珏男
范文一：考研英语-英译汉
英译汉
推荐书目《英语难句全攻略》 ,张满胜、夏崎荣主编。北京:新华出版社, 2007。 5 定价:28元
翻译的三个层次
理解:准确、充分地把握作者的原意:
转写:把所理解的意思用通顺的中文忠实地加以转述;
翻译:不但要求忠实、通顺,还要求译文有文采和艺术性,形神兼备。
由于时间有限,而且对于大多数应试者来说翻译不是必备专业技能,一般考试翻译达到转写的层次就可以了。 考博翻译的主要难点
长难句的理解和翻译 /选用恰当的词汇 /实质是调整结构和选择用词,前者相对容易,而后者需要时间和修炼! 结构层面
定语从句 /同位语从句 /部分状语从句 /被动变主动 /It作形式主语的句子
基本手法是前挪后移
词汇层面
增加 /删除 /改变(包括指代词 it , them 的翻译) /副词的翻译
分析长句,理解短句
长句是由短句变来的(废话!但废话有废话的道理)
英语中任何一个长句,都是在五个基本句型基础之上通过并列和从属的手段变得越来越长的! ! !
抓住主谓,分清层次,是理解长句的唯一策略。
长句的翻译总策略:长句分短!
短句变长的路线图
Britain must face the problem.
Britain must seriously face the problem of building upwards.
Britain must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating……
Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
分析长句
Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.
定语从句的翻译
译一译:
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists ate trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.
他那具有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.
我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
Glass, which breaks at blow, is capable of withstanding great pressure.
尽管玻璃一打就碎,仍然能承受很大压力。
定语从句的翻译
An employee posted abroad who speaks the county ’ s principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move slowly.
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain than allow it to act more effectively in cognitively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication.
For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
I ’ m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people ate either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.
One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United Stats is the dream of a better job.
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there ate many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will esperience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物又有利于其适当反应能力的发 展,那么,这个儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
Actually, it isn’ t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world dose not have.
事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
He showed on further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith , who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无理,令人厌烦。
Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 1000kilos
数学家们在试图利用计算机复制人脑活动方式时发现,即使运用先进的电子设备,他们也需要建造一台重一 千公斤以上的计算机才行。
The same thing, which happened in the old society, would amount to disaster.
这种同样的事情,要是发生在旧社会,就等于是灾难(条件表示)
There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。
There are many people who are interested in the new invention.很多人对这项发明感兴趣。
同位语从句
译一译 :
The rumor that he releases the news is groundless.他泄露消息的谣传是毫无根据的。
We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
给我们留下极深印象的事实是:即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人, 对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。 The statement that most people are for this proposal is confirmed by a survey conducted recently.
大多数人支持这项提议,这种说法从最近做的一项调查中得到证实。
This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty doesn ’ t admit of infringement. 一个国家的领土不容侵犯,这是国际法中尽人皆知的准则 .
Despite the face that comets ate probably the most numerous astronomical bodies in the solar system aside from small meteor fragments and the asteroids, they are largely a mystery.在太阳系中除小片流星和小行星外,彗星大概是 数量最多的天体了,尽管如此,它们仍旧基本上是神秘莫测的。
But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
但是穷人在没有政府救济的情况下, 生活照样过的很好, 对很多人来说, 这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府的得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出什么样的具体 要求,通常是无法详尽预见的。
状语从句
I had a wallet stolen when I was on my way home from work.
We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, wording in a space laboratory.
比较状语从句
People with a history of thinking more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than those who have not had an active mind.
A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person.
In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it’ s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “ real ” dinner party.
What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份 ) than to step out of uniform?
被动变主动
Students might be helped by a course that considers the computer’ s impact on society.
The positive side of Henry Ford’ s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S.life. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now.
It 作形式主语的翻译
一、固定译
It is well known that…
It is said/reported that……
It is self-evident that……
It is true that… ..,but it doesn’ t follow that……
二、颠倒译
It is important to learn English well
It is advisable to write a career objective at the start of your resume.
三、加词译
It is believed that……
It is argued that……
It is generally thought that……
It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
While it’ s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions — be they scientific or artistic.
词汇改、增、删
选用不同的中文
Raise a hand\Raise a child\Raise a question\Raise speed
Develop economy\ Develop software\ Develop cancer\ Develop a good habit
词汇改、增、删
1、名词变动词
New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.
必须找到新能源,这需要时间:但是,过去我们感到的新能源又廉价又充足的情况不大可能再出现了。 Further ahead, the construction of a vast, man created world in space, home to thousands millions of people, will be within our power.
动词变名词
如:western people think differently from Chinese People.西方人与中国人的思维方式不同。
Over the years, I have written extensively about animal intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. 词汇的改、增、删的目的是为了在汉语中表达更通顺。
指代词的翻译
Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.
There was a heavy film of moisture on Hitler’ s eye, They seemed to be looking far away, beyond the walls of bunker. Nevertheless, such methods can be extremely useful when they are properly applied.
[原意 ]尽管如此,当它们应用合理,这类方法可以是极其有用的。
[改译 ]尽管如此,这类方法只要应用适当是非常有用的。
副词的翻译
Theoretically , if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly.
Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries,
Individually they shape a person in very different ways.
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging.
Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways.
Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. Not surprising in these hard times, the student’ s major objective is to be financially well off, Less important than
ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks.
范文二：翻译——在职考研英语之英译汉
在职考研英语之英译汉
1、英译汉的考试内容
“英译汉”是在职硕士研究生入学考试英语试题的第五部分。 要求考生在阅读并准确理解的 基础上 , 把一段 150-200个词的一般性题材的文章 , 在 30分钟内译成通顺的汉语,共计 10分。要求达到的翻译速度为每小时 400个词。
近七年在职硕士英语考试翻译所考查的内容
2008年 : 考查 抽烟与广告的关系
2007年 : 考查 休息 /睡眠与人精力的关系
2006年 : 考查 安全措施与交通事故的关系
2005年 : 考查 环境污染与饮用水的保护
2004年 : 考查 电子邮件的作用及所带来问题
2003年 : 考查 香港老一代与青年人之间的代沟
从上述可见,翻译考试的内容以 日常生活题材 为主,偶尔为 科技新成就 。
该项考题要求汉语译文准确、 完整、 通顺。 英译汉属于主观题, 要求考生将答案写在答题纸 2上。英译汉作为阅读理解的一部分,主要是考查考生准确理解概念或结构比较复杂的英语 材料的能力。 要做好英译汉的题目, 考生既要有较强的理解英语句子的能力, 又要有英译汉 的基本技能。 在翻译过程中, 考生必须全面理解文章内容, 并且遵循翻译的基本原则, 根据 对文章的理解, 灵活处理一般性翻译技巧和具体句型翻译的关系、 概念的直译与意译之间的 关系等(一般以直译为主,无法译的词句可进行意译)。
2、英译汉的命题特点
英译汉试题的选材大体以 介绍性 的文章为主, 是从报刊、 杂志中摘选的片段。 但涉及到的内 容和意思有相对的独立性。 英译汉试题的选材内容多是生活常识性、 科普性的文章。 这是由 于在职研究生工作时间较长, 专业英语遗忘较多 , 要兼顾人文和理工各科考生 , 生活常识性文 章较为适合。 文章的语言规范, 逻辑严谨, 句型结构工整。 由于材料内容常常与当年的热点 话题和人们普遍关心的问题有关,因此,平时阅读一些英文报纸、杂志会对考试有所帮助。
3、英译汉试题的句型结构
英译汉试题所包含的 2-3段文字中 , 有的句子比较长,且结构较为复杂 , 包含两个或以上的 从句或非谓语形式 。 它要求考生对句子结构有分析和准确理解的能力 , 对段落整体进行理解, 对生词能够根据上下文猜词义 , 在把握通篇的基础上 , 进行有效翻译。
4、英译汉试题的用词特征
英译汉所考句子的用词, 有的词词性 用法灵活 , 一词多义 的现象不时出现, 而平时所掌握的 词汇意思套上去常常不适用。 因此在翻译中, 尤其要注意词汇在上下文中的 引申意思, 予以 转译 。另外, 固定搭配或词组也较多 ,需考生熟练而准确地译出其义。
“英译汉”被设计为阅读理解的一部分, 它自然也要求考生具备理解能力, 这也符合翻译在 语境中理解句子意思的规律, 更体现了“准确的理解是翻译的前提”这种要求。 只有根据情 景猜出生词的意思 , 读懂文章的内容,才能做到准确、通顺地传达原文的意思。
5、英译汉句子的表达习惯
英译汉句子常常体现英语思维习惯,难以和汉语语序和结构对等理解 。
综上所述,在职研究生入学英语考试英译汉试题的特点是:翻译是阅读理解的一部分,即 对文章准确的理解是准确翻译的基础;翻译中对英语材料的准确理解与阅读理解中的准确 理解是不同的概念,翻译中所谓的“准确理解”在于准确把握每一个概念的意思,每一层 语法的修饰关系;对文章的准确理解只是翻译的前提和基础,是翻译的第一步。翻译的过 程包括把理解准确的英语翻译成通顺的、符合表达习惯的汉语。
既然翻译就是考察学生对英语汉语词汇、语法和意群等进行编码和再编码的过程,那 么考生的汉语表达不仅要准确通顺, 同时还要考虑到上下文衔接, 通过全文来准确理解汉语 的意思。 而且在翻译中要运用适当的技巧, 如精选词义、 词性转换、 词义引申、 增词与减词、 正反译法、顺序和逆序译法、长句拆译、被动语态译法等。其中,尤其重要的是
一.审视上下文,分析所遇生词的构成,猜出其词义
翻译同样需要考生对单词的含义有充分的理解和应用。对于重点的单词,除了需根据 上下文来判断词义, 借助文章所要表达的意思, 通过自己的理解和推理, 来猜出某个单词在 这篇文章中的特定意思之外, 更加需要考生对其词性、 词根、 词缀、 固定搭配有很深的掌握。 当然, 考研翻译重点是考查单词的用法, 并不是简单考查单词的记忆, 也就是考察一个单词 在特定的句子里面的特定意思。 每一个单词都有自己特定的词性和构词规则, 这就需要依靠 英语语言基本功来确定其含义。当然,每一个人都有属于自己的英语学习方法和做题方法, 但要想真达到信手拈来的熟练地步,还需要在不断的翻译实践中摸索出适合自己的方法。
二.深入把握句子结构,充分理解其义
考研翻译多是对结构比较复杂的英语文字材料进行考查,例如英语的长难句,拆分句 子结构等。 要做到准确理解句子结构, 就需要从 通过句法来分析句子 , 明确知道哪些是 主干 部分 , 哪些是 修饰部分 , 以此来确定句子的 逻辑关系 。 通常的方法, 是先找出句子的主语和 谓语,去除定语、状语和补语等修饰成分,确定主语、谓语中心词,然后根据 英语语法分析 充当定语、状语和补语的短语或从句。
三.自如转换词性、调换语序,准确表达原句意思
英文的意思表达有多都是跟汉语不同的,为了能够更加准确的表达其意思,很多时候 都要根据汉语习惯改变英语句子中的词性,如名词转换为动词,其形容词相应转换为副词; 介词转换为动词,一个副词转换为片语乃至句子等。这样的翻译得灵活,句子也漂亮。
此外,很多情况下,可改变句子原文的顺序和语序,做到准确、通顺地表达原文的含 义。 将原来的英文句子顺序打乱, 进行重新调整与组合, 即重新编码, 这样改写后的汉语句 子才能更加准确表达原句各个成分之间的逻辑联系,同时又能照顾到汉语的思维与表达习 惯。达到“信”和“达”标准。
另外,为正确表达句子的整体含义,通常就需要弄清句子中哪些是主干,哪些是修饰 成分, 它们之间有什么样的逻辑关系, 这样能使汉语译文更加忠于原文, 表达也更加通顺流 畅。
下面请分析近年来在职考研真题中翻译题形的解题要求和常考的技能。
08考题
Globally, most smokers start smoking before the age of 18, with almost a quarter of those beginning before the age of 10.
从全球范围来看,大多数吸烟者在 18岁以前就开始吸烟,他们当中几乎有 四之分一的人() 10岁就 开始吸烟。
The younger children are when they first trying smoking, the more likely they are to become regular tobacco users and the less likely they are to quit.
孩子开始吸烟的年龄越小, (他们) 越有可能成为 普通 (真正、地道的) 吸 烟者,而且越不可能戒掉。
A strong link between advertising and smoking in young people has been proven.
已经证明,广告和年轻人抽烟之间有一种 紧密 的联系。
The more aware and appreciative young people are of tobacco advertising, the more likely they are to smoke or say they intend to.
年轻人对于烟草广告知道得越多, 鉴 赏力越好,他们()越有可能会抽烟。 As a result, the tobacco industry spends billions of dollars worldwide each year spreading its marketing net as widely as possible to attract young customers.
结果烟草公司每年花费数十亿美元在全球 传播 其营销网络, 尽可能广泛地吸 引年轻消费者。
Tobacco companies market their products wherever youth can be easily accessed---in the movies, on the Internet, in fashion magazines, and at music concerts and sports events.
烟草公司的产品在 年轻人很容易得到 的所有场所销售――电影院、互联网、 时尚杂志以及音乐会和体育比赛。 (烟草公司在电影院、互联网、时尚杂志以及 音乐会和体育赛事的产品在年轻人很容易得到的所有场所销售――)
In response to this threat, W orld No Tobacco Day 2008 campaigns for a : Total ban on all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship by the tobacco industry.
作为对这一 威胁 (危害于年轻人健康行为 ) 的回应, 2008年“世界无烟日” 由 烟草业宣传并赞助发动 了全面禁止各种各样烟草广告的活动。 (2008年 “世界无 烟日”组织发起了全面禁止各种各样烟草广告的活动,这一活动由烟草业赞助 并宣传)
07考题
Getting a proper amount of rest is absolutely essential for building your energy resources.
获得适量的休息对于 积聚 你的 体能 而言是绝对必要的。
If you frequently work far into night or have a poor sleep, it stands to reason that you may start feeling a little run down.
如果你经常工作到深夜或者睡眠不佳, 那说明() 你开始感到有些疲乏。 Though everybody is different, most people need at least seven to eight hours at night in order to function at their best.
尽管() 因人而异, () 绝大多数人每晚需要至少 7-8小时的睡眠, 身体功 能才会最佳。
If you have been lacking energy, try going to bed earlier at night.
如果你一直缺乏精力,请常识晚上早些就寝。
If you can wake up feeling well-rested , it will be an indication that you are staring to get an appropriate amount of sleep at night.
如果你醒来时感到休息得很好,这说明你晚间的睡眠量已开始正常。 If you sleep more than eight hours every night but still don’t feel energetic, you may actually be getting too much sleep.
如果你每晚的睡眠超过 8小时, 仍然不能感到精力充沛, 实际上你可能睡眠 过量了。
Once in a while, you are bound to have nights where you don’t get an adequate amount of sleep.
你 注定() 偶尔会有睡眠不足之夜。
When your schedule permits you can also consider taking a short sleep during the day, for sometimes taking a nap is the perfect way to recharge your batteries.
当你的 作息时间 允许时, 你也可以考虑白天小睡, 因为有时小睡片刻是为你 的体能(电池) “再充电”的最佳方式。
06考题
Each year in the United States more people are killed or injured in accidents---at home, at work or school, at play, or while traveling---than were
killed or injured in the Vietnam war.
*在美国,每年在车祸中伤亡的人数都要比在越南战争中伤亡的人数多,无 论在家里、在上班或上学 的途中 ,在玩耍还是在外出旅游时, 都有发生 。
In the early 1990’s, about half of these accidental deaths were the results of motor-vehicle accidents.
90年代初,大约有半数的意外死亡多是机动车辆事故造成的。
Other major causes of these accidental deaths were falls, fires, and poisoning.
其他意外死亡的主要原因还有坠落、火灾和中毒。
On a worldwide basis, accidents involving motor-vehicles are the primary causes of accidental deaths, followed by accidents in industry and in the homes. 在世界范围内, 机动车辆发生的意外事故是导致意外死亡的首要原因, 其次 为工业事故和家庭事故。
Efforts to lessen or to eliminate the hazardous conditions that cause accidents are known as safety measures.
为了减少或根除由于危险状况而引起的事故所作出的努力,我们称之为安 全措施。
Safety is a growing concern around the world , and safety skills are being taken more seriously today than ever before.
安全问题越来越受到世人的关注,并且安全技能在当今也受到前所未有的 重视。
People have come to realize that safety skills can be learned , and more safety experts agree that it’s possible to predict, and take steps to prevent the majority of accidents.
人们开始意识到安全技能 是可以学习的 ,并且绝大部分安全专家 认同 ,是
可以预测和采取措施预防大部分的意外事故的。
Few accidents simply “happen” . Most are caused by ignorance, carelessness, neglect, or lack of skill.
几乎没有事故会 轻易 发生,多数都是由 于 人们的无知、粗心、忽视或技能 不足造成的。
05考题
Drinking water and water for domestic use often come from groundwater. 饮用水和家庭用水常取自地下水。
考查重点:come from“来自,源自”需转译成“取自” ,以表示人类的生存活动。
In order to protect this water , local water authorities can apply to local administrative authorities to mark certain locations as water protection areas. 为保护地下水源,地方用水管理机构可向地方政府提出申请,将某些区域标记为水保 护区。
考查重点:此句含有两个动词不定式短语作目的状语,需前后分置。 this water指代前 一句 ground water。 apply to:向···提出申请。 local administrative authorities“地方行政当局” 可译成 “地方政府” 。 certain locations中的 locations 意指 “特 定的区域” ,这里当然指地下水的水域。 mark ···as ···:把···标为···。
The size of these areas is calculated in such a way that the quantity of groundwater taken from them corresponds to the actual rainfall going into them.
水保护区的面积用 以下方 法计算:从水保护区抽取的地下水数量相当于实际 渗入 水保护区 的雨水的量。
考查重点:主句谓语的被动语态 is calculated in ···way 应译成主动语态“用···方法 计算” 。状语中 such ···that ···结构不能直译成“如此的···以至于···” ,由 于形容词 such 意为“那么的” ,指的就是 that 引导的结果状语从句的内容,所
以 in such a way 可译成“用下列方法” 。连词 that 的意思不必译出,所引导的 状语从句可译成 way 的同位语, 其中所包含的两个限制性的后置定于 taken from them 和 going into them 均需译成前置定语。从句的主句为 quantity ,谓语为 correspond (to ) (相一致,相当于) ,宾语为 the actual rainfall(实际的降雨) 。 句中的代词 these , them 均需将其所指代的名词“水保护区”译出,使中译文意 思完整。 句首的 size 不能译成 “大小” , 而应译成 “面积” , 如 a city of large land size 应译成“占地面积很大的城市” 。
In the water protection areas certain uses of the land and activities on the land are banned or restricted.
在水保护区,土地的某些用途和地面的某些活动将被禁止或受限制。
考查重点:运用减词法将 the water和 the land结构中的定冠词 the 的意思在翻译中略去。 被动语态的译法可灵活多变,在整段翻译中,若有些被动结构译成主动,则可适当保留 汉语译文中的被动结构,通过“被、由、为、受”等词来表达。
W ater protection areas fall into three zones.
水保护区分为三个区。
考查重点:fall into意为“分成” ,该结构因不及物动词 fall 而不能用于被动语态,但却 含有被动意味。 译成中文时不必用被动态。 zones 意为 (按特定用途划分的) (地) 区,如 war/fire/parking zones:战区 /火区 /停车区。
Zone 3 is the outermost zone with a diameter of 4 kilometers around the groundwater well.
第三区是外区,以地下水井为中心,直径 4公里。
考查重点:zone 3 即 the third zone,应译成“第三区” 。 the outermost zone:最外围的区, 可译成“外区” 。 with +名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构在句中作伴随状况 的状语,其中 with a diameter of ···around ···well 不能译成“围绕···水井 有···的直径” ,而应 转译 成“以···井为中心,直径···” 。
Here no chemical works or the use of pesticides (杀虫剂 ) are allowed.
在该区, 不得修建 化工厂或使用杀虫剂。
考查重点:副词 here (在这里) 所意指的地点需译出, “在该区” 。 no ···or ···are allowed结构应调整语序译成主动 “不准 /不得···或···” 。 根据增词法在 chemical works前增词“修建”化工厂。
Zone 2 is determined around the so-called 50-day line.
第二区围绕所谓“ 50天线” 确定 。
考查重点:determine 在本句中意为 “确定” , 如:determine the precise meaning of a word:确定某词准确的词义。被动语态 is determined可译成主动态。
It is assumed that after 50 days in the groundwater harmful bacteria will have died off.
人们设想 ,地下水中的细菌在 50天内将全部死亡。
考查重点:It ’ s assumed可译成“ 据(主观)认为 ” ,也可增加主语 p eople 而译成主动语 态“人们认为” 。从句中的谓语 will have died off为将来完成时态,表示到将来 某一特定时态,动作将完成,故译成“将全部死亡” 。
Here settlements and fertilizer storage are forbidden.
在该区,不得修建住宅和储存化肥。
考查重点:对 here 和被动结构 are forbidden 的处理方法与第 6句中的相同。可数的 复数名词 settlements 意指小的居民点,进行词性转换译成动宾结构“修建住宅” 。名词 短语 fertilizer storage词性转换成动宾结构“储存化肥” 。
Zone 1 marks the ten-meter boundary around the well.
第一区是以水井为中心 10米以内的地域。
考查重点:动词 mark 意为 “标示、 表示···的位置, 标出···的界限” 。 boundary 意为 “界 限、分界线” 。 ten-meter boundary转译成“十米以内的区域” 。
Here, any use of the land, as well as access by unauthorized persons, is forbidden.
在该区,不得以任何形式使用土地,任何人未经许可不得进入 。
考查重点:并列连词 as well as 意为“和、与···一样” ,它所引导的插入成份可转译 成并列分句。两个名词 use 和 access 转译 成动词“使用”和“ 进入 ” 。作前置定 语的过去分词 unauthorized 意为“未经授权的” ,需 转译成“未经许可 ” 。
04考题
One of the really nice features about e-mails is that they allow us to send files as attachments to other users.
电子邮件真正的优点之一就在于它允许我们以附件的形式给其他的用户发送文件,这一点 非常好。
考查重点:nice features “好的特点” 转译为“优点 ” 。 allow us to do“允许我们干” 转译 为 “使我们能够干 ” , send files as attachments“把文件作为附件寄发” 转译为 “以 附 件的形式发送文件” 。
This is a very good thing. If I’m working with a colleague and want to send him an image file or a word file , I can do so very quickly and easily , without having to fax it to him.
比如,我和一个同事一起工作的时候,我想发一份图象文件或是文字文件给他,通过电子 邮件就可以很方便很快捷地搞定,而不必使用传真。
考查重点:if 条件可译成 “当?时” 。 如 If I feel any doubt ,I inquire.我感到有疑惑时就询问。 条件句中有 and 连接的并列结构可分译。主句中的副词 quickly and easily可转 译成“快捷”和“方便” 。作伴随状语的 without 引导的介词短语可根据增减词 语译成“而不必使用传真” 。
This saves on long distance bills and printing costs.
这就节省了长途费用和打印成本。
考查重点:save on (sth)节省(某物) ,这里用 on 是由于 save 用作不及物动词,如可说
save on material 节省材料。 distance bills转译成“长途费用” .
It also, however , presents a problem, because attachments can take a long time to download.
但是,电子邮件也会带来问题。因为附件的下载可能需要很长时间。
考查重点:it 所指代的东西需译出。 However 译成汉语需置于句首,与上一句相成转折关 系。 attachments can take a long time to download在翻译中需适当调整语序:“下 载附件 /附件的下载可能需要很长时间” 。 can 指的是可能性。
For those of us who pay by the hour for Internet service , unwanted attachments can be quite costly and time-consuming.
对于我们这些按小时支付网费的人来说,多余的附件可能是相当耗费时间和金钱的。 考查重点:those of us 中的 those 译成“这些” ,所带的限制性定语从句应译成前置定语, 以示与我们中的其他人有别。 pay by the hour 按小时支付,根据构词法将 the 在翻译中略去。 Unwanted 本身含有 “ 多余的 ” 之意, 用在此较为贴切。 costly and time-consuming 译为“耗费时间和金钱” 。
I once had someone send me fifteen large image files , and it tied up my computer for 20 minutes just to download one of them.
我 曾经接收 过 15个大的图片文件,我的电脑竟用了 20分钟才载下一个图片。
考查重点:have sb do sth,使某人做某事。在本句中 had someone send me不能直译成 “使某人给我传送??” 应 反过来译成 “接收到 ??” 。 tied up my computer for 20 minutes不宜直译成“占用我的电脑达 20分钟”而应译成“我的电脑用了 20分钟(时间) ” 。
So , in short, if you’re going to send an attachment, get permission first. 所以,简言之,如果你要发附件给别人的话, 事先一定要征得对方的许可 。
考查重点:可根据增词法把汉译文的意思补全,如“发附件(给别人)?事先(一定)
要征得(对方的)同意” ,使语气得到加强。
03考题
The generation gap is so great in Hong Kong that the teenagers there rarely turn to their parents or teachers for advice on anything.
在香港,代沟的问题很严重,以至于十几岁的孩子很少向父母或老师征询意见。
重点:so ? that 句型应该译为如此??以至于; 非常?竟?。 turn to sb.求助于某人。 Advice on sth.对某事物的意见或忠告。 Rarely 极少,难得。
Whether it be sex, AIDS, school worries or family problems, adults are not considered up to the job.
不管是性、艾滋病、学校中遇到的麻烦,还是家庭问题,他们都认为大人们是帮不上任 何忙的。
重点:whether 引导让步状语从句,省略情态动词 may 。后半句被动,应译为主动。 up to sth.胜任或有资格干某事。
Until now, no one has asked Hong Kong youth, “What do you think?” 迄今为止,没人问过香港的年轻人:“你在想什么?”
Some understanding of the emotions of Hong Kong’s youth, however , has come from the work of Dr. Jeffrey Day-at the University of Hong Kong.
然而,香港大学的杰弗里·戴博士所做的研究使我们对香港年轻人的情感有了一些了解。 重点:此句翻译应用逆序法。 Some understanding of sth.对某事物的一些了解。
His survey of young people does not focus, for example, on how many drugs they take-but tries to answer the question why.
他对年轻人的调查,重点不是问他们服用多少种毒品之类的问题,而是试图找到其中缘由。
重点:not ? but ?不是?而是?。 focus on 集中(注意力)于。 answer the question why找 到原因所在。
Dr . Day hopes the results, which he plans to explain in full next week, will reveal what troubles-as well as pleases-today’s high-school students.
戴博士计划在下周全面解释研究的结果。他希望研究能揭示当今高中学生的喜和忧。 重点:本句包含非限制性定语从句, 宜采用长句拆译法,把从句译成平行分句。 In full全部 地,不简略地。
Conclusions will be passed on not only to government departments but back to the schools which took part.
研究结论不仅将送呈政府部门,也将通报参加这项调查的学校。
重点:被动语态翻译中“被”字予以省略。 Pass ( sth ) on to (sb)把(某事物)传给(某人) 。 Which took part这些学校参加这项调查。
范文三：2013考研英语英译汉九大难点
考研英语英译汉九大难点
一、代词处理方法
内容比较简单的文章它会使用很多的代词,比较复杂的文章难懂的文章使用代词比较 少。 代词在句子当中充当主语、 宾语、 表语和定语四大句子成分。 代词在种类上分成六大类:人称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。
(1)人称代词
处理原则:人称代词出现在句首的时候,要求大家一定在文章里边找出他具体的对象, 名词到底解释谁而且要把代词翻译成名词, 如果人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方, 而 且同时指代对象, 我们一般可以把他译成人称。 如果划线部分有很多个名词, 而且指代并不 十分明确的时候,我们代词可以分为名词。
当我们把翻译, 翻译成代词表达非常清楚的时候把它译成代词, 表达不清楚的时候译成 名词。
例:But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 但更为重要的是, 这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象, 因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(2)物称代词
物称代词放在句首的时候有两种情况:一种是可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它, 另 一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清楚这个代词是什么, 没办法代出代词。 如果这个 物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要根据句子情况的翻译来表达,关键是要清除。
例:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持, 看来通常能有效地解决这一 问题。
(3)指示代词
例 :During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中, 历史学家研究历史时, 那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究 方法。
(4)不定代词
不明确的指代一个人或一个事物的代词
例:However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而, 世界就是如此, 完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
(5)疑问代词
例:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派 ; 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人 士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体 rong>
例:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实, 这取决于所采用信息的数量、 可靠性和适 宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
二、名词翻译方法
1、不认识的名词
(1)从文章句形找它的解释
例:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年 历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
(2)看看前边有没有同义词
例:But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“ 它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一 步,人机一体化最终会使人们在下世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人。 ”
(3)从构词法找答案
例:Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器, 正越来越近地观测这些云系, 也许不久 后会报告他们的观测结果。
2、产生新意的名词
(1)用逻辑推理法
例:In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
一般地说,当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时,测试最为有效 ; 而当所要测定或预测 的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。
(2)紧扣文章的主题
例:There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical
work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念, 还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的 研究手段,人们对此意见不一。
(3)语言环境
例:But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the
past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 但更为重要的是, 这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象, 因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(4)熟悉习惯表达法
例:Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
这类人持极端看法, 认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同, 对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
3、抽象名词如何处理
把抽象名词按照以下四种方法来应对
(1)名词和动词的配合
例:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在, 实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(2)用形容词和名词之间进行配合
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
(3)名词和句子之间进行配合
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
(4)名词和章之间进行配合
例:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派 ; 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人 士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
4、专有名词的问题
包括人名、地名和专业术语
(1)熟悉的专有名词
例:Galileo''s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly
invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在 1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以证实行星 是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的
(2)不太熟悉的专有名词
例:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年 历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
(3)复合性的专有名词
例:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward
in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在, 实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
三、动词翻译方法
一是常用动词,二是高难动词,三是容易混消的动词,四是动词短语。
(1)常用动词
例:For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如, 测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公 ; 因此, 它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。
(2)高难动词
例:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实, 这取决于所采用信息的数量、 可靠性和适 宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(3)容易混消的动词
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
(4)动词短语
例:Furthermore , it is obvious that the strength of a country''s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
再者, 显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关, 而效率的提高 则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
四、 非谓语动词
(1)把非谓语动词直接译成动词
例:However , the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而, 世界就是如此, 完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。 (2)把非谓语动词直接译成形容词
例:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang , first put forward in the 1920s , to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在, 实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(3)把非谓语动词直接译成名词
例:When that happens , it is not a mistake : it is mankind''s instinct for moral reasoning in action , an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
当人们产生同情心的时候并不是一个错误, 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作 用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄
(4)把非谓语动词直接译成谓词动词
例:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求 ; 另一些则是由于科学在一定程度 上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
五、英译汉中的从句
(1)主语从句 (2)宾语从句 (3)表语从句
例:Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之 )often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
(4)定语从句
例:They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory , and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
自由和尊严 (它们 ) 是传统理论定义的自制者所拥有的, 是要求一个人对自己的行为负责 并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
(5)状语从句
例:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians , modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定, 但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是 试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
(6)同谓语从句
例:This trend began during the Second World War , when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间, 当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构 提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
六、对称关系
(1)结构上对称,例用并列联词, and , or but
(2)误意上对称,使用同一类型的词。
例:New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
The target is wrong , for in attacking the tests , critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
例:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公 ; 因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年 轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。
例:During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中, 历史学家研究历史时, 那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究 方法。
七、省略关系
一个是结构上的变化,另一个是英语词上的变化
(1)结构上的变化
例:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持, 看来通常能有效地解决这个 问题。
(2)用词上的变化
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
例:The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
行为科学之所以发展一直缓慢, 部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到 的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
八、英译汉中的倒装
考研英语英译汉九大难点:英译汉中的倒装
(1)在疑问句倒装
(2)在感叹句倒装
(3)在否定词之后倒装
(4)在 only 的复词短语,或复词从句放在句首加强语气
(5)so或 so+形容词或者复词放在句首加强语气
(6)if从句省略 if 的时候
(7)表示地点的句词,短语放在句首的时候
(8)表语放在句首加强语气
(9)复词或者介词短语放在句首加强语气
例:For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如, 测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公 ; 因此, 它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。
例:Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特, 但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信 的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
例:Thus,the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept ofsetin mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
因此,人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念,它使大 量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
九、英译汉中的惯用法
考研英语英译汉九大难点:英译汉中的惯用法
参考例年考题
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and
exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “ nature vs. nurture.”
(62) Those who support the “ nature ” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “ nurture ” theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B. F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.
(64) The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the two theories.
(65) Supporters of the “ nature ” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say : They don''t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.
(66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “ nature ” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.
(68) Behaviorists,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
61. 他们想要说明,为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
62. 在这场争论中,赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多 是由生物因素所决定的。
63. 这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的 话,也是微不足道的。
64. 行为主义者坚信,人象机器一样,对环境的刺激作出反应,这是他们行为的基础。
65. 支持“天性”论的人坚持说,我们生来就具有一定的学习才能,这是由生物因素决 定的。
66. 行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物 能够发展其作出适当反应的能力,那么,这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
67. 在美国,黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
68. 相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环 境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
范文四：考研英语英译汉十大难点
考研英语英译汉十大难点
考研英语英译汉十大难点之代词翻译方法
1. 代词的处理方法
内容比较简单的文章它会使用很多的代词,比较复杂的文章难懂的文章使用代词比较 少。 代词在句子当中充当主语、 宾语、 表语和定语四大句子成分。 代词在种类上分成六大类:人称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。
(1)人称代词
处理原则:人称代词出现在句首的时候,要求大家一定在文章里边找出他具体的对象, 名词到底解释谁而且要把代词翻译成名词, 如果人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方, 而 且同时指代对象, 我们一般可以把他译成人称。 如果划线部分有很多个名词, 而且指代并不 十分明确的时候,我们代词可以分为名词。
当我们把翻译, 翻译成代词表达非常清楚的时候把它译成代词, 表达不清楚的时候译成 名词。
例:But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是, 这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象, 因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(2)物称代词
物称代词放在句首的时候有两种情况:一种是可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它, 另 一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清楚这个代词是什么, 没办法代出代词。 如果这个 物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要根据句子情况的翻译来表达,关键是要清除。
例:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持, 看来通常能有效地解决这一 问题。
(3)指示代词
例:During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中, 历史学家研究历史时, 那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究 方法。
(4)不定代词
不明确的指代一个人或一个事物的代词
例:However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而, 世界就是如此, 完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。 (5)疑问代词
例:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派; 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人 士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
(6)关系代词
例:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实, 这取决于所采用信息的数量、 可靠性和适 宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
考研英语英译汉十大难点之名词翻译方法
二、名词的翻译方法
1、不认识的名词
(1)从文章句形找它的解释
例:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年 历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
(2)看看前边有没有同义词
例:But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“ 它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一 步,人机一体化最终会使人们在下世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人。 ”
(3)从构词法找答案
例:Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器, 正越来越近地观测这些云系, 也许不久 后会报告他们的观测结果。
2、产生新意的名词
(1)用逻辑推理法
例:In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
一般地说, 当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时, 测试最为有效; 而当所要测定或预测 的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。
(2)紧扣文章的主题
例:There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念, 还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的 研究手段,人们对此意见不一。
(3)语言环境
例:But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是, 这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象, 因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(4)熟悉习惯表达法
例:Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
这类人持极端看法, 认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同, 对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
3、抽象名词如何处理
把抽象名词按照以下四种方法来应对
(1)名词和动词的配合
例:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在, 实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(2)用形容词和名词之间进行配合
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
(3)名词和句子之间进行配合
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
(4)名词和章之间进行配合
例:It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派; 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人 士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
4、专有名词的问题
包括人名、地名和专业术语
(1)熟悉的专有名词
例:Galileo''s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在 1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以证实行星 是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的
(2)不太熟悉的专有名词
例:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年 历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
(3)复合性的专有名词
例:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在, 实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
考研英语英译汉十大难点之动词翻译方法
三、动词的处理方法
一是常用动词,二是高难动词,三是容易混消的动词,四是动词短语。
(1)常用动词
例:For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如, 测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公; 因此, 它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。
(2)高难动词
例:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实, 这取决于所采用信息的数量、 可靠性和适 宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(3)容易混消的动词
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
(4)动词短语
例:Furthermore , it is obvious that the strength of a country''s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
再者, 显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关, 而效率的提高 则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
考研英语英译汉十大难点之非谓语动词翻译方法
四、英译汉中的非谓语动词
(1)把非谓语动词直接译成动词
例:However , the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而, 世界就是如此, 完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。 (2)把非谓语动词直接译成形容词
例:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在, 实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起 源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(3)把非谓语动词直接译成名词
例:When that happens, it is not a mistake:it is mankind''s instinct for moral reasoning in action , an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
当人们产生同情心的时候并不是一个错误, 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作 用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄
(4)把非谓语动词直接译成谓词动词
例:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
在这些原因中, 有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求; 另一些则是由于科学在一定程度 上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
从句翻译方法
五、英译汉中的从句
(1)主语从句 (2)宾语从句 (3)表语从句
例:Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
(4)定语从句
例:They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing ) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
自由和尊严 (它们) 是传统理论定义的自制者所拥有的, 是要求一个人对自己的行为负 责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
(5)状语从句
例:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定, 但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是 试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
(6)同谓语从句
例:This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间, 当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构 提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
对称关系处理方法
六、对称关系
(1)结构上对称,例用并列联词, and , or but
(2)误意上对称,使用同一类型的词。
例:New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
例:例如, 测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公; 因此, 它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年 轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。
例:During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中, 历史学家研究历史时, 那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究 方法
英译汉中的变化
七、英译汉中的变化
一个是结构上的变化,另一个是 英语 词上的变化
(1)结构上的变化
例:This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持, 看来通常能有效地解决这个 问题。
(2)用词上的变化
例:Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论, 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一, 其次是因为外界 并不认为历史是一门学问。
例:The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
行为科学之所以发展一直缓慢, 部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到 的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
八、英译汉中的省略关系
(1)动词的省略
例:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实, 这取决于所采用信息的数量、 可靠性和适 宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(2)名词的省略
例:But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是, 这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象, 因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(3)修饰语的省略
例:But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是, 这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象, 因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(4)从句引导词的省略
(5)相同结构的省略
例:Actually , it isn''t,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something the world does not have.
事实上这种提问并不能把问题讲清楚, 因为它是以人们对人权的共同认识为假设的, 而 这种共同认识并不存在。
九、英译汉中的倒装
(1)在疑问句倒装
(2)在感叹句倒装
(3)在否定词之后倒装
(4)在 only 的复词短语,或复词从句放在句首加强语气
(5) so 或 so+形容词或者复词放在句首加强语气
(6) if 从句省略 if 的时候
(7)表示地点的句词,短语放在句首的时候
(8)表语放在句首加强语气
(9)复词或者介词短语放在句首加强语气
例:For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如, 测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公; 因此, 它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人, 如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。
例:Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特, 但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信 的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
例:Thus,the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept ofsetin mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
因此,人类学中 “ 文化 ” 概念就像 数学 中 “ 集 ” 的概念一样,是一个抽象概念,它使大量的 具体研究和认识成为可能。
十、英译汉中的惯用法
参考例年考题
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might
expect,the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”
(62) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “nurture” theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B. F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.
(64) The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the two theories.
(65) Sup porters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say:They don''t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.
(66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature”proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.
(68) Behaviorists,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
61. 他们想要说明,为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
62. 在这场争论中,赞成 “ 天性 ” 一方的那些人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是 由生物因素所决定的。
63. 这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的 话,也是微不足道的。
64. 行为主义者坚信,人象机器一样,对环境的刺激作出反应,这是他们行为的基础。
65. 支持 “ 天性 ” 论的人坚持说,我们生来就具有一定的学习才能,这是由生物因素决定 的。
66. 行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物 能够发展其作出适当反应的能力,那么,这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
67. 在美国,黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
68. 相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环 境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
考研教育网考研英语翻译解题四步法
一、结构分析
基本句型有五种:
1. 主语 +谓语
2. 主语 +谓语 +宾语
3. 主语 +系动词 +表语
4. 主语 +谓语 +间接宾语 +直接宾语
5. 主语 +谓语 +宾语 +宾语补足语
(1)找句子当中的谓语动词
(2)找到说明的主语
例句:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
二、句子切分
句子切分即把句子进行简化。原则如下:
(1)主干与修饰成分要分开
(2)主句与从句要分开
(3)并列成分要分开
(4)不定式的符号要分
(5)过去分词和现在分词要分开
(6)用标点符号进行拆分
例句:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry /which seeks to study humans and their endeavors /in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned /manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
三、词义推敲
词义推敲即根据上下文,判断意向。
四、组合
在 英语 里有许多的被动句, 而汉语当中被动句比较少, 主动句比较多, 根据这样一个特 点我们把句子进行调整。
例句:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图象自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、 有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为
考研英语翻译七种方法
英译汉就是运用汉语把 英语 所表达的内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的过程或结果。 在翻译 过程中,值得注意的是:一在翻译需要表达的是句子或文章的内容,而不是结构; 二翻译过 程中, 不是将两种语言的结构进行简单的转换。 翻译的过程一般分为阅读理解、 汉语表达和 审校润色三个阶段。常见的方法有:
一、词类转译法
由于英语和汉语是两中悬殊甚大的不同的语言体系, 所以在语言结构与表达方式上都存 在很大的差异,这就要求我们对原文中的一些词语的词性进行转化(如:动词转化为名词, 形容词转化为名词等),才能使译文畅通。例如:
The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
当今世界的科学技术正在迅速地发展。
[分析 ]将句中的形容词 rapid 转译为汉语中的副词。
二、增补法
有些英语字句如果照字面的意思翻译, 意念是不完整的, 必须根据意义、 修辞或句法的 需要增补一些汉语,才能更加忠实于原文,使原文的思想更完整地再现。例如:
We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities. 我们需要清新的空气,但遗憾的是,空气污染普遍存在,在城市中尤其如此。
[分析 ]本句为了避免 “ 尤其是在城市里 ” 的表达不完整,增加了 “ 如此 ” 。
三、省译法
由于英语和汉语在用词和语法结构上的差异, 原文中的某些词如果直译出来会使译文显 得累赘,不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下,就要省略一些冠词、代词、介词或连词等 省去不译,但是不能影响原文的意义表达。例如:
There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪,但叶落草枯。
[分析 ]在汉语中 “ 叶落 ” 的概念非常清楚,所以省译了 from the trees.
四、顺译法
也就是说按照英语表达的层次顺序, 依次翻译英语句子, 从而使译文与英语原文的顺序 基本一致。例如:
He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.
他看得出,她一生含辛茹苦,如今苦尽甘来,嘴边总是带着温柔、圣洁的微笑。 [分析 ]英语句子的顺序,从意思上讲,与汉语句子的顺序是一致的。
五、逆译法
也就是对于句子结构复杂的 英语 句子, 可以先翻译全句的后部, 在依次向前逆序翻译前 面的句子。例如:
It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.
我们的任务是于今年年底在某地建成一座原子能发电站。
[分析 ]翻译英语里面的一系列状语时,必须按照时间状语、地点状语和方式状语的顺序 汉语习惯表达习惯来组织语句。
六、分译法
也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子, 顺序基本不变, 前 后保持连贯。例如:
At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.
会议上作出一项决定,把一部分学生转到另一所学校去。
[分析 ]本句的主语的后置定语比较长,而谓语很短,为了使句子结构匀称,避免头重脚 轻的现象,就把后面的不定式与主句分开翻译了。
七、综合法
也就是说翻译时经过仔细推敲, 或按照时间先后,或按照逻辑顺序,有顺有逆、有主有 次地对全句进行综合处理,英语和汉语的字面意思不完全对应,但是内涵是相同的。例如: One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan's acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present.只要设想一下,假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是 现在的五百七十万, 而是两千八百万, 瑞士会是什么情景, 人民便会清楚地理解日本所面临 的人口压力是多么大。
[分析 ]原文的重点在于 One can……po pulation pressure,按照汉语习惯,应该先叙事, 后总结,所以翻译时从中间 by imagining…… 入手,最后回到句首,译出 One can…… 。而 且汉语句子的意思也有 “ 意译 ” 的成分。
范文五：考研英语：英译汉的应试技巧
考研英语:英译汉的应试技巧
(一 ) 理解 (Comprehension)
这一阶段的主要目标是读懂英语原文,理解原文中心大意。它包括以下几点:
1. 通读全文
目的在于从整体把握整篇文章的内容, 理解划线部分与文章其它部分之间的语法与逻辑 关系。 在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系, 特别要弄清代词 it, they, them, this, that, these, those和 other 等所指代的词或词组。
2. 分析划线部分的句子结构
从翻译试题来看, 划线部分一般来说句子结构都比较复杂, 如果不搞清楚它的语法结构, 很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。 在分析划线部分的句子结构时, 首先要找出句子的主、 谓、宾成分,明确句子的骨干结构 ; 同时要注意分析句子成分是否有省略的地方,主句和从 句之间的关系是否明确等等。
3. 理解划线部分的含义
不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义, 还要理解全句的整体意思及该句所处的 具体语言环境。在此阶段应理清下列问题:
(1)句子中是否有代词和其他具有指代意义的词,如果有,应根据上下文确定他们具体 指代的内容 ;
(2)句子中的短语和一些常用的词具有多种含义和用法的,应结合其上下文语境,确定 其具体含义 ;
(3)该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致,是否相互矛盾。
(二 ) 表达 (Representation)
就是译者把自己对英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来, 表达的好坏取决于译者对英语 原文的理解程度以及汉语的修养。 在表达上有许多具体的方法和技巧, 一般分为直译和意译。 1. 直译 (Literal translation)。就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的 内容, 又保持原文的形式。但也不能生搬硬套地硬译,如果这样来翻译一篇文章或段落,结 果可想而知了。
Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense. 译文:__________________________________________________
2. 意译 (Free translation) 。就是不拘泥于原文的形式以及格式,重点在于正确表达原 文的意思。当然,意译并不等于我们可以乱译,还是要忠于原文材料。
Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
译文:__________________________________________________
注意:在考试中一般提倡直译法,但我们可以在考试中把直译和意译结合起来 ; 直译为 主,意译为辅,就是先把句子直译,再把直译出来的句子中的某些比较生硬的词加以意译, 达到符合汉语语言习惯,变成比较通顺圆滑的句子。
(三 ) 校核 (Proofreading)
校核也是翻译过程中一个重要的过程, 即在英译汉的过程中, 考生从英语到汉语、 从汉 语到英语反复推敲的过程,以使译文达到“忠实”、 “通顺”的要求。校核过程中我们应注 意以下几点:
1. 校核修改翻译过程中译错或表达不够准确的词组、词汇和句子 ;
2. 校核汉语译文中的词和句有无错漏 ;
3. 校核原文中的时间、日期、人物名称、地点,以及有关数字等是否和译文相符合 ;
4. 校核标点符号的正确性。
综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧, 技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路, 预祝 所有考生 2018考研有个好成绩。
