傻沙莎杀煞鲨
不定式是英语动词的非限定形式之一，是英语中一种非常活跃的语言现象，不带to的不定式（bare infinitive）是我们学习、掌握和运用这一语法现象的难点。本文的目的就是要对不带to的不定式作一粗浅的探讨。首先要指出的是，不带to的不定式的使用实际上非常普遍，主要用在情态动词和助动词will，shall，would，should，can，could，may，might，must…以及在作为情态动词的need和dare之后。但因为这一点在学习英语的过程中极易掌握，故不在此赘述。除此以外，在下列情况下也要使用不带to的动词不定式。
1．在see，feel，hear，watch，observe，listen to，look at, notice等感官动词或短语以及let，have，make等表示祈使意义的动词后面；不定式作宾语补足语不能带to；help后面的不定式可以不带to，也可以保留to；know在一定的条件下，后面的不定式作宾语补足语时可以不带to。例如：
I saw the man come out of the house．
I heard her say that she was from Japan．
We felt the house shake．
They watched the sun sink into the sea．
Did you notice him stop？
They did not observe Jim come in and go upstairs．
She was listening to him climb the stairs．
Look at the boy run！
I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her．
I had him mend my watch．
Electricity makes motors run．
He helped me（to） plant trees．
I have never known him sing so beautifully．
不带to的动词不定式跟在上述动词后面时，情况比较复杂，有以下几个问题须特别注意：
（1）当上述句子变成被动语态时，原来作宾语补足语的不定式则相应地成为主语补足语。这时，不定式就一定要带to，以上述句子为例：
The man was seen to come out of the house．
She was heard to say that she was fed up．
（后面的句子以此类推）其原因是“英语中还有一条规律：凡是被动的动词都不能和不带to的不定式连用。其中只有let除外，原因是作主语补足语的不定式是单音节词。例如：
The students were let go after class．
The grass was let grow．
（2）不定式在help之后，既可以用作宾语补足语，也可直接作宾语，例如：
This book will help（to）improve your English．
help之后不定式带to还是不带to可能有以下几种区别：①不带to结构在非正式文体中更为常见。②用不带to的不定式在美国英语中似乎比在英国英语中更常见。③决定不定式带不带to主要牵涉到主语，如果主语不能参与到不定式的动作中去，则不定式通常都要带to。例如：
This book helps to see the truth．
This book will help you to use English．
（3）have known后面跟的不定式可以不带to，也可以保留to。例如：
I have known her（to）lie．
never knew和have never known的后面通常跟不带to的不定式，但偶尔也可以见到带to的不定式。例如：
I never knew him do anything without a good reason．
I have never known him say this before．
I have never known her to tell lies．
（4）如果在feel，know，observe，see后面跟的不定式是be，则to不可省略。例如：
We all felt that to be the highest praise．
We know him to be brave．
The only thing that I have observed to be without limit is the businessman's desire for profits．
Now I saw him to be the man who walked up the hill every morning．
应该注意到的是feel和see这两个动词在上述例句中已不是感觉动词，它们的意思分别是“认为”、“以为”和“知悉”、“了解”。
2．在口语里，用在祈使句中或者不定式go或come后面的不定式有时可以省略to。例如：
Go ask her．
Why not call John and ask him to come have dinner with us？
3．有时在besides的后面也可以跟不带to的不定式。例如：
That afternoon I had nothing to do besides answer letters．
4．Why在疑问词中是唯一能不用助动词便可引导疑问句的。其结构为why+不带to的不定式或why not+不带to的不定式。两种结构虽然都是疑问句的形式，但却分别表示不同的意思。前者通常用来表明做某事是愚蠢的或无意义的，意为“干嘛要……”。后者实际是用来提出建议或劝告，意为“何不……”或“干嘛不……”。例如：
Why stand up if you can sit down？
Why not go there with them？
5．had better，had best，would rather，would sooner，would as soon后面跟不带to的不定式。例如：
You'd better get some sleep．
You had best get home before midnight．
I would rather not go out tonight，if you don't mind．
I'd sooner stay at home．
I would as soon do it by myself．
不带TO的动词不定式
动词不定式通常带有符号 to ,叫做带 to 的动词不定式
动词不定式有时不带符号 to ,叫做不带 to 的动词不定式。
不带 to 的动词不定式通常有下面十八种情况
一、与助动词 do 连用构成谓语动词的否定、疑问和强调形式。
(1)he does not work in the factory.
(2)Does she work here?
(3)I did not see her yesterday.
(4)Did they take you home?
(5)He does look tired.
(6)They did come yesterday.
二、与情态动词连用构成复合谓语
(能)
(可以)
(胆敢)
(必须)
(能)
(将,愿意)
(7)He might be working in the office now. (可以)
(8)I don't think you need have come yesterday.(想)
(shall 将来时 将)
(将,愿意)
但与情态动词 ought(to)连用时通常带 to ,和 used(to)连用时必须带 to
三、在表示感觉的动词如:See ,look at, watch, hear, listen to, feel, notice,observe,perceive(觉察,看见 ),behold (书面用语 “ 见到 ” )等后用作宾语补足语的动词不定。
(1)I saw her cross the street.
(2)He looked at the children walk up the hill.
(3)I watched the boy cross the road.
(4)I heard her play the piano.
(5)He listend to us talk.
(6)I felt the floor move.
(7)I didn’t notice you enter.
(8)He observed someone open the door.
(9)I did not perceive anyone come in.
(10)He beheld her go out.
但除 notice,watch 不用被动语态外,上述动词变成被动语态时,其后的动词不定式就不省 to
(1)She was seen to cross street.
(2)She was heard to play the piano.
四、使役动词 make,let,have,bid, leave(=let)后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to
(1)You may take a horse to the water,but you can't make him drink.
(2)I'll let him do it.
(3)Don't forget to have them come.
(4)Bid him go home.
(5)Leave him go.
动词 have 通常不用于被动语态, make 和 bid 可用于被动语态, let 偶尔也可用于被动态,用作主语补足语的动词 不定式通常带 to ,但在 make 和 let 后有时可以不带 to
(1)John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment.
(2)He was made(to) laugh.
(3)The child was let(to) do it.
五、 never 与 know 连用其后作宾语补足语的动词不定式可省 to ,其时态多为完成时态。
(1)I never knew him act without thinking.
(2)I've never known it snow in July before.
(3)I had never known her ask for pity before.
有时 ever 与 known 连用也有上述用法。
(1)Have you ever known me tell a lie?
六、在 find 后作宾语补定语的动词不定式有时可以省 to ,但如动词为 be ,那么一般不省 to ,要省一起省略
(1)We found the farm crops(to) do well.
(2)I find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.
(3)I found this to be true in all the cities.
(4)We found him (to be) honest/dishonest.
七、在 cannot but, cannot help but, can not choose but,
had better(best),would(had) rather(sooner)…than…, would as soon…as… 后的动词不定一般不带 to
(1)When the country calls you for help,you cannot but go.
(2)He can't help but feel sorry for her.
(3)he cannot choose but obey.
(4)I had better leave now,or I'll be late.
(5)He had best buy it now while it is still available.
(6)I would rather go mountain— climbing than just take a walk.
(7)My aunt invited me to the movies,but I said I had rather go on a picnic with the girls.
(8)I had sooner live on a farm than in the city.
(9)He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deeds.
(10)I'd rather not tell you.
(11)He said he'd sooner die than betray his friend.
八、在 but(=except),besides,than后的动词不定式一般要带 to ,但如果其前有作谓语的实义动词 do ,则不定式不 带 to
(1)The soldier has no choice but to obey.
(2)He did not have any choice but to obey.
(3)She did nothing but clean the dishes.
(4)The children found there was nothing they could do with their money,except spend it on sweets.
(5)There seemed nothing else to do but(to)send for a doctor.(but前的实义动词 do 不作谓语, but 后的不定式可 带 to ,也可不带 to)
(6)He did nothing else than laugh.
(7)I could hardly do less than wait.
九、不定式作表语时,如主语部分含有实义动词 do ,且句子的时态为一般现在时或一般过去时 (多为 is 或 was) ,不 定式可以带 to 也可不带 to
(1)What we must do now is(to) find anther person to help us.
(2)All he could do was (to) rush into the room.
如句子的动词时态不是一般现在时或一般过去时,作表语的动词不定式一般要带 to
(1)She knew that all she would have to do would be to stop crying.
十、 rather than位于句首时,其后用不带 to 的不定式,但 rather than在句中时,其后的动词不定式可以带 to ,也 可以不带 to
(1)Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicyde.
(2)Rather than cause trouble,he left.
(3)He prefers to rent a car rather than(to) have one of his own.
十一、在动词 help 后作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带 to ,也可以不带,在英国英语中,多用不带 to 的不定式, 但在英国英语中, help+宾语 +不定式结构中,用不带 to 的不定式表示主语直接参与不定式的表示的动作,用带 to 的不定式表示主语没有直接参与不定式的表示的动作。
(1)He helped me repair the bicycle.
(2)He helped me to repair the bicycle.
(3)This kind of soap helps us to wash the clothes more easily.
(4)The book will help you to study English.
但在被动语态中, help 后的不定式要带 to (1)She was helped to repair her bicycle.
在 help(to) do sth不定式符号 to 可省略。
He helped(to) repair the machine.
十二、两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带 to ,后面的不定式一般省去 to
(1)Her job is to take care of the children and wash clothes.
(2)The girl doesn't know how to read and write.
但如果是在对照场合,则不省去 to
(1)It is better to laugh than to cry.
(2)The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
十三、 than 连接两个动词 不定式没有对比关系时,后一个不定式可以省 to
(1)You might do worse than(to) do as he does.
(2)I cannot do better than(to)get away for the few days.
下面句子中 than 连接的不是两个动词不定式 than 后的动词不定式通常要带 to
(1)I know better than to believe him.
(2)The beaten enemy had no choice than to surrender.
下句中的 more than(=only)可以看成复合副词,后面的动词不定式不带 to
(1)I did not more than make a beginning.
十四、在 why,why not后的不定式不带 to
(1)Why spend such a lot of money?
(2)Why not join us?
(3)Why don't you smoke?
十五、实义动词 dare 在现代英语口语中,其所在的否定句或疑问句中,它后的动词不定式可省 to ,尤其在一般过 去时中
(1)Does he dare go?
(2)We do not dare speak.
(3)He did not dare go.
(4)Did he dare go?
(5)He dared go.
(6)Dared he go?
(7)He knew she dared not open his mouth.
十六、在口语中,特别是在美国,祈使语气谓语动词和构成谓语的不定式 go 后面的不定式往往不带 to
(1)Go ask her.
(2)I'll go see my brother.
这种用法在英国口语中比较少见,一般在动词 go 后用连词 and
(1)GO and ask her.
(2)I'll go and see my brother.
十七、在
(1)Will you please give the note to Tom?
(2)Will you please open the window?
(3)Would you please give me a hand?
十八、 Better+动原 (口语中用 )
(1)Better ask them go astray.
(2)Better go at once.
小升初动词必考点之一
to do; do; doing
很多时候,会发现一些动词后面既可以跟 to do,又可以跟 doing
To do,一般将来时,打算做什么,典型的是 be going to do sth
doing 是现在进行式 , 是现在正在做什么
try to do 努力,企图做某事。
try doing 试验,试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
小学重点记
Want sb(宾格 ) t0 do sth------------只要在动词后面必然是宾格
give sb(宾格 ). sth.=give sth. to sb.
be going to do sth.
like 加现在分词 would you like doing sth ,
I like to do sth
like to do, like doing 类似
Are you interested in ______?
A.drawing B.draw C.to draw D.drew
Lucy does well in ______ English.
A.learn B.to learn C.learnning D.learning
巧记不带to的动词不定式
龙源期刊网 http://www.qikan.com.cn
巧记不带 to 的动词不定式
作者:孙广超
来源:《广东教育 ·高中》 2014年第 05期
动词不定式的基本形式是 “to+动词原形 ” ,但在下列情况下,不定式不带 to 。
一、与前面不定式并列的不定式省略 to
两个或两个以上句法功能相同的动词不定式并列时,通常只是第一个动词不定式带 to ,后 面的不定式则不带 to 。如:
They began to read and write.他们开始读和写。
二、在一些特殊动词后作宾补的不定式不带 to
我们可以把这类动词归纳为:一感(feel )、二听(hear , listen to)、三让(let , make , have )、四看(see , watch , notice , observe )。如:
I suddenly felt something brush against my arm. 我突然感觉到有什么东西拂着我手臂。 We often heard them sing.我们常常听到他们唱歌。
Now let me listen to you play.现在让我听你演奏。
I’ll have my brother repair the radio for you.我要让我哥哥给你修理收音机。
I saw her walk into the headmaster’s office.我看见她走进了校长办公室。
特别注意:当以上这些动词用于被动语态时,动词不定式作主语补足语时则要带 to 。如: She was heard to sing in the next room.有人听到她在隔壁房间里唱歌。
三、一些特殊语言结构中的不定式不带 to
我们可以把这些特殊语言结构归纳为:一个 “ 宁愿(would rather) ” ,二个 “ 最好(had better , might as well) ” ,三个 “ 不得不(can not but, can not help but, can not choose but) ” 。 如:
We would rather wait till tomorrow.我们宁愿等到明天。
We might as well take a look at the city. 我们还不如先在市里看看。
九类不带to的动词不定式
九类不带 to 的动词不定式
(一) 作使役动词 let, have, make的宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to 。 例如:
She let her child play in the park. 她让她的孩子在公园里玩耍。
I had him arrange for a car. 我叫他给我安排了一辆车。
She made her children wash their hands before eating. 她要她的孩子们 在吃东西前洗手。
注意:当使役动词 make 用于被动语态时,则该动词必须加上 to 。例 如:
He was made to leave school by his father's death. 由于他爸爸的死,他 被迫离开了学校。
(二)作感官动词 see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe等的宾语补足 语的动词不定式不带 to 。例如:
I saw him cross the street. 我看见他横穿马路。
I felt the ship roll. 我们感觉船在摇晃。
注意:当此类动词用于被动语态时 (watch 一般不用于被动语态) , 则 充当主语补足语的动词不定式要带动词不定式符号 to 。例如:
He was seen to enter the office. 有人看见他进了办公室。
(三) why (not) + 不带 to 的动词不定式。例如:
Why not come and see me tomorrow? 明天来找我怎么样?
(四) had better + 不带 to 的动词不定式。例如:
You'd better go now. 你最好现在走。
(五) rather than位于句首时, 其后用不带 to 的不定式, 但 rather than在句中时,其后的动词不定式可以带 to ,也可以不带 to
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle. He prefers to rent a car rather than(to) have one of his own.
(六) 在 find 后作宾语补定语的动词不定式有时可以省 to , 但如动词 为 be ,那么一般不省 to ,要省一起省略
We found the farm crops(to) do well.
I find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.
I found this to be true in all the cities.
(七)在 but(=except),besides,than后的动词不定式一般要带 to ,但如 果其前有作谓语的实义动词 do ,则不定式不带 to
The soldier has no choice but to obey.
He did not have any choice but to obey.
She did nothing but clean the dishes.
(八) 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带 to ,后面的不定式一般省去 to
Her job is to take care of the children and wash clothes.
(九)在动词 help 后作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带 to ,也可以 不带 , 在英国英语中 , 多用不带 to 的不定式 , 但在英国英语中 , help+宾语 +不定式结构中 , 用不带 to 的不定式表示主语直接参与不定式的 表示的动作,用带 to 的不定式表示主语没有直接参与不定式的表示 的动作。
He helped me repair the bicycle.
He helped me to repair the bicycle.
This kind of soap helps us to wash the clothes more easily.
The book will help you to study English.
但在被动语态中, help 后的不定式要带 to
She was helped to repair her bicycle
在 help(to) do sth不定式符号 to 可省略。
He helped(to) repair the machine.
动词不定式不带to
不定式使用有误只因用了符号 to
动词不定式的一般构成形式为“ to +动词原形”,但有 时我们需省去符号 to ,即应用不带 to 的动词不定式。 1.在情态动词 can , may , must , dare , need 等后的动 词不定式不可带 to 。例如:
那个男孩会说一点英语。
误:That boy can to speak a little English. 说明:need 可用作情态动词, 后跟不带 to 的动词不定式, 也可用作行为动词,后跟带 to 的动词不定式。试比较: You needn't talk so loud.你不必这么大声讲话。 You didn't need to tell him the news; it just made him sad.你无需告诉他这一消息,那只会使他悲哀。 2.在 had better后应跟不带 to 的动词不定式。例如:今天她最好呆在家里。
误:She'd better to stay at home today.
3.在 Why not ...?后应跟不带 to 的动词不定式。例 如:
为什么不和他一起去动物园?
误:Why not to go to the zoo with him?
4.在感官动词 see , hear , watch , look at , listen to , feel , notice 等以及使役动词 make , let , have 等后跟动词 不定式作宾语补足语时应省去不定式符号 to 。例如:
我们老师让我们把这些单词抄写十遍。
误:Our teacher made us to copy these words ten times . 注意:将此句改为被动句时,省去的不定式符号 to 应加 上。例如上句若改为被动语态应是:
We were made to copy these words ten times by our teacher .
在动词 help 后跟不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时, 既可带 to ,也可不带 to 。例如:
Jim helped(to ) finish the work.吉姆帮着完成了那 项工作。
Father helped us (to ) decorate the Christmas tree . 爸 爸帮我们装饰了那棵圣诞树。
5.在 Will (Would ) you please (not )...?句型中, please 后应跟不带 to 的动词不定式。例如:
请把你的收音机音量调低点好吗?
误:Will you please to turn down your radio?
6.两个或更多的动词不定式连用时,如果它们在句中的 语法功能相同或相似, 通常只需在第一个动词不定式中用上 符号 to ,其余的动词不定式都不带 to。例如:
我们没有人知道什么时候开始,什么时候结束。
误:None of us knows when to start and to end.
1 简单句、并列句、复合句
根据语法形式,即句子的结构,英语的句子可分为简单句、 并列句
和复合句。
1 简单句
句型:主语 +谓语
只包含一个主谓结构,而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语 表示。
简单句有五种基本句型,详见第十七章。
They are playing baseball in the garden.
他们正在公园里打棒球。
Her brother and sister both are teachers.
她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。
2 并列句
句型:简单句 +并列连词 +简单句
(常见的并列连词有 and , but , or )
并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的 各简单
句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关 系。它们之
间用连词连结。
(详见第十六章连词)
My friend was at home , and we talked for along time. 我的朋友在家,我们谈了好长时间。
Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher. 她父亲是个医生,她母亲是个老师。
I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.
我非常喜欢这个故事,可是李明却对它不感兴趣。
Hurry up , or you'll be late.
快点,否则你就会迟到的。
3 复合句
句型 :主句 +连词 +从句 ; 或连词 +从句 +主句 (包含一个主句、 一个
或一个以上的从句,或只包含一个从句,但有两个或两个以 上的主句的
句子叫复合句。)
做完作业后,我上床睡觉。
用现在进行时表示将来
Grammar 语法 2009-11-11 09:20:31 阅读 901 评论 1 字号:大中小 订阅
Grammar--用现在进行时表示将来
当句子涉及确切的计划、明确的意图和为将来安排好的活动时,现在进行时可用 于表示将来。
1) come, go, stay, arrive, leave 等词的
现在进行时经常用于表示将来确切的计划。
2) 表示交通方式、行程安排的动词,例如 fly , walk, ride, drive, take(a bus, a taxi)等的现在进行时也经常用于表示将来。
练一练!
1. Betty __________(leave) for Guangzhou by plane at 3 this afternoon. Her brother Bob _________(see) her off. It’s half past one now. They____________ (wait) for a taxi outside the school gate.
2. The Browns __________ (go) to the North China by train next week. They _________ (stay) in Beijing for a week. They ________(go) to Xi’an. They ____________(get) there by air.
3. Some friends___________ (come) to Anne’s birthday party this evening. Anne’s mother ___ (be) busy ______ (get) ready for the birthday dinner. Anne _________(help) her mother now.
is leaving, is seeing, are waiting, are going, are staying, are going, are getting, are coming, is… getting, is helping
注意!
另外,表示将来的动作或状态,还可用以下几种形式:
① will / shall+动词原形
I shall be seventeen years old next month.
② be going to+动词原形:表示即将发生
的或最近打算进行的事。
We are going to have a meeting today.
③ be to+动词原形:表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。
Are we to go on with this work?
④ be about to+动词原形 , 表示即将发生的动作 , 不与表示将来的时间状语连用。 I was about to go swimming when my guide shouted at me and told me not to do so.
我正要去游泳,这时向导大声叫我不要去。
⑤ be +动词的 ing 形式 :表示按计划或安排要发生的事 , 含义是 “ 预定要 ……” 这一结构常用趋向动词 go, arrive, come , leave, start, stay , return 和 play , do , have , work, wear, spend , see, meet等 。
--- When are you going off for your holiday?
你什么时候动身去度假 ?
--- My plane is taking off at 9:20, so I must be at the airport by 8:30.
我乘坐的飞机将于 9:20分起飞 , 所以我必须在 8:30之前赶到机场 .
⑥一般现在时表示将来时
(1)按规定预计要发生的未来动作 , 仅限于动词 come, go, leave, move, start, return, arrive, begin, stay等动词 .
The plane takes off at 10:10. That is , it’s leaving in ten minutes.
(2)用在状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时
If you do that again, I’ll hit you.
(3)用在 I bet 和 I hope后面 , 常用一般现在时表将来 .
I bet you don’t get up before ten tomorrow.
我敢说你明天不到 10点是不会起床的 .
⑦单纯叙述未来的事实,可以用将来进行时,也可表示按计划安排将来要执行的 动作。
实例:
(2003北京)
A. we’re going to flyB. we’ll be flying
C. we’ll flyD. we're to fly
练一练!
1. ---Did you write to Grace last summer?
---No, but I'll ______ her over Christmas vacation.
A. be seenB. have seenC. be seeingD. to see 2. ---I’m going to the States?
---How long ___ you___ in the States?
A. are; stayedB. are; stayingC. have; stayedD. did; stay
3. I’ve won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I ____ my mum.
A. am taking B. have taken
C. take D. will have taken
4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy take because technology ____ so rapidly.
A. will change B. has changed
C. will have changed D. is changing
5. --- You’ve left the light on.
---Oh, I have. ___ and turn it off.
A. I go B. I’ve gone
C. I’ll go D. I’m going
6. --- Is this raincoat yours?.
---No, mine____ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung
C. hangs D. hung
7. --- What’s that terrible noise?
---The neighbours____ for a party.
A. have prepared B. are preparing
C. prepare D. will prepare
8. Because the shop ____, all the T-shirts are sold at half prices.
A. has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
9. --- Can I join the club, Dad?
--- You can when you ___ a bit old.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
10. I feel it is your husband who ___ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame
11. At this time tomorrow, ____ over the Atlantic.
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying
C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
12. ---Are you still busy?
--- Yes, I my work, and it won’t take long.
A. just finish B. am just finishing
C. have just finished D. am just going to finish
13. ---Did you tell Julia about the result?
--- Oh, no, I forgot. I ____ her now.
A. will be calling B. will call
C. call D. am to call
14. ---What are you going to do this afternoon?
--- I’m going to the cinema with some friends. The film ___ quite early, so we ___ to the bookstore after that.
A. finished; are going B. finished; go
C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go
答案:1— 5 CBADC 6— 10 ABCAA 11— 14 BBBC
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