老马走丢了
范文一：医学人文英语教程答案
Unit 1. History of medicine
Keys
Text A
Language Focus 1. is credited with;
2. are sometimes referred to as;
3. was supposed to;
4. were espoused by;
5. in addition to;
6. was attributed to;
7. categorize;
8. is given credit for;
9. though. （略） 1. Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluids in itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads to different temperaments.
2. In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studied medicine under his father from his early age.
3. Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cured diseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.
4. It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of human temperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.
5. Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath on medical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as "father of medicine” in the West.
6. As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics that doctors are required to comply with. Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries. Text B 1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and touching.
2. ①TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis . ②the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.
3. ①the methodological quality of trials is low. ②Most of these trials are published in Chinese, inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews. ③Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.
4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs work together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Treatment aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.
Unit 2 Health professionals for a new century
Text A
Language Focus 1. integration
2. kept pace with
3. adopts
4. In view of
5. effectiveness
6. ultimate
7. acquiring
8. attributes
9. shifts
10. encounter
7. Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline of
humanities, social sciences and biomedicine.
8. Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higher
demands and greater challenges on higher medical education.
9. Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as well
as a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.
10. It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the people.
11. The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academic
doctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.
12. The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative and
enthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and practice.
13. In spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace with
social progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and health
reform.
1. 过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。
2. 迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。
3. 医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。
Text B 1. Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st century.
2. The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can be
adjusted for specific local needs as postulated by the commissioners.
3. Students participate in an international forum which brings together students of medicine,
nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions (namely, the World Healthcare Students Symposium). The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Symposia are for students to learn to understand the different professions and discuss the best ways of effective and fruitful collaboration.
4. The authors think the proposed focus on the implementation of innovative and promising
information and communication technologies merits attention and believe in its potential benefits for the education of medical students. According to the authors, students from low-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives as the website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract the proposal to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals’ education.
5. Yes. Student initiatives have tackled climate change, migrant health, and other issues of
global and national relevance.
6. Overall, medical students worldwide have been playing an active role in implementing the
recommendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-based core curricula and launching an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other initiatives.
Unit 3 Health-care system
Keys
Text A
Language Focus 1. Compliance ；
2. disparity ；
3. prescribe ；
4. maneuver ；
5. commonplace ；
6. underserved ；
7. reconcile ；
8. fragments ；
9. plight ；
10. invasive.
1. Many other Americans are denied insurance due to previous illnesses or conditions that
insurance companies decide are too risky or expensive to cover.
2. Health care reform will reduce our deficit by more than $100 billion over the next decade and
more than $1 trillion in the decade after that. So this isn’t radical reform. But it is major reform.
3. An estimated eighty-three percent of people under age sixty-five who are in the United States
legally now have insurance coverage.
4. This year the law will start closing what is known as "the doughnut hole." That is a lack of
Medicare coverage for some drug costs for older Americans.
5. President Obama promised senior citizens that the health care reform will not cut their
guaranteed benefits.
Text B 1－4（略）
5. ①The SARS epidemic and rising public discontent generated the political will to fundamentally reform the system, including a partial resumption of central management of public-health services and a major reallocation of central resources to address inequities in health. ②The outcome of these post-SARS reforms remains uncertain, but there are reasons for optimism.(a) Central funding is supporting the re-introduction of a New Cooperative Medical System in rural areas and a parallel programme for the uninsured in urban areas that plans to achieve universal coverage by 2020. (b) China can accomplish in health care reform. The exemplary national monitoring system for infectious diseases implemented after the SARS epidemic (which provides real-time reports of cases across the country) and the effective public-health response to the earthquake in Sichuan are examples
6. The most important task ahead is to focus attention and resources on improving the quality, comprehensiveness, and cost-effectiveness of services.
Unit 4 Cancer and Life
Keys
Text A
Language Focus 1. Eradication
2. Deterioration
3. Withstand
4. Overwhelm
5. Recurrent
6. Prove
7. Outburst
8. Diverge 1. Routine
2. Advanced
3. Chronic
4. Under siege
5. Physical &emotional
6. Malignant
7. Risk factor
8. Steady decline
9. Affluent
10. Admit
11. Severely weaken
12. Well up with
13. Recurrence
14. Undergo
15. Outlines
16. Gastrointestinal
17. Withstand
18. Chores
19. The unexpected public arising of …
20. Spasms
21. Chronicle
22. Flicker across
1. 奥唐奈女士一个月前的例行乳房X 光检查并没有显示出肿瘤的迹象。但在夏威夷为期两周的假期里，肿块迅速生长，因此她回印第安纳州后就马上去看医生。
2. 1995年2月奥唐奈女士开始化疗，做了两次手术，包括乳房切除，并于1995年8月完
成化疗。她现在被认为是治愈了。
3. 当夫妻二人有人对奥唐奈女士的治疗感到恐惧害怕时，他们会向对方要求一段时间不谈
癌症，可能持续一小时或一天，在此期间，他们同意谈话不涉及她的健康危机。
4. 他们意识到夫妇两人共同的路突然分开了。他们经历同样的事情，但却有了完全不同的
感受。
5. 但他发现，他的信仰——不仅是宗教信仰，也包括对婚姻能承受长期压力的信念——正
受到考验。
6. 他们夫妻所经历的困难被公诸于众，甚至仅是在她朋友圈中公开，但这不期意的公开，
令奥唐奈女士感到震惊。
Text B 1． Long before cancer could ever be detected by current imaging scans or blood tests, the new
way to find cancer earlier is to find an ultra-early indicator of the disease: substances in blood platelets that indicate cancer is in the works. The platelet substances are a so-called biomarker of cancer----characteristics in bodily fluids that can indicate the presence of disease.
2． Location of the specific cancer. If you don't know where the cancer is----if you can’t feel it,
see it, locate it, or biopsy it----you can’t treat it.
3． Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol
levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver. Increased cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and statins are therefore used in the prevention of these diseases. Research has found that statins are most effective for treating cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention), with questionable benefit in those without previous CVD but with elevated cholesterol levels. Statins have rare but severe adverse effects, particularly muscle damage, and some doctors believe they are overprescribed. The best-selling statin is atorvastatin, marketed as Lipitor (manufactured by Pfizer) and Torvast. By 2003 atorvastatin became the best-selling pharmaceutical in history, with Pfizer reporting sales of US$12.4 billion in 2008. As of 2010, a number of statins are on the market: atorvastatin (Lipitor and Torvast), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor, Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo, Pitava), pravastatin (Pravachol, Selektine, Lipostat), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor, Lipex) Several combination preparations of a statin and another agent, such as ezetimibe/simvastatin, are also available. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin)
4． This discovery pushes the issue of early detection further than ever before. In effect, it could
allow cancer to be treated similarly to the way doctors now treat heart disease. Just as doctors prescribe statin drugs to help prevent heart attacks in patients with high cholesterol, oncologists could test patients for this early biomarker and prescribe drugs to help prevent cancer. And just as cardiologists don't have to wait for a heart attack in order to act, oncologists wouldn't have to wait until malignant tumors are found. Drugs in this case would be used to stop the cancerous process itself -- rather than targeting a tumor in a particular part of the body. The marker could also potentially be used to monitor patients who had already had cancer for the earliest signs of recurrence.
5． Advantages: ①The new, less-toxic cancer treatment (So-called smart drugs such as Gleevec,
Tarceva, Iressa and Erbitux)target only cancerous cells, and have less toxicity than standard chemotherapy regimens.②These targeted therapies, which can sometimes be taken for years, have in many cases turned cancer into a manageable chronic disease, similar to the way diabetes is treated. ③Drugs could be used to stop the development of blood vessels in the cancer process itself, before the tumor even has a chance to grow.
Disadvantages: ①It isn’t clear yet what drugs would be given in the preventive step. ②Such efforts are still in very early stages, and more research needs to be done to see that drug treatment offers people the chance of improved survival outcomes.
6． The usefulness of the marker still needs to be validated in trials involving cancer patients,
before it could be used in clinical settings. And some observers note that the cancer biomarkers discovered so far can have problems, such as false positives. Even with the widely used PSA test, doctors still can’t tell whether a high reading indicates cancer or a benign condition without doing a biopsy. “Very few biomarkers have really stood up against rigorous testing in a clinical setting,” （says Sudhir Srivastava）
Unit 5
Text A
Language focus
中译英：
1. Organ transplantation is an accepted treatment today for many patients with
end-stage disease.
2. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all
prisoner organ donors have filed consent.
3. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical
issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice.
4. It is now possible to transplant organs from animals into people.
5. In addition, the importance of various recipient characteristics to post-transplant
survival isn't fully understood.
6. Israel is to become the first country to give donor card carriers a legal right to
priority treatment if they should require an organ transplant.
Text B
1. The report highlights the fact that mitigate against the efficient identification and recruitment of organ donors.
2. As a result, waiting 3. the working party recommends several initiatives to address the current shortage of donors, including 4. Spain itself attributes this success to itshas a different philosophy from that in Britain.
5. The report highlights the inadequacy of Britain's current transplant coordinator network and emphasises that is “one of the most important and urgent needs.”
6. After a diagnostic review,
Unit 6 Doctor-patient relationship
Text A
Language Focus （略）
1. 我刚将椅子拉近一点，突然，她像猫一样双手本能地朝我的两眼抓去，我差一点被她抓到。
2. 父母两人都非常尴尬，充满歉意。
3. 我竟喜欢上了这个野蛮的小东西，而对她父母却毫无好感。在接下来的“战斗”中他们越来越难堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而出于恐惧，这个女孩对我的抗拒达到了发疯狂暴的惊人地步。
4. 在这种时候，谁都会叮咛自己，无论这个可恶的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动，也要违背她的意愿来保护她。这样做也是为了保护其他孩子，同时这也是一种社会需要，事实也确是如此。然而由于释放体内能量的欲望而产生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种成年人的羞耻感，使我一直坚持到最后。
（略）
Text B 1. The underlying reason might be that having to take her daughter to hospital for treatment has
been a miserable experience.
2. The most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a form of leukemia, or
cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts.
3. The purpose for the author and her daughter to visit the doctor this time was to have the port
removed. The treatment for Michelle’s disease had concluded as a medically rousing success.
4. The anesthesiologist was tall and red-headed. He looked pale, exhausted, and had bags under
his eyes. Also, he was kind, caring and considerate. As the author put it, the anesthesiologist not only practiced the mechanics but the art of medicine.
5. A lot of things came into the author’s mind after her daughter drifted off with the gas. She
thought of the tired residents who had been so tender with her fragile child, her daughter’s stolen childhood, the many times she carried her daughter to hospital to be hurt, the fact that she had recently learned that safe sedatives were often used to prevent children’s pain and terror during procedures, but they were not offered at their clinic. Besides, she felt grateful because her daughter was alive and most probably would grow up, marry, and have her own babies some day.
6. To make Michelle feel better, the anesthesiologist talked gently to Michelle, used gas for
anesthesia to avoid pokes, allowed Michelle to pick her favorite flavor of gas, let Michelle play with the bubble-gum mask, explained what was going to happen, promised her the port, and whispered to her calling her a beautiful small bear to her delight.
Unit 7 Medical Research Ethics in China
Language focus
Text A 选词填空
1. momentum （动力）翻译：日益增多的国际药业和科学机构资助合作科研，要求对涉及
人体的研究进行伦理审查。
2. protocols (议案) 翻译：现在，中国政府加大了对研究的资助，对国内研究方案的伦理
审查要求也越来越高了。
3. codes ；issued （准则；公布）翻译：当前多数医学伦理审查准则，包括中国卫生部07
年公布的准则，都是建立在尊重个人自主选择权、受益和公平三大原则基础上的。
4. arise (vi.)（引起，产生) 翻译：在贫穷地区开展大规模药物试验，要考虑公平问题。
5. coexist （共存）翻译：中国传统伦理强调的是社会和谐，而不是个人利益，强调尊重个
人自主选择的医学科研伦理审查，是否可能与传统伦理共存呢？
6. adherence to （遵循）翻译：中国伦理强调为他人着想，而非死守着笼统的道德原则。
7. at play; rise (n.) （生效的；兴起）翻译：随着文明社会的逐渐形成，国内一些组织倡导
保护研究中的受试者，但同时也存在着损害受试者人权的各种力量。
c.f. arise（vi. ）产生，例：The problem arose simply because you didn’t follow my instruction. rise (vi.) 升起，例：The flag rises slowly.
arouse (vt.) 引起， 例：arouse the interests of sb.
raise (vt.) 提起，例：raise the bucket
8. lies in (lies in sth./ doing) (在于) 翻译：对受试者最大的威胁是对潜在危险的忽视与不作
为。
9. standardised (Br.) / standardized (Ar.) （标准化）翻译：中国在全球医学和科研界中的重
要性逐渐增加，三大原则基础上的伦理审查将会将会更完善。
10. vigilant (derivation from “vigil ”) （谨慎的）翻译：相要保护受试者的权益，关键在于对
医学研究进行严谨的规范，而非讨论外国伦理原则和中国传统伦理哪个更适合中国的国情。
句子翻译
1. 在中国，应用这种三大原则的医学科研伦理审查面临着两大难题。第一，中国传统伦理强调的是社会人际关系的和谐，而不是对个人权利至上的维护。
2. 医学和医学科研中以经济利益为主导动机的活动越来越多，经济利益之间的冲突也越来越多，经济利益的考虑大大超越了伦理的考虑。这些变化不但表现为医学科研界、药业界和出资机构忽视伦理的趋势，也表现在受试者和政府相关部门中本应以保护受试者安全为首要责任的利益相关者的行为上。
3. 当前中国既有公民社会和非政府公益性组织大力倡导保护受试者的伦理要求，也有损害受试者基本权利的各种力量，认识到这种冲突对于保护受试者的安全至关重要。
TEXT B Fresh Thinking about the Declaration of Helsinki 1. Since the conception of the declaration, much has been changed in the nature of research and
bioethical thinking. However, public confidence in research is at an all time low, and the current model and traditional ethical tools fail to meet their objectives.
2. The declaration’s objectives were to protect human subjects in research. The framework of the
declaration has been criticized as being paternalistic and for failing to address the full scope of ethically responsible research.
3. Basic ethical principles in the alternative comprehensive framework proposed by the author
can collectively inform, support, and direct all aspects of research. It broadens the scope of ethical research beyond that of the behavior of the individual investigator to include the full range of stakeholders.
4. A rethinking of the concepts of autonomy, justice, vulnerability, and benefit.
5. The root of injustice is inequalities in power structures, resources, and knowledge, which are
particularly acute in resource poor countries. To reduce inequalities in researches, a research model should be set up, in which the subjects should be seen as partners.
6. An ethically responsible research must be proactive, dynamic, universal, transparent
responsive, and consultative. Most importantly, it should inspire researchers to approach research in an ethically responsible manner.
7. No, they are not almighty because there are also social problems. Regulations are only
instruments and can not achieve their objectives in isolation from an ethical social culture.
Unit 8 Publish or Perish
Text A
Language Focus 1.planting;
2. bring to light; shaping;
3. highlight, push, promote;
4.synthesize;
5.cracking down on;
6.disclosure;
7.involvement;
8.ties, on;
9.demonstrate;
10.sorting through. （略） 1. She was intrigued and more than a little suspicious.
2. This assistant professor at a fairly high-powered academic university had many first-author publications in high-quality journals and demonstrated academic productivity.
3. She was frightened and didn't realize that her so-called intimate friends had gotten her into such hot water that it could have potential implications for her promotion.
4. The Physician detailed the benefits of the therapy while minimizing its risks.
5. Ghostwritten articles skewed the medical literature by injecting a marketing spin that benefits the sponsor.
6. The cynical injection of marketing messages into the scientific literature sounds outrageous, but abuses common in academic publishing set the stage.
Text B 1. Like other customs, authorship is usually not determined by explicit criteria and not "discussed in polite company." Coupled with parallel trends toward greater numbers of authors being included on manuscripts and increased collaboration across disciplines, young scientists these days often find themselves involved in complicated negotiations with other academics over authorship.
2. Several phenomena, including the use of co-authorship or several first authors, honorary authorship, and ghost authorship, are likely to increase the complexity of these negotiations.
3. When a medical writer is hired to write up the study, or an individual made contributions that
merited authorship but is not included in the list of authors, ghost authorship occurs.
If the ghostwriter, or the named authors, haven't understood the underlying experiments and may be unable to explain or defend them to other scientists, scientific dialog with the authors is threatened. Additionally, because the process of reducing the work to writing forces the investigator to more closely examine the study and often gives rise to refinements, much can be lost by farming out the writing, including reducing the academic training opportunities for the student or postdoc authors. Ghost authorship leads to less accountability for the data and its interpretation by diluting the responsibility for the research. It also increases the likelihood and the number of those victimized by fraudulent work.
4. ①For graduate students and even more so for postdocs, the order of authorship can seem to make or break an academic career. ②Many researchers are not aware that different academic fields assign different meanings to the order of authorship. For example, in some fields, the last author spot is customarily reserved for the principal investigator or head of the lab. In others, the department chair holds that spot. In yet others, placement as last author means that that person was the one who had the smallest contribution to the work. ③Authorship placement is often an unspoken tradition.
5. Ombuds are a confidential, neutral, and independent resource for trainees and faculty. As a neutral party, it can help balance the power disparity between the parties and attempt to mediate the dispute. Ombudsmen are frequently asked to help resolve disputes over authorship, particularly disputes over the order of authorship. They may assist the parties in understanding how a dispute arose and how best to consider resolving it.
6. ①Journals request written confirmation or specification of authors' roles and contributions.②Reliance on curriculum vitae to describe one's scientific contributions is reduced for lessening the pressures of authorship. For example, during the job application or promotion process, explanations of precise roles in published research could be included in letters or addenda to the CV.
Unit 9 To Err is Human
Text A
Language Focus 1.ignited;
2. become; alert to; who are committed to;
3. initiated;
4. very;
5. incentives;
6. set, adhere to;
7. urge, to;
（略）
1. Health care quality and patient safety has become a worldwide concern with the frequent
occurrence of adverse medical events worldwide endangering patient safety. The cost incurred for countries, especially developing countries is growing, and how to address patient safety has become a primary focus.
2. Japan is entering the aged society with the elderly over the age of 70 ever increasing. Elderly
people are not swift and fall down easily.More than 80% of our patients aged over 70 were hospitalized after a fall.
3. People's living standards are ever improving as society and economics develop. There is an
ever increasingly urgent pursuit of life and health and growing emphasis on life and health. Patients expect satisfactory clinical outcomes, even expect an everlasting life. Could doctors make it?
4. Patient Safety Goals has recently been developed by Jiangsu province, the formulation of
which is of vital importance for the strategic development of medical institutions. It can
regulate the behavior of medical personnel and hospital management system. It can also guide the rational use of drugs, devices and science and technology.
5. It is estimated that the number of deaths from medical errors is twice as much as those from
traffic accidents or breast cancer or AIDS-related deaths in the U.S.
6. The highlighted global patient safety challenge is due to institutional inefficiency and poor
healthcare management. The institutional problems must be solved and healthcare management should be strengthened to achieve patient safety and social security
Text B 1. Yes. There are missed opportunities. Institutions are still generally underinvested in patient safety. The federal government's investment in safety through the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, for example, is about 1/500th of its general medical research investment, as reflected in the budget of the National Institutes of Health.
2. The results provided by error reporting systems could be used to improve systems or educate health care providers. Hospitalists and health care providers can be encouraged to report medical errors when they learn that their reports made a difference.
3. IT system crashes, faulty systems that actually introduce errors, physicians rebelling against computer interfaces that are not user-friendly.
Health information technology may be useful for:① reducing medical errors by transmitting accurate information electronically and eliminating mistakes due to misreading of doctors ’ handwriting ②improving the quality of care by decreasing medical errors and assuring that all health care providers have accurate and timely information.
4. A system that could not assign fault on truly blameworthy errors should be torpedoed. Accountability mechanisms focused on ensuring safer care rather than assigning individual blame is of vital importance.
5.Great efforts should be made in the five major areas related to advancements in patient safety: regulation, error reporting systems, information technology, the malpractice system and other vehicles for accountability, and workforce and training issues.
Unit 10
Text A
Language Focus 1. focus on;
2. convinced;
3. quantitative;
4. seduced;
5. yield;
6. decisive;
7. honed;
8. due to;
9. flexible;
10. aspiration. （略） 1. Most young women believe they will achieve a balance between a rewarding career and a fulfilling personal life, despite the economic upheaval and a legacy of corporate culture that favors men, a survey shows.
2. If your job is rightly chosen, it will not only give you a means of sustenance, but also help you escape from boredom and banish from your mind the worry about leading a meaningless life after so many years of higher education.
3. You've accumulated overtime because you were so into the work you were doing that you lost track of time.
4. You have managed to find a balance between work and personal life and it doesn't involve losing too much time with either one.
5. It would seem that their choices to focus on work have left many of them without a family of their own.
6. Compared to women, men attach greater importance to their roles as providers and protectors of their families.
Text B 1. She has achieved pioneering use of mass spectrometry for the study of protein
complexes .
2. Her supervisors were very encouraging to me. They said she would be bored as
a technician all her life. And so she did 7 years of part-time study, which was fantastic because then she went to Cambridge,
3. As soon as her elder son was born, she just thought, "I'm going to do the very
best as I can and I'm going to stay at home until he's at school."
4. She did work pretty hard at my presentation. Because obviously she was
interviewed alongside current people, what she did is show a lot of interest in the project. And she tried to show a lot of initiative. Eventually she managed to convince people here in Oxford that I could be taken back on as a postdoc.
5. The very hardest thing for she was, when she started to have some success, she
got invited to conferences. It was just an operational nightmare trying to organize cover and people to help during all those times.
6. Women can have a family and still be effective as a scientist, even though at
times it feels as though you're not dedicating enough time. It's not how long you work, it's what you do and how you work that's important.
范文二：医学英语教程生物医学1-5课后答案
Definition and Classification of Pneumonia肺炎的翻译和定义
第一段:当肺炎这个词被用在医学实践中，它最长指的是一种急性的反应，常见地细菌造成的综合征，它的特点是一半或一侧肺或两侧肺的临床的和/或放射照相的征象的实变。 常用的这个词意然而已经很大程度上延伸到被各种各样的微生物造成的包括非细菌性的肺部的感染。
Pneumonitis肺炎也偶尔被用作是肺炎pneumonia的一个同义词，特别的当炎症的肺由非感染因素造成比如化学或射线伤害。
第二段:从实际目的出发，肺炎的分类应当既依解剖学部位，又指明病因:前者使用描绘性词语表达肺(一侧肺或左右两侧)病程的发展程度和分布，后者指明涉及的微生物。 考虑到，作为最初的原因，肺炎感染的原因被认为是否是社区或者是医院的感染是不被知道的。它也被有帮助的认为是否肺炎也许能由咽部吸入造成和是否或不是发生在免疫力下降的宿主身上。
第三段:anatomical从解剖学上肺炎习惯表明是否包括一个或更多进入肺叶或是否被限制在一节段或多节段的过程。
在涉及面及小时，肺炎也许是节段的。对解剖部位的描述在实际中完全依赖胸透，(它透过X光检查)所显示的肺炎过程比体检所得到的的估计更准确。
早期的诊断医生通过病理学组织在支气管肺炎和小叶性肺炎中分辨。
支气管肺炎被认为是支气管在炎症性的过程被一小部分或中端的气管和肺叶对向它限制的并发症，hence因此是肺叶的交替性肺炎。
小叶性肺炎，在另一方面，频繁地从头发生和特征是一种炎症性的外流或液体渗出物填充经过一叶或多叶肺。
第四段;作为补充的是小叶肺炎被认为是在临床和放射上表现的融合性实变出现在一部分或一肺叶或两个肺。
组织离段型肺炎被认为是合并不扩张的大多肺叶但是和解剖学上的支气管肺段在一侧或两侧更紧密。
当X光阴影的区域出现更多的小的阴影，压迫性肺炎是一个适当的可描述的组织，虽然这仍是暗指一个融合的和局限的过程。
如果显示亚段病变的阴影呈零星状(非融合的)，散布于一肺或左右肺的一部分或全部，很难定位，则仍可以使用支气管肺炎。
第五段:这种解剖学上的肺炎分类是完全的但是有用的是病因的分类，确定被认为很有价值的可能性大的原因是有传染性的因素，
{老师课件}因为除了通常引起大叶性肺炎链球菌，其他微生物也可以引起大叶性肺炎，其他以解剖学分类的肺炎也如此，(所以解剖学分类是对病因性分类的补充，在确定可能引起肺炎的感染因子方面作用有限。)
因为如果不了解致病菌的种类，一些本来可以康复的患者就不能康复，因此，要尽可能确定每个患者的病原，以使有针对性的选择特定的抗菌治疗。
第六段;仅仅被猜到的组织原因当病人第一次见到和被认为区分是否是通过社区或是医院所感染的区别，作为感染组织不同的原因。
医院获得性肺炎是一种特殊的问题在术后病人和在ICU治疗中的病人，后者的这些人有很高的易感染的机会通过呼吸道感染。
不用类型的致病体发现在医院环境中的部分原因是那些患有严重疾病的人改变了免疫活性能力，in part to一部分细菌体的改变是由于抗生素的治疗和一部分器械使用或插管用于病人身上。
因此医源性的感染更多的常见原因是有氧的革兰氏阴性杆菌和pu tou 球菌的获得远远比在
社区获得的多。
范文三：医学英语术语教程
基本资料
医学英语术语教程
作者： 杨明山主编
出版社：
出版年： 2006年9月
页数：
定价： 32
装帧：
ISAN：
内容简介
本书分为基础知识与术语部分两部分,第一部分介绍医学术语的相关历史、五大基本特征、关键构词法、特殊发音规则、年代学、词源学与最常用构词形式;第二部分作者以美国规范医学术语构词形为基础,利用计算机检索世界著名文献数据库,科学系统地选出60篇短篇医学文献作为配套素材。
书??目：
举报失效目录
超星
第一部分 医学英语术语学基础
第一章 医学英语术语教学的必要性
第二章 英语发展简史
第三章 西方医学简史
第四章 医学英语术语五大特征
第五章 医学英语术语构词规则
第六章 医学英语术语特殊读音规则
第七章 医学术语词源学
第八章 医学术语年代学
第九章 如何编撰专科医学小词典
第十章 常用构词形表
第二部分 医学英语术语系统分类与快速阅读...
第一章 体区系统
第二章 心血管系统
第三章 呼吸系统
第四章 消化系统
第五章 口颌系统
第六章 泌尿系统
第七章 生殖系统
第八章 内分泌系统
第九章 神经系统
第十章 皮肤与感觉器官
第十一章 肌肉骨骼系统
第十二章 细胞遗传学
第十三章 组织与局部解剖学
第十四章 体液、分泌物与免疫学
第十五章 医用生物学
第十六章 症状学与病理学
第十七章 诊断学
第十八章 医用物理学
第十九章 外科手术学
第二十章 药物与治疗
第二十一章 形状
第二十二章 性状
第二十三章 颜色
第二十四章 方位
第二十五章 数字
第二十六章 无机化学
第二十七章 有机化学
第二十八章 生物化学
参考文献
1
范文四：医学英语教程
基本资料
医学英语教程
作者： 张长江编著
出版社：
出版年： 2007.3
页数：
定价： 10
装帧：
ISAN：
内容简介
本书共有十二个单元,每个单元包含两篇课文,其中课文一是对英语医学学术文献的研读,旨在提高研究生的阅读和实际应用能力,课文二是科研论文写作指导,提高学生的撰写科技论文水平。
书??目：
举报失效目录
超星
Unit One
Text 1 Antibiotics
Text 2 Writing a Scientific Paper:How ...
Unit Two
Text 1 Cloning:Good Science or Bad Ide...
Text 2 Writing a Scientific Paper
Unit Three
Text 1 Common Vaccination
Text 2 How to Write the Introduction(Ⅰ...
Unit Four
Text 1 Parkinson's Disease
Text 2 How to Write the Introduction(Ⅱ...
Unit Five
Text 1 The Cellular Basis of Immunitv...
Text 2 How to Write the Materials and ...
Unit six
Text 1 The Microbial World
Text 2 How to Write the Results
Unit Seven
Text 1 Traditional Chinese Medicine an...
Text 2 How to Write a Discussion
Unit Eight
Text 1 Caring for Cancer
Text 2 How to Write an Outline(Ⅰ)
Unit Nine
Text 1 Old Genes,New Lifestyles,and Fu...
Text 2 How to Write an Outline(Ⅱ)
Unit Ten
Text 1 Dying to Live
Text 2 Plagiarism(Ⅰ)
Unit Eleven
Text 1 Our Place in Nature
Text 2 Plagiarism(Ⅱ)
Unit Twelve
Text 1 A Fit Body
Text 2 Reference Research through Inte...
Reference
1
范文五：医学英语术语教程
第一章、体区系统近源词素或代表词例 词体英body拉丁corpus corporo-corporacorpus复数希腊somato--somechromosome染色体 lysosome溶酶体 chondrosome线粒体头英head拉丁caputcapito-capital股骨头的 decapitation 断头术斩首希腊cephalo-cephalosporin头孢菌素 cephalalgia头痛 cephalitis 脑炎面英face拉丁facio-facial面的 faciocervical面颈的希腊prosopo-prosopospasm面部痉挛 prosoplegia
面瘫颈英neck拉丁cervixcervico-cervical任何颈的希腊trachelo-trachelomyitis颈肌炎肢英语limbextremity希腊acro-acromegaly肢端肥大症 acrocyanosis 手足发绀腕英wrist拉carpus希carpo-carpitis腕关节炎手英hand拉丁manusmano-manual手的manipulation操作法希cheiro-手指英finger拉digito-digital指趾的 digitus 手指脚趾希dactylo-dactylogram指纹 dactylus手指脚趾指趾骨希腊
phalanxphalango-phalangeal指趾指趾股英thigh拉丁femurfemoro-femoral股骨1足英foot拉丁pedo-pedi-pedopathy足病希podo-arthropod节肢动物近源词素或代表词例 词胸英breast/chest拉pecto-angina pectoris心绞痛 pectoral 胸的希腊thorax thoraco-thoracic 胸廓的 thoracostomy胸廓造口术thoracoscopy胸腔镜检查希stetho-stethoscope 听诊器 stethoalgia 胸痛乳房英breast拉mammo-mammal 哺乳动物 mammography乳房X线照相术希masto-mastectomy乳房切除术 mastitis乳腺炎乳头拉mammillo-mammilliary乳头拉papillo-papillomavirus 乳头状瘤病毒 papillary 乳头状的腹英belly拉丁abdomenabdomino-abdominal 腹部的 abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺术希腊venter ventro-ventral 腹部的 ventrolateral
腹外侧的胁腹希腊laparo-又腰laparoscopic腹腔镜检查的laparotomy 剖腹术腹膜拉peritoneum希peritoneo-peritoneal 腹膜的 peritonitis腹膜炎脐英navel希omphalo-omphalocele脐突出腹股沟英groin拉inguino-inguinal腹股沟骨盆英basin拉丁pelvispelvio-pelvic 骨盆的pelvimetry 骨盆测量法会阴拉perineum希perineo-perineotomy 会阴切开术背拉丁dorsumdorso-dorsi-dorsal 背 dorsomedial 背中线的 腋英armpit拉axillaaxillary腋窝的腰拉丁lumbus lumbo-lumbar 腰lumbago 腰痛 lumbodorsal 腰背的2臀英语buttockbreechrump希gluteo-gluteal 臀的臀肌的第二章、一般生理系统近语词素或代表词例 词生理自然英nature 希腊physio-physiology
生理学 physiopathology 病理生理学physiochemistry 生理化学代谢希腊metabo-metabolism 新陈代谢 metabolize 使新陈代谢metabolic代谢的应激性英irritation拉irrit-irritant 刺激物 irritative刺激性的 irritable应激的兴奋英excitation拉excitatio-excitatory 兴奋性的 excitability 应激性 excitant 兴奋剂抑制英inhibition拉丁inhibito-inhibitory 抑制的 inhibin 抑制素inhibit 抑制 inhibitable 能抑制的传导英conduction拉丁conducto-conductance 传导力 conduit 导管管道conductivity 传导性电位潜力英potential拉丁potentio-potentiation 增强强化 potentiality 潜在性potentiometer 电位计节律希腊rhythmrhythm-allorhythmia节律异常 rhythmic 节律的成熟英语maturation ripeness拉丁matur-premature 早熟的早产儿 mature发育成熟hypermature 成熟过度营养拉丁nutritionnutrio-nourishmentnutritional 营养的nutrient 营养的滋养的希tropho-trophoblast滋养层 trophic 营养的3汗汗腺英语sweating perspiration希hidro-hidropoiesis汗生成汗分泌 hidradenitis 汗腺炎平衡英balance拉equilibriumequilibration 平衡均势睡眠英sleep 拉丁somnus somni-somno-somnipathy
嗜眠障碍 somnifacient 催眠的安眠药希hypno-hypnosis 催眠的催眠状态的
hypnoanalysis催眠精神分析欲望拉orexisanorexia厌食食欲缺乏第三章、心血管系统近语词素或代表词例 词心英heart希腊cardio-cardiovascular 心血管的 cardiopathy 心脏病cardiopulmonary 心肺的拉cor心房拉atrium希atrio-atrial心房的 atriomegaly 心房肥大心室英ventricle拉ventriculo-ventricular心室的瓣膜英valve拉丁valva valvo-valvulavalvulo-valvular 瓣膜valvopalsty 瓣膜成形术valvuloplasty 瓣膜成形术血管管英vessel拉vaso-vascular 血管的 vasodilator血管舒张的脉管炎希angio-angiography 血管造影术 angioplasty血管成形术动脉英artery拉丁arteria arterio-arterial 动脉的 arteriovenous 动静脉的arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化小动脉英arteriole拉arteriolo-arteriolar小动脉的静脉英vein拉vena veno-venous 静脉的 venography静脉造影术希phlebo-phlebology 静脉学 phlebitis 静脉炎 phlebectasia静脉扩张4小静脉英venule拉venulavenular 小静脉的主动脉拉aorta希aorto-aortic 主动脉的 aortitis主动脉炎毛细血管英capillary拉capillaryo-capillarity毛细作用 capillarization 毛细血管化脉搏英pulse拉pulsuspulsed脉搏的脉冲的希
sphygmo-sphygmomanometer血压计 sphygmometer 脉搏计第四章、呼吸系统近语词素或代表词例 词呼吸英breath拉丁respiration -spiro-respiratory 呼吸的 inspire 吸气expire 吸气希腊pneumo-pneumothorax气胸pneo- -pneaapnea 呼吸暂停 dyspnea 呼吸困难 eupnea 呼吸正常鼻英nose拉naso-nasal 鼻的 nasolacrimal鼻泪的希rhino-rhinitis 鼻炎 rhinovirus鼻病毒喉英throat希腊larynx laryngo-laryngeal 喉的 laryngoscope 喉镜 laryngitis喉炎声门英glottis希glotto-glottal声门的气管英windpipe拉trachea希tracheo-tracheal 气管的 tracheotomy 气管切开术 trachitis 气管炎支气管英windpipe 拉bronchus希腊broncho-bronchial 支气管的 bronchitis 支气管炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张5细支气管英bronchiole拉bronchiolo-bronchiolitis 细支气管炎 bronchiolar细支气管的肺英lung希腊pneumono-pulmono-pneumonia 肺炎 pneumocyte肺细胞pneumococcal肺炎球菌pulmonary 肺的 corpulmonale 肺心病 肺泡英air sac拉丁alveolusalveo-alveolitis 牙槽炎肺泡炎胸膜希腊pleurapleuro-pleural
胸膜的pleurisy 胸膜炎第五章、消化系统近语词素或代表词例 词消化英digestion拉丁-gesto-digestive 消化的 ingestion 食入摄入maldigestion消化不良 indigestion消化不良希pepso- pepsin 胃蛋白酶 pepstatin胃酶抑素咽英throat希腊pharynx pharyngo-pharyngeal咽的 pharyngitis 咽炎食管英esophagus希esophago-esophageal
食管的 esophagectomy食管切除术胃英stomach拉gastro-gastrointestinal胃肠的 gastroenterology 胃肠病学希stomach-stomachic 胃的健胃药 stomachache 胃痛肠英语bowel gut intestine希entero-enteric 肠的 enterococcus肠球菌 dysentery 痢疾十二指肠拉丁duodenum duodeno-duodenal 十二指肠的duodenoscopy 十二指肠镜检查空肠拉丁jejunum jejuno-jejunal 空肠的回肠拉ileum ileo-ileal 回肠的结肠拉希colon colono-colonoscopy 结肠镜检查 colonoileus 结肠回肠6盲肠英blind gut拉丁caecumceco-cecal盲肠的 cecorrhaphy 盲肠缝合术cecoectomy 盲肠切除术希typhlo-typhlitis盲肠炎阑尾拉丁appendix appendico-appendicitis 阑尾炎appendicectomy阑尾切除术乙状结肠希腊sigmoid sigmoido-sigmoidal 乙状结肠的sigmoidoscopy乙状结肠镜检查直肠拉丁rectum recto-rectal 直肠的rectocolitis 直肠结肠炎希proctoco-proctocolectomy 直肠切除术 proctorrhagia 直肠出血肛门拉丁anusano- anus-anal肛门的anorectal肛门直肠的希archo-archoptosis 脱肛胆囊英
gallbladder希腊cholecystcholecysto--cystcholecystectomy 胆囊切除术cholecystotomy 胆囊切开术肝英liver希hepato-hepatic 肝的 hepatitis肝炎 hepatocellular肝细胞的胰胰管拉pancreas希pancreato-pancreatic 胰的 pancrestitis胰腺炎胆总管希腊choledocho-choledochal 胆总管的胆管希cholangio-cholangitis 胆管炎胰岛英insula insul-insulin 胰岛素第六章、口颌系统近语词素或代表词例 词口英mouth拉os oro-oral 口的希腊stoma stomato-stomatology 口腔学唇英lip拉丁labialabio-labial 唇的单唇希cheilo-cheiloplasty 唇成形术 cheiloschisis唇裂兔唇7扁桃体英tonsil拉tonsillio-tonsillitis 扁桃体炎舌英tongue拉丁lingua linguo-linguistical 语言的lingual 语言的希glosso-glossopharyngeal 舌咽的 glossectomy舌切除术 glottis 声门颌英jaw上颌英upper jaw拉maxilla下颌英语lower jawmandible龈英gums拉丁gingivae gingivo-gingival 龈牙英tooth拉丁dens dento-denti-dentist 牙医师希
odonto-odontology 牙科学髓英pulp拉pulpo-pulpitis 牙髓炎 pulpotomy牙髓切断术第七章 泌尿系统近语词素或代表词例 词尿英urine拉urino-urinary 尿的含尿的泌尿的 urination 排尿希腊uro-urono-urology 泌尿学uremia尿毒证肾英kidney拉reno-renal 肾的 renin 肾素 renography肾X线照相术希nephro-nephritis肾炎 nephron肾单位肾盂英renal pelvis拉丁pelvispelvi--pelvicpelviplasty 肾盂成形术希pyelo-pyelonephritis
肾盂肾炎8输尿管英ureter希uretero-ureteral 输尿管的 ureterostomy输尿管造口术膀胱英Bladder拉丁vesica vesico-vesical 囊泡的膀胱的希cysto-cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查 cystitis 膀胱炎尿道英urethra拉丁meatus meato-meatoscope 尿道窥镜希urethro-urethral 尿道的 urethroscopy尿道镜检查第八章 生殖系统与人类学系统近语词素或代表词例 词生殖英reproduction拉genito-genitalia 生殖器复数genitourinary 泌尿生殖的性英sex拉sexo-sexual 性的性欲的 sexuality性别性欲女性英语woman women拉丁femalefemino-希腊gyno-gynaeco-gyneo-gynecology妇科学gynecopathy妇科病卵巢英ovary拉丁ovarium ovario-ovariectomy 卵巢切除术ovariorrhexis 卵巢破裂子宫英womb拉丁uterus utero-uterine 子宫uterovaginal 子宫阴道的希hystero-hysterectomy 子宫切除术 hysteroscopy 子宫镜检查希腊metro-metrametritis 子宫炎输卵管英fallopian tube拉oviductoviductal输卵管的阴道拉丁vagina vagino-vaginal 阴道的vaginitis阴道炎希coleo-coleitis阴道炎女阴拉vulvavulvar阴道的9耻骨拉pubio-puberty 青春期 pubis 耻骨 pubic耻骨的卵泡英follicle拉folliculo-folliculi 滤泡小囊卵泡卵英egg拉丁ovum ovio-ouo-oval 卵圆的希oo-oocyte 卵母细胞月经英menstruation拉mensesmenstrual 月经的希
meno-menopause 绝经 menorrhagia 月经过多妊娠拉pregnancypregnant 妊娠的胚胎希腊embryo embryo--dermembryology 胚胎学embryoid胚胎样的羊膜羊水英amnion希amnio-amniotic羊膜的 amniocentesis羊膜穿刺术绒毛膜希腊chorion chorio-chorionic 绒毛膜的choriocarcinoma绒毛膜癌胎盘拉丁placenta placento-placental胎盘的胎儿拉丁fetus feto-fetal 胎儿的fetometry 胎儿测量法分娩英语labour childbirthobstetrics拉丁parturition parturio-parturient 临产的产妇男雄英man拉male希andro-androgen 雄激素类男科学阴囊拉丁scrotum scroto-scrotal 阴囊的 scrotoplasty 阴囊成形术希oscheo-oscheocele 阴囊肿大精子精液拉丁semen semino-seminal 精液的希腊sperm
spermatozoonspermato-spermatogenesis 精子发生spermatocyte 精母细胞10睾丸英
testicle拉丁testis testo-testiculo-testosterone 睾酮希腊orchio-orchido-orchiectomy 睾丸切除术前列腺英prostate希prostato-prostatitis 前列腺炎阴茎拉penispenile 阴茎的 penitis 阴茎炎希phallo-phalloplasty 阴茎成形术老年的英语old aged老年拉senilesenility 年老衰老 senescent衰老的变老的衰老希gero-gerontology 老年医学儿童英语child children拉puer-Puericulture育儿法第九章 内分泌系统近语词素或代表词例 词分泌拉secretionsecretory 分泌的 secrete分泌希crino-endocrinology 内分泌学 endocrine内分泌的腺拉glandglandular 腺的 希adeno-adenocarcinoma 腺癌 adenoma腺瘤下丘脑拉丁hypothalamus hypothalamo- hypothalamic 下丘脑的垂体英pituitary拉pituitarypituitectomy 垂体切除术希腊hypophysis hypophys-hypophyseal 垂体的甲状腺英thyroid希thyro-thyroid 甲状腺甲状的 thyroxine 甲状腺素肾上腺英adrenal拉adreno-adrenaline 肾上腺素11性腺英gonad希gonado-gonadotropin 促性腺激素十、神经精神系统脑英brain拉encephalon希encephalo-encephalitis脑炎大脑炎大脑拉cerebrum cerebello-cerebrospinal 脑脊髓的 cerebritis 脑炎小脑拉cerebellum cerebellcerebellar小脑的丘脑拉thalamus希thalamo-thalamotomy丘脑切开术皮质拉cortex cortico-cortical皮质的 corticosteroid 皮质类固醇髓质英marrow拉medulla medullo-medullary髓状的脑膜脊髓英membrane拉meninges希meningo-meningitis
脑膜炎蛛网膜英arachnoid希arachno-subarachnoid蛛网膜下的脑室英ventricle拉ventriculusventriculo-ventricular室的脊柱英spine拉spino-spinocerebellar脊髓小脑的神经丛拉plexus plexo-plexal丛的神经根英radicle拉radicula radiculo-radicular根的神经节英ganglion ganglia希ganglio-ganglionic神经节的突触英synapse希synapto-synaptic突触的交感神经希symapatheticsympatho-sympathectomy交感神经切除术sympathy同情感应共感精神意志英mind希psycho-psychiatry精神病学 psychiatrist 精神病学家观念英ideaideal理想的观念的 idealization 理想化知认知英knowledge拉-gnosis -gonsiadiagnosis诊断 dysgnosia 智力障碍 prognosis 预后狂癖英madness希-maniadipsomania酒狂 erotomania 色情狂12恐怖英fear希-phobiahydrophobia恐水病狂犬病 urophobia 排尿恐怖皮肤英拉希skincutisdermo-dermato-derma-cutaneous皮的dermatology皮肤病学dermatitis皮炎dermal皮肤的皮脂拉sebum12、肌肉骨骼系统肌肉英muscle拉musculo-Muscular肌的希myo-myocardial心肌的 myometrium 子宫肌层骨英bone拉osseo-ossification骨化希osteo-osteoporosis骨质疏松症 osteoclast 破骨细胞软骨拉cartilagecartilaginous软骨的腱英tendon希teno- tenonto-tendo-tendomyopathy
肌腱炎 tenodesis 腱固定术韧带英ligament拉ligamento-ligamentrupture韧带破裂希syndesmo-syndesmopexy韧带固定术希desmo-desmopathy韧带病骨骼英skeleton希skeleto-skeletal骨骼的 skeletogenesis 骨骼发生颅骨英skull拉cranium希cranio-cranial颅的脊柱棘英spine rachis拉spino-spinal棘的脊柱的 spinogram 脊柱 X 线照片 希rachio-rachitis佝偻病椎骨拉vertebra vertebro-复数椎动脉的希spondylo-spondylalgia脊椎痛尾骨英coccygo-希coccygo-coccygeal尾骨的骶骨拉sacrumsacro-sacral骶骨的 sacroiliac 骶骼的肋骨英rib拉costa costo-costal肋的胸骨英sternumsternotomy胸骨切开术13sterno-锁骨英clavicle希cleidotomy锁骨切断术膑骨拉patellapatellar膑骨的关节英joint拉articulo-articular关节的希arthro-arthritis关节炎 arthroplasty 关节成型术13、细胞与遗传系统细胞英cell corpuscleCelliform细胞样的希cyto-cytology细胞学 cytometry 血细胞计数 cytoplasm细胞质细胞浆希
-cytelymphocyte淋巴细胞 erythrocyte 红细胞 leucocyte 白细胞希-phil neutrophil中性白细胞 eosinophil 嗜酸性细胞胚胚细胞芽英Blast希Blasto-Blastocyst胚囊胚泡希-blastosteoblast成骨细胞核英Nucleus拉Nucleusnucleotide核苷酸 nucleolus核仁希Kary0-karyolysis核溶解 karyorrhexis核破裂核糖德Rib0-Ribosome核糖体原生质胞质英Plasm希-plasmCytoplasm细胞质细胞浆karyoplasm核质核浆质体希-plastKaryoplast
核体体英Body希-somechromosome染色体 microsome微粒体 lysosome溶酶体色希Chrom0-Chromosome染色体染色质希Chromat0-Chromatolysis梁色质溶解自体希Aut0-Autosome常染色体 autogenous自体的autolysis自溶倍体拉希-ploiddiploid二倍体polyploid多倍体价的拉-valentdivalent二价的线分裂英ThreadDivision希Mit0-Mitochondria线粒体 mitosis 有丝分裂期相英StagePeriod希-phaseInterphase间期中心拉-centricCentriole中心粒14希基因希Gene- gen0-Genetics遗传学发生希-genesisGametogenesis配子发生希-genyMonogeny单性繁殖希-gonygamogony配子生殖克隆希cloneCloning无性繁殖复制拉Replicate拉DuplicateReplication复制密码拉CodeCodon密码子嫁接拉希GraftAllograft同种源移植homograft同种移植状态拉-osisApoptosis 细胞凋亡 amitosis无丝分裂形态希希-morph-morphismAmorphous无效等位基因Polymorphism多形态正常拉Eu-Eugentics优生学 常染色质错法Mis-Misrepair 错修复 misreading错读突变诱变拉Mutant突变型体使突变异希Heter0-All0-Heteronuclear异核的Allogenic异源的同希Hom0-homologues同源种系的希Iso-isomorphous等位基因的希Syn-aynaptic突触的联会的 syngeneic同基因的内希End0-Endoplasmic reticulum内质网上外希Epi-Ep-Epigenetic外遗传的之间拉Inter-Interferon干扰素 interchromosomal染色体间的单希Mono-monogenic单基因的 monosome 染色体单体多英Many much拉Multi-Multinuclear多核的希Poly-Polygenic
多基因的原前拉希Pro-Pronuclear前原核的原希Proto-protoplasm原生质14、组织与局部解剖系统组织英Tissue希Histo-histology组织学 histocompatibility 组织相容性层英Layer拉Lamina Lamellar板的层的膜英MembraneMater脑脊膜拉MembranaIntramembranous膜内绒毛拉VillusMicrovillus微绒毛15纤毛拉Cilium cilio-cilia纤毛睫 ciliate 有纤毛 纤维英Fiber拉FibreFibroblast成纤维细胞脂肪英Fat拉Adipo-adipose脂肪的脂肪性的 adiposity 肥胖症希Lipo-lipase脂肪酶 lipolysis 脂肪分解肉英Flesh拉CaroCarnovore食肉动物希Sarco-Sarcoma肉瘤平滑肌英Muscle器官英Organ 希Organo-Organism生物体 organelle细胞器囊英Capsule拉Capsulo-Capsulotomy囊切开术皮质拉Cortex cortico-corticosteroid皮质类固醇 corticosterone 皮质酮髓质英Marrow拉Medulla medullo-Medullitis骨髓炎脊髓炎甲英Mail毛发英Hair结英Node knot拉Nodal结的窦英Antrum拉SinusSinoaortic主动脉窦的拉Antro-Antrectomy窦切除术门英Door拉Hilum拉Porta porto-Portal门的希Pyle-Pylephlebitis门静脉炎管英Tube Canal channel拉Canaliculo-Canalicular小管样的叶英Lobe leaf希Lobo-Lobectomy叶切除术鞘英Sheath case拉VaginaVaginal鞘的睾丸鞘膜的阴道的希ThecaThecal膜的鞘的底英Base bottom拉Fundusfundic底的基底的 funduscopic 眼底检查的 十五、液体、分泌物与免疫系统液体英Fluid lipuid拉HumorHumoral体液的16血液英Blood haemahema拉sangui-Sanguine多血的热情的希haema- hema-Hemacytometry血细胞计数法希haemo-haemorrhage出血 haemoglobin 血红蛋白希hemo-hemostasis止血法血停止 hemophilia 血友病希haemato-haem.
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