示地点的at,in,on的用法区别
(1) at通常指小地方,in一般指大地方。
(2) at 所指范围不太明确,in指“在??里”。
(3) in指在内部,on指“在??之上”。
3(表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别
for后面接时间段,since之后接时间点。
4(表示时间的before与by的用法区别
before与by都可表示“在??之前”,但by含有“不迟于??”、“到??为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。
5(over与above(under与below)
over,above都表示“在??的上面”,over表示“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”,over还可表示“越过??”。over的反义词是under,above的反义词是below(例如:
There is a bridge over the river Our plane flew above the clouds(
6(表示“用”的with,by,in的用法
with多指用工具,用身体的部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言。如:
We see with our eyes.
We go there by bike.
Please say it out in English. He cut it open with a knife.
介词的省略
表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略
(1) 在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词前,一般不用 at, in, on.
(2) 在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如: (on) that day,
(in)the year before last
常见搭配
1(动词+介词,如:
listen to, laugh at, write to, hear from, get to, look at, shout at, shout to, knock at, look for, look at, ask for, wait for, get on, get to, put on, turn on, operate on, take off, turn off, learn from, worry about ...
2(形容词+介词,如:
afraid of, full of, angry with, strict with, busy with, good at, good/bad for, late for, sorry for, ready for, famous for, polite to, far from...
3(名词+介词 / 介词+名词
key to, visit to, at home, in surprise, after class, for ever, on time, at last, at first, for example...
三(典型例题
【名词】
[例1](1)—How far is your school from here?
—Not very far. It's about twenty ______ walk.
A. minute's B. minutes’ C. minutes D. minute
(2)It is about ______ from the school to my home. A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes’ walk
C. ten minutes’ s walk D. ten minute’s walk
分析 上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所
填内容是表示距离的名词,选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关
系,因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的’s也可以加在一个短
语之后,若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s,则只加“’’。如:an
hour’s ride, two weeks’ time。因而(1)、(2)小题答案均为B。
[例2] Have you seen ______ at the foot of the hill? A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep
分析 此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形;any一般
用在疑问句和否定句里,some用在肯定句里。
答案为A
[例3]—Who is the man in the blue car?
—He is ______father.
A. Kate's and Mary's B. Kate and Mary's C. Kate and Mary D. of
Kate and Mary
分析 本题考查名词所有格的构成及方法。两个并列的所有格,只给
第二个名词加“’s”。
[例4] (哈尔滨市,2003)---Where is Tom,
--- He’ s left a saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news 分析 此题考查名词的用法,由a知道选项A、C、D不行,故选B。
答案 选B
解后反思 an excuse(一个借口),an exercise(一个练习)??,
news(新闻)是不可数名词。
[例5] (天津市,2003)He had something to write down and asked me for
A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece
of paper
分析 此题考查不可数名词的用法。Paper作“纸”讲时是不可数名
词,故A、B、C可排除。
答案:选D
解后反思 paper当“试卷”、“文件”讲时是可数名词。类似的词
还有:fish,chicken等。
【代词】
[例1] 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1)This isn’t _______ (I) book, it must be _______ (you).
2)Is there any milk in the bottle?
Yes, there is ______ (little).
分析 第1小题第一空要用形容词性物主代词my,用于修饰名词book,
第二空则要用名词性物主代词yours,相当于your book。第2小题
应用a little表示肯定:“有一点儿”。
[例2] There are many trees on________ of the road. A. both side B. each sides C. both sides D. every side 分析 此题主要考查不定代词both, each和every的用法。both为
“两者”(都)”,作定语时,其后接复数名词;作主语时,要用复
数谓语动词。either为“两者中间的任何一个(的)”,作定语时,
后接单数可数名词;作主语时,要用单数谓语动词。every意为“每
个(的)”,作定语,只用于三者或三者以上。又因马路road(rive,
street等)只有两侧,所以正确答案只能是C。
[例3] 1) “Help ______ to some mooncakes”, Han Meimei said to the twins.
A. you B. oneself C. yourself D. yourselves 2) —Put on your clothes when you go out. —Thank you. Mum. I can look after______. A. me B.I C. ourselves D. myself
分析 这是一组考查反身代词用法的试题。反身代词在句中可作宾语、
表语和同位语,不能单独使用、不能替代主格代词,但可用在主格代
词后以加强语气。还常用于某些短语中,如:by oneself独自,enjoy
oneself 玩得愉快,teach oneself 自学,help oneself to?随便
吃(用)??等。因此上二题答案均为D。
例4] (广东省,2003)There is with my computer. It doesn’ t work.
A. nothing wrong B. anything wrong C. wrong something D.
something wrong
分析 本题考查形容词与不定代词的位置关系,形容词修饰不定代词
应放在不定代词之后,而anything用于否定句和疑问句,由It
doesn’ t work知选D。
答案:D
解后反思 考虑词的使用范围并结合语境是解决本题的关键。
【冠词】
[例1] 选择填空
1)Give me_______, please.
A. a cup tea B. two cup of tea C. two cup D. two cups of tea
2)The teacher passed me _____ paper. A. a piece B. a piece of C. piece of D. a pair of 第1小题主要考查学生对可数名词与不可数名词的掌握情况,tea是
不可数名词,不能用数量词直接修饰,但可以用容器表示量,表容器
的名词可变为复数形式,即可以说two cups of tea,此题选D。第
2小题答案选B。paper一词是不可数的,要表示“一张纸”,英语
应为a piece of paper,不能说a paper。
[例2] _____ delicious food you have cooked! A. How a B. How C. What a D. What
分析 不定冠词表示数量,类似“,”,修饰单数可数名词。不可数
名词前不可用a、an修饰。在感叹句“What a,an+ adj(+ n(+(主
+谓)~”结构中,名词必是单数可数名词。若是不可数名词应用
“What+ adj(+ n(+(主+谓)~”结构。句中food是不可数名词,
故答案为D。
[例3] (1)We always have______ rice for ______lunch. A. /; / B. the; / C. /; a D. the; the (2)It’s half past four in the afternoon. The students are
playing _____ basketball now.
A. / B. an C. a D. the
分析 下列情况不用任何冠词:1)专用名词(John、England)、物质
名词(food,rice,water)等前;2)一日三餐的名词前;3)在表
示球类运动的名词前。因此第(1)小题正确答案应为A;第(2)小
题答案为A。
[例4] (天津市,2003)---What’ s the matter with you,
----I caught bad cold and had to stay in bed
A(a, / B. a, the C. a, a D. the, the]
分析 本题考查冠词的用法和习惯表达。躺在床上译为stay in bed,
而感冒译为catch cold或catch a cold,但cold有形容词修饰时
则a不可省略。
答案:选A
【数词】
[例1] 1) ______ books must he-produced for the children. A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of
C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand
2) We've planted ______ trees in the centre of our city this year.
A. hundred B. tow hundreds C. hundred of D .hundreds of 分析本题考查数词的用法。当 thousand或 hundred做数词时,前面
一般加数来修饰,其本身没有数的变化,且后不跟of。当它们做名
词时,其复数形式为thousands和hundreds,且构成thousands of
和hundreds of,后接可数名词的复数形式。
答案分别为 B、D
[例2] About ____ of the workers in the clothes factory are women.
A. third fifths B. third fifth C. three fifths D. three fifth 分析 此题主要考查英语的分数表示法。分子用基数词,分母用序数
词。当分子大于1时,分母的序数词后需加“s”。例如:1/3 one
third;2/3:two thirds. 通过分析A、B、D三项均错,答案为C。
[例3] July is ________ month of the year.
A. seven B. the seventh C. eight D. the eighth 序数词用来表示数目的顺序,七月份是一年中的第七个月,第七个月
的正确表达为the seventh month,所以此题的正确答案为B。
例4] (重庆市,2003)My favourite is getting stamps. I need before I have 2500 ones.
A. more one B. any more C. one more D. more than 分析 此题考查数词与more相结合的用法,数词+more表示还有
(要)??,在此正好符合题意。
答案:选C
解后反思 more than是“多于”之意,any more用于否定句表示“不
再”。
【形容词、副词】
[例1] In the exam, the ______ you are, the ______ mistakes
you'll make.
A. careful; little B. more careful; less C. more careful; few D. more careful; fewer 分析 “the+比较级??,the+比较级??”这个句型结构的意思是
“越??就越??”或“愈是??则愈是??”。此结构中的比较级
可以是形容词,也可以是副词。
答案D
[例2] I’m not sure whether Mary can sing ________ Mabel.
A. as well as B. as good as C. so good as D. as better as
分析 此题考查了两个知识点:(1)副词和形容词用法的区别:(2)
as?as句式。句中谓语动词是行为动词,应选副词。B、C项应排除.
as?as中间应用副词或形容词原级,所以答案应为A。
[例3] Let’s hope the things can get______.
A. better and better B. well and well C. good and good D. best
and best
分析 答案为A。两个比较级并列在一起,表示“越来越??”之意,
此句主要考查比较级特殊句型“more and more”结构,该句式表示持续不断变化,其动词常是become, be, get, grew等,又如:Spring
has come. It is getting warmer and warmer. [例4] (甘肃省,2003)I am I want a piece of bread A. full B. hungry C. tired D. thirsty 分析 此题在语境中考查形容词的用法。由后句意“我要一块面包”
说名与“饿”有关,故选B。
答案:选B。
[例5] (天津市,2003)In our city,it’ s in July, nut it is
even in August.
A. hotter, hottest B. hot, hot C. hotter, hot D. hot, hotter
分析 此题考查形容词及比较级的用法。前空应填原级,后空有even
修饰要用比较级,故选D。
答案:选D
解后反思 如下几个形容词的比较级和最高级要双写最后的辅音字母
再加-er或-est。big-bigger-biggest,hot-hotter-hottest,
fat-fatter-fattest,thin-thinner-thinnest,
wet-wetter-wettest。简记为:大(big),热(hot),湿纸(wet),
谁(肥,fat)瘦(thin),(利用谐音记)
[例6] (山西省太原市,2002)The little girl likes animals. When she heard I would take her to the zoo, she looked at me.
A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily 分析 由句意知C、D可以排除,又此句中look at是行为动词而不是
连系动词,故选B
答案:B
解后反思 形容词和副词都具有修饰作用,但是各自修饰的对象不同,
形容词修饰名词,作定语,或在连系动词后作表语。而副词修饰行为
动词,形容词或副词作状语。
【介词】
[例1] 用正确的介词填空。
1)The little girl is looking________ her mother. 2)Thank you ________ your help.
3)Don't read ________ bed.
4)Tom comes ________ the USA.
第1小题要填for,因为look for是一个固定词组,表示寻找的行
为。第 2小题填 for,既可说 Thanks for?也可以说 Thank you
for?,for后接名词。第3小题填 in。表示“在床上”in bed,一
般不说 on bed。第 4小题come from一个固定短语,意思相当于be
from,表示“来自?”。
[例2] China lies_______ the east of Asia and ______ the east
of Japan.
A. in; on B. to; to C. to; in D. in; to
解析 表示方位的介词in, on, to意义各不相同。在范围内的地方用
in。China属于Asia范围内,故先用in;不在范围内的地方用to,
若两地相连,则要用介词on, China和Japan不属同一范围且有海相
隔,故选择to。因此答案为D。
四(强化训练及答案
【名词】
选择正确答案
1. There are forty ______ in our school.
A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher
2. Mr. Li is one of ______ in the hospital.
A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctors C. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor 3. The sign "NO PHOTOS" means that you can't ______. A. take pictures B. bring in pictures C. buy any photos D. sell any photos
4. Some of the boys in ______ are afraid of maths exams. A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class
5. Have you got any ______ for us this time?
A. pieces of message B. piece of messages
C. pieces of messages D. messages
6. ______, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. In a few years time B. After a few years time C. In a few years’ time D. After a few years time
7. Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another. So there are ______ in China.
A. both SAR B. both SARS C. two SAR D. two SARS 8. Look! There are ______ stars up there in the ______.
A. thousands of; sky B. thousands of; air
C. thousand of; sky D. thousand of; air
9. My father lived in ______ for some ten years. A. city Beijing B. the Beijing city C. Beijing of city D. the city of Beijing
10. Just from the ______ I know it's Liu Minjun. A. noise B. voice C. sound D .sing
11. —Where are the other two students?
—They're in ______.
A. teacher's office B. teachers' office
C. the teacher office D. the teachers' office 12. —How many ______ have you next term?
—Let me see. We'll have eight.
A. lesson B. subjects C. days D. class
13. My uncle's full name is David Edward Hartpode. His family name is ______.
A. Edward B. Hartpode C. David D. David Hartpode 14. He writes more carefully than ______ in his class. A. any student B. any other student C. any other students D. all students
15. This new kind ______ can do half the work. A. of tractor B. tractor C. of a tractor D. a tractor 16. John is very happy to have a ______ training. A. two weeks B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months 17. My brother is always careless. He always makes ____ A. mistakes B. mistake C. mistook D. some mistake 18. Mr. Green is nearly ______.
A. two metres high B. two metres tall C. high two metres D. tall two metres
19. Mr. Smith is an ______.
A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen
20. A group of ______ are talking with two ______. A. Frenchmen; Germans B .Frenchmen; Germen
C. German; Frenchmen D Germans; Frenchmans
【代词】
单项选择
1. ______ the twins enjoyed ______ at the party yesterday. A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves
2. —Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea? —______, thanks. I'd like just a cup of water.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
3. —Would you like ______ milk in your tea?
—Yes, just ______.
A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some
4. There is______ to do this evening.
A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many 5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget ______.
A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else
6. —Is this your shoe?
—Yes, it is. But where is______?
A. the others B. another C. other one D. the other one 7. What I want to say is ______English is a very useful language. A. it B. this C. that D. those
8. They have an English lesson ______ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more 9. We found______ very important to learn a foreign language well.
A. this B. that C. it D. it's
10. —______ is Lily like?
—Oh, she's tall and thin.
A. How B. Who C. Which D. What
11. —Would you like milk or orange?
—_______ I prefer water.
A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both
12 .—Oh, there is someone in the room.
—______ must be my mother.
A. There B. She C. This D. It
13. Betty and John have come back, but _______ students in the class aren't here yet.
A. the other B. others C. another D. the others 14. ______ of us has read the story.
A. Some B. Both C. All D. None
15. —Which of her parents is a doctor?
—________.
A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All
16. I have bought a new watch because my old ______ doesn't work.
A. it B. one C. that D. this
17. —Is this dictionary _______ or _______?
—It's mine.
A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers 18. There is ______ water in my glass. Will you please give me ______.
A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any 19. —______pencil-box is this, Patrick?
—It’s ______
A. Whose; mine B. Who’s; mine C. Whose; my D. Who’s; my
20. —The pen is _______. She wrote _______ name with it _______.
A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; her
C. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers
【冠词】
用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“×”
1. Tomorrow is ______ Teachers' Day and we'll make ______ card for our English teacher.
2. The bus is running about seventy miles_____ hour. 3. Mary is interested in ______ science.
4. Some people don't like to talk at ______ table. 5. Last night I went to______ bed very late.
6. Don't worry. We still have ______ little time left. 7. What ______ beautiful day! And what ______ fine weather! 8. In ______ winter it is cold in ______ Beijing and warm in ________Shanghai.
9. John is______ cleverest boy in his class.
10. We can't live without ______ water or ______ air. 11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, ______capital of______ France, for Washington by______ air.
12. We were having______ lunch when they came in. 13. This is ______ book you gave me last week.
14. What did you do ______ last Saturday?
15. March 8 is ______ Women's Day.
16. If ______ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park. 17. I prefer playing ______ piano to playing ______ basketball. 18. At ______ age of five, he read a lot of books. 19. Tom and Lucy are of ______ same age.
20. ______ harder we study, ______ more we learn. 【数词】
选择填空
l. September is the ________ month of the year.
A. eighth B. ninth C. tenth D. eleventh
2. The People's Republic of China was founded ________ A. on October the first, 1949 B. in October the first ,1949< p="">
C. on October one, 1949 D. on October first one, 1949 3. There are ________ days in a year.
A. three hundreds and sixty-five B. three hundreds and fifty-six
C. three hundreds of sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty-five 4. There are ________ days in February.
A. thirty B. thirty-one C. twenty-eight D. twenty-six 5. The film begins at 4:15. The right answer of “4:15” is _______
A. four fifth B. fifteen four C. four fifteen D. a quarter to four
6. ________is seventy seven.
A. forty and four B. thirty-seven and forty
C. forty or thirty-seven D. seventy of seven
7. What row are you in? I am in ________.
A. Row One B. Row First C. Row one D. One Row
8. How many months are there in a year? There are _______ A. eleven B. twelve C. twenty D. twelfth
9. At the age of ________, he was a worker.
A. twenty B. the twenty C. twentieth D. one
10. The Changjiang River is ________ longest river in China. A. the first B. the second C. the third D. the fourth 【形容词、副词】
根据A句完成B句,使两句句意一致。
1. A: Their football team is much stronger than the other two. B: Their football team is ______ ______ of the _____. 2. A: I prefer science to any other subject.
B: I like science _____ _____ any other subject.
3. A: Jane went shopping yesterday, and I went shopping, too. B: Jane went shopping yesterday and ______ _____ I. 4. A: This room is not big. It can't hold a lot of people. B: This room is not big_____ ______ hold so many people. 5. A: That machine doesn't work.
B: There is______ ______ with that machine.
6. A: The snow was very heavy last night.
B: It _____ ______ last night.
7. A: His uncle no longer works here.
B: His uncle _____work here ______ longer.
8. A: This is the most important thing at this moment. B: This thing is _____ important than anything ______ at this moment.
9. A: He was so angry that he couldn't .say a word. B: He was ______ angry _______ say a word.
10. A: Zhang Tao speaks English better than any other student in his class.
B: ______ speaks English so _____ as Zhang Tao. 【介词】
用适当的介词填空
1. You'd better not go ______ the forest. It's dangerous. 2. Which room are you going to live ______?
3. The building is ______ fire. There're some people ______ the top floor.
4. Before 1990 there was no airline ______ the two cities. 5. It's not good to come late ______ school.
6. What's wrong ______ your bike?
7. Thank you very much ______ coming to see me. 8. I couldn't finish it ______ your help.
9. Don't laugh ______ others’ mistakes.
10. Do the twins look ______ their father?
11. —How do you usually come to school, every day? —Sometimes ______ bike, sometimes ______ foot.
12. It's very kind ______ you to help me ______ my maths. 13. Don't read ______ the sun. It's bad ______ your eyes. 14. The teacher told us the moon travels ______ the earth. 15. You must learn these words ______ heart, and answer my question______ English.
16. Please meet your uncle ______ noon ______ Saturday. 17. Thanks ______ your help, I finished the work before dark. 18. It's cold and the temperature is ______ zero during the night.
19. The teacher is writing ______ red ink ______ a piece of paper.
20. The children are waiting ______ the gate ______ their mother.
名词答案:1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A 代词答案:1.B 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.B 8.B 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.B 17. D 18.A 19.A 20.A
冠词答案:1. ×; a 2.an 3. × 4. × 5. × 6. a 7.a; × 8. ×; ×; × 9.the 10.×; × 11. the; ×; × 12. × 13.the 14.× 15. × 16.the 17.the; × 18.the 19.the 20. The; the
数词答案: 1-5 B A D C C 6-10 B A B A A
形容词、副词答案:1.the strongest; three 2.better; than 3.so did 4.enough to 5.something wrong 6.snowed heavily 7.doesn't; any 8.more; else 9.too; to 10.Nobody; well
介词答案:1.through 2.in 3.on, on 4.between 5.to 6.with 7.for 8.without 9.at 10.like 11.by; on 12.of; with 13.in; for 14.around/ round 15.by; in 16.at; on 17.to 18.below 19.in; on 20.at; for