不吃鱼的丶喵
[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.
Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧，是他们的成就的表现。如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。
[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.
[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer’s financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.
[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.
[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22
[29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22
希望有帮助。呵呵
你看看，对你有帮助：
毕业论文参考文献规范格式
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.
【举例】
[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.
【举例】
[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来。
英语必背十篇范文
1
The Necessity of Examination
As regards examination, there has been a heated discussion among the general public in our society. People who believe in its necessity may have some arguments as follows. To begin with, examination helps to tell the better-behaved from the worse-behaved students. What’s more, examination may stimulate the students to work harder. Take Xiao Wang as an example, a student from Hebei Normal University, he used to have poor command of English. However, under the pressure of College English Test Band 4, he made great progress and can now speak fluent English.
By contrast, some people think that examination may give rise to a series of negative effects. They maintain that examination cannot always faithfully reflect one’s study performance. It is believed that too many students may be misled and neglect the improvement of practical ability. Examples of “High marks but poor competence” are often cited on different media.
Just as any coin has two sides; it’s no exception with the issue of examination. Students should develop a right attitude towards it and strike a balance between examination and practical ability achievement.
注释
① As regards…, there has been a heated discussion among the general public in our society. 关于……，公众对此议论纷纷。(该句型常用于会引起争议的话题的开头)
② have poor command of 对…掌握不好
③ may give rise to a series of negative effects 可能会导致一系列的负面影响
④ Just as any coin has two sides, it’s no exception with the issue of… 正如一枚硬币有两面一样，…也不例外。(在讨论某事物具有两面性时，常用的句型)
⑤ strike a balance between…and… 在…和…之间取得平衡
2
Integrate Chinese Culture into College Education
As a result of globalization and convenient interaction among different nations, a variety of native cultures are being or have been lost. It’s true of Chinese culture as well. We may easily recognize all sorts of English courses in college education curriculum but few of Chinese culture. And these indicate that Chinese traditional culture has been ignored in college education.
As we all know, traditional culture represents the accumulated wisdom of our ancestors down through the ages and is a rich heritage to every Chinese. For college students, successors of modernization construction, mastering of Chinese culture is particularly of significance. Besides, traditional culture education can promote the cultural awareness and patriotism among college students. Therefore, it’s necessary and beneficial to integrate Chinese culture into college education.
To achieve this, colleges and universities should take effective measures to preserve the native culture. Culture awareness should be promoted both through the courses and extracurricular activities. As for college students, we should actively be involved in the culture education.
注释
① accumulated wisdom 智慧结晶
② cultural awareness 文化意识，对文化的认知
③ beneficial 有益处的，有好处的
④ preserve 保护，维护
⑤ be involved in 被卷入，使参与
3
University Club
College life is a brand-new period for the freshmen who have just gone through the “torturing” high school and a fate-changing college entrance examination. Among all the new things, one is the clubs and societies on campus, such as football club, speech club, debate society, astronomy club, movie association, etc. These associations take the chance of every September to recruit new blood.
However, students hold different opinions about on-campus clubs and societies. Some students think that to join in some club is a good opportunity to develop their comprehensive ability, especially when they can be leaders. Some students disagree and believe there exist more disadvantages, since it will take students a lot of time that they should spend on study, and especially when they immerse themselves in more than one club. Still some other students are indifferent to on-campus clubs, or even completely ignore them.
For me, I think it’s foolish to be totally involved into some clubs or to be an outsider completely, and the best way is to make sure about your own interest, make the correct choice, and fight for a balance between club activities and study.
注释
① brand-new, new blood 全新的; 新鲜血液, 新人
② take the chance of 利用这个机会
③ immerse themselves in/be involved into 沉浸于/投身于
④ totally/completely 完全地
4
Relationship Between Major and Future Job
It’s a striking fact that there isn’t necessary relationship between one’s major and specific job duties for majority of people. Many people condemn this on outdated education system and some even complain that textbooks are useless.
This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First of all, it’s a common sense that there always exists a gap between theory and practice. This gap needs to be bridged by continuous exploration of similarities and differences between these two factors and accordingly corresponding modification. Secondly, due to the rapid development of technology, the knowledge from textbooks becomes behind the times soon. And it will lead to the disassociation between what one has acquired in college education and what he does at work.
From my point of view, when faced with the disassociation, one should adapt himself to working environment as soon as possible by adjusting his own information system. What’s more important, life-long learning is essential to one’s career success. Even after one reached the required levels from college education curriculum, pursuit of knowledge should never be ceased. Last but not the least, we should bear this firmly in mind that one’s ability is valued much more than one’s academic degree.
注释
① condemn on 把…归咎于…
② behind the times 过时的，落伍的
③ adjusting 调整，适应
④ bear this firmly in mind 牢牢记住
5
Social Practice for College Students
Nowadays, college students are required to take part in some social practice as being assistant in companies, or doing surveys, especially during the holidays. Social practice is gradually becoming more essential for China’s higher education.
However, social practice has both advantages and disadvantages for college students. On the one hand, it provides students more opportunities to contact with the real world off-campus; besides, it helps students to grasp some practical skills, especially communication skills, which is an essential supplement to on-campus study; moreover, social practice can widen students’ vision. On the other hand, the negative effects cannot be neglected: students’ major task is learning knowledge, while curiosity about off-campus world may distract them; sometimes social practice is even treated usuriously and becomes a waste of time; furthermore, the students may be faced with dangers unexpectedly.
Despite the potential negative effects of social practice, I strongly support social practice for college students, since as a whole, the benefits overwhelm the likely harm. Two heads are better than one, if students, schools, and the society join hands together, social practice can be carried out more effectively and better armed students for the society can be expected.
注释
① distract 使分心，使分散注意力
② Despite…, I strongly support 尽管……，我强烈支持……
③ Two heads are better than one 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮
④ join hands; better armed 联合；更好地武装……
6
Online Course
Online course, as a new teaching method based on computer and Internet, allows teachers to give classes from a distance away.
However, opinions on it differ from teachers to students. Generally, teachers support it for two reasons. Firstly, online course can be conducted at home or office and this offers great convenience to teachers. Secondly, online course releases teachers from repeating the same contents since the video and audio can be played for many times. On the contrary, many students have opposite standpoints, in the first place, with online course, they lack face to face communications with teachers and their confusion cannot be solved instantly. In addition, the computer system cannot be guaranteed to work stably all the time. What is more, they do not have 100 percent confidence in studying without teachers being around to supervise.
Personally, with college students growing up, if the traditional teaching method and the modern ones like on line course can be combined together, more fruitful education is sure to be realized.
注释
① be based on 基于
② act as a complement to 作为……的补充
③ release…from… 将……从……中解放出来
7
My view on college students’ quitting school
In recent years, more and more college students quit school ahead of schedule. Except the minority quitting for objective reasons like health problem, most students leave with the pursuit of an ideal career, as well as more fortune and experience.
Several factors may contribute it emergence. In the first place, some students often think that the cost of spending four years on college campus is too high, and the job market is getting fiercer. Therefore, when there is a satisfying job available, it’s worth quitting. In the second place, some hold that the real world is a better school for them to get practical knowledge than traditional school. Last but not least, the publicizing and popularity of some successful businessman like bill gates and steve jobs, who didn’t finish school but ended up with a great fortune and achievement, set examples for the young generation emphasizing individuaility and personality.
However, I don’t think it rational for college students to quit school. Armed with high education and more mature personality, better prepared graduates can fight for their future more easily. In a word, college education pays off.
注释
① ahead of schedule 提前
② with the prusuit of 追求
③ opportunity cost 机会成本
④ ended up with a great fortune and achievement 最终财运亨通，成就非凡
8
On a second suburban campus of a university
The second campus of university springs up like mushroom in suburban areas in recent years. It is really hard to say when the first second campus came out, or which university was the origin, but this pattern is quickly replicated, and now it’s challenging to find out a university with one campus only.
The causes for this fashion may be obvious. Firstly, the new enrollment policy encourages universities to admit freshmen on a much larger scale than the past. Therefore, the orginal facilities, incluing apartments, classroom, dining hall, all become insufficient. Secondly, the land in urban areas is costly, and universities can hardly afford it.
As a student of a university with a second campus, though enjoying much more space, I have also experienced inconvenience between the two campuses, because of the divided education resources, the less direct communication with other teachers and students, and the time-and money-consuming come-and-go. Therefore, we should think twice before another second campus is set up.
注释
① spring up like mushroom 如春笋般涌现
② on a much larger scale 以更大的规模
③ not only can accommodate the swelling student body, but… 不但可以满足日益膨胀的学生群体的需求，而且……
④ think twice before… 三思而后行
9
On the reform of college entrance exam
“College entrance exam” has been carried out for over 30 years. It has once undoubtedly played a very positive role. But with the society developing, its disadvantages gradually manifest and the reform has been on the agenda.
Why the reform becomes so urgent? Firstly, the single and unified exam, with the exam-oriented education deriving from it, has detrimental effects on training innovative talents with comprehensive qualities. Secondly, the current examination has aggravated tough competition among students, resulting in heavy study load and even psychological stress.
Then where is the way out? I think the solution lies in a “diversification scheme”. More diversified examination contents testing not only knowledge, but also abilities and practical skills, more diversified examination modes including written test, interview, experiment, etc, and more diversified admission criteria. In this way, we will bid fare well to the past rule that “a single exam determines all”. However, the reform on college entrance exam is definitely no easy task. It is rather a social problem than an educational one. The successful solution depends on the efforts from all walks of life.
注释
① on the agenda 提上日程
② exam-oriented education 应试教育
③ have detrimental effects 不利于(比do harm to更出彩)
④ aggravate 使恶化，使更严重
⑤ we will bid fare well to the past rule… 我们将告别过去的……规则
10
Should Peking opera be set as part of the compulsory courses?
Recently, the ministry of education launched a new reform, specifying that the Peking Opera be set as part of the compulsory courses at primary and middle school.
The reform has caused an enormous amout of controversy in society. Many people in favor of it agree that it may contribute a lot to the traditional culture. But even more people are against it for they think that it is not quit feasible in teaching practice.
As to this issue, my view is that Peking Opera should step into classroom, not as a compulsory course, but as a optional one. On the one hand, teaching Peking Opera at school could popularize traditional art so that more people will know and love it. On the other hand, however, to some extent, setting a new compulsory course will add to students’ academic burden which has been already heavy enough. Therefore, be setting Peking Opera as a optional course, students may have more freedom to decide whether to take it or not. In a word, promoting and developing traditional culture can not merely depend on “revitalizing Peking Opera”. The key lies in improving the culture awareness of the whole nation substantially.
注释
① launch a new reform 推行一项新的改革
② an enormous amount of controversy 很大的争议
③ popularize 推广，使受欢迎
④ revitalize 使……重生
⑤ substantially 充分地
英文参考文献的写法
References:[AAAM97]: G. Alonso, D. Agrawal, A. El Abbadi, and C. Mohan. Functionalities and Limitations of Current Workflow Management Systems. Technical report, IBM Almaden Research Center, 1997. To appear in IEEE Expert.[ASSR93]: P. Attie, M. Singh, A. Sheth, and M. Rusinkiewicz. Specifying and Enforcing Intertask Depen-dencies. In Proc. of the 19th Intl. Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pages 134-145, Dublin,Ireland, 1993.[BSR96]: A. Bonner, A. Shruf, and S. Rozen. LabFlow-1: A Database Benchmark for High Throughput Workflow Management. In Proc. of the 5th. Intnl. Conference on Extending Database Technology,pages 25-29, Avignon, France, March 1996.[Con97]: Information Management Consultants. WebFlo - Delivery Imaging and Workflow overthe Web. Technical report, Information Management Consultants, 1997. URL:http://www.imcinc.com/webflo.注意把标点符号写正确。
论文英文文献本人要一篇英文文献,字符数在一万字以上,内容要求与...
建议先看看我的个人中心， 这里重声以下吧> 一般情况下，网上基本是找不到外国人写的，然后中文翻译过来的期刊文献，我们的一般做法是先用机器翻译，然后自己润色. 外文资料的查找方法： 1.翻译关键词 经济发展------economic development/economy development 2.去Google.com in English查找外文资料，有时候还可以在后边加个文件格式：PDF.结果如： 3.下载资料，方法见个人中心 4.机器翻译 5自己修改.
英文论文的详细格式
展开全部 外国语学院英语论文格式规范（附样例） A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）外国语学院 2001级英语教育1030120011XX XXX 指导老师：XXX（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。
）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。
）1. Introduction （顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行） In both English and Chinese， …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). （段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前）2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English， …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don't know。
我不知道。
（2） I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。
（正文中的例子以（1）,(2)…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①， ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号）…3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms3.1 The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ,2., 3.，…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.1.2…。
小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i）,(ii)…；之后再采用字母加括号，如（a）, (b)，…；每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion， ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples （注意此句中夹注的另一种写法）： （9） We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. ….3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms …（i） …. ….（ii） …. …. 4. Conclusion ….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号）Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。
《外国语文》，1993,4:44。
冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。
《英语辅导》，1998,6:11。
李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。
《大学英语》，2000,30:30。
（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。
夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；1.5倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）（以下内容单独一页）汉英习语的对比研究（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中）【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂…… …… ……（中文摘要：上空二行；题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符，方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距； 第二行起要顶格；字数约400字，约8-10行；）【关键词】 习语；对比；英语；汉语（中文关键词：题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距；各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后不空格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距）一、 基本格...
【如何搜高质量英语范文】如何看英文文献如果跟踪世界潮流,还是...
都说第一次读英语文献是非常困难的，这是个既定的事实，即使中科院现在不少正研或者副研都是因为英文文章而得不到晋升，也可以说他们没办法写出高质量的文章，出版到比较牛一点的刊物上面。
所以这个一定要慢慢的来： 1、找一篇经典的文章，你们专业，精读； 2、这个可能会花费你比较长的时间，没有关系，你可以花一周或者半个月来消化 3、读完之后可能没有感觉，完全不知道他在讲些什么，没有关系； 4、第二遍阅读，将这篇文章仔细再读一遍，这个时候应该是比较容易一点的了，相对第一次； 5、这样你的第一篇文章就拿下了，效果应该还不错，最后就是坚持，多看外文文章。
英语论文提纲范例
英语文献综述叫人设置的？那岂不是说这个陵墓就是秦始皇陵？发了，发了，这个华夏所有人的第一个共同老大的坟墓肯定会有好多好东西的。
但是怎么进去呢？不用担心，我的“神鉴术”不但鉴定出了这个机关通道的属性和来历，还有破解方法，往下看就知道了。
下面写得非常清楚，破解方法是：在阵法中心位置有一块可以移动的石块，将它移开之后在这第七层的九个地方会出现九个钥匙孔，同时会在第七层刷新九个75级暗金BOSS，杀死它们后有可能爆出九把与九个钥匙孔对应的钥匙，这九个BOS英语文献综述S在被杀后一天后刷新，不一定每次都能爆出钥匙。
当你在九个钥匙孔都用相应的钥匙将之旋转九十度后再回到这里，按一下阵法中心就能打开通道了，注意这九个BOSS并不是每次刷新都会爆钥匙的。
大师级的“神鉴术”就是牛啊，要是别人来了就是找到了机关通道也不太可能知道进入的方法。
再说了想找到基本上不可能，那个可以移动的石头你要是不知道，你死都找不到，它跟其他地面的接触的地方我看连一根头发都塞不进去，而且要往上移动，还好旁边的地面也是可以摧毁的，要不然我们也移动不上来。
我们得抓紧了，这九把钥匙肯定不好爆，而且阵法说明的潜意思就是只要开了九个钥匙孔再来这里按一下就行了，要是我们开好了钥匙孔被别人误打误撞地站到了这里被他先开了进去了，我们就哭都来不及了。
（求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！求收藏！）“呃？他对我们很重要，我当然要把他带走了。
难道你？”杰森终于有点反应过来了。
“把他留下，你们走吧。
”我直接道。
“不行，我们还要重他身上找到……”吉姆马上就急了。
“闭嘴！”杰森看吉姆差点泄露圣物的秘密就喝住了他，然后对我们说道：“各位，抱歉，他对我们很重要。
如果各位对他有兴趣的话，等我们把事情办完了再给医学文献综述范例医学文献综述范例叛徒则无所谓。
果然，它第一次的偷袭没伤到我就有点恼火了，用它那绿油油的眼睛盯了我一会就把身子向下一矮然后一下子腾空而起像我扑了过来。
我也双目一凝，准备反击。
我知道狼最难对付的地方就是它的速度很快，很灵敏，所以想对付它首先要想办法降低它的敏捷度。
怎么降低？当然是打伤他的退啦。
所以我的首要攻击目标就是它的腿。
于是我身体一矮，接着就地一滚，在滚过一圈的时候我双腿跪地前身稍微抬起，狼也正好前半部分身体已经越过我的身体后退则出现了在我面前。
我右手抬起对着它的左后腿就是一刀。
紧接着后面传来一声痛叫，显然狼是中招了。
但是我的背部也文献综述要多少字传来文献综述要多少字一阵火辣辣的疼痛。
没想到它反应这么快，感到左后腿受伤马上就把又后退向左一偏就给了我一抓。
英文摘要格式
原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； ② 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③ 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。
因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。
对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题。
二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。
英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。
选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。
通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。
但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1） 英文摘要的时态。
英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
A. 一般现在时。
用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。
例如： This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… ， The result shows (reveals) that… ， It is found that… ， The conclusions are… ， The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。
B. 一般过去时。
用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查等过程）。
例如： The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。
完成时少用，但不是不用。
现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
例如： Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2） 英文摘要的语态。
采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。
一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。
在多数情况下采用被动语态。
采用被动语态的情况主要有：说明事实经过时，某件事是谁做的，无须一一证明；为强调动作承受者；有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语，例如： In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常使用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。
而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。
例如： The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。
3） 英文摘要的人称。
摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头，或采用更简洁的被动语态，一般不用第一人称。
4）遣词造句。
掌握一定的遣词造句技巧，简单、准确地表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。
A. 用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。
但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。
例如，英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等，以便于读者理解。
B. 造句。
尽量使用短句，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。
一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… （ 3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… （ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。
二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who ...
英语毕业论文范文
1毕业论文属于学术论文。
2只要不是抄的，你写出全世界最差的一篇论文就 可以。
3比着葫芦画瓢，找一篇去年毕业 同学的范文，格式样式，照着写就行了。
4毕业论文的实 质是读后感，选一本书，花一个星期读一遍。
边读 边做笔记。
把笔记整理一下，按范文格式条理一下，就是很好的论文了。
5问题的关键是：你必须花一周的时间。
许多同学不愿花费这个时间，那就没辙了。
别的也别谈了。
完了。
6有的同学找朋友帮忙，自已不写，让朋友替自己写一篇。
这当然好，但现在的朋友大都靠不住。
你让他写一篇给你，他满口答应，没过两天就送给你一篇。
你千恩万谢。
可是拿给老师一看，原来是从网上粘下来的，乱码都 还没改。
更可气者，一稿多用，他还把这篇“论文”送给好几个人，赚了好几顿饭，造成“雷同抄袭”、频烦吃饭。
7结论：只能自己写，花一周时 间。
8那位问了：“我写得不好怎么 办？”答：“这是伪问题。
别管好坏，先写出来就行。
老师还怕都写好呢：没法分优良中差了！总之，你写出一篇全球最差的论文就行，只要不是抄的！” 9只要硬着头皮写，傻瓜都能写一篇。
第一章 选题 一、选题的原则 （一）有价值（有品位，内行） （二）有可行性（或操作性，大小适中，难易恰当） （三）有浓厚兴趣（兴趣是动力，必须是自己喜欢的。
） 《论语·雍也篇》：“子曰：知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。
” 如果你什么都不喜欢，那就更好办：让辅导老师给你一个题目就行。
（四）专业对口（专业专长） 二、 选题的 方法 （一）亟待解决的课题 （二）填补空白的课题 （三）有争议的课题 （四）有矛盾的课题 （五）可综述的课题 第二章 搜集资料 学术研究往往是在前人已有成果的基础上，有所突破。
因此，搜集相关文献信息，非常重要。
要求能快 速、准确地搜集到所需的资料信息。
一、直接材料的搜集 第 一手材料 二、间接材料的搜集 从文献及网络查取的材料 （二手材料一定要注意核对。
） 图书、期刊，纸本索引及网络检索GOOGL、百度网等，关键词检索。
三、材料的分析 让材料自然分类，类聚法。
第三章 写提纲 提纲尽可能详尽，条理清晰，条块分明。
（镶玻璃法： 把内容分成几块，一块块往上填内容就行了。
） 一般分为序论、本论、结论三部分。
提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
论证的形式，纵深式（递进式），平列式，综合式。
第四章 写论文 一、格式及要求：前置部分及主体部分 前置部分：标题、署名、指导教师、目录、摘要、关键词 （一）标题：对论文重点的直接呈现。
准确得体，通俗易懂，简短精练（不能 简短，可加副标题），符合规范。
（二）署名，在题下。
（三）指导教师：xxx （四）摘要（可复制文中关键句子，稍作修 饰、连缀即可） （五）关键 词，一般3—5个即可，以重要程度为序。
（六）目录 主体部分： 前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢 （一）前言（引言，序论，导言，绪言） （二）正文（本论，主体） （三）结论 （四）注释 （五）参考文献 （文献名，作者，出版社，版次） 二、具体方法与规 范 （一）写作的顺序 1按照提纲自首至尾 2先写思考成熟的部分，最后焊接起来。
（若不知从何写起，就这样写） 写此不管彼，只求一意法。
（二）引用材料的方法 1直接引用法 引证。
推论，尊重，显示自己并非标新立异，不乏同道。
（拉赞助） 2先斩后奏法 先概述观点，然后指出某人某文已详言之（加注参见） 3映带法 崇山峻岭，又有清流急湍映带左右。
研究韩愈，不妨提及东坡；研究明清诗，也可上溯到汉魏。
4戒剽窃。
学会运用，而不是照抄。
（三）论文的整体要求 准确，概括、简练，严谨客观，平实，文采。
不可以孤立的看问题，要注意上下影响。
（四）段落、标点规范 （五）语体的要求 要简约典雅。
第五章 修改、定稿 文不厌改，要改得死去活来。
一、自己反复阅读， （1）改正错误的字、词、句（笔下误）。
（2）逻辑错误 （3）修正完善观点（4）论据错误（5）调整结构布局（完美，圆满，面团原理，增删 材料）（6）修饰词句。
面团原理：你如果原打算写五个部分，最后只写成三个部分；那你就说你本来就打算写三个部分，现在如期完成了，很“圆满”。
因为没有人知道你的原计划，也 没有人想知道，所以没必要告诉他人。
二、他人审校（吸收他人意见；自己的错误往往看不出）。
互相审阅，互相挑毛病。
第六章 答辩 虚心点就行。
自己写的，也不用心虚。
文献检索怎么写？求例文一篇！
图书： 著者编者.书名章名。
其他作者。
出版地。
出版射。
出版时间。
页码 press publsher bookcompany 期刊 著者姓名。
文章名。
期刊名。
期数。
出版年月。
页次 journal transaciton proceeding letterannual acta bulletin rewiew progress communiaction 会议文献？ 著者名称。
文章篇名。
会议名称。
会议召开事项。
数。
页次。
conference cgapter pdf symp.osium convention workshop meeting congress assembly seminar 报告 作者。
报告名。
表示报告次。
报告号。
报告完成单位。
报告完成时间 report 专利 发明人名。
发明标题。
国际专利号。
转移申请日期。
专利号：专利国代码-序号 patent'' 标准文献STANDARD 封面： 项目名称 检索单位 委托人 委托时间 完成时间 正文： 项目要点 检索情况：检索系统、选用数据库、检索年限、检索策略（这部分比较重要，体现检索的科学性，也直接影响到检索的查全率和查准率） 检索结果：结论 检索人 检索单位（盖章） 检索时间
