范文一:丝绸之路意义和价值(英文 )
Significance and Valueof the Silk Road
Abstract :Silk Road, a trade and cultural exchanges road which have more than two thousand years of the history. This semester we have learned knowledge about all aspects of the Silk Road, and now, when we look again toward the road with vicissitudes in the sand and the long silence, as if we can also through thousands of years of time to see it’ s prosperity. This road has attracted the attention of many people, including government officials, scholars, professors and ordinary students, businessmen, tourists. What is the value of it? What’ s significance that we understand it, learn it, research it, and develop it? This article briefly describes the historical significance of Silk Road: including trade, scientific and technological, political, ethnic, religious, artistic; academic research value of Silk Road: for history, geography, sociology, etc.;the value of the Silk Road tourism development.
Key Words :Silk Road; significance; value
1. Introduction
The Silk Road refers to the road opened up in the Han Dynasty, starts with Chang 'an (now Xi'an) or Luoyang, pass with Gansu, Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and links the Mediterranean countries land access. This road is also known as the
2.Historical Significance
First, caravan on the Silk Road transported the rare animals, plants, leather goods, herbs, spices, jewelry from the west to east, then trade them for Chinese silk, tea, porcelain, and other goods. These goods enriched Western and Eastern people's daily life. Secondly, after the opening of the Silk Road, smelting and sinking technique of the Central Plains spread to the Central Asia promoting the improvement of the social production levels and economic development in the Western Region; China's four great inventions and Silk
weaving technology, lacquer arts also via the Silk Road pass all parts of the world to promote the process of world civilization. Thirdly, after the opening of the Silk Road, the increasingly frequent diplomatic activity between Western Regions and central China closed political ties of each other. At the same time, some Western countries such as Persian, Roman Empire also sent envoys to China. That promoted the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures. Fourth, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Nestorian came with the Silk Road in China becoming many people’ s faith and spread to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and other Asian countries along the Silk Road branch. In addition, the Silk Road has great significance in promoting ethnic blend of art and cultural exchange.
3.the Value of Academic Research
The Silk Road is a typical linear cultural heritage, has a very distinct linear cultural identity: (1) is a linear or ribbon cultural heritage area, range, including the legacy of many kinds of human activities reflect the form of rich. Both geographical characteristics of mutual exchange and accumulation of history blend; (2) scale, can refer to a water system across many cities and towns throughout the basin; throughout many countries, a trade route can also refer to; (3) bearing contact with the change of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage, interaction and exchange, constitute the common characteristics of the culture to bring cultural remains, diversity and typical derivative colorful look and internal closely related; (4) involves to the huge economic value and complexity of the natural ecosystem. These feature makes it in history, geography, sociology, and other disciplines have considerable research value.
3.1History
On the history, from the Han Dynasty Silk Road opened up to flourishing trade and frequent cultural exchanges in the Tang Dynasty Silk Road, rise of the Yuan Dynasty Grassland, Maritime Silk Road flourished in the Song and Ming dynasties, until the decline of the Silk Road on today, it ’ s history throughout China’ s. Research significance of the Silk Road is not only confined itself, it also contribute to our understanding and evidence of the political systems, economy and culture, nation and religion of ancient China and even those in Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.
3.2Geography
On the geography, the Silk Road starting with the central China, through Xinjiang province, Central Asia, West Asia, arrived in Europe and joins the North African, after a different geographical pattern with different cultural circles, the Silk Road knowledge can be used to help the study of physical geography vicissitude. It can also be used to research the relationship between the geographical environment and
national cultural differences.
3.3Sociology
On the sociology, the reasons and process of ethnic blend, the media and way of cultural spread, formation, differences and mutual influence of the different parts of the world cultural circles are hot research topics. And the Silk Road is a channel of economic and cultural exchanges between Chinese and Western, of course it has unusual meaning and value for the sociology.
4.the Value of the Silk Road Tourism Development
Silk Road culture is able to display the characteristics of tourism resources in the northwest of China and promote the whole development of the west. Cultural tourism is the best carrier of the inheritance and development of the Silk Road culture. And cultural tourism is an inevitable trend of the development of the tourism industry today.
Silk Road tourism and cultural resource classification. Silk Road tourism may include: the ancient cities on the Silk Road such as Chang'an (now Xi'an), Luoyang and four counties in Hexi(now Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang in Gansu province) and ruins of the ancient Western Regions countries; the Silk Road grotto and Buddhist art treasures such as Dunhuang Cave, Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, Yulin Grottoes; ruins of famous ancient pass likes Yang Guan, Yumen pass and Jiayuguan; natural scenery likes desert, oasis, snow mountains in Xinjiang province along the Silk Road.
Tourism goods associated with the travel route of the Silk Road. Including diet series, crafts knit, sculptures, antique clearance Wen dish, personalized tickets, personalized merchandise, as well as
Silk Road culture publicity and promotion. Include organizing various tourism festival; strengthen the direct contact with the travel source markets; take full advantage of a variety of media publicity, promotion and the organization of the various types of exchanges meeting.
5.Conclusion
The Silk Road connected East Asia, Central Asia, India, West Asia, the Mediterranean and other world civilization circle. It have great significance to promote the process of world civilization and progress of human society. Today, our research and development on the Silk Road will create inestimable value.
范文二:丝绸之路意义和价值(英文 )
Significance and Value of the Silk Road
Abstract:Silk Road, a trade and cultural exchanges road which have more than two thousand years of the history. This semester we have learned knowledge about all aspects of the Silk Road, and now, when we look again toward the road with vicissitudes in the sand and the long silence, as if we can also through thousands of years of time to see it’s prosperity. This road has attracted the attention of many people,
including government officials, scholars, professors and ordinary students, businessmen, tourists. What is the value of it? What’s significance that we understand it, learn it, research it, and develop it? This article briefly describes the historical significance of Silk Road: including trade, scientific and technological, political, ethnic, religious, artistic; academic research value of Silk Road: for history, geography, sociology, etc.;the value of the Silk Road tourism development.
Key Words :Silk Road; significance; value
1. Introduction
The Silk Road refers to the road opened up in the Han Dynasty, starts with Chang 'an (now Xi'an) or Luoyang, pass with Gansu, Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and links the Mediterranean countries land access. This road is also known as the "overland Silk Road" or "Oasis Silk Road”. Generalized Silk Road
refers throughout Eurasia or North Africa and East Africa, including the general term of the long-distance business and cultural exchange lines began to form from antiquity. In addition to the above route, including grassland Silk Road formed in about the 5th century, maritime silk route formed in medieval early years and played a huge role in the Song Dynasty and the Southern Silk Road which appeared at the same time of the Northwestern Silk Road’s formation, and replaced it as the overland communication channel in the early Song Dynasty.
2.Historical Significance
First, caravan on the Silk Road transported the rare animals, plants, leather goods, herbs, spices, jewelry from the west to east, then trade them for Chinese silk, tea, porcelain, and other goods. These goods enriched Western and Eastern people's daily life. Secondly, after the opening of the Silk Road, smelting and sinking technique of the Central Plains spread to the Central Asia promoting the improvement of the social production levels and economic development in the Western Region; China's four great inventions and Silk
weaving technology, lacquer arts also via the Silk Road pass all parts of the world to promote the process of world civilization. Thirdly, after the opening of the Silk Road, the increasingly frequent diplomatic activity between Western Regions and central China closed political ties of each other. At the same time, some Western countries such as Persian, Roman Empire also sent envoys to China. That promoted the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures. Fourth, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Nestorian came with the Silk Road in China becoming many people’s faith and spread to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and
other Asian countries along the Silk Road branch. In addition, the Silk Road has great significance in promoting ethnic blend of art and cultural exchange.
3.the Value of Academic Research
The Silk Road is a typical linear cultural heritage, has a very distinct linear cultural identity: (1) is a linear or ribbon cultural heritage area, range, including the legacy of many kinds of human activities reflect the form of rich. Both geographical characteristics of mutual exchange and accumulation of history blend; (2) scale, can refer to a water system across many cities and towns throughout the basin; throughout many countries, a trade route can also refer to; (3) bearing contact with the change of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage, interaction and exchange, constitute the common characteristics of the culture to bring cultural remains, diversity and typical derivative colorful look and internal closely related; (4) involves to the huge economic value and complexity of the natural ecosystem. These feature makes it in history, geography, sociology, and other disciplines have considerable research value.
3.1History
On the history, from the Han Dynasty Silk Road opened up to flourishing trade and frequent cultural exchanges in the Tang Dynasty Silk Road, rise of the Yuan Dynasty Grassland, Maritime Silk Road flourished in the Song and Ming dynasties, until the decline of the Silk Road on today, it’s history
throughout China’s. Research significance of the Silk Road is not only confined itself, it also contribute to our understanding and evidence of the political systems, economy and culture, nation and religion of ancient China and even those in Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.
3.2Geography
On the geography, the Silk Road starting with the central China, through Xinjiang province, Central Asia, West Asia, arrived in Europe and joins the North African, after a different geographical pattern with different cultural circles, the Silk Road knowledge can be used to help the study of physical geography vicissitude. It can also be used to research the relationship between the geographical environment and
national cultural differences.
3.3Sociology
On the sociology, the reasons and process of ethnic blend, the media and way of cultural spread, formation, differences and mutual influence of the different parts of the world cultural circles are hot research topics. And the Silk Road is a channel of economic and cultural exchanges between Chinese and Western, of course it has unusual meaning and value for the sociology.
4.the Value of the Silk Road Tourism Development
Silk Road culture is able to display the characteristics of tourism resources in the northwest of China and promote the whole development of the west. Cultural tourism is the best carrier of the inheritance and development of the Silk Road culture. And cultural tourism is an inevitable trend of the development of the tourism industry today.
Silk Road tourism and cultural resource classification. Silk Road tourism may include: the ancient cities on the Silk Road such as Chang'an (now Xi'an), Luoyang and four counties in Hexi(now Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang in Gansu province) and ruins of the ancient Western Regions countries; the Silk Road grotto and Buddhist art treasures such as Dunhuang Cave, Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, Yulin Grottoes; ruins of famous ancient pass likes Yang Guan, Yumen pass and Jiayuguan; natural scenery likes desert, oasis, snow mountains in Xinjiang province along the Silk Road.
Tourism goods associated with the travel route of the Silk Road. Including diet series, crafts knit, sculptures, antique clearance Wen dish, personalized tickets, personalized merchandise, as well as "optional" postcards, stamps, etc.
Silk Road culture publicity and promotion. Include organizing various tourism festival; strengthen the direct contact with the travel source markets; take full advantage of a variety of media publicity, promotion and the organization of the various types of exchanges meeting.
5.Conclusion
The Silk Road connected East Asia, Central Asia, India, West Asia, the Mediterranean and other world civilization circle. It have great significance to promote the process of world civilization and progress of human society. Today, our research and development on the Silk Road will create inestimable value.
范文三:以下是中国丝绸之路的英文介绍
the Ancient Silk Road of China:
This ancient trade route starts in the old capitals of Luoyang and Xian, and reaches the Yellow River at Lanzhou,
follows along the 'Gansu Corridor' and stretches along the edge of deserts and mountains.
Before the discovery of the sea route to India,
the Silk Road was the most important connection between the Orient and the West.
The Silk Road experienced its last great era during the time of Mongols,
when the entire route from China to the Mediterranean was part of one empire.
At that time, Nicolo and Marco Polo traveled from Kashgar to the Far East along the southern route.
The overland link quickly lost its importance as trade across the seas developed.
Today it has been replaced in China with the railway line Lanzhou-Hami-Urumqi.
The last part, to Alma-Ata in Kazatchstan was completed in 1992.
The trade route was never known as the Silk Road historically.
It was given the name by a German geographer Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen.
Silk Road tours allow you to step back into the 13th century as you visit the cities of the legendary silk traders and monks.
Travel through deserts where silk traders have traveled for thousands of years.
You can discover the ancient mysteries of the Silk Road including bazaars where merchants haggle over camels and carpets,
where you can meet the nomadic minorities of China, and attend music, dance and artistic performances.
These tours are often combined with stops to Beijing, Xian, and Dunhuang to make your China travel adventure vacation complete.
范文四:英文纪念性演讲-介绍丝绸之路
The Silk Road
Introduction
? This is a trade thoroughfare that links Asia and Europe in the past dynasties. This is
an important bridge that promotes the economic and cultural exchanges. This is a thoroughfare that owns treasure trove of historic sites.
? The Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and
European Continent,usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land,Southern Silk Road on the land and the Silk Road on the sea.
(Transition: For a very long period in history, there were many famous stories related to the road, e.g. zhangQian, who was sent by Emperor Wudi of Han to the western regions; Eminent Monk Xuan Zang, who made a journey to the west in search of Buddhist scriptures )
Body
? The silk road dates back to the second century B.C when ZhangQian, a Chinese
official and envoy of the royal court, embarked on his business trip to Xiyu (meaning western countries)
? Originating from Chang’an(the present-day Xi’an), the route traversed Shaanxi
Province, the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, the Parim mountain region, Afghanistan, Iran, Irap and Syria, ending at the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. More than 4000 of its 7000 kilometers were in China. ? For over a thousand years up till the 15th century, China brought its silk cloths and
goods, gunpowder, and paper making and printing techniques to the west via this road. This road, in return, introduced into China Buddhism and Islam as well as grapes, walnuts, pomegranates, cucumbers, glass, perfume and other products from the outside world.
(Transition: After saying so much, I want to ask you a question: Why it is called the Silk Road, not the ……….road?)
? Because among all the goods which were in exchange through the road, the China’s
silk is the most typical one.
( Why it is so typical?)
? It is a symbol of the prosperity of civilization of East Asia. So European scholars
came to call it the “silk road”.
Conclusion
? I’m very proud not only because a wealth of historical relics and interesting local
cultures along the part of the Silk Road in China, but also because the active role we Chinese played in developing this road. I’m very proud not only because such a great history my country enjoys but also because the initiative spirit we are born with. I’m very proud of being a Chinese.
? I hope you will understand and appreciate how brave and hardworking we Chinese
are, as well as how marvelous the road it is. Let’s join together to contribute to the communication all over the world just as our ancestors did.
范文五:丝绸之路的意义
丝绸之路的意义
丝绸之路的意义 总结归纳精选:
丝绸之路的好处
丝绸之路的开辟,有力地促进了中西方的经济文化交流,对促成汉朝的兴盛产生了用心的作用。这条丝绸之路,至今仍是中西交往的一条重要通道,在我国当今的对外经济文化交流中仍然发挥着重大的作用,我们就应很好地加以利用。
总结归纳精选:[由Www.DuanMeiWen.Com整理]
丝绸之路的好处
商品交流关于情人节的说说
正如“丝绸之路”的名称,在这条逾7000公里的长路上,丝绸与同样原产中国的瓷器一样,成为当时一个东亚强盛礼貌象征。丝绸不仅仅是丝路上重要的奢侈消费品,也是中国历朝政府的一种有效的政治工具:中国的友好使节出使西域乃至更远的国家时,往往将丝绸作为表示两国友好的有效手段。并且丝绸的西传也少许改变了西方各国对中国的印象,由于西传至君士坦丁堡的丝绸和瓷器价格奇高,令相当多的人认为中国乃至东亚是一个物产丰盈的富裕地区。各国元首及贵族曾一度以穿着用腓尼基红染过的中国丝绸,家中使用瓷器为富有荣耀的象征。此外,阿富汗的青金石也随着商队的行进不断流入欧亚各地。这种远早于丝绸的贸易品在欧亚大陆的广泛传播为带动欧亚
贸易交流做出了贡献。这种珍重的商品曾是两河流域各国财富的象征。当青金石流传到印度后,被那里的佛教徒供奉为佛教七宝之一,令青金石增添了悠远的宗教色彩。而葡萄、核桃、胡萝卜、胡椒、胡豆、波菜、黄瓜、石榴等的传播为东亚人的日常饮食增添了更多的选取。西域特产的葡萄酒经过历史的发展融入到中国的传统酒文化当中。商队从中国主要运出铁器、金器、银器、镜子和其他豪华制品。运往中国的是稀有动物和鸟类、植物、皮货、药材
、香料、饰品首饰。
文化交流霸气的公会名字
中国古代技术西传目前已知最古老的印刷品:唐代的《金刚经》就发现于敦煌。造纸术以前为中国古代科技领先于世界作出了巨大的贡献,然而这种技术似乎只有东亚及南亚部分国家才有发达的造纸工业。随著丝绸之路的开辟,纸制品开始在西域以及更远的地方出现。人们已在在楼兰遗迹的考古发现了2世纪的古纸。而中亚地区虽然也是用纸,但没有发现造纸工业的证据。很多人认为造纸术的西传为欧洲及中亚带来了一次巨大的变革,而最初这场变革却是残酷的:唐朝与新兴的阿巴斯王朝在中亚的势力摩擦不断。在对中亚政治格局具有强大影响力的怛罗斯战役中,阿拉伯人将中国战俘沿着丝绸之路带回撒马尔罕,而这些战俘中就有长于造纸术的中国工匠。最终造纸术就这样传播到世界各地。
西域地区沙漠密布,各国的繁荣与水往往是脱不开关联的。天山与昆仑山溶化的雪水是西域的主要补给水源之一。然而收集这些雪
水并不是容易的事情,溶化后积聚在山脚的水很短时刻就会被蒸发或渗入地下。自汉朝派遣军队囤积在西域发展农业时,流传于山区的坎儿井和井渠技术被同样需要水源的军人使用在西域,并逐步流传至更远的国家。早先西域地区坎儿井技术究竟是由中国还是波斯传入西域一向事件有争议的问题。但是井渠技术和穿井法被证实是用中国传向西方:《史记》中记载,贰师将军李广利率兵攻打大宛,利用断绝水源的方式围困城市。然“宛城中新得汉人知穿井”,令大宛人坚持了很长时刻。
中国古代印刷术也是沿著丝路逐渐西传的技术之一。在敦煌、吐鲁番等地,已经发现了用于雕版印刷的木刻板和部分纸制品。其中唐代的《金刚经》雕版残本如今仍保存于英国。这说明印刷术在唐代至少已传播至中亚。13世纪时期,不少欧洲旅行者沿丝绸之路来到中国,并将这种技术带回欧洲。15世纪时,欧洲人谷腾堡利用印刷术印出了一部《圣经》。1466年,第一个印刷厂在意大利出现,令这种便于文化传播的技术很传遍了整个欧洲。
宗教思想交流
唐朝时在中国北方发现的西方传教士像东汉初期,佛教自于闻沿塔克拉玛干大沙漠南北侧之“丝绸之路”子孔道,全面传到西域各国。关于佛教传人西域地区,目前尚有许多说法。但是国内外“学术界基本看法是:佛教早在公元前2世纪以后,晚在公元前1世纪末已传入西域了”。据此,佛教公元前87年传入西域于阗以后,公元前60年至公元前10年左右自佛教圣地于阗向西或北方向传播到叶城、
莎车、塔什库尔干、喀什、阿克苏、库车、焉首等西域之“丝绸之路”北路各地和向东北方向传播到且末、若羌、米兰、楼兰等西域之“丝绸之路”南北路诸地是理所当然之事。除了佛教,拜火教、摩尼教和景教也随着丝绸之路来到中国,取得了很多人的信仰。并沿着丝绸之路的分支,传播到韩国、日本与其他亚洲国家。
拜火教是中国人对波斯琐罗亚斯德教的称呼,该教于前5—前1世纪沿丝路向东方传播,被认为是最早传入西域的宗教。拜火教曾是波斯的国教,在阿拉伯帝国兴起后被迫东移。有记载当时西域各国都信仰琐罗亚斯德教,在中国受到当时南北朝时代的北方各国皇帝的支持,唐朝时也有许多祆祠以备“胡商祈福”,地方统治者为控制拜火教的发展,设立萨薄一职,试图将宗教纳入国家管理体系中。但该教宋朝以后则基本消失。其宗教风俗则被维吾尔族、塔吉克族所保留,成为一种民族文化的风俗。
景教则是叙利亚基督教聂斯脱里教派的一个分支,史料记载景教在唐代初期搏得皇帝好感,李世民曾批准教徒在长安兴建庙寺一所,初称“波斯寺”,后更名为“罗马寺”、“大秦寺”;到唐高宗年间,阿罗本被奉为镇国大法主,往后教堂亦挂上历代唐朝皇帝像。公元755年安史之乱爆发后,景教徒伊斯曾协助郭子仪平乱,后被赐紫衣袈裟。从635年开始,景教在中国顺利发展了150年,与祆教及摩尼教并称唐代“三夷教”。在会昌法难之后,景教慢慢走向衰弱,但一向延续到明朝天主教进入中国时。
从西方到东方丝路在元朝之后的逐渐不受注意后,间接刺激了
欧洲海权兴起,马可?波罗的中国游记刊行后,中国及亚洲成为许多欧洲人向往的一片繁荣富裕的礼貌国度。西班牙、葡萄牙国家开始企图绕过被意大利和土耳其控制的地中海航线与旧有的丝绸之路,要经由海路接通中国,并期望能从中获得比丝路贸易更大的利润。一些国家也期望将本国的所信仰的宗教传至东方。1492年,哥伦布远航的一个目标就是最终能到达中国,并开创另一条比丝路更好的贸易要道,但他却在大的失望中带领欧洲发现了美洲这一块新大陆。于是哥伦布之后的探险家在美洲开启了新世界的殖民地时代,17世纪之后,荷兰与英国也陆续在非洲、美洲、南太平洋扩展他们的势力。19世纪初期,尽管欧洲强权已在海上遍布,中国依然被西方认为是向往之地,是最兴旺与古老的礼貌,学者多认为这是丝路在中西交流史上所带来的精神性影响,也造成西方在近代200年期间,认为与中国交易能获得巨大利润的印象。
总结归纳精选:
丝绸之路的历史好处和作用
丝绸之路的文化交流
中国古代技术西传21世纪初已知最古老的印刷品:唐代的《金刚经》就发现于敦煌。造纸术以前为中国古代科技领先于世界作出了巨大的贡献,然而这种技术似乎只有东亚及南亚部分国家才有发达的造纸工业。随着丝绸之路的开辟,纸制品开始在西域以及更远的地方出现。人们已在在楼兰遗迹的考古发现了2世纪的古纸。而中亚地区虽然也是用纸,但没有发现造纸工业的证据。很多人认为造纸术的西
传为欧洲及中亚带来了一次巨大的变革,而最初这场变革却是残酷的:唐朝与新兴的阿巴斯王朝在中亚的势力摩擦不断。在对中亚政治格局具有强大影响力的怛罗斯战役中,阿拉伯人将中国战俘沿着丝绸之路带回撒马尔罕,而这些战俘中就有长于造纸术的中国工匠。最终造纸术就这样传播到世界各地。
丝绸之路的历史好处和作用
西域地区沙漠密布,各国的繁荣与水往往是脱不开关联的。天山与昆仑山脉溶化的雪水是西域的主要补给水源之一。然而收集这些雪水并不是容易的事情,溶化后积聚在山脚的水很短时刻就会被蒸发或渗入地下。自汉朝派遣军队囤积在西域发展农业时,流传于山区的坎儿井和井渠技术被同样需要水源的军人使用在西域,并逐步流传至更远的国家。
早先西域地区坎儿井技术究竟是由中国还是波斯传入西域一向事件有争议的问题。但是井渠技术和穿井法被证实是用中国传向西方:《史记》中记载,贰师将军李广利率兵攻打大宛,利用断绝水源的方式围困城市。然“宛城中新得汉人知穿井”,令大宛人坚持了很长时刻。
中国古代印刷术也是沿著丝路逐渐西传的技术之一。在敦煌、吐鲁番等地,已经发现了用于雕版印刷的木刻板和部分纸制品。其中唐代的《金刚经》雕版残本如今仍保存于英国。这说明印刷术在唐代至少已传播至中亚。13世纪时期,不少欧洲旅行者沿丝绸之路来到中国,并将这种技术带回欧洲。15世纪时,欧洲人谷腾堡利用印刷
术印出了一部《圣经》。1466年,第一个印刷厂在意大利出现,令这种便于文化传播的技术很快传遍了整个欧洲。
丝绸之路的宗教交流
唐朝时在中国北方发现的西方传教士像东汉初期,佛教自于闻沿塔克拉玛干大沙漠南北侧之“丝绸之路”子孔道,全面传到西域各国。关于佛教传入西域地区,21世纪初尚有许多说法。但是国内外“学术界基本看法是:佛教早在公元前2世纪以后,晚在公元前1世纪末已传入西域了”。
据此,佛教公元前87年传入西域于阗以后,公元前60年至公元前10年左右自佛教圣地于阗向西或北方向传播到叶城、莎车、塔什库尔干、喀什、阿克苏、库车、焉首等西域之“丝绸之路”北路各地和向东北方向传播到且末、若羌、米兰、楼兰等西域之“丝绸之路”南北路诸地是理所当然之事。除了佛教,拜火教、摩尼教和景教也随着丝绸之路来到中国,取得了很多人的信仰。并沿着丝绸之路的分支,传播到韩国、日本与其他亚洲国家。
拜火教是中国人对波斯琐罗亚斯德教的称呼,该教于前5—前1世纪沿丝路向东方传播,被认为是最早传入西域的宗教。拜火教曾是波斯的国教,在阿拉伯帝国兴起后被迫东移。有记载当时西域各国都信仰琐罗亚斯德教,在中国受到当时南北朝时代的北方各国皇帝的支持,唐朝时也有许多祆祠以备“胡商祈福”,地方统治者为控制拜火教的发展,设立萨薄一职,试图将宗教纳入国家管理体系中。但该教宋朝以后则基本消失。其宗教风俗则被维吾尔族、塔吉克族所保留,
成为一种民族文化的风俗。
景教则是叙利亚基督教聂斯脱里教派的一个分支,史料记载景教在唐代初期搏得皇帝好感,李世民曾批准教徒在长安兴建庙寺一所,初称“波斯寺”,后更名为“罗马寺”,“大秦寺”;到唐高宗年间,阿罗本被奉为镇国大法主,往后教堂亦挂上历代唐朝皇帝像。公元755年安史之乱爆发后,景教徒伊斯曾协助郭子仪平乱,后被赐紫衣袈裟。从635年开始,景教在中国顺利发展了150年,与祆教及摩尼教并称唐代“三夷教”。在会昌法难之后,景教慢慢走向衰弱,但一向延续到明朝天主教进入中国时。
古“丝绸之路”已经成为历史,但其在中国历史上开始的中西礼貌的接触碰撞,并在以后的历次碰撞中相互激发、相互学习,互相从对方的体系中汲取本文化发展需要的养分,相互滋润,使人类在征服与被征服中不断向前发展。在这天开发西部的热潮中,古丝绸之路在传播华夏礼貌中将焕发生机。如果把“丝绸之路”明白为一种技术而不是单一层面上的途径,将更有助于我们明白为什么在众多的传播途径中“丝绸之路”是如此让人难以释怀。
丝绸之路的商品交流
正如“丝绸之路”的名称,在这条逾7000公里的长路上,丝绸与同样原产中国的瓷器一样,成为当时一个东亚强盛礼貌的象征。各国元首及贵族曾一度以穿着用腓尼基红染过的中国丝绸,家中使用瓷器为富有荣耀的象征。
此外,阿富汗的青金石也随着商队的行进不断流入欧亚各地。
这种远早于丝绸的贸易品在欧亚大陆的广泛传播为带动欧亚贸易交流做出了贡献。这种珍重的商品曾是两河流域各国财富的象征。当青金石流传到印度后,被那里的佛教徒供奉为佛教七宝之一,令青金石增添了悠远的宗教色彩。
而葡萄、核桃、胡萝卜、胡椒、胡豆、波菜、黄瓜、石榴等的传播为东亚人的日常饮食增添了更多的选取。西域特产的葡萄酒经过历史的发展融入到中国的传统酒文化当中。商队从中国主要运出铁器、金器、银器、镜子和其他豪华制品。
中国传统文化的意义人生真有什么“意义”吗,有意义的话懂得体谅,更懂得相爱的意义意义网名
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