反语也叫倒反，就是说反话，使用同本语相反的词语以表达本意。

反语的作用是产生幽默感与讽刺性，有时比正说更有力量。

运用跟本意相反的词语来表达本意，含有嘲弄、讽刺的意思，这种修辞手法叫做反语。

运用反语手法，能更好地包含深刻的思想和激昂的感情。

反语的用途主要有：①直接表达禁止和压制时，以．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．反话表达正面的意思。②面对荒谬不硬加驳斥，而．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．是谬上加谬，使其荒唐之处极端放大而达到归谬目．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．的。③正面语言难以表述强烈情绪时，以及语表达．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．加强效果。④通过颠覆既定习惯，产生幽默。它的．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．主要形式有：反话（正话反说）、反饥（反说正说）、．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．骂话（以写示爱、明褒暗亵）、气话（明褒实贬）、．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．俏皮话（反规则的幽默）等等。 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

反语是语言艺术中的迂回术，是更为极端的迂回术。正话反说便是以彻底的委婉，欲擒敌纵，取得

合适的发话角度，达到比直言陈说更为有效的说服效果。

鲁滨逊 与 格列佛 性格特征

《格列佛游记》小说以第一人称，通过主人公英国外科医生格列佛周游“小人国”、“大人国”、“飞岛国”的奇遇，对18世纪前半期的英国进行了全面的讽刺和批判，抨击了当时的议会、司法等方面的黑暗，揭露了英国统治者的殖民政策，歌颂了劳动人民的反抗精神，具有鲜明的民主主义思想特色。

而鲁滨逊 自己搭建房屋，尝试着打猎、种谷子、驯养山羊、晒野葡萄干，自己摸索着做桌椅、做陶器，用围巾筛面做面包，还搭救并训练了一个野人“星期五”，使他成为自己的忠实奴仆。就这样，他在荒岛上建立了自己的物质和精神“王国”。 敢于冒险，勇于追求自由自在、无拘无束的生活，面对人生困境，鲁滨逊的所作所为显示了一个硬汉子的坚毅性格和英雄本色，体现了资产阶级上升时期的创造精神和开拓精神.

“反语”的反作用

教养笔记

“反语”的反作用

我想大多数的幼儿教师都明白，教师的言行，是幼儿学习的典范。但在教育过程中我们经常会不经意的违背“幼儿教育要以正面为主”这一原则，习惯性的说一些幼儿听不懂的“反语”，给幼儿的行为和身心健康造成一些不良的影响。

最近就在我身上发生了这样一件事，下午孩子们正在吃点心，安帅帅坐姿很不好，像是躺在小椅子上，而且边吃还边发出一声很长的叹息声，我故意问他：“安帅帅，吃点心是不是很累啊？你要不要休息一下再吃？”可是这句话却造成了一个意想不到的后果；那些不管是吃好点心还是正在吃点心的幼儿，都发出了一声长长的叹息，装出很疲倦的样子。看到情形，我便意识到自己的话起了反作用，于是认真地对孩子们说：“我们吃点心的时候，要坐得端正，嘴巴不能说话，也不能长声叹息，不然食物会被吸到气管里去的。”因为我们最近正在学习有用的身体，孩子们对身体器官的功能和作用也都有所了解，听到我的话，都停止了叹息，认真吃点心。

幼儿园的孩子虽然年龄小，他们好动、好奇、好模仿，但经验缺乏，是非分辨不清，对不良的行为也爱模仿，对于 “反语”，他们有时并不理解，所以不但起不到教育效果，有时还会适得其反，起到一些反作用。所以我们成人尤其是幼儿教师在教育幼儿时要注意以正面教育为主，切不可说一些幼儿听不懂的“反语”。如果教师由于疏忽，“反语”已经出口，并对幼儿造成了一定的影响，就要及时向幼儿解释清楚，消除不良影响。

苏联教育家加里宁说过：“一个教师也必须好好检点自己，他应该感觉到，他的一举一动到处在最严格的监督之下，世界上任何人也没有什么东西，能比孩子的眼睛更精细、更敏捷”。作为一个教师，应该处处严格要求自己，言行一致，以身立教。为了孩子们能健康成长，愿从事幼儿教育的园丁们在工作中慎用“反语”！

2008-3

[终稿]反语的作用

反语的作用

反语也叫倒反，就是说反话，使用同本语相反的词语以表达本意。

反语的作用是产生幽默感与讽刺性，有时比正说更有力量。

运用跟本意相反的词语来表达本意，含有嘲弄、讽刺的意思，这种修辞手法叫做反语。

运用反语手法，能更好地包含深刻的思想和激昂的感情。

反语的用途主要有:?直接表达禁止和压制时，以反话表达正面的意思。?面对荒谬不硬加驳斥，而是谬上加谬，使其荒唐之处极端放大而达到归谬目的。?正面语言难以表述强烈情绪时，以及语表达加强效果。?通过颠覆既定习惯，产生幽默。它的主要形式有:反话(正话反说)、反饥(反说正说)、骂话(以写示爱、明褒暗亵)、气话(明褒实贬)、俏皮话(反规则的幽默)等等。

反语是语言艺术中的迂回术，是更为极端的迂回术。正话反说便是以彻底的委婉，欲擒敌纵，取得

合适的发话角度，达到比直言陈说更为有效的说服效果。

鲁滨逊 与 格列佛 性格特征

《格列佛游记》小说以第一人称，通过主人公英国外科医生格列佛周游“小人国”、“大人国”、“飞岛国”的奇遇，对18世纪前半期的英国进行了全面的讽刺和批判，抨击了当时的议会、司法等方面的黑暗，揭露了英国统治者的殖民政策，歌颂了劳动人民的反抗精神，具有鲜明的民主主义思想特色。

而鲁滨逊 自己搭建房屋，尝试着打猎、种谷子、驯养山羊、晒野葡萄干，自己摸索着做桌椅、做陶器，用围巾筛面做面包，还搭救并训练了一个野人“星期五”，使他成为自己的忠实奴仆。就这样，他在荒岛上建立了自己的物质和精神“王国”。 敢于冒险，勇于追求自由自在、无拘无束的生活，面对人生困境，鲁滨逊的所作所为显示了一个硬汉子的坚毅性格和英雄本色，体现了资产阶级上升时期的创造精神和开拓精神.

反语的作用

反语的作用

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反语也叫倒反，就是说反话，使用同本语相反的(((((((((((((((((((((词语以表达本意。 ((((((((

反语的作用是产生幽默感与讽刺性，有时比正说(((((((((((((((((((((更有力量。 (((((

运用跟本意相反的词语来表达本意，含有嘲弄、讽((((((((((((((((((((((刺的意思，这种修辞手法叫做反语。 ((((((((((((((((

运用反语手法，能更好地包含深刻的思想和激昂(((((((((((((((((((((的感情。 ((((

反语的用途主要有:?直接表达禁止和压制时，以((((((((((((((((((((((反话表达正面的意思。?面对荒谬不硬加驳斥，而((((((((((((((((((((((是谬上加谬，使其荒唐之处极端放大而达到归谬目((((((((((((((((((((((的。?正面语言难以表述强烈情绪时，以及语表达((((((((((((((((((((((加强效果。?通过颠覆既定习惯，产生幽默。它的((((((((((((((((((((((主要形式有:反话(正话反说)、反饥(反说正说)、((((((((((((((((((((((((骂话(以写示爱、明褒暗亵)、气话(明褒实贬)、(((((((((((((((((((((((俏皮话(反规则的幽默)等等。 ((((((((((((((

反语是语言艺术中的迂回术，是更为极端的迂回(((((((((((((((((((((术。正话反说便是以彻底的委婉，欲擒敌纵，取得((((((((((((((((((((((

合适的发话角度，达到比直言陈说更为有效的说服((((((((((((((((((((((效果。 (((

鲁滨逊 与 格列佛 性格特征 (((((((((((《格列佛游记》小说以第一人称，通过主人公英国((((((((((((((((((((((外科医生格列佛周游“小人国”、“大人国”、“飞岛国”((((((((((((((((((((((((((的奇遇，对18世纪前半期的英国进行了全面的讽((((((((((((((((((((((刺和批判，抨击了当时的议会、司法等方面的黑暗，(((((((((((((((((((((((揭露了英国统治者的殖民政策，歌颂了劳动人民的((((((((((((((((((((((反抗精神，具有鲜明的民主主义思想特色。 (((((((((((((((((((而鲁滨逊 自己搭建房屋，尝试着打猎、种谷子、(((((((((((((((((((((驯养山羊、晒野葡萄干，自己摸索着做桌椅、做陶((((((((((((((((((((((器，用围巾筛面做面包，还搭救并训练了一个野人((((((((((((((((((((((“星期五”，使他成为自己的忠实奴仆。就这样，他(((((((((((((((((((((((在荒岛上建立了自己的物质和精神“王国”。 敢于冒(((((((((((((((((((((((险，勇于追求自由自在、无拘无束的生活，面对人((((((((((((((((((((((生困境，鲁滨逊的所作所为显示了一个硬汉子的坚((((((((((((((((((((((毅性格和英雄本色，体现了资产阶级上升时期的创((((((((((((((((((((((造精神和开拓精神. (((((((((

论文-反语的作用英文版

Pragmatic Functions of Irony

08英语一班

0805010121

鲍清晨

1．Abstract

Irony is a common linguistic phenomenon in verbal communication. Recent

years have seen a mushroom growth of distinctly angled theorizations in this

orientation, which nevertheless exhibit strong complementarity. Traditionally, irony is

treated as a figure of speech whose intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed

by the words uttered.

In this paper, focus will be laid upon what is irony , what are the Pragmatic

functions of irony in English culture and in Chinese culture .and what is the

comparison between English irony and Chinese irony.

2. What is irony

It is difficult to define the word of “irony” which could be understood in

various ways. The expansion of its research area may be the direct cause of the

diversity of the definition of irony. The following are some definitions of irony from

dictionaries.

2.1 Dictionary definitions of irony

1) Expression of one?s meaning by saying the direct opposite of one?s thoughts in

order to be emphatic, amusing, sarcastic, etc. [2]

Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary

2) Use of words which are clearly opposite to one?s meaning, usually either in order to

be amusing or to show annoyance (e.g. by saying ?What charming behavior? when

someone has been rude.) [3]

Longman Dictionary of English Language &Culture (English-Chinese)

3) Irony is a literary technique that achieves the effect of saying one thing and

meaning another through the use of humor or mild sarcasm. [4]

Webster’s New World Encyclopedia

4) The use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the

literal meaning. [5]

Webster English Dictionary

5) Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is

meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. This

form of irony is called verbal irony, and differs from the stylistic device of dramatic

irony. [6]

English Rhetorical Options

6) Definition of irony from Grolier International Dictionary:

a). An expression or utterance marked by such a deliberate contrast between apparent

and intended meaning, for humorous or rhetorical effect.

b). Incongruity between what might be expected and what occurs. [7]

The above definitions, although explained by different experts from different angles,

roughly display the nature of irony from both the form and function. Among these

definitions, the basic meaning of irony could be found as “saying one thing but

meaning another.” The best description of irony, say, the Grolier International

Dictionary, takes both the form and function of irony into consideration and gives us a

better picture. However, all of these definitions have some shortcomings. First, none

of them provides an effective way to identify irony from non-irony. Second, they

basically regard irony as a trope or a figure of speech whose literal and connotative

meanings are mutually opposed to each other. This traditional understanding has been

under challenges by modern research.

3. Pragmatic functions of irony

In the former parts of this paper, we have already discussed about the relation

between irony and CP, the association between irony and IP, and the connection

between irony and verbal humor. Though irony seems to take flouting CP as its own

duty, it acts as an assistant of IP actively. As a type of verbal humor, irony devotes

itself to produce humor in people?s communications. However, what are the pragmatic

functions of irony? In this section, the key to this question will be presented mainly

from two major aspects: pragmatic functions of English irony and pragmatic functions

of Chinese irony.

3.1 Pragmatic functions of English irony

Pragmatic functions of English irony can be stated in various ways, similar to the

classification of it. In the following passage, the effort will be concentrated on the

major functions of irony. Firstly, while using irony people tend to use affirmative to

express critique or discontent. Secondly, irony is always used as a means to satirize.

Thirdly, irony is used as an approach to be polite. Last but not the least, irony is used

as an approach to be humorous.

3.1.1 Used as an affirmative to express critique or discontent

In English, irony is often used to state one?s negative attitude to something. For

example:

(1) I just adore mosquitoes. (郑国龙,2003,P28)

(2) You are a big help! (邱政政,2005,P2)

(3) You are telling stories! (邱政政,2005,P2)

In example (1), “adore” actually tells us the displeasure of the speaker. It can be

learned from the meaning between the lines that the speaker hates mosquitoes in fact.

The sentence of example (2) is not really used to praise the “help” but to indicate,

“You only do nothing to help.” The speaker of example (3) applies irony to make a

mockery.

In everyday life, people tend to use irony in their speech though sometimes they

may not be conscious of it. The following is another instance:

(4) This morning, I was late for work; at noon, I had my bike stolen; on the way home

this afternoon, I slipped down in the street. So today, I am certainly enjoying myself.

(郑国龙,2003,P28)

Obviously, the narrator did not enjoy himself indeed this day. With the strong

discontent of the terrible experience, he expressed his displeasure by using the

opposite word “enjoy”.

3.1.2 Used as a means to satirize

Irony is used to veil feelings in a subtle way. Words of praise are often found

where condemnation is meant. Below are some examples:

(1) Like all the other officers at Group Headquarters except Major Danby, Colonel

Cathcart was infused with the democratic spirit: he believed that all men outside

Group equal, and he therefore spurned all men outside Group Headquarters with equal

fervor. (冯翠华,1995,P214)

(This passage implies that Colonel Cathcart was not democratic at all: his democratic

spirit extended only to his own group; all others he treated with scorn and

highhandedness.)

(2) …a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing,

and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled; and I make no doubt

that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout. (郑国龙,2002,P28)

The author here proposed the measure to solve the problem of starvation and

overpopulation by eating or selling children from poor families. However, his real

purpose was to rip off the hypocritical mask of hypocrites. Used as a means to satirize,

irony helped to disclose the serious problem of the society in above example.

3.1.3Used as an approach to be polite

In daily conversation, people are apt to be polite. As an indirect expression, irony

is widely applied. For example:

(1) “Have a drink?”

“All right, but not up at the bar. We will take a table.”

“The perfect father.” (薛利芳,2004,P65)

(2) “The boy has broken another glass,” said the mother.

“A fine thing!” the father replied. (冯庆华,2001,P160)

In example (1), the son chose the polite way of using “the perfect father” which

actually referred to one who was stingy about money matter. If he complained

directly to his father that “A stingy father”, the impoliteness would break the

relationship between the father and son more or less. Conversely, the father in

example (2) criticized the fault of his son in an indirect way. “A fine thing!” could be

treated as a criticism out of goodwill.

3.1.4 Used as an approach to be humorous

In Section 5.2 of this paper, we have learned that verbal irony serves as an

approach of verbal humor. Therefore, the humorous function of irony can be easily

revealed. Below are some more examples for further acknowledging.

(1) Polite horse

The Bach sees Ball walking lamely, asks him: “ What?s happened?” Ball says: “ I

went to the forest park to ride the horse on Sunday.” “ I?m sure that it was an unruly，

or the horse did not allow to ride?” “Both are not. Just the horse was very polite ---

when it ran to a stockade at a full gallop, it stopped all of a sudden and made me leap

over first.” Says Ball. (艾临,2005,P170)

(2) Taken in Twice

“What?s the matter with your hands?”

“They were bitten by the serpent.”

“How can it happen?”

“I went to the forest the day before yesterday. Seeing there is a snake around the tree,

I picked up a stick to beat.”

“Missed the target.”

“No, what is twisted around the tree was a rope, while what I picked up was just a

snake.” (艾临,2005,P2)

A new conception of what a polite horse is shows forth in example (1). Humor

occurred when Ball understated his displeasing experience by using irony. Similarly,

the embarrassment of the narrator in example (2) is well veiled in the ironic statement,

which brings humor to good effect.

3.2 Pragmatic functions of Chinese irony

3.2.1 Chinese irony

Chinese irony, to some extent, is equal to the type of English irony, namely

verbal irony. Generally speaking, it can be classified as five types: irony for

commendation and derogation，irony for satire，irony for fun, irony for affection and

irony for emphasis. The classification is basically in the light of the pragmatic

functions of irony. The detailed demonstration of them will be continued in the

following parts.

3.2.2 Pragmatic functions of Chinese irony

(i) Irony for praise and denigration

Irony for praise and denigration is to use praise instead of derogatory term, or

vice versa. It is an indirect utterance that can avoid making comments in direct way. It

has nothing to do with sarcasm. For instance:

凤姐道：“我那里管得这些事来？ 见识又浅，口角又笨，心肠又直率，人家给个

棒槌我就认作针，脸皮又软，搁不住人家两句好话，心里就慈悲了。……”

(“I?m incapable of running things,” she signed. “I?m too ignorant, blunt and tactless,

always getting hold of the wrong end of the stick. And I?m so soft-hearted, anyone

can get round me….”)(郑国龙,2003,P126)

Apparently, Wang Xifeng downgraded herself as “ignorant, blunt and tactless”.

However, her personality is well known as talent, quick-tongued and wise. It can be

considered that irony is used to be modest in this situation.

(ii) Irony for satire

Satire plays a role of frequent feature of irony. It seems like a spoiled child to

some literature writers. For example:

(1)几个“慈祥”的老板到菜场去收集一些菜叶，用盐一浸，这就是他们难得的佳肴。

(Some kind-hearted bosses go to the market and pick up some vegetable leaves,

coming back and dipping them into salt water, then a god-given cate is ready for them

(the women workers)) (郑国龙,2003,P54)

(2) 湘云笑道：“?主雅客来勤?，自然你有些警动他的好处，他才要会你。”宝玉

道：“罢，罢！我也不称雅，我乃俗中又俗的一个俗人，并不愿同这些人来往。”

(“ ?When the host is cultured, guests frequent his house?,” quoted Shi Xiang-yun. “He

likes seeing you, surely, because he can learn something from you.”

“Don?t call me cultured,” begged Pao-yu. “I?m the most vulgar of the vulgar herd, and

I?ve no desire at all to mix with such people.”) [37]

In example (1), the author lent “kind-hearted” to ridicule the bosses who treated

the women workers niggardly. In example (2), Pao-yu laughed at himself as “the most

vulgar of the vulgar herd”, ironically.

(iii) Irony for fun

Irony for fun refers to the one that may create a relaxed atmosphere. For example:

这个“四十条”去年以来不吃香了，现在又“复辟”了。

(These forty articles went out of vogue last year but are now staging a “come back”.)

(郑国龙,2003,P23)

Literally, “come back” is an expression of censure. But here it stands for a new

starting of the forty articles. By using this word, the speech run smoothly under

the light air.

(iv) Irony for affection

Irony is sometimes used to express strong affection. To make advances to others,

people can use irony as a support. For example:

几个女人有点失望， 也有些伤心，各人在心里骂着自己的狠心贼。

(Disappointed and rather upset, each woman was secretly laying the blame on her

heartless brute of a husband.) (郑国龙,2003,P65) Seemingly, these women were blaming their husbands. Actually, that is not the

case. They loved their husbands so much that irony was used to manifest their real

affection indirectly by the author.

(v) Irony for emphasis

Irony can be approved in the following example that it can emphasize the

opposite meaning.

Example:

我于是日日盼望新年，新年到，闰土也就到了。好容易到了年末，有一日，母亲

告诉我，闰土来了，我便飞跑的去看。

（I looked forward every day to New Year, for New Year would bring Run Tu. At last

the end of the year came, and one day Mother told me that Run Tu had come, and I

flew to see him.）(郑国龙,2003,P43)

Here “好容易” can be easily understood as its real meaning “好不容易”.People

can catch its meaning as this is an common expression in Chinese, say, “好不高

兴”means “好高兴”，and so on.

3.3 The comparison between English irony and Chinese irony

There are both similarities and differences between English irony and Chinese

irony. The similarities lie in some aspects. They are both used for satirizing, amusing

and producing humor. It seems that the differences count much more than the similarities.

The differences between English irony and Chinese irony mainly lie in four

points as follows. Firstly, the classification of English irony differs from that of

Chinese irony. The four major types of irony in English are verbal, dramatic,

situational and comic. To some extent, Chinese irony is included in English irony as

verbal irony. Secondly, English irony depends on context to a larger extent while

Chinese irony simply counts on words. Besides, irony for affection turns out to appear

more frequently in Chinese irony than in English. Last but not the least, irony for

emphasis can be regarded as a unique feature of Chinese irony since it could not be found in English.

4. Conclusion

As stated, the pragmatic functions of English irony are as follows: used as a

means to express critique or discontent, used as a means to satirize, used as an

approach to be polite, used as an approach to be humorous. Meanwhile, the pragmatic

functions of Chinese irony are presented as: irony for praise and denigration, irony for satire, irony for fun, irony for affection and irony for emphasis.

From the above discussion in this paper, we can come to a conclusion that the

major pragmatic functions of irony could be stated as humorous functions. In a broad

sense, the humorous functions may be regarded as light humorous functions and

heavy humorous functions. The function to be humorous could be considered as one

breach of the humorous functions. The light humorous functions include the function

to be polite, the function to be humorous, irony for fun, etc. On the other hand, the

function for satire serves as a heavy humorous function. To sum up, the main feature

of irony is humor feature

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