Dear Editor,
We the undersigned declare that this manuscript entitled “文章标题” is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
We would like to draw the attention of the Editor to the following publications of one or more of us that refer to aspects of the manuscript presently being submitted. Where relevant copies of such publications are attached.
We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.
We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process. He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs.
Signed by all authors as follows: 作者1,作者2, 作者3
跪求好文一篇!《Marriage Agreement》
第一章 夫妻间生活守则 第一条 婚后不与家公家婆同住。
A. 同住之定义是指不能共同居住於同一区。
B. 同区之定义是根据香港特区政府之区域划分法。
C. 同住之定义亦指於廿四小时内共同逗留於同一室内超过十二小时。
D. 家公家婆亦泛指男家之所有亲友。
第二条 未得妻子同意,恕不招待男家之亲友。
第三条 未得妻子同意,丈夫不能勉强妻子与男家亲友聚会。
The first chapter of marital life codes First of marriage and family do not live public woman. A. The definition is the living can not live together in the same district. B. definition of the same district of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government Act region. C. The definition also means living in the 24-hour period of stay in the same room together more than 12 hours. D.-government Great Nanjie also refers to all the relatives. Second wife without the consent of relatives will not honor Nanjie. Article 3, without the consent of the wife, husband and wife can barely Nanjie relatives and friends gathered. The fourth wife of the husband not to lie. A. Whether or malicious lies are good, do not be accepted. B. husband to his wife without any cover up, what is required of part or all of the facts. Article 5 of the man, Ruzhu, home husband to be responsible for all domestic chores, including Cou Aberdeen, cooking and Xishan, washing toilets, and so on. A. people regardless of their predecessors, they all must carry out the men, Nu:zhu outside the premise. B. wife for the husband will no longer face any cover up or show, in a bid to deceive the man's friends and relatives. Article 6 of all the work to re-wife, a husband may not interfere with his wife's work, or to make any impact on the work of the wife moves. Article 7 of their financial independence between husband and wife, but the husband and son to be responsible for the cost-of-living home. Chapter II husband personal code First of not access pornographic sites. A. including the legal or illegal establishments. B. shall not use any excuse in the premises after, or stay out. Article II of the excessive gambling. A. including the legal or illegal gambling. Article 3 of the use of prohibited drugs. Article IV of the excessive intake of alcohol. Article 5 may not be outside with his wife or family members of the opposite sex are excessive, and unnecessary act of intimacy. A. "is necessary", "excessive" or "intimacy" from the definition of wife-defined. Article 6 not to hurt his wife's behavior, including psychological, physiological, "injury" is defined to his wife's feelings in mind. Article 7 not violate any laws. Article 8 of the same friends Sueji, also known as AK meet. A. The identity card number for Sueji K267xx3 (2) B. Sueji name of the Chinese code for the 1667 2348 3233 9 breaches of the contents of prenuptial agreement. The third chapter details of marital relations The first husband of the need to regularly report to the whereabouts of his wife. Second husband at any time, are not lost contact with his wife. A. any pretext, for example, did not take telephones, telephone冇…, such as the reasons for variance be accepted. Article 3 referred to the husband or wife tend not content of the work. Article 4, or her husband can not attempt to influence his wife's intention, views and the views of things. Article 5, if things between husband and wife to hold different views to the views of his mind for the final. Sixth not indulged in the work of her husband, neglected family life, all to the family at heart. Article 7, cares for her husband to his wife, his wife every night to serve until his wife can sleep sleep. Article 8 of the husband had a responsibility to understand the preferences of his wife and the wife should do its utmost to meet the requirements. 9 husband should respect his wife will be reluctant to do any non-voluntary wife to do. Article 10 of the home lost his temper, not even a dispute in front of the children.第四条 丈夫不得向妻子说谎。
A. 不论谎话是善意或恶意,均不被接纳。
B. 丈夫对妻子不得有任何隐瞒,所讲的必需是事实之部份或全部。
第五条 男主内,女主外,丈夫要负责家中一切家务杂务,包括凑仔、煮饭、洗衫、洗厕所等等。
A. 不论人前人后,均要贯彻男主内,女主外的大前提。
B. 妻子不会再为丈夫的面子作任何掩饰或做戏,以图瞒骗男方的亲友。
第六条 一切以妻子的工作为重,丈夫不得干涉妻子的工作,或作出任何影响妻子工作的举动。
第七条 夫妻间各自财政独立,唯丈夫需负责家用及儿子的生活费。
第二章 丈夫个人守则 第一条 不得出入色情场所。
A. 包括合法或非法之色情场所。
B. 不得以任何藉口在有关场所经过、出入或逗留。
第二条 不可沉迷赌博。
A. 包括合法或非法之赌博。
第三条 不可服食违禁药物。
第四条 不可摄取过量酒精。
第五条 不...
英语作文信的写作例文
—、书信写作要求书信(Letter)一般可分为事务信件或公函(Business Letter or Offical Correspondence)以及私人信件(Private Letter)两大类。
一般包括以下几个要点:1) 收信人的姓名和地址;2) 寄信人的姓名及其与收信人的关系;3) 寄信人的地址(有时可以省略);4) 写信的时间;5) 信的内容。
1. 书信的格式1) 信头(Heading);2) 称呼(Salutation);3) 正文(Body of the letter);4) 结束语(Complimentary close);5) 签名(signature)。
2. 书信的种类1) 邀请信邀请信有正式和非正式之分,也有介于两者之间者。
正式邀请信一般属于公函类,私人邀请信一般属于非正式文体。
邀请朋友、熟人参加某一聚会时,再词句上不一定多加斟酌,用词太正规倒显得关系不密切。
但是如果与被邀请人不太熟悉的话,最好用正式文体。
如虽认识但并不十分了解,文体可介于两个者之间。
由此可见,私人邀请究竟用什么文体,关键看与被邀请人之间的亲疏的程度。
邀请信要明确写出活动(是晚会、晚餐还是一般的聚会等)、活动的时间地点组织这项活动的理由,有时还应告诉对方可能出席的人,另外一般希望对方给予答复。
(1) 非正式邀请信,如;26 Coventry St.LondonSept. 15th, 1999.Dear Jack,I am going to the cinema to see the Red River Valley and I have two tickets. Would you like to come? The film starts at 7:30 p.m. Maybe we can meet at the Covent Garden Station at 7:00 p.m. and have a drink before the film starts. Please phone me at home to let me know.Looking forward to seeing you.Love Mary这封信是写给朋友的,所以用语比较随便,比较口语化。
(2) 正式邀请信,如:Dear Ms. Gupta;It's our great pleasure to announce that Jan. 19th is the 3rd anniversary of the founding of our corporation. We have a small party as follows: 7:00p.m.,Jan. 19th, Room No.123, Kunlun Hotel. At this moment, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our clients for both courtesy and support over the past three years. Please confirm if you plant to attend. Yours Sincerely, Lewis这是一封正式邀请信,十分正规,无论从句式,还是用语都十分讲究。
(3) 介于正式和非正式之间的邀请信,如:No.4 Middle SchoolBeijing 100034April 29th,2000Dear Miss Katherine,I am very pleased to write to you. My name is Yu Hong and I am monitor of Class One, Grade Three of the No.2 Middle School of Ji'nan. Last year, you came here to give a speech, which was "Fast Reading". My classmates and I all thank you very much. We will have an English evening at 7:00--9:00 on the evening of May 4th in our classroom. Would you please come and attend the evening party? At the party, we will sing English songs, play games and so on. And we are anxious to invite you to come to sing us an English song. After that we can enjoy the music. We hope to see you soon.YoursYu Hong这封信是写给一位外籍教师的,这位外籍教师曾经到过这所学校,虽然作者认识,但并不十分了解。
2)感谢信 感谢信可分为感谢馈赠、感谢款待、感谢帮助、感谢送行和感谢探病等。
感谢信一般包括以下几点:①对收信人的称谓;②写信的目的;(Thank you for…)③致谢并详述所收到的礼物或得到的帮助等;④结尾及谦称。
如:Dear Ms. Gupta:How regretful I must leave you house. Thank you for the many good things you provided. The chess game, tennis match and Mr. Gupta's delicious dishes gave me lots of enjoyment. If you came to Beijing for any reason, please come to my family. The kids are looking forward to seeing Aunt Jean. I believe we will have a very happy time. Yours Sincerely, Lewis3)求职信求职信属于公务信函,格式和用词比较规。
信的内容大体上分为三部分①写信的目的, ②自我介绍,③要求。
注意下面几点:①写信的目的要直截了当地在信的开头提出。
②自我介绍部分主要介绍自己的学历、工作经历、解决问题的能力等等。
在行文、用词上要表现出自信、恳切的态度,语言简明扼要,突出介绍自己的优点,与众不同的特长或有利条件。
还要紧扣用人单位的需求,巧用词语,有国地说服对方,此职非你莫属。
③最后提出进一步联系的途径,如:时间、地点。
还可以主动提出接受面试或考核等。
④求职信在写作特点上主要用第一人称以及动词的一般现在时。
如:Ms Li Ling P.O.Box 231Beijing July 10,1999Dear sir(s),I have just read in the newspaper that a secretary of the English language in wanted in your company. I am therefore writing to you to introduce myself. I'd like to get the job. I am a girl college student of 22 years old. My name is Li Ling. I am studying in the language department. I can speak, read and write English very well. As a second language, I can read and speak a little French. I have some work experience as a typist in my spare time at school, and as a tourist guide during summer holidays. The bosses I worked for were ...
托福写作范文:成功需要什么条件
托福独立写作题目: What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.一个人成功需要具备什么样的技术水平? [托福独立写作范文一] Upon the question that what is the very important skill a person should learn in the world today, different people have differnt opinions. In my point of view, I perfer to think that communication is the most impotant skill for almost every person. There are many reasons to support my view. Firstly, communication is a bridge between people. Nobody is omnipotent; people depend on one another in their daily lives. We all hope we can be become the person who masters every skills and can complete every kind work by ourselves. However the real world tells us that this just is a dream. Therefore, people are interdependant, no can can say that he does not need other people's help. The society requires cooperation among people. Communication is the link. Communication is the first step of successful cooperation among people. By communication, we exchange of thoughts and information, and get other people understand our needs and ideas. For example, in a company, big or small, a manager always has to communicate with his boss, coleagues and subordinates. Secondly, communication can help us keep friendship and make new friends. Friends need to communicate to each other, so that they know each other's needs and feelings. Indeed, the most important qualities of a friend is communication and understanding. If you are a good communicator, it is very easy for you to keep your friendship and make new friends. If you do not communicate with your friends, you will not only feel lonely, but also can eventually loss your friends. From all above, I think that communacation is the most important skill for people to survive in this society. I hope everybody works hard to get the skill. [托福独立写作范文二] Nowadays people say that we have stepped into "The Information Age", therefore computer skills are one of the most important skills in today's society. Being able to operate a computer is an advanced technique and can increase one's work efficiency and simplify many works. Using a computer can help people do many complex works. You can calculate a very complex arithmetic problem. Many arithmetic problems in engineering are too complex to work out by hands. A computer can do these works conveniently and easily. You can also look for some references from a foreign country from a computer if you login in the Internet. You can save your documents in some discs on a computer no matter how large they are and you do not need to take a lot of paper. Using a computer can increase your work efficiency. With its help, you can book plane tickets and hotel rooms for a business trip. You can easily compile your files in a shorter time and retrive them whenever you need. If you are an engineer, you can control machines automatically with the help of a computer. The products are more precise than those controlled by hands and the product efficiency is higher. You can save a lot of time to consider other things and this is important for your success. If you can operate a computer, you can sit down in your own home and control distant work. All you need to do is pressing some keys. With the help of a computer, your work can be simplified. You also can use a computer to communicate with your friends by e-mails and it is quicker and safer than ordinary means. There are many other skills a person should learn to be successful, but I think that being able to operating a computer is the most important. [托福独立写作范文三] With the development of science and technology, the world is no longer what it used to be. Everyone should master one or more skills in order to survive and succeed in the world. As far as I am concerned, the most important skill one should learn is to teach himself or herself. To begin with, no one can depend on a teacher in the whole life. In high school and university, several teachers can tcach you physics, chemistry, biology and so on. But when you find a job and leave school, few people will tell you how to solve the problem you encounter in the job. What you can do is to read books and find the answers yourself. If you do not have the ability to teach yourself, it is difficult to survive in the world. In addition, what we have learned in the school is probably not enough. Nowadays new science and technology develop very rapidly. Suppose you are majored in computer. As we all know, th...
急求商务邮件范文
1.请求建立商业关系 We have obtained your name and address from Aristo Shoes, Milan, and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, We are interested in extending our, range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations. If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply. Very truly yours 从米兰Aristo鞋类公司取得贵公司和地址,特此修函,祈能发展关系。
多年来,本公司经营鞋类进口生意,现欲扩展业务范围。
盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。
如价格公道,本公司必大额订购。
烦请早日赐复。
此致2.回复对方建立商业关系的请求 Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We shall be glad to enter into business relations with your company. In compliance with your request, we are sending you, under separate cover, our latest catalogue and price list covering our export range. Payment should be made by irrevocable and confirmed letter of credit. Should you wish to place an order, please telex or fax us. 本月16日收到有关商务关系的来函,不胜欣喜。
谨遵要求另函奉上最新之出口商品目录和报价单。
款项烦请以不可撤销保兑之信用状支付。
如欲订货,请电传或传真为盼。
此致敬礼 3.请求担任独家代理 We would like to inform you that we act on a sole agency basis for a number of manufacturers. We specialize in finished cotton goods for the Middle eastern market: Our activities cover all types of household linen. Until now , we have been working with your textiles department and our collaboration has proved to be mutually beneficial. Please refer to them for any information regarding our company. We are very interested in an exclusive arrangement with your factory for the promotion of your products in Bahrain. We look forward to your early reply.本公司担任多家厂家的独家代理,专营精制棉织品,包括各灯家用亚麻制品,行销中东。
与贵公司向有业务联系,互利互作。
贵公司纺织部亦十分了解有关业务合作之情况。
盼望能成为贵公司独家代理,促销在巴林市场的货品。
上述建议,烦请早日赐复,以便进一步联系合作。
此致敬礼 4.拒绝对方担任独家代理 Thank you for your letter of 1 September suggesting that we grant you a sole agency for our household linens. I regret to say that, at this stage ,such an arrangement would be rather premature. We would, however, be willing to engage in a trial collaboration with you company to see how the arrangement works. It would be necessary for you to test the market for our products at you end. You would also have to build up a much larger turnover to justify a sole agency. We enclose price lists covering all the products you are interested in and look forward to hearing from you soon. 9月1日有关建议担任家用亚麻制品独家代理的来信收悉。
谨致衷心谢意。
目前时机尚未成熟,不能应允该安排深感抱歉。
然而,本公司乐意与贵公司先试行合作,为今后合作打下基础。
为证明担任独家代理的能力,贵公司宜上述货品作市场调查,研究是否可扩大现有之营业额。
奉上该货品之报价单,敬希查照。
专此候复。
此致敬礼 5.同意对方担任独家代理 Thank you for your letter of 12 April proposing a sole agency for our office machines. We have examined our long and ,I must say ,mutually beneficial collaboration. We would be very pleased to entrust you with the sole agency for Bahrain. From our records, we are pleased to note that you have two service engineers who took training courses at our Milan factory .the sole agency will naturally be contingent on you maintaining qualified after sales staff. We have drawn up a draft agreement that is enclosed. Please examine the detailed terms and conditions and let us know whether they meet with your approval. On a personal note, I must say that I am delighted that we are probably going to strengthen our relationship. I have very pleasant memories of my last visit to Bahrain when you entertained me so delightfully .I look forward to reciprocating on your next visit to Milan . My very best wishes to you and your wife. 4月12日建议担任为公室器具之独家代理来信已经收悉。
过去双方合作皆互利互助,能获您的眷顾作我公司于巴林的独家代理,殊感荣幸。
据知您公司两服务技师曾到我公司米兰工厂受训。
相信您公司在取得代理权后,仍会继续注重合格售后服务人员的训练。
现随信附上协议草稿,请查实各项条款,惠复是盼。
能加强业务,我亦感到欣喜,前次到访巴林,蒙盛情款待,不胜感激。
祈盼您莅临米兰时,容我一尽地主之谊。
此致敬礼
问一下关贸总协定不是一个正式的组织啥意思,举个例子,还有亚太
关税及贸易总协定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT) 是一个政府间缔结的有关关税和贸易规则的多边国际协定,简称关贸总协定。
它的宗旨是通过削减关税和其它贸易壁垒,削除国际贸易中的差别待遇,促进国际贸易自由化,以充分利用世界资源,扩大商品的生产与流通。
关贸总协定于1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订,并于1948年1月1日开始临时适用。
应当注意的是,由于未能达到关贸总协定(GATT)规定的生效条件,作为多边国际协定的GATT从未正式生效,而是一直通过《临时适用议定书》的形式产生临时适用的效力。
GATT是世界贸易组织(WTO)的前身。
亚洲太平洋经济合作组织,简称:亚太经合组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,缩写APEC)是亚太地区最具影响的经济合作官方论坛。
1989年11月5日至7日,举行亚太经济合作会议首届部长级会议,标志着亚太经济合作组织的成立。
1993年6月改名为亚太经济合作组织。
1991年11月,中国以主权国家身份,中国台北 和香港(1997年7月1日起改为“中国香港”)以地区经济体名义正式加入亚太经合组织。
亚太经合组织共有21个成员。
2001年10月,APEC会议在中国上海举办。
这是APEC会议首次在中国举行。
2014年,APEC会议时隔13年再次来到中国。
截至2014年9月,亚太经合组织共有21个正式成员和三个观察员 。
2017年11月11日,亚太经合组织第二十五次领导人非正式会议在越南岘港举行。
高考常见的英语作文类型有哪些,有什么范文呢?
我是同济大学的在校生,像英语这类的课程应该比较提高(当然,英语是我初高中时候最有把握的一门课,在高手如林的重点高中,英语卷面成绩第一总能帮我拉一拉总分),只要你真的花时间了,肯定可以较快提高,这一些心得体会我已经跟很多人分享过了(通过交谈、邮件、百度知道),所以我的学习经验真的是“复制..复制..再复制.”如果你觉得靠谱的话就去试试吧,希望对你也有所帮助。
我们今天就讲讲作文的写法【英语作文的考试重点】初高中的英语作文重在展现你自己的水平:1.语法,尽可能不出现语法错误。
2.书写,书写尽量工整,这个一方面能够让老师看得舒服,另一方面也表明了你写作的思路流畅。
3.从句、长句、优美的句子、高级词汇的灵活运用。
【万金油句子举例】1.___has been brought into focus,and ____ always aroused the greatest concern2.Among the various reasons contributing to this phonomenon, ____ plays an important part.3.There is no complete agreement among people as to ____ .Some people take it for granted that _____________ while others hold the opinion that ___________ .4.Taking above metioned factors into consideration, I think ________5.In a whole, ___________【提高的方法】我高二的时候买了一本书《王长喜十句作文法》讲的是关于四六级考试的,应用优美的模板来写作的技巧(说实在的这个有点儿投机取巧,但是应对考试绰绰有余)。
我分析了一下平时的考卷,发现作文的题材有六七成都和里面所介绍的五种相关,我就把他里面提供的相同题材的几个不同模板做了一下整理,每种题材整理出一个我自认为最完美的模板(模板中不乏显摆自己高超语法技巧的闪光点)然后每一次考试尽量套上一个适合的模板,结果是十有八九我的作文会成为范文之一。
所以,建议你买一本类似于模板的书,这种书市面上现在很多的,不仅是王长喜的,其他的也有。
你现在要万金油句子你也不一定会运用得很自然甚至巧妙,因此,整理出几套模板,然后就这几套模板好好看一些优秀的例文。
相信不久你的作文水平会得到很大的提升真希望说了这么多对你有实质性的帮助,加油啊,期待你如愿以偿,加油!附:【英语作文八种常用句型】一) 原因 1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem). 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that... 4. The factors that contribute to this situation include... 5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that... 6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are... 7. Part of the explanations for it is that ... One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ... Another contributing factor (cause ) is ... Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that 二) 比较 1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may
加薪申请,有谁能提供英文范文呢?
范文一:I'm grateful for the opportunity to work for you and I enjoy doing so. I hope you'll agree that, in the two years I've worked for you, I've become an integral member of your team and accomplished a great deal. For example, in the last six months alone, I've[在这里写你最近的成就]However, I'm still working for the initial salary on which we agreed two years ago.As I recall, we also agreed to renegotiate my salary in two years based on my accomplishments, and that time has come. In light of my accomplishments and per our agreement, I'm respectfully requesting an immediate pay raise of six percent, to be followed in six months by a performance-based pay raise of an additional three percent.I strongly feel that I've earned the immediate pay raise and I'm confident that I will also earn the six-month raise based on my performance. But I'm willing to negotiate, per our agreement. If you would like to meet to discuss this, please let me know. If I don't hear from you by [reasonable date], I will assume that you've waived our meeting because you've agreed to my terms.Thanks again for the opportunity. I look forward to continuing to be a key player on your team in a mutually-rewarding relationship.----------------------------------------------------如果想跟上司约定时间讨论加薪的问题则要简短许多:范文二:I enjoy working here and would appreciate your advice on how to increase the reward for my contributions. Would you please schedule a time for us to meet within the next week or so? Any time that is convenient for you will work for me.I look forward to our meeting.范文三:I'm pleased that you've added new responsibilities to my job and I appreciate the opportunity. I would like to meet with you to further discuss my new responsibilities and the possibility of a pay raise for performing them well.I can meet with you anytime this week that is convenient for you. If this week isn't convenient, please let me know.
GRE写作经典范文:政客是否有必要对公众有所隐瞒
"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."I agree with the speaker that it is sometimes necessary, and even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. A contrary view would reveal a naivetd about the inherent nature of public politics, and about the sorts of compromises on the part of well-intentioned political leaders necessary in order to further the public's ultmaate interests. Nevertheless, we must not allow our political leaders undue freedom to with-hold information, otherwise, we risk sanctioning demagoguery and undermining the philosophical underpinnings of any democratic society.One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that in order to gain the opportunity for effective public leadership, a would-be leader must fzrst gain and maintain political power. In the game of politics, complete forthrightness is a sign of vulnerability and naivete, neither of which earn a politician respect among his or her opponents, and which those opponents will use to every advantage to defeat the politician. In my observation some measure of pandering to the electorate is necessary to gain and maintain political leadership. For example, were all politicians to fully disclose every personal foibles, character flaw, and detail concerning personal life, few honest politicians would ever by elected. While this view might seem cynical, personal scandals have in fact proven the undoing of many a political career; thus I think this view is realistic.Another reason why I essentially agree with the speaker is that fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security. For example, if the President were to disclose the government's strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drug trafficker, those strategies would surely fail, and the public's health and safety would be compromised as a result. Withholding information might also be necessary to avoid public panic. While such cases are rare, they do occuroccasionally. For example, during the first few hours of the new millennium the U.S. Pentagon's missile defense system experienced a Y2K- related malfunction. This fact was withheld from the public until later in the day, once the problem had been solved; and legitimately so, since immediate disclosure would have served no useful purpose and might even have resulted in mass hysteria.Having recognized that withholding informarion from the public is often necessary to serve the interests of that public, legitimate political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader's motives and agenda. History informs us that would-be leaders who lack such forthrightness are the same ones who seize and maintain power either by brute force or by demagoguery--that is, by deceiving and manipulating the citizenry. Paragons such as Genghis Khan and Hitler, respectively, come immediately to mind. Any democratic society should of course abhor demagoguery, which operates against the democratic principle of government by the people. Consider also less egregious examples, such as President Nixon's withholding of information about his active role in the Watergate cover-up. His behavior demonstrated a concern for self- interest above the broader interests of the democratic system that granted his political authority in the first place.In sum, the game of politics calls for a certain amount of disingenuousness and lack of forthrightness that we might otherwise characterize as dishonesty. And such behavior is a necessary means to the final objective of effective political leadership. Nevertheless, in any democracy a leader who relies chiefly on deception and secrecy to preserve that leadership, to advance a private agenda, or to conceal selfish motives, betrays the democracy-and ends up forfeiting the polirical game.
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