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范文一：语言学名词解释
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语言学名词解释汇总
1．语言学：①是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；②从方法上分为历史、比较、历史比较、描写；从研究对象上可分为个别和普通；③19世纪初的历史比较学标志着语言学的诞生。
2的经典书面著作作注释，独立的学科。
3
4
5为专语语言学。根据语言体系的稳固和变化，把共时语言学研究的是在特定如对现代汉语的研究；历时语言学
普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。
历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变，研究它
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 的变化规律的语言学称为历史语言学。
比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律。
6．表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。
7法系统。
言语：是说的行为和结果。
8
是指在交际过程中，语言符号或者作为符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现，随着时间的推移而逐渐延伸，绝不能在同一时间里说出两个符号或两个声音。
语言的任意性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，音义之间交没有必然的、本质的联系，也就是它们之间的结合是不可论证的，是约定俗成的。
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 语言的依存性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后，音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。
9．语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。
10直观动作思维、形象思维、抽象思维。
11指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生、存在
．符号：是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。
语言符号：又是由音义结合构成的，代表或指称现实现象的符号。
13．组合关系：词和词组合起来的语言链条关系叫组合关系。
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 聚合关系：在语言链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的词具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群，这种关系叫聚合关系。
14．语音：是由人类器官发出的能载负一定意义的声音；是人们赖以实现信息交际过程的物质材料。
15．音素：人类语言从音质角度划分的最小的语音单位。 音标：记录音素的标写符号。
国际音标：由《国际语音协会》1888年8
16
乐音、噪音：数倍的比例关系的声音，不具备
共振峰：一部分引起共振腔里峰。
能活动的叫被动发音器官。
17．音位：具体语言或方言里最小的能区别词的语音形式和意义的语音类型单位。
音（质）段音位：以音素为材料，从音质角度来分析的音位
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 叫音（质）段单位。
非音（质）段音位：有区别词的语音形式的作用的音高、音重、音长叫非音质（段）单位。
音位体系：一种语言的音位总是以一定的方式互相独立而又互相联系，构成一个完整的体系，叫音位系统。
式，叫音位变体。
对立和互补：是考察一个音素在具体语言中的作用的根据。起着区别词的语音形式的作用；可能被语言社会当作同一个语音使用。
没有条件限
弱化、脱落。
同化：语流中两个邻近的不同的音，其中一个受到另一个的影响而变得跟它相同或相近，叫同化。
异化：语流中两个邻近的相同或相近的音，其中一个受到另
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 一个的影响而变得不同或不相近，叫异化。
弱化：语流中一个较强的音由于所处的地位或受邻音的影响而变成一个较弱的音，叫弱化。
脱落：语流中有些较弱的或不重要的音在发音时丢失了，或者为了发音的方便而省去某些音，叫脱落。
19上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位。
音质：也叫音色，指声音的品质或个性。
元音舌位图：变更
以/i//u/为主要元音或介音；撮口呼：以/y//a、o 、e/
词汇：一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定用语的总汇叫词汇。
基本词汇：词汇体系中，标志着与人们世世代代的日常生活有密切关系的事物的词以及表示事物关系的常用虚词的总汇叫
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com
基本词汇；基本词汇是词汇中的主要部分，具有常用性、稳固性、能产性等特点。
一般词汇：词汇中基本词汇以外的词构成一般词汇，其特点是变化迅速，缺少历史稳固性。
词根：词的核心部分，词的意义主要是由它体现出来的。（词根和词缀叫构词语素）
词干：一个词除去词尾的部分叫做词干。
词缀：构成词。
词尾（变词语素）而不能构成新词。
词组：组。
句群：具有相对独立性和完整性的，
复合词：词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的合成词叫复合词。
派生词：由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词叫派生词。 组合的递归性：因为语法的组合结构一层套一层，所以同样
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 的结构规则尽可以重复使用而不致造成结构上的混乱叫组合的递归性。
独体字和合体字：只有一个构字成分的字是独体字；有两个或两个以上构字成分的字是合体字。
通用词/专用词：不受语体限制，能在各种语体通行无阻的词叫通用词；专用于不同语体的词叫专用词。
表情词/
21 词汇意义：理性意义：不涉及人们主观态度的词义，叫理性意义。
本义：它是产生
隐喻和换喻：引申的两种方式。隐喻建立在两个意义所反映的现实现象的某种相似的基础上；换喻的基础是两类现实现象之间存在着某种联系。
转义：以词的本义来比喻另一事物，因而双转生出另一种意
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 义，这就叫转义。
单义词和多义词：一个词的意义可以只概括反映某一类现实现象，也可概括反映相互有联系的几类现象，前者叫单义词，后者叫多义词。
同义词和反义词：几个声音不同而意义相同或基本相同的词叫同义词；语言中意义相反的词叫反义词。
22概括、多义、相对稳定。
言语意义：指在特定的交际环境中，变。
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语法范畴：范畴。
构词法：指在词根基础上按一定的构词规则创造新词的方法。
构形法：指以一个词为中心的多种变形来表示某种语法意义的方法。
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24．词类：具体说是具有相同语法功能的一类词的集合，抽象地说是一组分布环境的总和。
形态（词形变化）：同一个词与不同的词组合就不同的变化，这些不同的变化形成一个聚合叫形态（词形变化）。
内部屈折：指词内部的语音形式的变化。
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隐性意义：通常表26．上限结构和下限结构：
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从句法结构的关系意义出发，对句子作成即用各种方法标出。
是对句法结构组合形式层次性的分析，把句子的各个部分不断地一分为二，直到不能再切为止。
28．孤立语：又叫词根语，缺乏词形变化；特点是词序严格、虚词重要、复合词多、派生词少；以汉语为代表。
粘着语：有丰富的词形变化，通过词本身形式的变化表示各
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 种语法关系的语言；日语为其代表。
屈折语：以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言；特点是有丰富的词形变化来表示词与词之间的关系；以俄语、英语为代表。
复综语：又叫编插语，突出特点是分不出词和句子。词和句许多个成分互相编插组合在一起，难分你我。
29．句法同义和句法多义：结构意义，叫句法同义；义，叫句法多义。
30后者境）。
义素：
义场：由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。
31．文字：标记语言的书写符号体系。
字母：拼音文字的最小书写单位。
表音文字：标记语言声音的文字叫表音文字。
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 意音文字：同时兼采表意．表音两种方法的造字法。
象形文字：是记事图画简化的结果，是标记语言中词的初期的文字体系。
表意文字：通过图形或符号的组合来表达词或词素的意义的文字体系叫表意文字。
自源文字：指从创立文字起就独立发展起来的文字。借源文字：的亭子。
32．社会变体：变体，是言语社团的一种标志。
风格变体：格变体。
：是全民语言在不同地域上的分支。
从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言，彼此
根据语言的亲属关系对语言所作的分类叫谱系分类；按亲属关系的亲疏远近分为语族、语支、语群。
34．意译词：用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词，把外语时某个词意义移植进来叫意译词。
仿译词：用本族语言的材料逐一翻译原词的语素，不但把它
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 的意义，而且把它的内部构成形式也转植过来叫仿译词。
35．语言的融合：随着不同民族的接触或融合而产生的一种语言现象，指一种语言排挤和替代其他语言而成为不同民族的共同交际工具叫语言的融合。
语言分化：语言在发展过程中，一种语言逐渐分化成几种语言的状态叫语言分化。
语言整化：指语言在发展过程中，逐渐接近、统一起来叫语言整化。
语言混合：这种现象叫语言混合。
36．共同语：又叫“通语”使用的语言。
民族交际语：各民族间共同使用的语言叫民族交际语。选择一种或数种在国际会议上确定的不同国家间
1887年创造的一种国际辅助语。
双语：指被融合民族的成员一般会讲两种语言：本族语和在融合中占优势的那种语言。
洋径浜（皮钦语）：指当地人在和外来商人、水手、传教士
中华汉语学习网www.100hanyu.net 官方总站:圣才学习网www.100xuexi.com 等打交道的过程中一种变了形的外语。
混合语（克里奥耳语）：在一定条件下，洋泾浜也可能被社会采用为主要的交际工具，由孩子们作为母语来学习，洋泾浜就变成了混合语。
37．尖音和团音：汉语音韵学、方言学经常运用的两个术语；舌面前塞擦音、擦音与齐、撮二呼的组合叫团音；擦音与齐、撮二呼的组合叫尖音。
历史比较法：根据语音对应关系，
类推：前
范文二：语言学名词解释
1.(7-8)Language: language is a system of arbitrary 任意的 vocal symbols used for human communication. ( Language is a system; language is arbitrary; language is vocal; language is human –specific.)
2.(15)phonetics语音学: a branch of linguistics 语言学 which is studies the characteristic of speech sounds 语音 and provides methods for their description ，classification and transcription.
3.(62)semantics语义学: it can be defined as the study of meaning which is central to the study of communication.
4.(77)pragmatics语用学: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect 产生，引起 successful communication.（ It’s also the study of language in use or language communication, the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. ）
5.(42)syntax: is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation结构，组成 of sentences.
6.(31)morphology形态学: it refers to the study of the internal 内部的 structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
7.(66)synonymy同义词: refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
8.(66)reference指称: means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,真实 physical world 物质; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world（非语言世界，即real ，physical world） of experience.
9.(66)sense词义: is concerned with the inherent 固有的，内在的 meaning of a linguistic form, the collection集合 of all its features（语言形式所有特征的集合）; it’s abstract and de -contextualized 去情景化. I t’s the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers 编辑者 are interested in.
10.(9)duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. A large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words are found at the higher level of the system. The duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.
?11.(112-113)dialect: dialects vary . A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region. Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions.
?12.(114)accent: it’s an important marker of sociolect. Regional accents and RP took on social implications, becoming in effect social accents.
?13.(87)conversational maxim 会话准则: It has 4 maxims: the maxim of quantity(make your contribution as informative as required;don’t make your contribution more informative than is required),the maxim of quality(don’t say what you believe to be false;don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence),the maxim of relation(be relevant) and the maxim of manner(avoid obscurity of expression;abvoid ambiguity;be brief;be orderly).
?14.(78-79)context: it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. (Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.)
15.(5)competence: it’s the ideal(best) user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
16.(5)performance: it’s the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
17.(117)register 语域:refers to a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations, such a register of medical English, legal English.
18.(81)locutionary act 言外行为:is the act of uttering words,phrases,and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal 字面 meaning by means of syntax, 句法lexicon 词汇 and phonology. 音韵学
19.(69)hyponymy: 下义关系，上下义refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive 宽泛 word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate 上义词 ,and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.下义词
20.(22)phonology: 音位学it relates to the study of sound and aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pattern and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
21.(照片)speech community :the social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study is called the speech community.
22.(17-18)transcription:it includes the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. The former is called broad transcripton which is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter is called narrow transcription which is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.
23.(33)bound morpheme 黏着词素: a morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme, whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.
24.(24-25)minimal pair:when two different forms are identical 完全一致 in every way except for one sound segment一个音段 which occurs in the same position in the strings,the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.
25.(27)stress: the syllable consists of three parts: onset起音, peak, coda收尾 .
？26.(38)compounding: it’s a new way to form new words,or compound words, and is by string words together.
27.(百度)affixation 词缀: it’s the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases.
28.(23-24)allophone音位变体:the phones can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments。
29.(24)complementary distribution 互补分布:it’s one of the ways to observe phonetically similar sounds. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution. If the allophones are of the same phoneme,then they do not distinguish meaning,but complement each other in distribution,they occur in different phonetic environment.
30.(100)conversion转换生成法: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, which is called conversion.
●31.(55)deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with 根据 the head’s 中心词subcategorization 次范畴化 properties 特性,is called deep structure.
32.(55)surface structure :corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence
which results from appropriate transformations ； it is that of the sentence as it is pronounced or written is called surface structure.
?33.(4)Saussure: he was a Swiss linguist,and made the distinction between langue and parole. He made it in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study.
34.(18)vowel元音: the air stream meets with no obstruction阻挠 of any king in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while consonants are somewhat obstructed.
35.(18-19)consonant: it can be classified in 2 ways,one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation清楚的发音.
36.(1)linguistics: the scientific study of language 。it studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.
37.(2)general linguistics ：the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics .This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic to the research of other areas.
38.(百度)inflectional affix:曲折词缀 it’s affix that can change the meaning of the word.Eg:care-careless.
39.(32)open class ：the content words of a language,which new words can be added regularly.
40.(32)closed class:conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the grammatical words. The number of such words is small and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words.
41.(3)sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( the studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics.)
42.(照片)speech variety: any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
43.(照片)Pidgin 混杂语言:is a reduced language that results from extended contact between groups of people with no language in common；it evolves when they need some means of verbal communication, perhaps for the trade, but no group learns the native language of any other group for social reasons, that may include lack of trust or of close contact.
44.(照片)creole 混合语:is defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.
范文三：语言学名词解释
1. arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals
and the entities to which they refer.
2. consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal
tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.
3. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of
inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.
4. gradable antonymy: Gradable antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms
which differ in terms of degree. There is an intermediate ground between the two. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. Something which is not “good” is not necessarily “bad”. It may simply be “so-so” or “average”.
5. cooperative principle: This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in
conversation, which reads “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims.
6. phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a
contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.
7. closed-class: a word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is
fixed or limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and others. One cannot easily add or deduce a new member.
8. superordinate: The upper term in hyponymy, i.e. the class name, is called
superordinate, and the lower terms, the members, hyponyms. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms . Under flower , for example, there are peony, jasmine, chrysanthemum, tulip, violet, carnation and many others apart from rose.
9. semantic components: Semantic components, or semantic features, are semantic units
smaller than the meaning of a word. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analysed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.
10. illocutionary act: The illocutionary act is the act performed in the performing of a
locutionary act. When we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. In the example of “Morning!” we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting.
11. cognitive linguistics: Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the
study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant gen-erative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
范文四：语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释 Define the following terms:
1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.
9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.
13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et
16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30． Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
32． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.
33． Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.
34． Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36. compound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).
39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖.
44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.‖dog in the manger‖)
46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.
48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words
are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.
55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.‖contact‖or‖contiguous‖assimilation.
58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.
59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous
60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.
61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.
63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.
64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.
66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not
functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.
67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.
68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.
70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X -bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.
71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.
72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.
73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..
74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.
75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.
76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.
77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.
78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.
79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.
80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.
81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.
82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.
83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.
84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.
85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.
86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)
87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,
88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>
89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.
91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.
92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.
93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.
94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.
95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a ―recognition lexicon‖in which each word is represented by a full and independent‖recognistion element‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.
96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.
97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.
98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.in a specific context.
99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.
100. language perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.
101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.
102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.
103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.
104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.
105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.
106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.
107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.
108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.
109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).
110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing. 112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.
113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng.
114. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions,etc.governing the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.
115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is‖genden difference‖
116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis,i.e.language determines thought.
117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.
118. linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.
119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.
120. sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.
121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.
122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.
123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.
124. locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and phonology.Namely.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.
126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.
127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
128. entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.‖Mary is running‖entails,among other things,‖Mary is not standing still‖.
129. ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.
130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. 131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.
132. Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).
133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding
unmarkeda(simpler,less‖effortful‖)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).
134. constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..
135. third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.
136. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.
137. direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
138. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
139. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.
140. narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.
141. narrator‖srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality. 142. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.
143. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
144. narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
145. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.
146. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
147. narrator‖s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
148. free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.
149. direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..
150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.
151. computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.
152. computer linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.
153. Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.
154. programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.
155. local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.
156. CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.
157. machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.
158. concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.
159. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,
160. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated —it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.
161. informational retri: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retri system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.
162. document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retri strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retri.
163. precision: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant. 164. recall: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant.
165. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc
166. communicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.
167. syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.
168. interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.
169. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.
170. validity: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds of validity,i.e.content validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.
171. rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability,i.e.stability reliability,and equiralence reliability.
172. hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both frequency,i.e.overpassing the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target,i.e.extending the use of a form inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.
173. discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
174. integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are
further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
范文五：语言学名词解释
Cognition:It is the mental process or faculty of knowing including aspects such as awareness,perception reasoning,and judgement.
Psycholinguistics studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.
Cognitive Linguistics:The scientific study of the relationship between the way we communicate and the way we think.
Culture:the total way of life of a people including patterns of beliefs,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,and language that characterizes the life of the human community.
The Cooperative principle:Make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you engaged.
Stylistics:Stylistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses of language,and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particularchoice.
Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways.Through specificity,different mental scanning,directionality vantage point,figure-ground segregation.
Construal operations are the underlying psychologic processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.
Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categaries based on commonalities and differences.
Register:the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.
