风清花香
范文一：建筑工程论文参考文献
毕业论文,设计,
题 目 学 院 学 院 专 业 学生姓名 学 号 年级 级 指导教师
毕业教务处制表毕业
二〇一三毕业年 三月毕业二十 日
建筑工程论文参考文献
一、论文说明
本团队长期从事论文写作与论文发表服务，擅长案例分析、编程仿真、图表
绘制、理论分析等，专科本科论文300起，具体信息联系 二、论文参考题目与思路
建筑工程施工过程的成本管理
我国建筑工程项目成本控制研究
如何加强建筑工程项目成本管理
建筑工程施工项目的成本控制与管理
浅析建筑工程项目成本管理
论建筑工程项目成本科学管理的重要性
浅谈建筑工程项目的成本管理
建筑安装工程项目责任成本管理
浅析建筑工程项目科学管理与成本控制
建筑工程项目成本管理探讨
建筑工程项目成本控制措施分析探讨
关于建筑工程施工成本控制的若干探讨
浅谈建筑工程项目成本控制
建筑工程项目成本控制措施分析探讨
浅谈建筑工程项目管理中的成本控制 房屋建筑施工技术管理探析
浅谈房屋建筑节能设计中的相关问题 四川灾区砌体结构房屋震害与中小学建筑的抗震设计 矩形房屋建筑面积一种计算方法及验证 浅析房屋预、实测建筑面积差异的原因 浅析房屋的建筑面积及其测量
一般和可替代建筑材料及技术中的实耗能量 北京教授团土木建筑技术中心关于1991年第一季度召开房屋增层和建筑纠
偏学术研讨会的通知
多层砌体房屋的抗震鉴定研究
云南传统民居建筑抗震加固方法的研究 房屋建筑与建筑节能
房屋建工程房屋建筑施工的策划与质量控制 德国房屋建筑对我国建筑行业发展的启示 论从房屋建筑渗透问题透视建筑施工管理质量监控过程
谈房屋建筑安全管理及房屋安全鉴定
玻化微珠整体式保温隔热建筑研究
中国西南地域建筑文化研究
建筑安全控制及其应用研究
高等职业教育实训建筑空间设计研究 相变建筑材料在建筑节能中的应用研究 云南纳西族民居建筑装饰细部研究
青岛住宅建筑色彩地域性研究
石家庄西部山区民居建筑特色研究
既有建筑复合地基对基坑土压力的影响研究 现代酒店建筑空间组合方式研究
窗在现代建筑中的形态设计研究
作为狭义人工环境的建筑空间设计研究 某复杂高层建筑的理论分析研究
基于地域性的现代居住建筑设计方法的研究
夏热冬冷地区节能建筑质量问题研究及对策
范文二：外文文献译文(建筑工程)
黄山学院
毕 业 设 计
土木工程系 系 别：_________________________
10土对本（2）班 班 级：_________________________
刘星 姓 名：_________________________
指 导 教 师：_______郭富__________________
2010年5月
8 日
目
1 中文翻译 ............................................................ 1
1.1钢筋混凝土 ..................................................... 1
1.2土方工程 ....................................................... 2
1.3结构的安全度 ................................................... 3
2 外文翻译 ............................................................ 6
2.1 Reinforced Concrete ........................................... 6
2.2 Earthwork ..................................................... 7
2.3 Safety of Structures .......................................... 9
1 中文翻译
1.1钢筋混凝土
素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之
一。因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。
由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。这一要求是可以达到的。因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。
浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。浇筑基础前，应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸，以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情况下，除使用混凝土泵浇筑外，混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑，并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。必须记住，过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象，因而是有害的。
水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在，而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。为了保证水泥的水化作用得以进行，必须具备上述条件。如果干燥过快则会出现表面裂缝，这将有损与混凝土的强度，同时也会影响到水泥水化作用的充分进行。
设计钢筋混凝土构件时显然需要处理大量的参数，诸如宽度、高度等几何尺寸，配筋的面积，钢筋的应变和混凝土的应变，钢筋的应力等等。因此，在选择混凝土截面时需要进行试算并作调整，根据施工现场条件、混凝土原材料的供应情况、业主提出的特殊要求、对建筑和净空高度的要求、所用的设计规范以及建筑物周围环境条件等最后确定截面。钢筋混凝土通常是现场浇注的合成材料，它与在工厂中制造的标准的钢结构梁、柱等不同，因此对于上面所提到的一系列因素必须予以考虑。
对结构体系的各个部位均需选定试算截面并进行验算，以确定该截面的名义强
度是否足以承受所作用的计算荷载。由于经常需要进行多次试算，才能求出所需的截面，因此设计时第一次采用的数值将导致一系列的试算与调整工作。
选择混凝土截面时，采用试算与调整过程可以使复核与设计结合在一起。因此，当试算截面选定后，每次设计都是对截面进行复核。手册、图表和微型计算机以及专用程序的使用，使这种设计方法更为简捷有效，而传统的方法则是把钢筋混凝土的复核与单纯的设计分别进行处理。
1.2土方工程
由于和土木工程中任何其他工种的施工方法与费用相比较，土方挖运的施工方法与费用的变化都要快得多，因此对于有事业心的人来说，土方工程是一个可以大有作为的领域。在1935年，目前采用的利用轮胎式机械设备进行土方挖运的方法大多数还没有出现。那是大部分土方是采用窄轨铁路运输，在这目前来说是很少采用的。当时主要的开挖方式是使用正铲、反铲、拉铲或抓斗等挖土机，尽管这些机械目前仍然在广泛应用，但是它们只不过是目前所采用的许多方法中的一小部分。因此，一个工程师为了使自己在土方挖运设备方面的知识跟得上时代的发展，他应当花费一些时间去研究现代的机械。一般说来，有关挖土机、装载机和运输机械的唯一可靠而又最新的资料可以从制造厂商处获得。
土方工程或土方挖运工程指的是把地表面过高处的土壤挖去（挖方），并把它倾卸到地表面过低的其他地方（填方）。为了降低土方工程费用，填方量应该等于挖方量，而且挖方地点应该尽可能靠近土方量相等的填方地点，以减少运输量和填方的二次搬运。土方设计这项工作落到了从事道路设计的工程师的身上，因为土方工程的设计比其他任何工作更能决定工程造价是否低廉。根据现有的地图和标高，道路工程师应在设计绘图室中的工作也并不是徒劳的。它将帮助他在最短的时间内获得最好的方案。
费用最低的运土方法是用同一台机械直接挖方取土并且卸土作为填方。这并不是经常可以做到的，但是如果能够做到则是很理想的，因为这样做既快捷又省钱。拉铲挖土机。推土机和正铲挖土机都能做到这点。拉铲挖土机的工作半径最大。推土机所推运的图的数量最多，只是运输距离很短。拉铲挖土机的缺点是只能挖比它本身低的土，不能施加压力挖入压实的土壤内，不能在陡坡上挖土，而且挖。卸都不准确。
正铲挖土机介于推土机和拉铲挖土机的之间，其作用半径大于推土机，但小于拉铲挖土机。正铲挖土机能挖取竖直陡峭的工作面，这种方式对推土机司机来说是危险的，而对拉铲挖土机则是不可能的。每种机械设备应该进行最适合它的性能的作业。正铲挖土机不能挖比其停机平面低很多的土，而深挖坚实的土壤时，反铲挖
土机最适用，但其卸料半径比起装有正铲的同一挖土机的卸料半径则要小很多。
在比较平坦的场地开挖，如果用拉铲或正铲挖土机运输距离太远时，则装有轮胎式的斗式铲运机就是比不可少的。它能在比较平的地面上挖较深的土（但只能挖机械本身下面的土），需要时可以将土运至几百米远，然后卸土并在卸土的过程中把土大致铲平。在挖掘硬土时，人们发现在开挖场地经常用一辆助推拖拉机（轮式或履带式），对返回挖土的铲运机进行助推这种施工方法是经济的。一旦铲运机装满，助推拖拉机就回到开挖的地点去帮助下一台铲运机。
斗式铲运机通常是功率非常大的机械，许多厂家制造的铲运机铲斗容量为8 m3，满载时可达10 m3。最大的自行式铲运机铲斗容量为19立方米（满载时为25 m3），由430马力的牵引发动机驱动。
翻斗机可能是使用最为普遍的轮胎式运输设备，因为它们还可以被用来送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗车的车斗位于大橡胶轮胎车轮前轴的上方，尽管铰接式翻斗车的卸料方向有很多种，但大多数车斗是向前翻转的。最小的翻斗车的容量大约为0.5立方米，而最大的标准型翻斗车的容量大约为4.5m3。特殊型式的翻斗车包括容量为4 m3的自装式翻斗车，和容量约为0.5 m3的铰接式翻斗车。必须记住翻斗车与自卸卡车之间的区别。翻斗车车斗向前倾翻而司机坐在后方卸载，因此有时被称为后卸卡车。
1.3结构的安全度
规范的主要目的是提供一般性的设计原理和计算方法，以便验算结构的安全度。就目前的趋势而言，安全系数与所使用的材料性质及其组织情况无关，通常把它定义为发生破坏的条件与结构可预料的最不利的工作条件之比值。这个比值还与结构的破坏概率（危险率）成反比。
破坏不仅仅指结构的整体破坏，而且还指结构不能正常的使用，或者，用更为确切的话来说，把破坏看成是结构已经达到不能继续承担其设计荷载的“极限状态”。通常有两种类型的极限状态，即：
（1）强度极限状态，它相当于结构能够达到的最大承载能力。其例子包括结构的局部屈曲和整体不稳定性；某此界面失效，随后结构转变为机构；疲劳破坏；引起结构几何形状显著变化的弹性变形或塑性变形或徐变；结构对交变荷载、火灾和爆炸的敏感性。
（2）使用极限状态，它对应着结构的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括结构失稳之前的过大变形和位移；早期开裂或过大的裂缝；较大的振动和腐蚀。
根据不同的安全度条件，可以把结构验算所采用的计算方法分成：
（1）确定性的方法，在这种方法中，把主要参数看作非随机参数。
（2）概率方法，在这种方法中，主要参数被认为是随机参数。
此外，根据安全系数的不同用途，可以把结构的计算方法分为：
（1）容许应力法，在这种方法中，把结构承受最大荷载时计算得到的应力与经过按规定的安全系数进行折减后的材料强度作比较。
（2）极限状态法，在这种方法中，结构的工作状态是以其最大强度为依据来衡量的。由理论分析确定的这一最大强度应不小于结构承受计算荷载所算得的强度（极限状态）。计算荷载等于分别乘以荷载系数的活载与恒载之和。
把对应于不乘以荷载系数的活载和恒载的工作（使用）条件的应力与规定值（使用极限状态）相比较。根据前两种方法和后两种方法的四种可能组合，我们可以得到一些实用的计算方法。通常采用下面两种计算方法：
确定性的方法，这种方法采用容许应力。
概率方法，这种方法采用极限状态。
至少在理论上，概率法的主要优点是可以科学的考虑所有随机安全系数，然后将这些随机安全系数组合成确定的安全系数。概率法取决于：
（1）制作和安装过程中材料强度的随机分布（整个结构的力学性能数值的分散性）；
（2）截面和结构几何尺寸的不确定性（由结构制作和安装造成的误差和缺陷而引起的）；
对作用在结构上的活载和恒载的预测的不确定性；
所采用的近似计算方法有关的不精确性（实际应力与计算应力的偏差）。 此外，概率理论意味着可以基于下面几个因素来确定允许的危险率，例如： 建筑物的重要性和建筑物破坏造成的危害性；
（2）由于建筑物破坏使生活受到威胁的人数；
（3）修复建筑的可能性；
（4）建筑物的预期寿命。
所有这些因素均与经济和社会条件有关，例如：
（1）建筑物的初始建设费；
（2）建筑物使用期限内的折旧费；
就给定的安全系数而论，所有这些参数的确定都是以建筑物的最佳成本为依据的。但是，应该考虑到进行全概率分析的困难。对于这种分析来说，应该了解活载及其所引起的盈利的分布规律、材料的力学性能的分散性和截面的结构几何尺寸的分散性。此外，由于强度的分布规律和应力的分布规律之间的相互关系是困难的。这些实际困难可以采用两种方法来克服。第一种方法对材料和荷载采用不同的安全系数，而不需要采用概率准则；第二种方法是引入一些而简化假设的近似概率方法
（半概率方法）。
2 外文翻译
2.1 Reinforced Concrete
Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.
It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.
The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.
Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.
It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.
A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.
The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.
2.2 Earthwork
Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date
information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.
Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.
The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.
Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.
Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.
Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers
of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m 3 heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m 3 struck capacity ( 25 m 3 heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.
Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m 3, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m 3. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m 3 and the articulated type of about 0.5 m 3. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.
2.3 Safety of Structures
The principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.
Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. There are two categories of limit state :
(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.
(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.
Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety
conditions can be separated into:
(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.
(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.
Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:
(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.
(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).
The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:
(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.
(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.
The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :
(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );
(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );
(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;
(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).
Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :
(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;
(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;
(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;
(4) Predicted life of the structure.
All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：
(1) Initial cost of the construction;
(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;
The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) .
范文三：参考文献-建筑工程经济
参考文献
［１］发改委，住建部．建设项目经济评价方法与参数．第三版．北京：中国计划出版社，２００６
［２］全国注册咨询工程师（投资）资格考试教材编写委员会．项目决策分析与评价．北京：中国计划出版社，２００７
［３］刘晓君主编．工程经济学．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，２００９
［４］刘颖春，邱国林，闫波主编．工程经济学．北京：中国电力出版社，２０１０
［５］阮连法主编，熊鹰副主编．建筑企业管理学．第二版．浙江：浙江大学出版社，２００４
［６］王玉春主编．财务管理．南京：南京大学出版社，２００８
［７］宋伟主编．工程经济学学习指导与习题解析．北京：人民交通出版社，２００８［８］简明，胡玉立编著．市场预测与管理决策．第四版．北京：人中国人民大学出版社，２００９
［９］全国造价工程师执业资格考试培训教材编审组．工程造价案例分析．北京：中国城市出版社，２００９
［１０］宁宣熙，刘思峰编著．管理预测与决策方法．第二版．北京：科学出版社，２００９［１１］傅家骥，仝允恒主编．工业技术经济学．第三版．北京：清华大学出版社，１９９６［１２］戴大双主编．项目融资．北京：机械工业出版社，２００５
［１３］王守清，柯永建．特许经营项目融资．北京：清华大学出版社，２００８［１４］李振球主编．技术经济学．大连：东北财经大学出版社，１９９９
［１５］赵建华．高风彦编著．技术经济学．北京：科学出版社，２０００
［１６］张文泉编著．企业技术经济学．北京：中国电力出版社，２０００
［１７］邝守仁，刘洪玉主编．建筑工程技术经济学．北京：清华大学出版社，１９９２［１８］建设部人事教育劳动司，人事部人事考试中心编写．建筑经济专业知识与实务．北京：清华大学出版社，１９９６
［１９］虞和锡主编．工程项目可行性研究．北京：机械工业出版社，１９９２［２０］赵国杰著．工程经济学．第三版．天津：天津大学出版社，２０１０［２１］罗汉奎，欧晓理编著．价值工程．北京：中国铁道出版社，１９９８［２２］张传吉编著．建筑业价值工程．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，１９９３
２９７
范文四：建筑工程论文题目与参考文献
毕业论文,设计,
题 目 学 院 学 院 专 业 学生姓名 学 号 年级 级 指导教师
毕业教务处制表毕业
二〇一三毕业年 三月毕业二十 日
有关建筑工程的论文
一、论文说明
本团队长期从事论文写作与论文发表服务，擅长案例分析、编程仿真、图表
绘制、理论分析等，专科本科论文300起，具体信息联系 二、论文参考题目与思路
关于建筑工程管理中相关问题的思考
探讨运用信息技术建立建筑工程质量安全国家直管模式——新形式下工程质
量安全监督管理模式改革的设想
建筑工程总承包商全面绿色管理体系的构建
建筑工程项目应用全面质量管理的若干思考
面向产业化的钢结构住宅工程管理模式研究
建筑工程设计公司的隐性知识管理
现场施工管理在建筑工程管理中的应用
论建筑工程质量管理存在的问题及对策
基于多项目管理(MPM)的工程建筑公司项目运营部门的项目管理实践 基于AutoCAD的建筑工程设计专业图库
大型公共建筑施工总承包管理研究
建筑工程施工管理相关控制问题探讨
基于技术经济一体化视角下对建筑工程项目管理的研究 提高普通建筑物保温隔热技术在工程建设中的运用
建筑门窗节能技术的研究
建筑给排水工程施工技术要点浅析
双向集热技术在建筑节能领域的研究与应用 GB50330-2002《建筑边坡工程技术规范》编制背景及技术特点 建筑技术与批判的地域主义
注重工程应用 再谈智能建筑系统集成——记智能建筑系统集成新理念新技
术研讨会
科学技术是建筑发展的主要动力——童寯先生建筑学术思想的启示与思考
基于红外技术的建筑物外墙质量评价研究
居住建筑运用混合通风技术的可行性研究
建筑节能科学观的构建与应用研究
屋顶花园设计与适宜技术
寒山寺钟楼建筑场的数字化实现与传播研究 模糊-PID控制技术在中央空调系统中的应用与研究 极少主义倾向建筑的形式与技术研究 西安——历史文化名城商业建筑中介空间整体建构 太原市高层建筑合理化布局研究
人口老龄化背景下的城市老年人建筑研究
城市标志性建筑的尺度把握
深圳市办公建筑自然通风应用研究
城市中介空间设计研究
基于风环境的深圳市滨河街区建筑布局策略研究 再生建筑与景观
高层建筑对城市规划设计的影响研究
徐州城市住宅建筑色彩设计与规划管理研究 我国东南沿海城市地下建筑氡浓度分布
城市热岛现象与建筑节能
向电影学习——“电影北京”建筑与城市设计教学笔记 城市景观中的标志性建筑空间形态与文化
范文五：历史学 建筑工程 外文翻译 外文文献
Cologne Cathedral From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ? Find out more about navigating
Wikipedia and finding information ?Jump to: navigation, search Cologne Cathedral* UNESCO
World Heritage Site --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Party Germany Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iv Reference 292 Region? Europe and
North America Inscription history Inscription 1996 (20th Session) Endangered 2004-2006
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ? Region as classified by UNESCO. The
Cologne Cathedral (German: K?lner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche St. Peter und Maria) is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne, under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity, of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is a World Heritage Site, being one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany, and Cologne's most famous landmark, described by UNESCO as an "exceptional work of human creative genius".[1] Cologne Cathedral is one of the world's largest churches, being the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe. For four years, 1880-84, it was the tallest structure in the world, until the completion of the Washington Monument followed by the Eiffel Tower. It has the second-tallest church spires, only surpassed by the single spire of Ulm Cathedral, completed ten years later in 1890. Because of its enormous twin spires, it also presents the largest fa?ade of any church in the world. The choir of Cologne Cathedral, measured between the piers, also holds the distinction of having the largest height to width ratio of any Medieval church, 3.6:1, exceeding even Beauvais Cathedral which has a slightly higher vault. [2] Construction of the Gothic church began in 1248 and took, with interruptions, until 1880 to complete – a period of over six hundred years. It is 144.5 metres long, 86.5 m wide and its two towers are 157 m tall. [3] Cologne Cathedral, despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period, eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe",[1] as was befitting a worship-place of the Holy Roman Emperor and the traditional shrine of the Three Kings. History The Altarpiece of the Three Kings by Stephan Lochner. [edit] Ancient site When the present Cologne Cathedral was commenced in 1248, the site had been occupied by several previous structures, the earliest of which may have been a grain store, perhaps succeeded by a Roman temple built by Mercurius Augustus. From the 4th century the site was occupied by Christian buildings including a square edifice known as the "oldest cathedral" and commissioned by Maternus, the first Christian bishop of Cologne. A second church, the so-called "Old Cathedral", was completed in 818. This burned down on April 30, 1248.
The massive facade was left incomplete for 400 years. [edit] Medieval beginning In 1164, the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel had acquired relics of the Three Kings which had been taken from Milan in Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom. It was important that they were properly housed. The loss of the old five-aisled cathedral prompted a building program in the new style of Gothic architecture based in particular on the French Cathedral of Amiens. The foundation stone was laid on August 15, 1248, by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden. The eastern arm was completed under the direction of Master Gerhard, was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be in use as the work proceeded. In the mid 14th century work on the west front commenced under Master Michael. This work halted in 1473 leaving the south tower complete up to the belfry level and crowned
with a huge crane which was destined to remain in place, and the landmark of Cologne for 400 years.[4] Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the nave between the west front and the eastern arm but during the 16th century, this ceased. [5] The Cathedral in 1856 showing the unfinished South Tower with its ancient crane, the Gothic eastern end and south transept. [edit] 19th century completion With the nineteenth century romantic enthusiasm for the Middle Ages and spurred on by the lucky discovery of the original plan for the facade, it was decided, with the commitment of the Prussian Court, to complete the cathedral. It was achieved by civic effort, the Central-Dombauverein, founded in 1842, raised two thirds of the enormous costs (over US$ 1 billion in today's money), while the Prussian state supplied the remaining third. Work resumed in 1842 to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings, but utilising more modern construction techniques including iron roof girders. The nave was completed and the towers were added. The completion of Germany's largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event in 1880, 632 years after construction had begun. The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm I. An American soldier and a destroyed Panther tank in front of the cathedral on 4 April 1945. [edit] World War II and post-war history The cathedral suffered fourteen hits by aerial bombs during World War II. It did not at all collapse, but stood tall in an otherwise flattened city. Believers said it was divine intervention. The truth is however more prosaic. In a world without GPS, the tall building was perfect for allied aircraft to use as a landmark from which to calculate bearings to other bomb targets in Germany and southern Europe, and thus was left intact for pilots of future missions use as reference points.[citation needed] The repairs to the building were completed in 1956. In the northwest tower's base, an emergency repair carried out with bad-quality brick taken from a nearby war ruin (see German Wikipedia "K?lner Domplombe") remained visible until the late 1990s as a reminder of the War, but then it was decided to reconstruct this section according to the original appearance. Some repair and maintenance work is almost constantly being carried out in some section of the building, which is almost never completely free of scaffolding, since wind, rain, and pollution slowly eat away at the stones. The Dombauhütte, which was established to build the cathedral and repair the cathedral, is said to employ the best stonemasons of the Rhineland. There is a common joke in Cologne that the leader of the Dombauhütte, the Dombaumeister (master builder of the cathedral), has to be Catholic and free from giddiness. The current Dombaumeisterin is Barbara Schock-Werner. Half of the costs of repair and maintenance are still borne by the Dombauverein. On August 25, 2007, the cathedral received a new stained glass in the south transept window. With 113 square metres of glass, the window was created by the German artist Gerhard Richter. It is composed of 11,500 identically sized pieces of coloured glass resembling pixels, randomly arranged by computer, which create a colorful "carpet". Since the loss of the original window in World War II, the space had been temporarily filled with plain glass.[6] Joachim Cardinal Meissner, who had preferred a figurative depiction of 20th-century Catholic martyrs for the window, did not attend the unveiling.[7] Cologne Cathedral across the Rhine. [edit] World Heritage Site In 1996, the cathedral was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List of culturally important sites. In 2004 it was placed on the "World Heritage in Danger" list due to nearby high-rise building and its visual impact upon the site, as the only Western site in danger. The cathedral was removed from the List of In Danger Sites in 2006, following the authorities' decision to limit the heights of buildings constructed near and around the cathedral. As a World Heritage Site, and with its convenient position on tourist routes, Cologne
Cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the visitors including many who travel there as a Christian pilgrimage. World Youth Day 2005: there were nearly 1 million visitors.The cathedral is open every day from 6.00am to 7.30pm; admission is free except for tower ascent and the treasury. Visitors can climb 509 steps of the spiral staircase to a viewing platform about 98 metres above the ground. On May 12, 2001, the American rock band R.E.M. performed a free concert in Roncalliplatz, the square to the south side of Cologne Cathedral. The concert was organised to promote the eradication of violence in schools, and was in part broadcast live on MTV Europe. On August 18, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral as part of his apostolic visit to Germany as part of World Youth Day 2005 festivities. An estimated 1 million pilgrims visited the cathedral during this time. Also as part of the events of World Youth Day, Cologne Cathedral hosted a televised gala performance of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis, performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Choir conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine. The nave looking east. [edit] Architecture The design of Cologne Cathedral was based quite closely on that of Amiens Cathedral in terms of groundplan, style and the width to height proportion of the central nave. The plan is in the shape of a Latin Cross, as is usual with Gothic cathedrals. It has two aisles on either side, which help to support one of the very highest Gothic vaults in the world, being nearly as tall as that of the ill-fated Beauvais Cathedral, much of which collapsed. Externally the outward thrust of the vault is taken up by flying buttresses in the French manner. The eastern end has a single ambulatory, the second aisle resolving into a chevette of seven radiating chapels. Internally, the Medieval quire is more varied and less mechanical in its details than the 19th century building. It presents a French style arrangement of very tall arcade, a delicate narrow triforium gallery lit by windows and with detailed tracery merging with that of the windows above. The clerestory windows are tall and retain some old figurative glass in the lower sections. The arcade, gallery and clerestory of the east end.The whole is united by the tall shafts which sweep unbroken from floor to their capitals at the spring of the vault. The vault is of plain quadripartite arrangement. The quire retains a great many of its original fittings, including the carved stalls, which is made the more surprising by the fact that Napoleon's troops had desecrated the building. A large stone statue of St Christopher looks down towards the place where the earlier entrance to the cathedral was, before its completion in the late 19th century. The nave is enhanced by a good many 19th century stained-glass windows including a set of five on the south side called the "Bayernfenster" which were a gift from Ludwig I of Bavaria, a set highly representative of the painterly German style of that date. Externally, particularly from a distance, the building is dominated by its huge spires which are entirely Germanic in character, being openwork like those of Ulm, Vienna and Regensburg Cathedrals. [8] [edit] Treasures of Cologne Cathedral The Shrine of the Three Kings.The most celebrated work of art in the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings, a large gilded sarcophagus dating from the 13th century, and the largest reliquary in the Western world. It is traditionally believed to hold the remains of the Three Wise Men, whose bones and 2,000-year-old clothes were discovered at the opening of the shrine in 1864. The Crucifix of Bishop Gero, a unique 10th century sculpture.Near the sacristy is the Gero-Kreuz,[2] a large crucifix carved in oak and with traces of paint and gilding. Believed to have been commissioned around 960 for Archbishop Gero, it is the oldest large crucifix north of the Alps and the earliest-known large free-standing Northern sculpture of the medieval period.[9] In the Sacrament Chapel, is the Mail?nder Madonna ("Milan Madonna"), dating from around 1290, a wooden sculpture depicting the Blessed Virgin
Mary and the infant Jesus. The altar of the patron saints of Cologne with an altar piece by the International Gothic painter, Stephan Lochner is in the Marienkapelle ("St. Mary's Chapel"). Other outstanding works of art are to be found in the Cathedral Treasury. [edit] Bells The cathedral has twelve church bells, of which four are Medieval. The first was the 3.8-ton Dreik?nigenglocke ("Bell of the Three Kings"), cast in 1418, installed in 1437, and recast in 1880. Two of the other bells, the Pretiosa (10,5 tons; at that time the largest bell in the Occident) and the Speciosa (5,6 tons) were installed in 1448 and remain in place today. The largest bell, the 24-ton St. Petersglocke ("Bell of St. Peter", "Dicke Pitter" in the K?lsch dialect), was cast in 1922 and is the largest free-swinging bell in the world. [10] (See below: Gallery,
Petersglocke) Consecration Bell - 0.425 tonnes Vespers Bell - 0.28 tonnes Angelus Bell - 0.763 tonnes Hail Bell - 0.83 tonnes Chapter Bell - 1.4 tonnes St Joseph's Bell - 2.2 tonnes
Ursula Bell - 2.55 tonnes Bell of the Magi - 3.8 tonnes Pretiosia - 5.6 tonnes Speciosia - 10.5 tonnes Petersglocke - 24 tonnes [edit] Church music [edit] Organists Josef Zimmermann Clemens Ganz (1985–2001) Winfried B?nig (2001)
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参考292
地区欧洲和北美?
碑文的历史
铭文年(第次会议)199620
年濒危2004-2006
姓名世界遗产名录。*
地区列为联合国教科文组织。?
科隆大教堂(德国:科隆大教堂，圣彼得正式的有限公司玛丽Hohe Domkirche亚)是科隆大主教的所在地，根据罗马天主教教会管理，并作为基督教的纪念碑的哥特式建筑，以及著名的信念和对城市，它所代表的人民的毅力。它致力于向圣彼得和圣母玛利亚。
大教堂是世界遗产，是一个在德国最著名的建筑遗迹，以及科隆最著名的地标，被联合国教科文组织称为一个出色工作人类创造性的天才。科隆大教堂是世“”[1]界的一最大的教会，更是北欧最大的哥特式教堂。四年来，年至年，18801884它是世界上最高的建筑，直到华盛顿纪念碑落成后的艾菲尔铁塔。它的第二最高的教堂尖顶，只能由乌尔姆大教堂的尖顶超过单，完成于年，十年之后。1890由于其巨大的双尖塔，它也介绍了世界上任何教会最大的门面。
科隆大教堂的唱诗班，码头之间的衡量，也保存了具有最大高度与宽度的任何中世纪教堂，博韦大教堂，甚至超过它有一个稍高的墓穴，比区别。3.6:1[2]
哥特式教堂的建设开始于年，并注意到，与中断，直到年才完成，超12481880 - 过六百年的时间。这是米长，米宽，它的两个塔楼个米。144.586.5157[3]
科隆大教堂，尽管已在中世纪时期留下不完整的，最终成了为一种特殊的内在“价值的杰作和一个有力的证明了实力，在中世纪和现代欧洲的基督教信仰坚”“
持统一，正如合适的崇拜，神圣罗马帝国皇帝和国王的三个传统的神社举行。”[1]
历史
由斯蒂芬洛克纳三位国王祭坛。
编辑古代网站[]
当目前的科隆大教堂是在年开始，该网站已被占领了前几届结构，最早可1248
能是一个粮食店，或许由奥古斯都建立了一个罗马神庙成功。从公元Mercurius
世纪，占领地盘，包括一个广场大厦为最古老的大教堂的，第一次“”4Maternus基督教主教委托，科隆著名的基督教建筑。第二个教堂，所谓的古老的大教堂，“”完成于。这被烧毁月日。81804301248
大量的门面是半途而废了年。400
编辑中世纪开始[]
年，科隆大主教，的达塞尔已经收购了这三王采取了在意大利米兰1164Rainald
由神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈一世的遗物。文物具有重大的宗教意义，可以指望吸引来自基督教的朝圣者。重要的是，他们得到妥善安置。旧五大教堂损aisled失促使在新的哥特式建筑的基础上，特别是法国的亚眠大教堂风格的建筑方案。
在奠基于年月日，由大主教康拉德冯。东部手臂下完成硕1248815Hochstaden士格哈德方向，是在年和密封墙由一个临时关闭，因此它可consecrated1322
以使用作为工作的进展。
中期就根据西方大师迈克尔开始前世纪的工作。这项工作在年停止离开141473南楼完成多达钟楼水平和一个巨大的起重机，是注定要留在原地，而科隆地标
年加冕。400[4]
对一些工作的进展之间的西立面和东部的手臂但在世纪殿结构的间歇，这停16
止。[5]
大教堂于年展示其古老的起重机，哥特式和南部东端耳堂南座未完成。1856 编辑世纪完成[] 19
随着十九世纪浪漫热情，促进了中世纪由为幸运的门面上发现原计划，决定，在普鲁士法院的承诺，以完成的大教堂。它是由公民的努力实现的，中环
，于年，提出了两个巨大的费用的三分之二(超过美元在Dombauverein18421今天的钱亿美元)，而普鲁士国家提供剩下的三分之一。
在年恢复工作到了中世纪的计划和尚存的原始设计图纸，但利用更多的现1842
代建筑技术，包括铁皮屋顶的大梁。中殿已经完成，塔增加了。
德国最大的主教座堂落成的庆祝活动，作为一个全国性的活动在年，1880632年后的建设已经开始。出席庆祝皇帝威廉一
一名美国士兵和一名摧毁豹在教堂前面的坦克月日年。441945 编辑第二次世界大战和战后历史[]
大教堂在二战期间遭受的航空炸弹命中十四。它根本没有崩溃，但站在高高的其他城市夷为平地。信徒说，这是神的介入。然而事实是平淡无奇。在没有GPS
的世界，高大的建筑是完美的盟军飞机作为一个具有里程碑意义的使用来计算轴承在德国和欧洲南部，其他轰炸目标，从而为未来留下完整的任务飞行员作为参考点的使用。来源请求[]
该建筑物的修理费在年完成。在西北塔的基地，紧急修复进行了从附近的1956
战争采取破坏坏品质砖(见德国维基百科科隆)，直到作为战争提“”Domplombe醒年代后期可见，但随后就决定本节重建按照原来的外观。90
一些修理和保养工作几乎不断地进行一些建设，这是几乎从来没有完全免费的，因为脚手架风，雨，部分和污染慢慢吃石头了。该，成立建造的üDombauhtte大教堂和修复大教堂，据说是聘请最好的石匠莱茵兰。科隆有一个共同的笑话，该领导人，(法师的大教堂的建造者)，都必须从üDombauhtteDombaumeister
头晕天主教和自由。目前是芭芭拉朔克，维尔纳。维修和保Dombaumeisterin
养的费用有一半是由仍然承担。Dombauverein
月日，年，收到了大教堂，南耳堂窗口的新的彩色玻璃。有平方米8252007113的玻璃，窗户是由德国艺术家格哈特里希特。它是由相同大小的像素的彩11500色类似，由电脑随机安排的，这创造一个丰富多彩的地毯玻璃碎片。自从在第“”
二次世界大战中失去原来的窗口，空间已被暂时充满了普通玻璃。约阿希姆[6]迈斯纳枢机主教，谁宁可为窗口的世纪的天主教烈士形象化的描述，没有出20
席揭幕。[7]
科隆大教堂跨越莱茵河。
编辑世界遗产[]
年，教堂被添加到联合国教科文组织世界遗产文化的重要遗址名单。19962004年被列入世界濒危遗产名单，由于附近的高层建筑和它的视觉冲击后，该网站“”
作为西部唯一的危险站点。大教堂被排除在名单中危险网站在年之后，当2006局决定限制附近和周围的教堂落成的楼宇的高度。
作为世界文化遗产，并凭借其旅游线路方便的位置，科隆大教堂是一个主要的旅游景点，游客的旅行，其中包括许多谁作为基督教朝圣那里。
年世界青年日:有近万教堂每天从上午点开放一天晚2005100visitors.The0600上七时三十分，住院大楼里除了上升和国库自由。游客们可以爬上的螺旋楼509梯的步骤，一个离地面约米的观景平台。98
月日，年，美国摇滚乐队在进行了免费的音乐会，5122001R.E.M.Roncalliplatz到科隆大教堂广场南侧。演唱会的举办，以促进学校的消除暴力，并在部分广播
欧洲生活了。MTV
月日，年，教皇本笃十六世作为他的使徒参观访问德国的一部分作为8182005
年世界青年日庆祝活动的一部分大教堂。估计有万朝圣者在此期间，参2005100
观了大教堂。此外，作为世界青年日的活动的一部分，科隆大教堂主持了贝多芬的庄严弥撒由英国皇家爱乐乐团和吉尔伯特列文爵士在伦敦爱乐合唱团进行演出，电视晚会的表现。
殿看东方。
编辑架构[]
在科隆大教堂的设计是基于相当密切的亚眠大教堂，在平面图，风格和身高比例
个拉丁十字架的形状，就像往常一样哥特式大教堂。的中殿宽条款。该计划是在一
它有两个路的两边，这有助于支持世界上最高的哥特式拱顶十分之一，是几乎一样的命运多舛的博韦大教堂那个高个子，其中大部分倒塌的过道。外部的拱顶向外推力是由在法国的飞行方式扶壁。东端有一个门诊，第二个通道辐射到七个教堂克尔维特解决。
在内部，中世纪更加多样，不如在世纪的建筑机械细节。它提出了非常quire19
高的骑楼法国式的安排，一个微妙的狭窄画廊点燃窗口和详细的窗饰triforium
与上的合并。该天窗高大保留较低的节一些旧比喻玻璃。Windows
在商场，画廊和东方整个天窗是团结的高大轴扫完整的从地面到拱顶end.The
在春天的首都。种子库是平原四方安排。
该保留了其原有的配件，包括大雕摊位，这是由在拿破仑的军队已经亵渎quire
建设更令人惊讶的事实是很多。圣基道的大石头雕像看起来下来，对刚才的地方是入口的大教堂前，其在世纪后期完成。19
该殿是一个很好的提高了许多世纪的彩绘玻璃窗其中南侧的集，又称为195
，这是从巴伐利亚路德维希我，一个集高度评价了该日绘画风“”Bayernfenster
格的代表德国的礼物。
对外方面，特别是从远处看，它的建设是占主导地位的性格是完全日耳曼巨大的尖顶，受到这样的乌尔姆，维也纳和雷根斯堡大教堂的镂空。[8]
编辑科隆大教堂珍宝[]
三国时期的神社大部分著名的大教堂的艺术作品是三王祠，一大，从Kings.The
世纪以来镀金石棺，而在西方世界最大的舍利。这是传统上认为握住三个智13
者，他的骨头和年的旧衣服是在神社于年开放发现遗体。20001864
下吕十字架的主教，独特的世纪圣器是下吕酒店，10sculpture.Near- Kreuz[2]一大十字架在橡木桶和油漆，烫金雕刻的痕迹。相信已为约委托大主教吕，960它是最古老的北阿尔卑斯山的大十字架和最早的著名大自由站立的中世纪时期
北部雕塑。[9]
在圣礼拜堂，是麦当娜(米兰麦当娜)，从大约年，一个木制?“”Mailnder1290的雕刻描绘了圣母玛利亚和圣婴耶稣约会。在科隆与一个由国际哥特式的画家作品守护神坛坛，史蒂芬在洛克纳(圣母教堂)。其他优秀的艺“”Marienkapelle
术作品都将在大教堂财政部发现。
编辑钟声[]
大教堂有十二个教堂的钟声，其中四个是中世纪的。首先是吨3.8
(贝尔的三王)，在年投，在年安装，并于?“”Dreiknigenglocke141814371880年改写。其他钟声二，(吨当时在西方最大的钟)和桐(吨)Pretiosa10,5;5,6都安装在年到位保留至今。最大的钟，吨重的圣(圣彼得“144824Petersglocke钟，迪克在科隆方言)，是投在年，是最大的自由摆动，在世界上”“”Pitter1922
的钟声。(见下文:画廊，)[10]Petersglocke
奉献贝尔吨 - 0.425
晚祷钟吨 - 0.28
安格卢斯贝尔吨 - 0.763
冰雹贝尔吨 - 0.83
章钟吨 - 1.4
圣若瑟贝尔吨 - 2.2
乌苏拉贝尔吨 - 2.55
贝尔的贤士吨 - 3.8
吨Pretiosia - 5.6
吨Speciosia - 10.5
吨Petersglocke - 24
编辑教堂音乐[]
编辑风琴[]
约瑟夫齐默尔曼
克莱门斯甘兹(年)1985-2001
()?Winfried Bnig2001
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