范文一:反倾销对我国企业的影响及策略研究
反倾销对我国企业的影响及策略研究
话题:励志成长 知识产权 我国
摘要:我国是世界第三大出口国,国外日益增多的反倾销案件严重地阻碍了我国出口企业对外贸易的发展,应积极采取各种对策来应对国外的反倾销案件,促进出口企业对外贸易的发展。关键词:反倾销 出口贸易 策略2007年我国对外贸易进出口总额为21738.3亿美元,已经成为世界第三大出口国,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。世界各国对中国出口产品从关税壁垒角度限制程度削弱,但从非关税壁垒入手采取反倾销措施来变相的保护国内的经济。国外越来越多的反倾销案件严重阻碍了我国出口企业对外贸易的发展。?? 一、反倾销案件对出口企业的影响分析1. 反倾销指控的国家增多目前,已有许多国家对我国出口产品提起反倾销调查,其中既有以美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、加拿大、日本为代表的西方发达国家,也有墨西哥、巴西、智利、韩国、南非等发展中国家。对中国商品提起反倾销讼诉的国家和地区也越来越多,范围越来越广,一些发展中国家加入对我国反倾
销调查的行列。2. 反倾销案件增多日渐增多的反倾销案件阻碍了中国出口企业对外贸易的发展。中国已连续12年成为全球遭受反倾销调查最多的国家,已连续5年成为遭受337调查最多的国家。3. 金额和税率逐步增大国外反倾销给我国出口贸易造成严重的经济损失,我国每年约有400,500亿元的出口商品受到影响,而且导致我国产品在出口市场受到挤压,对我国产品的出口造成不利的影响。外国对我国出口产品征收的反倾销税率呈直线上升趋势。比如委内瑞拉1999年决定对中国的皮鞋、人造革皮鞋和布鞋等鞋类,采取临时措施,征收300,的反倾销税;秘鲁1996年立案的中国鞋,最高征收的反倾销税达到903.92,;2004年2月,墨西哥经济部决定恢复对从中国进口的鞋和鞋靴零件征收165%,1105%的反倾销税。4. 产品和行业结构呈不断扩大的趋势中国被指控倾销的出口产品和行业起来越广,只要他们认为危害到或将要危害到本国竞争力差的产品,都可以列入倾销产品的范围,从过去的原材料、简单加工扩展到现在的高科技产品,几乎涵盖我国出口的大部分产品,如鞋类、电工刀、打火机、农产品、电脑、彩电、照相机等,涉及4000多种商品。从1993年4月15日开始,墨西哥对我国进行大规模反倾销调查,涉及的产品包括了10大类4500余种商品,成为迄今世界贸易史上最大的反倾销案。美国的特别301条款和超级301条款相继把保护的范围由一般商品扩展到劳务、
投资和知识产权等,其可诉的范围还有进一步扩大的趋势。?? 二、反倾销应对策略架构分析1.充分发挥中介协调服务职能根据国外经验,商会和行业协会均属民间组织,提起反倾销诉讼案,也多是靠行业协会来挑头,很少有政府直接插手。(1)商会和行业协会,要真正为维护企业利益服务,防止把商会和行业协会办成“二政府”。(2)要协调价格,防止和遏制“以量取胜”、粗放经营、低价竞销、不正当竞争行为,对违者要予以惩罚。(3)要尽早建立进出口商会、行业协会法律咨询服务部,聘请著名国际法专家、会计师为企业咨询服务2.企业采取应对策略分析(1)培养专业人才,积极应诉反倾销反倾销案并不可怕,虽然其程序复杂,费用不菲,但若应诉得力,有可能柳暗花明。不应诉,则会从此陷入困境。因此,企业应从战略高度出发,培养在经济、法律和外语等方面具有较高知识水平和业务素质的优秀国际商务人才,为反倾销应诉取得胜利提供有力的人才资源支持。(2)企业应调整战略,实行国际化经营。加强对进口国市场研究,了解进口国同类产业竞争者的产品结构、生产规模、销售量、质量标准和价格水平等情况,以便制定合理的出口战略。实施差异化经营,加大对进口国家互补性商品的出口,减少对进口国同类产业的损害威胁,避免盲目出口而被反倾销。(3)我国许多企业存在非理性出口行为,一旦看准某个国际市场,大家都蜂拥而上,争当老大,为成交竞相压价,不惜亏损出口。恶性竞争不但毁
掉了一些著名品牌,扰乱了外贸出口秩序,也是授人以柄,为国外对华反倾销提供借口,因此必须加以规范和管理。(4)企业要建立应对国际市场风险的预警机制。要研究出口产品的国际市场需求、容量、价格走势,竞争对手的信息,注意理顺出口数量与价格的关系,合理调整出口规模和价格水平;按照国际规则和惯例建立一系列生产、质量控制、环境保护、知识产权保护、财会、管理、进出口、投资等制度,加强自我保护意识。(5)企业在反倾销的过程中,应当熟悉国际惯例,依法应对反倾销,使自己由被动化为主动。在面临国外发起反倾销调查时,中国企业应当敢于应对,要合理利用规则保护自己的利益。积极做好反倾销应诉是保证扩大出口,增强产品竞争力和提高经济效益的需要。根据商务部《出口产品反倾销应诉规定》,在调查期内生产和向调查国或地区出口涉案产品的企业均为涉案企业,全部涉案企业应积极参加应诉,以维护我国出口产品的海外市场,保护自身的合法权益。我国一些出口企业,尽管多次参与反倾销调查,在应对方面并没有显示出积极的姿态。企业一方面有畏难心理,对到“国外打官司”心存畏惧;另一方面,企业还有侥幸心理,觉得“大不了放弃这个市场”。以往美国和欧盟的案例告诉我们,国外企业对中国企业提出的反倾销调查,波及的品种一年比一年扩大,涉案企业也逐年增加。3.政府应对策略分析(1)建立应对国外反倾销的协调网络,发挥我国驻外商务机构的作用,
全面调查驻在国的反倾销法律、法规,随时跟踪我国出口商品被进口国反倾销机构立案调查情况,以利于国内反倾销应诉协调机构和行业商会及时有效地组织相关企业积极应诉。(2)加强对出口竞争秩序的规范,设置合理、有效的出口经营管理机制,建立并执行重点行业和重点产品的出口制度,是减少对华反倾销诉讼的有效措施。(3)我国政府充分利用WTO贸易争端解决机制,加强与外国的交涉。政府应充分援引WTO反倾销协议中的条款,对其他国家对我国提出的反倾销措施和调查程序进行严格的调查,并提出异议,通过双边、多边谈判,记载反倾销应诉中所作的实践,进一步澄清相关问题,据理力争,督促相关国家修订对华市场经济体制的认定标准,最终取消岐视性的对华反倾销政策措施;要加大对外交涉力度,让更多的国家了解中国,争取更多的国家承认我国的市场经济地位,为出口企业创建一个有利的贸易环境,从而减少国外对华反倾销调查。(4) 积极推行市场多元化战略。一方面,要继续巩固和发展美、日、欧等发达国家市场;另一方面,要积极开拓“新兴市场”,这些市场包括墨西哥、阿根廷、巴西、印尼、波兰、土耳其和南非等;政府应该大力支持有能力的企业“走出去”,把一部分加工生产能力转移到第三国,避开贸易摩擦;鼓励跨国公司把高技术、高增值的加工制造企业和研发机构转移到我国。(5) 在国外反倾销措施中,对中国“非市场经济国家”的定位是造成
定案的关键性技术措施,也是他们对转轨型国家实施反倾销的借口。因此,只有进行深层次的经济体制改革,建立真正的市场经济体制,摘掉“非市场经济国家”帽子,才能改变西方国家的看法,取消对中国的一些歧视性规定。?? 三、结论面对反倾销,要做到勇敢面对,积极应诉,祢补自身的不足,不能听之任之他国的不公平判决。俗话说“知己知彼,百战不殆。”我们有必要对反倾销进行深入地研究,破解国外的反倾销贸易壁垒。只要国家与企业共同努力积极应对,任何贸易中的难题都会有解决的方法,从而更好的维护我国对外贸易秩序,推动经济的迅猛发展。参考文献:[1]赵红娟,我国对外贸易中的反倾销问题研究[J]科技资讯,2007(21)。[2]邵来安,中国对外贸易摩擦及对策[J]经济问题探索,2005(5)。[3]孟庆珍,由晓霞, 国外反倾销对我国影响及对策[J]商场现代化,2008(12)。
范文二:反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响
反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响
Brief
Title: 反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响
The impact of anti-dumping on Chinese foreign-trade enterprises
Objectives of the Project:
Main objective:
分析反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响
Analyze the impact of anti-dumping on Chinese foreign-trade enterprises
Sub-objectives of the project:
1. 反倾销对中国外贸企业有哪些影响, Firstly, what impact does anti-dumping have on Chinese foreign trade enterprises?
2. 然后说明用什么指标去评定这些影响, Secondly, it explains what indicators will be used to evaluate these impacts.
3. 最后写中国企业如何应对这些影响,得出相关结论Finally, it describes how Chinese enterprises deal with these impacts and comes to relevant conclusions.
Statement of the Issue:
反倾销是WTO赋予缔约国抵制不公平贸易行为的主要措施之一, 反倾销制定的初衷是为了创造公平的竞争秩序,是反不正当竞争的延续。但反倾销成立至今,运行结果往往事与愿违,总是被一些国家以维护公平竞争的名义当作贸易保护主义的工具,成为限制本国产品同国外产品竞争的非关税贸易壁垒,日益变成贸易保护主义的法律武器。自20世纪初以来,反倾销手段在不断完善和强化,现已成为世界各国贸易政策和贸易救济中的一个主要组成部分。所以目前,反倾销措施已经成为一些国家,特别是一些发达国家行之有效的贸易保护手段,以达到限制进口的目的,在国际上形成了一股浪潮。 been regarded as a tool of trade protectionism for some countries on behalf of maintaining the fair
countries, especially in some developed countries, and formed an international wave.
Reasons for the Choice:
随着中国经济的迅速发展和对外贸易的扩大,我国已成为世界反倾销的头号目标。反倾销不仅从微观层面上阻碍了中国一些商品的出口,也间接地对中国经济的发展产生了影响。自从1980年我国第一次遭到美国反倾销指控以来,国外针对我国出口产品的反倾销案件不断增加。我国对外贸易的大跨步发展,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。我国当前面临着全球针对我国反倾销的严重形势。国外对我国反倾销的影响是多方面长期的,涉及进出口、就业、产业结构、国际竞争力等领域,关系到国计民生。Furthermore, this subject closely relates to our learning about Global Business Organizations and Economics 1: Micro and Macro Theory and Application, for example the porter competitive model, scale of economic theory, distribution strategy.本人对反倾销的研究也很感兴趣,加上很容易获得这方面的相关的信息和资料,所以我选择了这个课题进行研究。
With the rapid development of Chinese economy and the expansion of foreign trade, China has become a top target of world anti-dumping. Anti-dumping not only impedes some Chinese merchandise export in micro-level, but also indirectly affects Chinese economic development. Since 1980, the United States accused the first anti-dumping to China, the anti-dumping cases against Chinese exports has increased constantly. The great development of China foreign trade has attracted broad attention around the world. Currently, China encounters serious situation of anti-dumping from all over the world. The foreign anti-dumping has all-around and long-term impacts on many fields in China, such as imports & exports, employment, industrial structure and international competitiveness, etc. It is also closely related to the national economy and people’s lives. Furthermore, this subject closely relates to our learning about Global Business Organizations and Economics 1: Micro and Macro Theory and Application, for example the porter competitive model, scale of economic theory, distribution strategy. I am also interested in study anti-dumping. In addition, it is easy to get relevant information and materials in this aspect, so I choose the subject to make a research.
国外越来越多的反倾销案件严重阻碍了我国出口企业的外贸增长和经济发展。随着我国加入WTO和对外贸易的扩大,企业如何应对国外反倾销是一个严峻的课题。目前,我国企业遭遇反倾销的案件越来越多,涉及的范围也越来越广,如:纺织、机电、服装、大蒜、果汁、钢铁、彩电、海鲜、家具、皮鞋等等,大部分都是我国的出口支柱产业。通过分析反倾销对我国外贸企业的影响,可以帮助企业找出问题所在,从容应对反倾销,改变我国在贸易中的不利地位,最大程度的促进本国经济和贸易的发展。
development of Chinese exporters. With China's entry to the WTO and the expansion of foreign trade,
enterprises, it can help enterprises to find the problems and cope with anti-dumping with deliberation, so as to change Chinese disadvantages in international trade and maximally promote the development of
Sources of Information and Reasons to Use Them
我使用的信息,包括第一手资料和二手资料,第一手的资料,包括社会调查和消费者调查,以及公司发布的新闻内容的来源。该信息的优点是直观,更有说服力,更贴近读者,缺点是:高主观的限制,所以我也使用辅助信息。
二手信息包括网络信息和报章杂志的详细报告。二手资料的优点是节省成本,购置方便。
The information I used includes first-hand data and second-hand data. The first-hand data cover social surveys & consumer surveys and the sources of news content that company released. The advantages of this information are intuitive, more convincing and closer to readers. The disadvantage is high subjective limitation. Therefore, I also use auxiliary information.
Second-hand information covers network information and detailed report of newspapers and magazines. The advantages are cost-saving and convenient for purchasing.
Criteria Used to Assess the Implications of the Issue to the Business
因为成本是制定出售价格最重要的指标,成本大小可以决定价格的高低。
1. To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ export product price by cost
2. 用市场份额评价对外贸企业出口量和出口市场的影响。
市场份额是指一个企业的销售量(或销售额)在市场同类产品中所占的比重。市场份额能直接反映企业所提供的商品和劳务对消费者和用户的满足程度,也能表明企业的商品在市场上所处的地位。较高的市场占有率可以反映出产品的出口量,也可以考核在出口目标市场的销售状况。
The market share refers to the proportion of an enterprise sales volume (or revenue) in market like
products. It can directly reflect consumers and users’ satisfactions on the products and labor services provided by enterprises. It also indicates the market position of enterprises’ commodities. The higher market occupancy can not only reflect product export volume, but also appraise the sales status in export target market.
3. 用竞争优势来评价对外贸企业竞争力的影响。
竞争优势是一个企业在某些方面比其他的企业更能带来利润或效益的优势,源于技术、管理、品牌、劳动力成本,可以反映企业的竞争力高低。
3. To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ competitiveness by competitive advantage. Competitive advantages refer to the enterprises’ profit advantages and efficiency advantages in some aspects that other enterprises can’t be compared, which derived from technology, management, brand and labor cost. It can reflect enterprise competition.
4. 用结构综合效益指数评价对外贸企业产业结构的影响。
结构综合效益指数的特点是把技术进步与产业结构分析相结合,不仅反映出产业的技术进步状况,而且反映出在技术进步方面,产业结构的状况是否良好。
4 To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ industrial structures by general efficiency index of structure.
The general efficiency index of structure combines the technological advance with industrial structure analysis, which not only reflects the technological advance of industry, but also reflects industrial structure condition in technological advancement.
Stage 3: Evaluating
Evaluation on the investigation
Meeting the Objectives
本课题一共有三个目标,首先找到反倾销对中国外贸企业有哪些影响,然后说明用什么指标去评价这些影响,最后评估中国企业如何应对这些影响,得到结论。
There are three subjects in this project. Firstly, it finds the impact of anti-dumping on Chinese foreign-trade enterprises. Then, it explains what indicators will be used to evaluate these impacts.
Finally, it appraises how Chinese enterprises cope with these impacts and comes to conclusions
我是完全按照反倾销的实际情况来评定的,凡已被引用的观点有大量的例子来支持,并证明是很有说服力的。第一个目标是分析影响,这个目标基本达到,国内外对这个课题的研究非常多,这让我能够形成一些自己的见解。我主要通过网络搜查和收集书籍、引用学术报告等二手材料来进行说明,很好地说明了反倾销对外贸企业出口产品价格、出口量和出口市场、企业竞争力和企业产业结构等方面的影响。第二个目标是说明用什么指标去评定这些影响,在第一个目标达到后,我对反倾销有了更深入的认识,这让我能够选择正确的指标去评价这些影响,这些指标的关联度很高,都能够很好地评价这五个方面,说服力较强。第三个目标是中国企业如何应对这些影响,得出相关结论。这个目标也达到了。在充分地论证和评价了上述影响的基础上,对外贸企业如何应对人民币升值有了自己的见解,这些结论都是针对上述五个方面的影响而提出来的,针对性很强。
4. I completely make an evaluation according to actual situation of anti-dumping. All cited viewpoints are supported by a lot of examples, and proved to be very convincing. The first goal is to analyze the impacts, which has been finished basically. There are many studies on this subject at home and abroad, which can impel me to form some of my own opinions. I mainly make a presentation by second-hand materials, such as web searching, collecting books and citing academic reports, etc. And volume & export market, enterprises’ competitiveness and industrial structure, etc. The second goal is to explain what indicators will be used to evaluate these impacts. After achieving the first goal, I have more in-depth understanding on anti-dumping, which can make me choose the correct indicator to evaluate these impacts. These indicators have high consistency and can well evaluate these five aspects with strong persuasion. The third goal is to evaluate how Chinese enterprises cope with these impacts and comes to conclusions, which is also achieved. Based on making full demonstration and evaluation on above mentioned impacts, I have my own opinion on how foreign trade enterprises cope with appreciation of RMB. All these conclusions are presented on basis of above mentioned impacts in five aspects, and full of strong pertinence.
摘要
Abstract
反倾销(Anti-Dumping)指对外国商品在本国市场上的倾销所采取的抵制措施。一般是对倾销的外国商品除征收一般进口税外,再增收附加税,使其不能廉价出售,此种附加税称为“反倾销税”。 是WTO赋予缔约国抵制不公平贸易行为的主要措施之一,是世界各国极力谋求贸易保护的武器,是对国外商品在本国市场上存在倾销行为所采取的抵制措施。一般对倾销的外国商品除征收一般进口税外,还增收附加税,以使该种商品不能廉价销售。随着中国经济的迅速发展和对外贸易的扩大,我国已成为世界反倾销的头号目标。反倾销不仅从微观层面上阻碍了中国一些商品的出口,也间接地对中国经济的发展产生了影响。本文分为三个部分,第一部分写了反倾销对中国外贸企业在价格、出口量、竞争力、出口市场和产业结构上的影响;第二部分运用相关指标来评价了这些影响;第三部对课题进行了总结。
Anti-dumping refers to countermeasures on dumping that foreign goods were sold in domestic markets with unfair price. In general, it not only imposes general import duties on the foreign goods related with dumpling, but also imposes the additional taxes, which make it can’t be sold with low price. This kind of additional tax is called “anti-dumping duty”, which is one of the main measures given by WTO for
contracting states to boycott unfair trade behaviors, and the trade protection weapons that all countries strived for to the utmost. It is also a counteracting measure that foreign goods carried out dumping in domestic markets. In general, besides imposing general import duties on foreign goods, also imposing additional tax, which makes the goods can’t be on sale. With the rapid development of Chinese economy and the expansion of foreign trade, China has become a top target of world anti-dumping. Anti-dumping not only impedes some Chinese merchandise export in micro-level, but also indirectly affects Chinese economic development. This paper will be divided into three parts. In the first part, it discusses the impact of anti-dumping on price, export volume, competitiveness, export market and industrial structure on Chinese foreign trade enterprises. In the second part, it evaluates these impacts by relevant indexes. In the third part, it makes conclusions on the subject.
1 反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响The impact of anti-dumping on Chinese foreign-trade enterprises
1.1中国外贸企业面临的反倾销形势 Chinese foreign trade enterprises encounter anti-dumping situation 近年来,我国利用外资的水平进一步提高,一些新的产业领域逐步向外开放。但由于企业规模、专业化分工和技术水平等都存在一定缺陷,所以在短期内我国的出口产业结构还是以劳动密集型产品为主,这必然会诱发国外对华反倾销调查,对扩大我国的对外贸易也会构成新的威胁。自从1979年欧共体对我国出口的糖精钠发起第一起反倾销调查后,国外对华反倾销案件不断增多,尤其是最近几年更为突出。对我国发起反倾销指控的主要是发达国家,实施反倾销的国家、地区日益增多,遭到反倾销调查的次数越来越多,涉及的产品范围也越来越广,如:纺织、机电、服装、大蒜、果汁、钢铁、彩电、海鲜、家具、皮鞋等等,大部分都是我国的出口支柱产业。这些案件不但直接影响了我国商品的出口和经济的发展,而且也严重损害了我国的国际声誉。
In recent years, with further improving the level of introducing foreign investment in China, some new industries start to open up gradually. However, due to some defects on enterprises scale, specialized division of labor and technology level, the export industrial structures are still mainly in labor-intensive products in short term, which will inevitably induce foreign anti-dumping investigation to China and pose a new threat to expansion of Chinese foreign trade. Since 1979, EC launched the first anti-dumping investigation case on Chinese saccharin sodium, more and more foreign anti-dumping cases to China taken place, especially become dominant in recent years. The anti-dumping to China is mainly charged by developed countries. The more countries and regions implement anti-dumping, the more frequently anti-dumping investigations take place, the wider product scopes involve. Such as textile, electro mechanics, garment, garlic, fruit juice, steel, TV, seafood, furniture and leather shoes, etc. Most of them are pillar industries of Chinese exports. These cases not only affected the commodity exports and economic development, but also seriously damaged to Chinese international reputation.
1.2 反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响The impact of anti-dumping on Chinese foreign-trade enterprises
1.2.1反倾销对中国外贸企业出口产品价格的影响The impact of anti-dumping on foreign trade enterprises’ export product price
由于我国低廉的劳动力资源优势,加上企业初期进入国际市场时的无序竞争和后期的出口增长过快,导致了我国出口企业制定的出口价格相对较低,这不仅影响到进口国同类产品的销售,进口国的劳动力就业也受到威胁,而且极力地冲击着国外市场,因此国际上纷纷对我国的出口产品提起反倾销调查。面对这种状
况,我们要清醒地认识一个问题,即产品的定价问题。当出口产品以低于正常价值的价格在进口国销售时,这种低价销售给进口国相关产业造成损害,且损害和低价销售之间存在因果关系,即被确认为存在倾销。 Due to Chinese cheap labor resources advantages, the disordered competition when enterprises entry into international market in early period and rapid export growth in later period, Chinese export enterprises set comparatively low export prices, which not only affected like product sales of importers, but also threatened employment of importing countries and impacted overseas market seriously. Therefore, our export products were always subjected to anti-dumping investigation in the world. Facing this situation, we must keep a clear cognition, that is product pricing. When selling export products in importing countries with price lower than normal value, the underselling will damage to associated industries of importing countries. Moreover, there is causal relation between damage and underselling, which is confirmed to be dumping.
虽然我国已经加入WTO,但承诺允许其他成员国在15年内按非市场经济国家标准处理中国的倾销事件。所以,一旦被证明存在倾销,我国就要接受采用第三国替代价格,即选用与我国经济发展水平相当的市场经济国家同类产品价格作为衡量倾销产品正常价值的标准。正常价值的计算是判断涉案产品是否存在倾销和裁定倾销幅度大小的关键环节。由于替代国的选择受很多因素的影响,而且调查当局拥有很自由的裁量权,它们总是会选择生产要素国内价格最高的替代国,以此来证明我国的出口产品存在倾销,并进一步得出较高的倾销幅度。乐金电子(天津)电器有限公司(即LG在中国的主要空调、微波炉等家电制造基地)以210.2549万台空调的出口量名列第一位,远远领先于对手,但从其出口金额看,却远低于同行。海关数据显示,LG该基地去年出口额为14960万美元。据此推算,LG空调去年出口单价为71.15美元/台。而海关统计去年度中国空调出口50强的平均单价为133.13美元/台。因此反倾销会间接地提高产品出口价格。 Although entry to WTO, China promised to allow other member countries to deal with Chinese anti-dumping cases according to national standard of non-market economy in 15 years. Therefore, once proved to be dumping, China will have to accept the third country alternative price, which is to select the like product price of market economy countries, whose economic development level are similar to our country, as the criteria to measure normal value of anti-dumping products. The calculation of normal value is the key to judge whether concerned products take place dumping and dumping margins or not. Due to selection of surrogate country is affected by many factors and the investigation bureau has very free discretion, they always select the surrogate country with highest national price of production factors, which is used to prove dumping in Chinese export products and get higher dumping margins. LG electronics (Tianjin) electrical appliance Co., Ltd (the major manufacturing base of LG’s home appliances in China, such as air-conditioner and microwave oven) ranks first with export volume of
2.102549 million air-conditioners, far ahead of competitors. However, from the export amount, it is far less than rivals. According to customs data, the export sales of this LG base were $ 149.6 million last year. Accordingly, the export unit price of LG air-conditioner was $ 71.15 last year. While according to customs statistics, the average unit price of top 50 air-conditioner exporters in China was $ 133.13 last year. Therefore, anti-dumping will indirectly increase export product prices.
1.2.2反倾销对外贸企业出口量的影响The impact of anti-dumping on foreign trade enterprises’ export volume
在确定某种产品的倾销幅度时,对于正常价值的计算,需要对所有的成本费用支出进行分解,分摊到涉案产品上。但是,我国的会计准则与国际会计准则存在一定的差异:按国际会计准则和世贸协议规定,反倾
销中所认可的产品成本除生产成本外,还包括销售费用、一般费用和管理费用,以及一定比例的利润;而我国会计准则却把销售费用和管理费用等作为期间费用,采用的是制造成本体系,未计算产品的完全成本。这就会导致按国际会计准则规定计算出来的正常价值会高于出口价格,从而认定我国出口产品存在倾销行为。一起反倾销案件从立案到最终裁决要历时1年以上,征税期长达5年,企业原有的客户和市场就会逐渐流失,给出口带来的损失是不可估量的。一般来说,只要产品被进口国提起反倾销调查,就会马上影响该产品对该进口国的正常出口,而一旦裁定倾销成立,被征收高额反倾销税,往往会导致出口产品失去进口国市场。1993年4月,墨西哥对我国某些产品征收高额反倾销税,如玩具为315%,成品服装为537%,有机化学产品为673%,鞋类产品则高达1105%,如此高的反倾销税率在国际反倾销史上极为罕见,很难让人相信其合理性与公平性。欧盟1997年对从中国进口的不锈钢螺纹紧固件征收的反倾销税,除一家台商企业约为16.2%以外,多数为75.5%,面对如此高的税率,无论哪家企业都无法承受,这意味着中国的相关企业将不得不部分或全部退出已经占有的市场份额。很多中国拳头产品在反倾销后,被完全逐出进口国市场。
When confirming the dumping margin of a certain product, it needs discompose all costs and expenses and distributes on concerned products, then calculates normal value. However, there are some differences between Chinese accounting standards and international accounting standards. According to international accounting standards and WTO agreements, the product cost approved by anti-dumping not only covers production cost, but also covers selling expenses, general & administrative expenses and certain proportion of profit. While, our accounting standards regard selling expenses and administrative expenses as period expenses, and adopt manufacturing cost system to calculate the complete cost of production, which will bring about the normal value calculated by international accounting standards is higher than export price, and identify dumping behavior in our export products. It will take more than one year for an anti-dumping case from registration to final determination, and 5 years taxation period. In this way, the current customers and market will loss gradually, and bring immeasurable damage to export. Generally speaking, as long as the products were subjected to anti-dumping investigation by importing countries, it will affect the normal export of the products to the importer at once. Once judging the anti-dumping, it would be expropriated high anti-dumping duties, which often leads to export products lose importer market. In April 1993, Mexico imposed high anti-dumping duties on some of Chinese products, such as 315% for toys, 537% for finished garments, 673% for organic chemical products, even 1105% for footwear products. Such high anti-dumping tax rate is extremely rare in the history of international anti-dumping, and it is difficult for us to believe the rationality and fairness. In 1997, EU imposed anti-dumping duty on stainless threaded fasteners imported from China with 75.5% tax rate mostly, expect for 16.2% to a Taiwan-funded enterprise. Confronted with such high tax rate, whoever can’t bear, it means Chinese enterprises will have to withdraw from the occupied market share partly or completely. After anti-dumping, many Chinese hit products are completely expelled from markets of importing countries.
1.2.3反倾销对外贸企业竞争力的影响 The impact of anti-dumping on foreign trade enterprises’ competitiveness
高额的反倾销关税,会提高产品的价格,使我国出口产品失去了竞争能力。一旦我国出口产品在国外进入反倾销程序,并被作出肯定性的裁决,无论当局采取哪一种反倾销措施,结果都是这些产品的出口额大幅度下降,有些产品甚至于完全退出这些市场,如2003年12月墨西哥对我国鞋征收165% -1105%的关税, 2007年7月美国对我国几家企业出口小龙虾征收91. 5% -156.7%的反倾销税,这就迫使中国企业退出市场。例如我国录象带据原欧共体官方统计, 2001年占进口量的20%,同年4月被征收反倾销税以后, 2002年出口量大
幅度下降,占有量仅为欧共体同期总进口量的2%;小彩电出口到欧共体遭受同样的命运,另有研究表明,所实施的反倾销税在30%以下,出口企业尚可勉强维持出口,如果超过30%的警戒线则将退出原国际市场。
High anti-dumping duties will raise product prices and weaken competitiveness of Chinese export products. Once Chinese export products enter anti-dumping proceedings abroad and proved to be positive verdict, the authorities adopt whatever anti-dumping measures, the export sales of these products dropped greatly, even some products have to withdraw from these markets completely. For example, in December, 2003, Mexico imposed 165% to 1105% tariff on our footwear products. In July, 2007, American imposed 91.5% to 156.7% anti-dumping duties to several Chinese enterprises on crawfish products, which forced Chinese enterprises to withdraw from the market. According to official statistics from original EC, in 2001, our videotape accounted for 20% of import volume. After imposing anti-dumping duties in April, 2001, the export sales dropped greatly, with only 2% of EC total imports in the same period in 2002.So did the small color TV exported to EC. Other studies indicated, if the anti-dumping duty is less than 30%, exporters are fairly to keep exporting. If more than 30%, exporters will withdraw from the original international markets.
1.2,4反倾销对外贸企业出口市场的影响 The impact of anti-dumping on foreign trade enterprises’ export market
目前,欧美仍是我国出口的主要目的地。据统计,我国约有75%的出口产品(含我国香港转口)集中在北美和西欧市场。我国对美国、欧盟的出口额占了出口总额相当比重,这在一定程度上会冲击欧美等国的国内市场,从而引发反倾销调查。例如,2004年的“美国家具案”就是由于自2002年以来中国家具以低价格大批量持续销往美国市场、出口金额从11亿飙升至13.5亿所导致的。
At present, Europe and America are still our main destinations of export. According to statistics, about 75% Chinese products (including Hong Kong re-exports) gathered in North America and Western European markets. Chinese export sales in America and EU covered considerable proportion of total export, which will impact national markets in Europe and the United States to a certain extent, and bring about anti-dumping investigation. For example, in 2004, the "American furniture” case was caused by Chinese furniture constantly sold to US market with low-price and large-scale since 2002, with export amount from 1.1 billion up to 1.35 billion.
来自国外的反倾销会损害我国企业产品的市场形象。反倾销措施持续时间长,原有业务客户逐渐流失,再重新进入失去的市场非常困难。一起反倾销案件从立案到最终裁决,往往要历时1年以上,征税期长达5年,通过复审还可继续延长,象我国出口欧盟的彩电、出口美国的高锰酸钾等许多产品,都遭到了10多年的反倾销关税制裁,目前的出口额与立案时相比已大大萎缩,严重影响了我国产品在国际市场的形象。同时反倾销还严重挫伤了国外企业对我国投资的积极性。由于我国产品屡遭反倾销,不少投资者不得不抽回资金,转向其它国家。此外由于大量新兴电子、石化产品刚刚开始出口就遭到反倾销,使得我国新兴工业的发展受到严重损害。
The foreign anti-dumping will damage product market presence for Chinese enterprises. The anti-dumping measures lasted for a long time, and the original business customers lost gradually. It is very difficult for enterprises to re-enter the lost markets. It often takes more than one year for an anti-dumping case from registration to final determination, and 5 years taxation period, even continue to extend after review. Such as color TV exported to EU, and potassium permanganate exported to US,
etc. All these products are subjected to more than 10 years’ sanction of anti-dumping duties. The current export sales are much less than in registration and seriously affected product image in international market. Meanwhile, anti-dumping also badly undermined foreign enterprises’ enthusiasm to invest in China. Due to frequent anti-dumping on Chinese products, many investors have to withdraw their funds into other countries. Besides, when electronic and petrochemical products emerging, these newly-sprouted products are subjected to anti-dumping, which seriously damaged to the development of Chinese emerging industries.
我国的外贸出口市场一直过于集中在欧美等少数几个发达国家,而这些国家对内实行贸易和投资自由化,对外则实行贸易保护主义,经常对我国出口产品采取反倾销,我国面临的很多反倾销调查也大部分由这些国家引起而后扩散到周边国家,造成了连锁效应。
Chinese foreign trade export markets have always been gathered in several developed countries such as Europe and US. They carried out trade and investment liberalization inside and trade protectionism outside, and frequent anti-dumping measures on Chinese export products. Therefore, China confronted with many anti-dumping investigations, which caused by these countries and spread to peripheral countries, even lead to chain reaction.
1.2.5反倾销对外贸企业产业结构的影响The impact of anti-dumping on foreign trade enterprises’ industrial structures
我国劳动密集型产品一直在出口上占有相对优势,然而正是这些产品频频遭到反倾销指控。如纺织、丝绸、皮革制品、鞋类、玩具、煤炭、有色金属等,这些恰恰是我国出口比较优势明显的产业,其中服装、棉纺织、丝绸、化纤、煤炭、水泥等生产能力均居世界第一位。其中不少是利用外资开办的三资企业,他们带来了资金、先进的技术和管理经验,然而由于受到反倾销的冲击,使部分三资企业被迫减产、停产或转产,从而使外商对我国投资的信心大减,严重破坏了投资环境。出口受阻的产品不得不在国内寻找市场,使得我国国内的同类产品受到冲击,从而使国内整个产业结构也会受到冲击,最终与国家对产业结构的调整发生偏离,影响到整个国民经济的发展。例如,2007年奥康集团出口的皮鞋,主要是中低档品牌鞋这个市场,总共与欧盟合作的贸易量是4500万美元,进口额占到1900万美元,而且,从出口的现状来看,奥康的均价在20美元左右,现在由于反倾销的影响,奥康需要调整企业的生产结构,进军中高档品牌鞋这个市场。欧洲的消费者,他们过去穿中国的鞋非常便宜,一下子这个鞋的价格都升得很高,消费者就会有意见。 Chinese labor intensive products have always taken comparative advantages, while these products were frequently subjected to anti-dumping accusations, such as textile, silk, leather, shoes, toys, coal and non-ferrous metal, etc. These exactly are Chinese export industries with obvious comparative advantages, such as clothing, cotton textile, silk, chemical fiber, coal and cements, whose production capacities rank first in the world. Most of them are foreign-invested enterprises. They introduced capital, advanced technology and management experience. However, due to the impact of anti-dumping, part of foreign-invested enterprises are forced to reduce production, suspend production and switch to other production, which makes foreign businessmen lose confidence in Chinese investment and seriously damaged the investment environment. The hampered export products have to be sold in national market, which impact national like products, even impact the whole industrial structure. Finally, it will deviate from national adjustment on industrial structure and affect the development of entire national economy. For example, in 2007, Aokang Group exported shoes. Most of them are shoes in low and medium-grade brand market, the trading volume cooperated with EU is $ 45 million in total, and $19
million import sales. Moreover, from the export status, the average price of Aokang is about $ 20, but now, due to the impact of anti-dumping, Aokang need to adjust enterprise’s production structure, and launch into top-grade brand market. In the past, the European consumers put on very cheap shoes made in China. Once the price rose in sudden, consumers would have complaints.
2.评价反倾销对中国外贸企业的影响Evaluate the impact of anti-dumping on Chinese foreign trade enterprises
2.1用成本评价对外贸企业出口产品价格的影响
To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ export product price by cost
国内企业在国外市场上的价格战是导致反倾销调查的直接原因。我国企业的产品向来崇尚“物美价廉”,低成本导致低价格,价格因素成为企业争取市场的一个重要砝码。往往是一个产品在国外市场上畅销,很多企业就一拥而上,彼此竞相削价,导致出口数量激增的同时出口价格却大幅下滑。欧委会在决定是否立案及征税时十分注重某项产品在一定时期内出口数量与出口价格之间“剪刀差”,即出口数量剧增的同时出口价格持续下降,这是欧委会决定是否立案以及被初步判定倾销的一个重要依据。究国内产品低价原因:劳动力成本低下,出口产品结构单一,技术含量不高,集中在低附加值的劳动密集型和资源密集型产品,容易形成过度竞争。
The price war of domestic enterprises in foreign market is the immediate cause of anti-dumping investigation. Chinese products always advocate “low-price and high-quality”, low cost leads to low price, the price factor become a important weight for enterprises to capture market. Often a product was well sold in foreign market, many enterprises rushed forward and make special offers each other, which brings about sharply increasing export volume and greatly reducing export price. When deciding registration and taxation, the European Commission (EC) attached great importance to “the product scissors gap” between the export volume and export price in a certain period of time, which is the export price continually decreased when export volume sharply increased. It is an important basis for EC to decide registration and initially judge dumping. The reason for low-price national products lies in that the low labor cost, single structure of export products and less high technology concentrated on the labor-intensive and resource-intensive products with low value-added, which is easy to lead to excessive competition.
近些年,由于加入了WTO,再加上我国低廉的劳动力成本,中国已经成为“世界加工厂”,价格竞争异常激烈,产品卖价越来越低,这样使得我国企业的出口产品的价格远远低于国外市场价格。如我国鞋类出口产品价格相当于意大利、韩国的1 /3。一些地区、部门和企业片面强调出口创汇,为了创汇而不管成本与效益,拼命降低价格来促进销售。这种低价出口商品,给进口国造成了实质性的损害,也损害了本国的利益。例如1995年,我国出口美国市场的山地自行车在国内售价为每600—700元人民币/辆,在美国市场却仅售30美元/辆,从而导致了美国对我国自行车的反倾销调查,最终我国自行车退出美国市场。
In recent years, due to access to WTO and cheap labor cost, China has become a “world factory”. The price competition was exceptionally fierce, and product price became lower and lower, which made Chinese export price is far behind foreign market value, such as the export price of shoes in China is 1/3 of in Italy and South Korea. Some regions, departments and enterprises one-sidedly emphasized export for earning foreign currency. Regardless of the cost and benefits, they reduced price desperately to
stimulate sales. The low-price export products not only cause substantial damage to importing countries, but also do harm to national benefits. For example, in 1995, Chinese mountain bikes exported to American market with $ 30 per bike, but with RMB 600 to 700 per bike in domestic market, which caused the American anti-dumping investigation to Chinese bikes and finally made Chinese bikes withdraw from the American market.
2.2用市场份额评价对外贸企业出口量和出口市场的影响
To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ export volume and export market by market share 市场份额 即一个企业的销售量(或销售额)在市场同类产品中所占的比重。市场份额能直接反映企业所提供的商品和劳务对消费者和用户的满足程度,也能表明企业的商品在市场上所处的地位。市场份额越高,表明企业经营、竞争能力越强。中国约有75%的出口产品(含香港转口)集中在西欧和北美。一般来说,当中国出口产品在进口国当地市场所占分额超过20%就容易遭到反倾销。我国产品出口市场过于集中,不利于凸现我国产品的特色,同行竞争也无法显现产品独特的竞争能力。我国出口高度依赖欧美市场与亚洲几个国家与地区,据海关统计,中国出口产品75%以上销往美、日、欧盟这三大地区,而这三大地区既是近期国际贸易逆差不断上升的主流,也是非关税壁垒的发源地。我国出口的基数比较大,但是出口产品结构以轻工、纺织、家电为主要产品,附加值低。出口一旦有较大增长,在国外市场上就显得很突出,容易引起倾销指控。我国商品在美国市场占有率不到6%,但美国进行的反倾销有20%的是针对我国的。以越南市场为例,个别中国摩托车企业刚在该国开拓市场成功,还立足未稳,大批同样来自中国的摩托车企业已蜂拥而至,致使只有60万辆市场规模的越南,短时间内涌人近200万辆中国制造的摩托车。随后越南政府的反倾销及各种限制措施接踵而至,中国摩托车产品遭受了惨重的打击。从2002年开始中国摩托车出口越南急速减少,进人2003年已经几乎为零,从零到200万辆再到零,这个数字的变迁,成为中国摩托车行业在海外市场恶性竞争中惨败而归的血的教训。
The market share refers to the proportion of an enterprise sales volume (or revenue) in market like products. It can directly reflect consumers and users’ satisfactions on the products and labor services provided by enterprises. It also indicates the market position of enterprises’ commodities. The higher market share, the stronger business and competition capacity enterprises have. About 75% Chinese products (including Hong Kong re-exports) gathered in North America and Western European markets. Generally speaking, when the market share of Chinese export products is more than 20% in local market of importing countries, it is easily subjected to anti-dumping. The export markets of Chinese products are over-centralized, which is not helpful to highlight the product characteristics, even intertype competition can’t show the unique product competitiveness. Chinese export highly depends on Europe & US markets and several countries and regions in Asia. According to customs statistics, more than 75% Chinese products exported to US, Japan and EU. While the three regions are not only the mainstream of the increasing trade deficit, but also the birthplace of non-tariff barriers. Chinese exports are larger in radix, but low-added value in export product structure, such as light industrial products, textile and household appliances. Once increasing growth in exports, it appears very prominent in foreign markets, and easily causes dumping accusation. The market share of Chinese products in US market is less than 6%, but 20% US anti-dumping aims at China. Take Vietnam market as an example, individual Chinese motorcycle enterprises just succeeded in exploring Vietnam market but remain shaky, same Chinese motorcycle enterprises flocked in great numbers, which caused 2 million Chinese motorcycles flocked into Vietnam market in short time, whose market scale is only 0.6 million
motorcycles. Then, Vietnamese government adopted anti-dumping and various restrictive measures, and Chinese motorcycle products suffered a heavy blow. Since 2002, the motorcycles exported to Vietnam have decreased sharply, also zero in 2003. From zero to 2 million until zero again, the changes of number become a bloody lesson of Chinese motorcycle industry in overseas vicious market competition just like waterloo war.
2.3用竞争优势来评价对外贸企业竞争力的影响.
To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ competitiveness by competitive advantage.
一个产业的国际竞争力强弱,最终会表现为在国际市场上参与竞争的结果,这些结果可以通过一系列显示性指标进行衡量。我们可用竞争优势这个指标,对外贸企业的竞争力进行测量和评估。长期以来,我国出口的商品多是劳动密集型或技术含量较低的产品,产品附加值小,在国际市场上一直处于过度竞争的态势。受短期利益的驱动,不少企业为多出口将工作重点不是放在如何加快新产品的开发以及提高产品质量和服务上,而是竞相降价,以低价抢占国际市场,扰乱了正常的外贸出口秩序,很容易为外国提起反倾销指控制造借口。随着国际竞争的加剧,靠低价竞争获取庞大利润的时期已经不在,市场在变,企业的营销观念也要变。出口企业不应把获利的着眼点放在恶性竞争、低价倾销上,而应着力于提高产品的质量,推出新款式,改善包装装潢,提供良好的售前、售后服务,依靠非价格竞争力开拓国际市场。企业通过建立科学的企业营销理念,由价格竞争转向非价格竞争。在发展战略上,要冲破原有的观念,通过标准化动作,提高产品质量,打造名牌,以此提高国际市场竞争力,而不能固守原有的劳动力成本优势和原材料优势,一味地打价格战。 The international competitiveness of an industry eventually appears as competition outcome in international market. These outcomes can be measured by a series of revealed indexes. We can take competitive advantage as an index to measure and evaluate foreign trade enterprises’ competitiveness. For a long time, Chinese export commodities are mostly labor-intensive or low-tech products. In international market, the low value-added products have always been in excessive competition. Driven by immediate benefit, many enterprises focus on price-cutting competition instead of speeding up new product development and improving product quality and service in order to increase export. They seized international market with low price and disturb the normal order of foreign trade export, which easily become an excuse for foreign countries to launch anti-dumping. With the increasing international competition, the period of taking profit by low-price competition is over. The market is changing, so is enterprise’s marketing concept. Export enterprises should not focus on vicious competition and low-price dumping but focus on improving product quality, launching new styles, improving package decoration, offering pre-sale and after-sale service, and exploring international market by non-price competitiveness. Through establishing scientific marketing ideas, enterprises turned price competition into non-price competition. In the development strategy, enterprises need breakthrough original concepts to improve product quality and build famous brand by standardization, so as to improve competitiveness in international market. The enterprises can't stick to the original labor cost advantage and raw materials advantage to make price war blindly.
2.4用结构综合效益指数评价对外贸企业产业结构的影响
To evaluate the impact on foreign trade enterprises’ industrial structures by general efficiency index of structure.
这是一项综合结构经济效益的指标。它的特点是技术进步与产业结构分析相结合,不仅反映出产业的技术
进步状况,而且反映出在技术进步方面,产业结构的状况是否良好。通过这项指标,可以一目了然地看出整个行业结构的效益是好还是坏,是逐年上升还是逐年下降。
This is an economic benefits indicator of integrated structure, whose characteristic is combining technological advance and industrial structure analysis, which not only reflects the technological advance of industry, but also reflects industrial structure condition in technological advancement. By virtue of this indicator, it can clearly judge the efficiency of entire industrial structure is good or bad, and increasing or decreasing year by year.
目前我国产业结构优化不科学,未能把握世界发展的前沿。我国较高的经济增长率中,相当大的成分是由进出口数量扩张构成的,产业集中度低,缺乏规模效益,产业组织结构过于分散,缺乏实力雄厚,市场占有率高和竞争强的超大型企业,产业结构升级受到严重阻碍。很多产业处于分工的低端,出卖的实际只是劳务、所赚取的仅仅是一些劳动力价值而已,因此在国际竞争中难以立足。国际上贸易保护现象严重,使我国频繁地被国外反倾销。外贸企业通过实施跨越式发展战略,大力发展信息产业,以产业结构升级带动结构调整,加快高科技产业化发展为核心促进产业结构调整和升级,逐步向核心技术领域推进;利用世界产业结构的调整中的机遇,把具有优势的制造业,以新技术武装起来,提高内在质量,形成新的制造业技术优势,占领世界市场。由资源开发、劳动密集型产业转向资本、技术密集型产业,加速提升核心竞争力、完成产业和品牌的优化组合;通过外开放努力提高产业结构的开放效应,更多地吸引外资进入国内市场,引进先进技术、工艺、设备和治理经验,推动相关产业的技术进步。
At present, Chinese industrial structure optimize in an unscientific way, and can’t master the frontier of world development. Most of the higher economic growth rate in China is composed of export expansion. The low industrial concentration, shortage of scale benefit, over-scattered industrial organization structure and lack of super large enterprises with strong power, high market share and strong competitiveness, all these severely hinder upgrading of industrial structure. Many industries are in low-end division of labor. What they sell is only labor service, and what they earn is only the value of labor power. Therefore, they are difficult to keep a foothold in international competition. The phenomenon of trade protection is serious in the world, which causes frequent anti-dumping to China. Foreign trade enterprises strive to develop information industry by leap-forward development strategy. It depends on upgrading of industrial structure to drive the structure adjustment and take acceleration of high-tech industrialized development as a core to promote the adjustment & upgrading of industrial structure, so as to push forward to core technology field gradually. By virtue of the opportunities in global industrial structure adjustment, it arms dominant manufacturing industry with new technology to improve its inner quality and form the new technology advantage in manufacturing, so as to occupy the world market. From resources development and labor-intensive industries to capital technology intensive industry, it needs to rapidly improve core competitiveness and achieve the optimal combination of industry and brand. Through opening up effect of improving industrial structure, it attracts more foreign investment into domestic market and introduces advanced technology, process, equipment and management experience, so as to promote the technological advance in relevant industries.
3 结论 Conclusion
3.1.转变经营策略,优化产品结构,实现产品多元化Change business strategy, optimize product structure, and achieve product diversification
企业应建立起长期的规则和目标,转变经营策略,优化产品结构,提高产品的附加值和技术含量,增强竞
争力,真正做到以质取胜、高质高价,努力树立自己的品牌形象,提高国际知名度。我们应该尽可能减少劳动密集型产品在所有出口商品中所占的比重,加大研发力度,进行产品创新,通过提高产品的性能和附加值,增加产品的种类和样式,从而加大资本和技术型商品的出口,走多元化增长道路。单一产品的公司、单一市场的公司、单一客户的公司都是经营风险极高的公司,都是不稳定的公司。一旦市场发生变化,这样的企业随时都会面临绝境。无论是在国际还是国内贸易中,多元化策略都是非常必要的。当企业产品处于成熟期时,尤其应当如此。另外,在提高商品档次的同时,争创世界名牌。加强新技术、新产品的研究与开发,提高产品技术层次,获得新技术和新产品的专有技术知识产权。拥有自主知识产权的产品,越少被反倾销,比如专利技术产品肯定很难遭受反倾销。这也给中国企业特别重要的启示,就是要充分地跟踪、关注自身产业发展的前沿,将相关专利技术、知识产权成果为己掌握,提升自身产品的档次。要积极运用非价格手段如商标、包装、广告策划等组合策略来参与市场竞争。
Enterprises should establish long-term rules and goals, change business strategy, optimize product structure, increase the added value of products & technology content and improve competitiveness, so as to live up to win the market with high quality and top-of-the-range products. They also should strive to establish their own brand images and improve the international reputation. We should reduce the proportion of labor-intensive products in all export products as possible as we can, increase R& D on product innovation and increase the types and styles through improving product performance and added-value, so as to enlarge the export of capital & technological commodities and take the road of diversified growth. The enterprises with single product, single market or singly customer are unstable enterprises with high business risks. Once the market changed, these enterprises would confront with hopeless situation at any time. Whether in international or domestic trade, diversification strategy is very necessary. When enterprise is in mature period, it is right is should be so. In addition, when raising commodity grades, the enterprises should strive to create the world famous brand, strengthen the new technology, new product R & D , improve product technical level and get proprietary technology and intellectual property of new technology and new products. The more products with independent rights, the less anti-dumping will cause. For example, it is very difficult for patented intellectual property technical products to suffer anti-dumping, which also has a significant inspiration to Chinese enterprises. That is to fully follow and focus on the frontier of industrial development, and to grasp related proprietary technology and intellectual property rights, so as to enhance their own product grades. They also should use non-price means actively, such as trademark, packaging, advertising planning to participate in market competition.
3.2改变我国外贸出口市场过于集中的分布状况,实现出口市场多元化Change over-centralized distribution of foreign trade export market, and achieve diversification of export market
我国的外贸出口市场一直过于集中在欧美等少数几个发达国家,而这些国家对内实行贸易和投资自由化,对外则实行贸易保护主义,经常对我国出口产品采取反倾销,我国面临的很多反倾销调查也大部分由这些国家引起而后扩散到周边国家,造成了连锁效应。所以,我们应该尽快改变这种不合理的分布状况,在巩固现有国际市场的同时打开国际市场拓展到全世界范围,以多元化的市场替代单一的出口市场,在宏观上减少产品被反倾销的机会。在打算将产品出口到当地市场之前应当开展深入的市场调研,把握当地消费者的需求偏好,对要出口的产品进行正确的定价和定位,通过当地的华人商会与政府相关部门建立良好的沟通关系,及时了解东道国的政策“风向”,了解该市场的产业结构与商品特点,调整出口产品的结构和数量,尽量使我国出口产品与当地产品呈互补关系,以一种“低风险高回报”的方式巧妙开拓国际市场,从
而有效地避免反倾销引起的麻烦。
Chinese foreign trade export markets have always been gathered in several developed countries such as Europe and US. They carried out trade and investment liberalization inside and trade protectionism outside, and frequent anti-dumping measures on Chinese export products. Therefore, China confronted with many anti-dumping investigations, which caused by these countries and spread to peripheral countries, even lead to chain reaction. Therefore, we should change the unreasonable distribution as soon as possible. Meanwhile, we should not only strengthen existing markets, but also open the international market and expand to all over the world, and substitute diversified market for single export market, so as to reduce the chance of anti-dumping in macroscopic view. Before exporting products to local market, we should not only carry out in-depth market research to grasp local consumers’ demand preferences, but also make correct pricing and positioning on the exported product. Moreover, we should establish good communications with related government departments through local Chinese business chamber and know well the policy direction of host countries timely, so as to understand market industrial structure & selling point, and adjust product structure and export volume. We should try our best to make Chinese export products and local products complementary, and smartly explore international market with a “low-risk and high-return” way, so as to effectively avoid causing trouble of anti-dumping.
3.3制定恰当的出口价格 Set appropriate export price
确定出口价格并进行相应调整是倾销认定的关键环节之一,调整方式有向上调整和向下调整两种,欧盟和美国在反倾销出口价格调整上的法律规定和实践各有不同,因而出口企业在对外贸易方式和国际贸易价格选择上应灵活应对。反倾销中价格是非常敏感的因素,出口产品的价格绝对不能低于其在国内市场的销售价格,必须是一种正常价格。若出口价格低于进口国相同产品的价格,必然就会挤兑进口国的相同产品,这正是证明出口产品对进口国产业造成损害的有力证据,从而有可能引起反倾销调查。但是,正常价格的计算又是十分复杂的并且具有许多不确定性因素。因此,出口企业一定要制定出正确的价格战略,这是在反倾销应诉中取胜的关键因素之一。
Setting export price and making adjustment accordingly is one of the key links to identify dumping. There are two adjustment modes—upward adjustment and downward adjustment. Due to different laws and practices in the export price adjustment of anti-dumping between EU and US, export enterprises should flexibly cope with the choice of foreign trade mode and international trade price. The price is a very sensitive factor in anti-dumping. The export product price never can be lower than its selling price in domestic market, and it must be a normal price. If the export price is lower than like-product price of importing countries, it inevitably pushes the like-products of importing countries aside, which just fully proves that export products cause damage to the industries of importing countries, and may cause anti-dumping investigation. However, the normal price calculation is quite complicated and has many uncertain factors. Therefore, the export enterprises must make correct pricing strategies, which is one of the key factors to win in anti-dumping litigation-responding.
3.4企业要尽快建立健全企业产权制度Enterprises need establish sound enterprise property rights system as soon as possible
我国出口企业应该通过自身的体制改革来尽快建立健全企业产权制度,并以此作为建立现代企业制度的基
础。只有这样才能使外国行政当局对我国出口企业的市场经济地位进行认可,那么我国出口产品的成本和价格就有了被直接认可的可能,就不需要以第三国的类似产品的成本作为替代价格,也就能避免国外对我国出口企业的不公平裁决。另外,我国的国有企业也应尽快进行股份制改革,并有效地从机制上割断企业和国家在产权上的连接关系,从而为进一步减少和取消国家对企业的直接管理和控制创立良好的客观条件。
Chinese export enterprises should establish sound enterprise property rights system through institutional reform as soon as possible and take it as the basis of establishing modern enterprise system. Only in this way can we make foreign administrative authorities approve market economy status of Chinese export enterprises. Then, it is possible for the cost and price of Chinese export products to be directly recognized. Moreover, there is no need to take the similar product cost of the third country as the alternative price. So it can avoid the unfair verdict to Chinese export enterprises. In addition, the Chinese state-owned enterprises also should carry out share system reform as soon as possible and effectively cut the property relations between enterprises and country in mechanism, so as to further reduce and eliminate the direct management and control on enterprises and create good objective conditions.
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[6]王丽华,国际反倾销制度的实质不公平及我国的对策,厦门大学学报,2005年第2期,第115-121页。
[7]汤尚华,当代国际贸易理论的新进展与我国对外贸易战略的选择,计划与市场,2001年第3期。
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范文三:反倾销规则对我国的影响
论反倾销规则对我国的影响
摘要:反倾销产生已久,事实上,中国是遭受反倾销调查最频繁的国家,已经
成为全球反倾销领域最大的受害国。反倾销在世界范围内的扩散趋势以及我国身处反倾销困境的现状,都根源于存在弊端的反倾销规则未能实现维护公平贸易的初衷,相反,却为各进口国实施贸易保护提供了合法依据。在这种弊端的存在下,我国所处怎样的困境?导致困境出现的原因是什么?我国又该如何摆脱这种困境?
关键词:反倾销 贸易保护 贸易摩擦
一 反倾销的产生及发展趋势
反倾销是针对倾销行为展开的,二者都是国际贸易发展的产物。纵观反倾销的发展历程,可以将反倾销的演变历程划分为四个阶段:
第一阶段为重商主义时代至19世纪70年代,这是反倾销的萌芽时期;
第二阶段为19世纪70年代至第一次世界大战,这是反倾销的产生时期,反倾销的第一部国家立法就出现在这个阶段,加拿大1904年的《海关关税法》首次系统地规定了反倾销的措施,被视为世界上第一部反倾销立法;
第三阶段为两次世界大战期间,这是反倾销的成长时期;
第四阶段为第二次世界大战结束后至今,这是反倾销在世界范围内扩散、蔓延的时期。
随着反倾销的不断演变,它的功能也从最初的抵制出口厂商的掠夺性倾销,防止国内产业遭受毁灭性的进口冲击,逐渐演变成为替代日益被削减的关税以及被限制使用的其他非关税措施,来发挥一般意义上的抵制进口的功能。
反倾销的发展经过了从国内立法到反倾销国际规则统一约束的过程,一直
遵循着两条规律:其一,反倾销的具体实施程序得到不断完善与规范;其二,反倾销的适用范围不断扩大,其贸易保护功能逐渐加强。作为WTO规则下各国都可以使用的合法贸易工具,反倾销适应了或者说满足了关税消减情况下对贸易保护的需求。它在当前的国际贸易领域产生了重要的影响,并在世界范围内被越来越高的频率诉诸使用。而且,反倾销扩散使用的趋势不会得到明显改变。
二 我国出口产品面临的反倾销现状及其危害
我国出口产品面临的反倾销挑战越来越严峻,对华反倾销案件数量快速增长,措施强度日益增大,参与国家不断增多,产品范围日益广泛,频繁的反倾销调查对中国的经贸发展造成了严重的负面影响。
第一,降低了出口贸易额,恶化了出口贸易环境。由于征收反倾销税期限通长为5年,也就是说,一旦倾销裁决成立,我们的出口产品在反倾销措施的执行期间,就很难再进入对我实施反倾销的国家市场。它不仅限制了现实的出口,更重要的是该产品对某一市场的未来增长,至少是在反倾销措施实施期间,也没有了。
第二,冲击了同类产品的国内市场,当我们的出口产品遭到国外反倾销调查,并被实施了反倾销措施后,一般只能通过两条途径来转移在某一市场受阻的出口产品:其一,将出口产品转移到其他国外市场;其二,将出口产品返销国内。事实上,当某项产品遭到反倾销措施后,很难通过在短期内开辟新的国际市场来进行销售转移。因此,更多情况下是将产品返销国内或停止出口。当这些原本不应该在国内市场出现的产品,大量涌入国内,定会破坏原有市场的销售秩序,对国内市场造成很大的冲击。
三 我国出口产品遭受反倾销调查的根源
我国出口产品遭受如此频繁的反倾销诉讼,原因是多方面的。各类影响因素错综复杂。
首先,外部根源。
第一,国际贸易保护主义是导致贸易摩擦产生的最深刻根源,我国屡遭反倾销调查正是这个大背景下的剧目。尽管经济全球化是当今世界经济发展不可逆转的一个趋势,实现贸易自由化也是多边贸易体制的一个目标。然而,国家参加贸易往来。目的就是实现本国利益最大化,这就导致经济发展不平衡,就会导致国家间的贸易摩擦,贸易自由和贸易保护发生碰撞。
第二,全球范围内的跨国公司竞争激烈,在争夺、划分国际市场的过程中,他们在不同的东道国发起相似的反倾销行为,以此来对付中国企业。
第三,国家间实行贸易保护政策,跨国公司间实行争夺国际市场的策略,之所以能够选中反倾销作为工具,关键还是在于现行反倾销规则的疏漏为此提供了机会。因此,中国频繁遭受反倾销调查同存在诸多弊端的反倾销规则密不可分。
第四,强加给中国的“非市场经济地位”歧视性条款,进一步恶化了中国在贸易摩擦中的处境。在反倾销调查中,那些不具备市场经济地位的国家,在这两个方面受到歧视性待遇:一是在确定倾销价格时运用替代国的价格,另一个就是实行“一国一税”制。这种被强加的“非市场经济地位”在已经很不合理的反倾销措施的基础上,使得中国出口贸易受到更不公平的待遇。
其次,内部根源。
第一, 我国外贸发展迅速,出口超速增长,对外贸易依存度过高,注定我国将屡遭反倾销的困扰。
第二, 我国对外贸易的特定结构特征,加大了出口产品遭受反倾销调查的几率。我国出口产品中具有自主知识产权的自主研究与开发的产品非常少。
第三 吸引外资和对外投资发展的不平衡,对我国外贸发展产生了重要影响,并加大了我国遭受反倾销调查的机会。
第四, 我国对外贸易摩擦方面的实力不足,导致我们在反倾销案件中处被动地位。
综上所述,深陷反倾销困境,既有不依我们主观意志为转移的客观因素或者强加给我们的不公平待遇的因素,也有我们自身在经贸发展中的特定战略、结构特征以及实力等方面的内部原因。
四 对我国出口产品走出反倾销困境的一些建议
针对外部根源的对策建议;
第一,在多边谈判中,我们应该行使权利,参与反倾销规则的修改与制定,积极推动现行规则的根本性改革。首先,我们应与WTO其他成员一道积极推动反倾销规则的规范和澄清,力争实现严肃反倾销纪律,抬高反倾销措施启动条件的目标。其次,主力删除“非市场经济地位”条款的相关规定,或者应当对相关条款的适用标准及范围作出明确的界定。最后,以发展中国家的立场坚决推进关于落实发展中国家特殊和差别待遇的谈判。
第二 以多边谈判方式为主,加强政府交涉力度,依据由易入难、逐个突破的原则,渐进式解决我国面临的“非市场经济地位”问题。在谈判过程中,我们力争做到“战术上重视,战略上藐视”。虽然“非市场经济地位”是我们屡遭反倾销困扰的原因之一,但我们要坚定地认为市场经济地位虽很重要,但也没他们认为的那么重要。
第三,积极开展区域性经济合作,通过建立自由贸易区以求在小范围内化解矛盾,消除反倾销困扰。按照集体行动理论,大集团由于成本和收益的不对称而效率较小集团低。通过缔结小范围内的多边自由贸易协定或双边贸易协定,建立区域或双边自由贸易区式的小集团战略,可以更好的保护自己的利益免受外国利益集团的频繁影响,稳定贸易条件以争取规模报酬递增。
针对内部根源的对策建议:
第一,降低对外贸易依存度,将扩大内需适当调整贸易战略作为拉动经济增长的重要力量,这是最大程度避免国外反倾销调查的根本途径。中国应该调整经济发展战略,避免出口的超速增长和最国际市场的过度依赖。要切实的执行以扩大内需为主的方针,改变外贸依存过高的状态,把出口异向型经济转向内需主导经济型经济。扩大内需,降低对外贸易依存度,保持基本平衡的贸易发展,既可以维持我国经济的快速发展,又可以避免诱发贸易伙伴对我国出口产品发起频繁的反倾销调查。
第二,通过不断调整我国出口商品结构以及改善我国出口市场的分布状况,来优化我国的对外贸易结构,从而降低遭遇反倾销调查的几率。实现我国出口产品结构升级的根本途径,是要依靠我国外贸增长方式的转变。改善中国商品的出口结构,提高出口商品的档次和途径,增加企业的利润,改变大量出口资源消耗性和劳动力密集型商品的旧格局,让出口走上原材料消耗量少,技术和价值含量高,且拥有自主知识产权的精品战屡之路,这才是可持续发展的外贸结构,也是降低遭遇反倾销调查几率的根本途径。
第三,为更好地摆脱反倾销困境,我们应该适当地调整外资战略。一方面,要慎重引进可能给我们造成反倾销麻烦的外资,另一方面,要加大跨越国外反
第三,积极开展区域性经济合作,通过建立自由贸易区以求在小范围内化解矛盾,消除反倾销困扰。按照集体行动理论,大集团由于成本和收益的不对称而效率较小集团低。通过缔结小范围内的多边自由贸易协定或双边贸易协定,建立区域或双边自由贸易区式的小集团战略,可以更好的保护自己的利益免受外国利益集团的频繁影响,稳定贸易条件以争取规模报酬递增。
针对内部根源的对策建议:
第一,降低对外贸易依存度,将扩大内需适当调整贸易战略作为拉动经济增长的重要力量,这是最大程度避免国外反倾销调查的根本途径。中国应该调整经济发展战略,避免出口的超速增长和最国际市场的过度依赖。要切实的执行以扩大内需为主的方针,改变外贸依存过高的状态,把出口异向型经济转向内需主导经济型经济。扩大内需,降低对外贸易依存度,保持基本平衡的贸易发展,既可以维持我国经济的快速发展,又可以避免诱发贸易伙伴对我国出口产品发起频繁的反倾销调查。
第二,通过不断调整我国出口商品结构以及改善我国出口市场的分布状况,来优化我国的对外贸易结构,从而降低遭遇反倾销调查的几率。实现我国出口产品结构升级的根本途径,是要依靠我国外贸增长方式的转变。改善中国商品的出口结构,提高出口商品的档次和途径,增加企业的利润,改变大量出口资源消耗性和劳动力密集型商品的旧格局,让出口走上原材料消耗量少,技术和价值含量高,且拥有自主知识产权的精品战屡之路,这才是可持续发展的外贸结构,也是降低遭遇反倾销调查几率的根本途径。
第三,为更好地摆脱反倾销困境,我们应该适当地调整外资战略。一方面,要慎重引进可能给我们造成反倾销麻烦的外资,另一方面,要加大跨越国外反
倾销壁垒的对外直接投资力度。通过抬高外资进入中国市场的门槛来提高引进外资的质量,通过修订和完善我国的原产地规则,来进一步规避外资企业在反倾销领域给我们造成的麻烦。
第四,增强解决贸易争端方面的综合实力,从而改变身处反倾销调查中的被动地位。面对注定要发生的反倾销调查,我们必须提高应对它的综合实力,在摩擦中尽量减少不必要的损失。
第五,适当的威慑报复机制同样可以有助于我们改变在反倾销领域的被动地位。不得不承认,在反倾销国际规则得到完善、改革之前,我们确实也需要反倾销这一武器来进行自我保护,并同时保留进行对等报复的权利。
范文四:反倾销对中国的影响
反倾销对中国的影响
反倾销是指对外国商品在本国市场上的倾销所采取的低制措施。一般是对倾销的外国商品除征收一般进口税外,再增收附加税,使其不能廉价出售,此种附加税称为“反倾销税”。如美国政府规定:外国商品刚到岸价低于出厂价格时被认为商品倾销,立即采取反倾销措施。虽然在《关税及贸易总协定》中对反倾销问题做了明确规定,但实际上各国各行其事,仍把反倾销做为贸易战的主要手段之一。
由于中国人口众多劳动力廉价,因此我们的货品较其他国家而言价格稍低。低廉的价格本来应该是“中国制造”的优势,然而这个优势却对其他国家的商品章程严重的冲击。不少中国的出口国就针对这一现象采取了一系列的措施。
据今年8月商务部产业损害调查局在安徽巢湖举办的地方商务主管部门维护产业安全培训与研讨班的消息,自1997年新闻纸申诉案件以来,截止目前,我国对外共发起反倾销案件45起(不包括行政复审案),涉及化工(31起)、钢铁(3起)、轻工(造纸5起)、化纤(3起)、电子(光通信1起)、农产品加工品(1起)和医药(原料药品1起)七大行业。其中,石化行业成为我国反倾销申诉实践中的重点和焦点。在对外发起的45起反倾销申诉案件中,涉及石化产品的案件达到31起,占全国立案总数的近70%。
从已做出终裁和初裁的案件看,反倾销调查都比较好地遏制了国外产品的倾销行为,使我国相关的受损产业得到了有效保护,一些产业因而走出困境,成效十分明显。据有关报道,我国反倾销申诉案件平均一个案件涉案价值都是上亿元人民币,采取的反倾销措施为国内产业挽回的直接经济损失平均每年至少有150多亿元人民币。中国海关合计征收反倾销税款,每年平均5000多万元(2003年海关征收反倾销税2.4亿元,2004年则达到6亿元)。
综上所诉,反倾销对中国造成了巨大的创伤和影响。
首先, 影响 中国 产品的出口。一般来说,只要产品被进口国提起反倾销调查,就会马上影响该产品对该进口国的正常出口,而一旦裁定倾销成立,被征收高额反倾销税,往往会导致出口产品失去进口国市场,这对我国出口极为不利。
其次,新兴 工业 发展 受阻,结构调整减缓。 经济 结构的二元化一直是制约我国经济发展的重要原因。在我国经济已从数量扩张逐步转变为内涵发展的今天,结构调整的 问题 显得更加突出。就产业结构调整的趋势来看,传统产业在经济发展中的地位将逐渐降低,而市场潜力大、附加值高、有国际竞争力的新兴产业将逐渐成为支柱产业。
再次,影响我国对外资的利用,恶化中国的外商投资环境。 目前 国外反倾销的一个重要对象是我国的三资 企业 ,因为在我国目前获得进出口自营权的18万家企业中,三资企业就占了17万多家。三资企业的产品不断被诉,严重影响了其产品的出口,在不同
程度上减少或失去了国外市场,部分企业被迫减产、停产或转产,直接损害了外商的经济利益,从而影响了外商在华投资的信心。
最后,冲击国内市场。我国出口产品被征收反倾销税后,受阻于国外市场,在一时来不及转移市场或因为反倾销的连锁反应而转移市场无望的情况下,势必返销国内市场。这会对国内市场造成冲击,造成国内市场供求失衡及物价非正常波动,影响国内经济的发展。
反倾销是针对倾销所采取的措施,中国商品到底算不算是倾销呢?我认为不算。倾销,是指一个国家或地区的出口经营者以低于国内市场正常或平均价格甚至低于成本价格向另一国市场销售其产品的行为,目的在于击败竞争对手,夺取市场,并因此给进口国相同或类似产品的生产商及产业带来损害。中国人口众多劳动力廉价,这使企业降低了生产成本。并且我国还鼓励企业到乡村建厂,而乡村地价便宜是企业降低了固定资产成本。正是因为原因,中国商品才能以低价占领国际市场,而绝非为了击败对手以低于国内市场正常或平均价格甚至低于成本价格向另一国市场销售其产品。然而其他国家并不认同我们的立场。
我们的国情决定了中国目前以世界工厂的身份立足于世,我们的国力还不够强大经济发展仍处于较低水平,国际上任何一次反倾销都会对我过产生巨大的影响。例如,最近一个月,阿根廷方面对我国进行了近10起反倾销调查。上月27日,根据阿根廷方面裁定,宣布来自中国的不锈钢餐具存在倾销现象,决定采取反倾销措施,
并对从中国进口的不锈钢餐具设定最低参考价格。与此同时,阿根廷工业和旅游部也宣布,从中国进口的焊接管道附件存在倾销行为,决定采取反倾销措施,规定从中国进口的焊接管道附件港口离岸价最低每公斤3.94美元,这项措施的有效期为5年。本月初,阿根廷工贸及中小企业国务秘书处公布决议,对原产于中国的钢管、开关电压调节器启动反倾销调查,此次调查的钢管包括从中国进口的无缝钢管和焊接钢管,这些钢管可用于石油和天然气开采,外直径小于10.75英寸,合金钢管和碳素钢管、螺旋钢管和直缝钢管、冷轧管和热轧管都在反倾销调查之列。17日,阿根廷方面更是宣布对从中国进口的每平方米重量不超过200克的牛仔布,港口离岸价的最低价为3.13美元,如果进口商申报的价格低于这一价格,将按照这一参考价缴纳关税。19日,阿根廷工业和旅游部发表公告,限制从中国进口的直径在152.4毫米至444.5毫米之间的汽车、卡车和拖车的钢轮毂。
阿根廷作为中国在拉美的第四大贸易伙伴和中国在全球的第三大农产品进口国,自去年下半年以来,其针对中国产品却采取了一系列贸易保护措施。根据世界贸易组织的统计,阿根廷发起的反倾销调查中有1/4针对中国产品。据统计,仅今年头10个月,阿根廷针对中国产品就发起了16项反倾销调查,采取了12项临时反倾销措施和11项最终反倾销措施。 公告规定,从中国进口的上述钢轮毂港口离岸价的最低价为每公斤3.14美元,如果进口商申报的价格低于这一价格,将按照这一参考价缴纳关税。这项临时反倾销措
施有效期为4个月,至明年3月19日止。这项反倾销措施无疑会
给中国企业带来巨大的损失,然而中国政府却束手无策。 在任何一次反倾销中,中国无疑是最大的受害国,亦如本次的阿根廷反倾销。作为中国人我们应该清醒的意识到,要想摆脱受害国的身份就必须让我们的国家强盛起来。只有当我们的经济发展到高水品时,中国政府、中国企业家才能不向任何人弯腰。所以当代青年人要更加努力,力争早日让祖国强大起来!
我们是中国人,中国的发展需要我们。少年强,国则强,少年富,则国富。我们肩负着历史的使命——建设伟大新中国,我们一定会勇敢地肩负起这使命,将中国建设得更富更强。
我坚信世上没有永远无法破除壁垒,但有永远无法消磨的意志。我们要在以后的生活中用超人的意志去学习、去发展,争取早日让自己的祖国变得更强、更富,终有一天中国人会挺直腰杆不受外国人的欺负,打破这种贸易壁垒。
我们,当代青年人要为中国崛起而读书!
范文五:反倾销对我国经济的影响
反倾销对我国经济的影响: 随着经济全球化和贸易自由化竞争加剧,反倾销已成为各国普遍采用的贸易保护手段之一。反倾销问题已成为中国对外贸易发展的重要屏障,成为影响我国经济健康有序发展的严峻挑战。
一、积极影响: 尽管当前愈演愈烈的贸易保护风潮会对我国出口造成一定负面效应,但不至于影响目前我国出口整体回暖的趋势。这也促使出口企业而言,首先应当积极采取应对措施,在WTO法律框架下通过积极应诉来保障自身权利,充分发挥“四体联动”应诉机制的作用,依靠行业、各级政府、企业的合力来维护中国产业的合法权益。其次要积极推进出口产业结构调整,提高产品的附加值,依靠科技创新增加产品的国际竞争力,实现我国出口贸易的持续、健康发展。
二、负面影响:
随着贸易自由化的发展,世界各国反倾销案越来越多。反倾销是由产品进口国政府针对产品出口国企业的倾销行为而采取的行政措施,如征收反倾销税。反倾销是WTO赋予产品进口国免受不公平贸易冲击、保护本国经济和产业安全的一个手段,其宗旨是促进全球贸易自由化进程,但近年来随着世界范围内关税壁垒的降低、传统非关税壁垒的弱化和贸易保护主义 1、影响我国出口。一旦产品被进口国提起反倾销调查,就会马上影响该产品对该进口国的正常出口,而一旦裁定倾销成立,被征收高额反倾销税,往往会导致出口产品失去进口国市场,这对我国出口极为不利。目前国外反倾销的一个重要对象是我国的三资企业,因为在我国目前获得进出口自营权的18万家企业中,三资企业就占了17万多家。三资企业的产品不断被诉,严重影响了其产品的出口,也使我国某些出口企业自动退出国际市场竞争。事实上,一旦出口商品退出国际市场,又给国内市场带来压力,连锁影响国内同类产品生产的发展速度及生产规模的萎缩,使该行业生产能力利用率下降,失业人数增加。
2、应诉费用过高导致企业亏损。我国企业在应诉反倾销过程中要承担律师费用、应诉资料搜集费用、企业联合应诉费用等一系列高额应诉费,还要配备其工作人员。在联合应诉过程中,其综合成本达上千万元。这种后果连锁影响其他企业应诉的信心,从而在一定程度上刺激国外厂商对华反倾销的动力,给我国出口产品生产和行业前景蒙上阴影。
3、其次,新兴工业发展受阻,结构调整减缓。经济结构的二元化一直是制约我国经济发展的重要原因。在我国经济已从数量扩张逐步转变为内涵发展的今天,结构调整的问题显得更加突出。就产业结构调整的趋势来看,传统产业在经济发展中的地位将逐渐降低,而市场潜力大、附加值高、有国际竞争力的新兴产业将逐渐成为支柱产业。
4、影响中国外商投资环境。三资企业的产品不断被诉,在不同程度上减少或失去了国外市场,部分企业被迫减产、停产或转产,直接损害了外商的经济利益,从而影响了外商在华投资信心。
5、冲击国内市场。我国出口产品被征收反倾销税后,受阻于国外市场,在一时来不及转移
市场或因为反倾销的连锁反应而转移市场无望的情况下,势必返销国内市场。这会对国内市场造成冲击,造成国内市场供求失衡及物价非正常波动,影响国内经济的发展。
我国出口产品遭遇反倾销的应对措施 1、早日摆脱“非市场经济”
对外贸易交往中,要减少贸易摩擦、摘掉“非市场经济体”的黑帽就应按WTO规则,深化经济体制改革,转变政府职能,及早取得完全的市场经济地位。还要加强与国际社会的广泛交流,使更多的国家了解中国市场经济的改革进程,了解中国市场经济的发展现状。
2、保持有序竞争
避免由于自身的不规范行为和缺乏统一行动、低价竞争而导致反倾销,规范本行业企业行为,实行行业自律,对外统一行动,制定相关产品出口最低价,防止相互削价竞争。
3、积极应诉,完善反倾销预警机制
应增强企业和一些地方政府的反倾销意识,可以通过政府、商业协会等组织以各种途径了解反倾销的重要性、后果的严重性和应对方法。出口企业应强化法律意识,建立健全反倾销应诉机制,努力提高企业应诉的主动性。反倾销的实践告诉我们,只有积极应诉,才有可能取胜,才有可能保住市场。不积极应诉等于不战而降。积极应诉是维护企业自身利益的有效手段,是应对外国对我产品反倾销的唯一选择。
4、避免因信息闭塞而导致的败诉。
扩大信息源及信息渠道,避免产品在国外市场的最新反馈出现明显的滞后。出口企业对其产品在国外市场遭遇反倾销情况的获悉,不能完全依赖政府部门的信息传递,要主动开辟多方的信息渠道。
5、改变进入国际市场的方式
当一些国家根据WTO规则和反倾销法律法规为手段,向我国产品课以高额进口关税,将我国产品拒之门外时,我们可以尝试其他国际市场进入方式,如贴牌生产、特许经营、合资、对外直接投资等。
6、坚持要求西方国家修改不合理相关法规。
“非市场经济国家”待遇是我国出口产品在国外反倾销中受害最深的关键所在。要想改变这种被动挨打的局面,要设法摆脱西方国家反倾销法强加在我国头上的这个紧箍咒。我们应该大力宣传我国已实行社会主义市场经济这样一个事实,使国际社会,特别是西方发达国家了解目前我国经济改革现状,知道我国自改革开放以来,特别是二十世纪九十年代以来我们逐步地按市场经济的要求,对国有企业的改革采取了一系列的措施,从放权让利到利改税,从经营承包到转换机制,从人财物到产供销全面放开,不断深入,使国有企业基本实现市场化,1992年10月,我国就正式决定建立社会主义市场经济,并写入了宪法。中国在新的一
轮世贸组织的谈判中,联合广大发展中国家努力争取,坚决要求修改GATT反倾销法中不合理不公正的地方。
7、出口企业要大力实施“以质取胜”的战略,走非价格竞争之路,实现企业营销创新,不断提高出口产品的竞争力。
企业作为反倾销的主要对象,在应对国外反倾销中应起到积极的作用。要想使我国出口产品少受甚至不受反倾销指控,最重要的还在于发挥企业的主动性,防患于未然,把大量的工作做在国外对我国出口产品反倾销之前。目前我国己是世贸组织成员,入世对改善我国应对反倾销的国际环境,纠正外国在反倾销问题上对我们不公平的对待,纠正不公正司法实践提供了十分有利的条件。
总之,我国政府和企业对反倾销应予以高度重视,应积极采取各种政策和应对措施,努力减少国外对华反倾销,对于出口企业遭受反倾销诉讼要积极应对。相信,通过我国各级政府和出口企业的共同努力,反倾销对我国出口企业的制约和影响一定会降到最低,我国对外贸易的良好态势一定会得以保持并发展。
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