范文一:高中英语语法分类
English Grammar for Senior School Students
1 名词(Nouns)
2 代词(Pronouns)
3 冠词 (Articles)
4 形容词与副词 (Adjectives and adverbs)
5 介词和介词短语 (Prepositions and preposition phrases) 6 动词和动词短语 (Verbs and verb phrases) 7 动词时态(Tenses)
8 情态动词 (Modals)
9 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive mood)
10 非谓语动词 (Non-finite verbs)
11 被动语态 (Passive voice)
12 定语从句 (Attributive clauses)
13 名词性从句 (Noun clauses)
14 状语从句 (Adverbial clauses)
15 特殊句式 (Special sentences)
16 主谓一致 (Subject-Verb Concord)
17 情景交际 (Scene communication)
范文二:高中英语语法分类分析
高考英语语法分类归纳、练习与分析
一.Tenses and voices A. 现在完成时: 1) 表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。往往含有“已经……”, “已经……了”的意思。 Eg.Don’t think any more about it. I 2) 到目前为止已发生的。与so far, up till now, in the past/ last …….days/ years, today, this month/ year 等 “包括现在在内的时间状语”连用。 3)表示过去开始的动作或状态延续到现在。与for…/ since 连用。 ago. Compare(1)完成进行时表示过去开始的动作一直在进行,直至现在。 (2) 过去时态:指发生在过去某段时间内的事。
He once worked in the south for ten years (现在不在南方)
(3) 过去完成时态:指发生在过去某个时间以前的动作或状态。常与by/ by the end of..(到了……的时候”连用。 Eg. 1) 2)
Practice: 1.It is reported that the president once______ in the Viet Nam’s war for three years from 1966-1970. A. served B. had served C. has served D. was serving 2. ---No one answered when I called at 6 yesterday. ---I ________ to rock music and was absorbed in it. A listened B was listening C. has listened D. had listened
3.I wasn’t paying attention to what he was talking about, so I am afraid I ___ his speech very well. A. had not understood B. has not understood C. did not understand D. don’t understand 4. I _____ good at table tennis, but I haven’t played it for ages. A. am B. was C. has been D. used to be 5. I _________ where she gets her money all these days. A. am often wondering B. often wondered C. had often wondered D .have often wondered 6. ---Tell me what _______ while I was absent. ---A thief tried to break into the house when I _______ in your house. A. happened/ stayed B. was happening/ was staying C. happened/ was staying D. was happening/ stayed 7. ---You are always watching TV. ---Only on Sundays. And nobody ______ it but you. A. knows B. has known C. knew D. is knowing 8. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house ,the sun _____ itself behind the mountain. A .started ;had already hidden B .had started ;had already hidden C .had started ;was hiding D .was starting; hid 9. Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science ______ that people who don't sleep well soon get ill. A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing 10. It ______ for weeks before the first cold wave struck the area. A. rained B. was raining C. has rained D. had been raining Keys: 1)a 2)b. 3)c 4)a 5) 过去到现在d 6) c 7)a(经常性) 8)a 9) b 与现在有联系 10)d
二、 Subjunctive Mood (虚拟语气) 1.It is important that he __________ the college entrance examination. A. should attend B. will attend C. must attend D. had to attend 8.Don’t come this morning. I would rather you________ the day after tomorrow. A. come B. came C.are to come D. will come 3._________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so often. A.If it is not B.Were it not C. had it not been D. If they were not 4.---Did you meet with the famous space hero YanLiwei? ---________ I had come here earlier! A.But for B.If not C. For fear D. If only 5.Without electricity human life __________ quite difficult today. A.is B.will be C. would have been D.would be
(分析:1.A 虚拟语气的一种,句式It is necessary/strange/important that …should do 2.B 3.C had it not been=if it not had been 4. D. If only= I wish 要是… 该多好啊 5.D )
三、 非谓语:(to do/ doing / done) (By Yuan) 1.To do(to be done) / doing / done 作状语的区别: To do(to be done):作目的状语,结果状语(特定句型) Doing (being done, having done )/done: 作伴随、时间、原因、让步、结果状语等。 1) 2) with a gun. 3) 4) time and again, he still didn’t lose heart. (分析:1)To/ In order to complete 目的 2)only to find 后接to do 形式,
表示一种未预料的结果 3)leaving 结果 4) Defeated让步) 2.To do(to be done) / doing / done 作定语的区别: To do(to be done):多表示未完成的动作,和某些特定句型 doing :(being done):表示正在进行和经常性的动作 done :被动, 完成的动作和经常性的动作 1) T he commander gave an order the enemy before dawn. 2) 3) in this area feed on rice. 4) by a hurricane are usually in a mess before things (分析:1)to attack 未完成 2)to reach特定句型first/ second等序数词之后 3)living 主动经常性 4) struck/ stricken被动、经常性) 3.To do/to be done 与 to have done / to have been done: 后者表示动
作发生在主动词之前。 At the moment they are preparing for the concert in a fortnight time. 1) The novel is reported into German already. 2) He wished 3)
(分析:1)to be held 2) to have been translated 3) to have been praised 4) to have met ) 4.doing / being done / having done 与 done doing :主动、进行或经常性的动作、状态 being done:被动、进行或经常性 having done:主动,完成于主动词之前 done :被动,完成的动作、或经常性的动作、状态 1) W hen , ice will turn into water. 2) in the street, he came across an old friend of his. 3)The manager spoke at the conference, his satisfaction with the project. the table, the waitress asked the couple to be seated. geese for years, he became an expert at keeping geese. of this year. (分析: 1) heated 2) wandering 3) expressing 4) Having wiped 5) Having raised 6)published 7) being carried out ) 5. 下列动词后只能接动名词(-ing):suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。 Practice (By Li & Que) 1.The party was successful, but we thought it a pity not __________ you. A.to have invited B. inviting C.to invite D. invited 2.-- If Mary doesn’t come to work on time, she may be fired. --Surely she is not so foolish ___________ it. A.as not to realize B. not as to realize C. that she didn’t realize D.as not realizing 3.The picure ________ on the wall is painted by my brother. A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D. being hung
4.I appreciate _____________ me during the debate. A. of your supporting B. you to support C. your supporting D. to your supporting 5.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ___________ the film stars had gone. A. tell B.to be told C. telling D. told 6.I know what kind of boss he is, so I know what ___________ of him. A. expcted B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 7. __________ made all of them much disappointed. A. Her not coming back B. her not to come back C. Not her returning D. Not her being back 8.Mrs Smith warned her daughter ________________ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C.never driving D.never drive 9.The boy wanted to swim in the lake, but his mother told him _____________. A. not to B. not to do C. not to do it D. do not to 10.I regret __________ you that we are unable to offer you the job. A. inform B. having informed C. to inform D. informed 11.The flowers _________ sweet in the botanical garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 12. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ___________ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known 13. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ____________ into buying something they don’t really need. A. to pursue B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 14.Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________ by the hour. A.pay B.paying C.paid D.to pay
16.A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus __________ an increase in production. A. to result in B. results C.resulting in D.resulted in 17.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when__________ at the meeting by my boss. A.questioning B.having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned 18.__________, but he still couldn’t understand it. A. He had been told many times B. having been told many times C. told many times D. Although he had been told many times 19.___________ comfortably in her armchair, the old lady enjoyed light music on the MP3 with her eyes half ________. A.Seated; closed B.Sat; closing C. Seating; closed D. sitting; close 20. ___________ made the student __________ interest in his study. A. Being punished; to lose B. Punished; lose C. Being punished; lose D. having been punished; lose 21.What worried the child most was ___________ to visit his mother in the hospital. A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed 22.All the managers agreed that the matter required _____________. A. to look into B. being looked into C. to be looked into D. looking into 23.I feel it is your husband who ____________ for the spoiled child. A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame. 24.She had no choice but ___________ to the end. A. fight B. to fight C. fighting D. fought 25.Without facts, we can not form a worthwhile opinion, for we need factual knowledge _______ our thinking.
(keys: 1.A 2.A 动词不定式的否定not to do 3.B hang“挂”表状态时用主动 4.C 5.B Only to do表令人失望的结果 6.B expect sth of sb 期待某人… eg. Don’t expect too mach of her(不要对她期望过高) 7.A 8.A 9. A动词不定式的省略 10 C regret doing后悔做过…. regret to do对将做的事表示遗憾. 11.B smelling 做定语 12.D 13. C can’t help doing/being done情不自禁做…14.C get done = be done 16.C doing 表结果 17. C 18. A 注意but 应连接句子 19.A 20.C doing 的被动being done 做主语done 不能做主语 21.B 22.D require/need/want doing=require/need to be done 23.A. 句式sb/sth is to blame(主动表被动) 24.B 25.B 介词+which +to do(做定语) ,相当于一个定语从句—which we base our thinking on
四、 Model Verbs: 情态动词 (By Wang Ping) A.which to be based on B. on which to base C. which to base upon D. to which to be based 一. 表示许可:有may, might, can, could。其中might. could则
语气较委婉,但回答由他们引起的问句时,则不用might, could 而用can 。 否定形式可用may not, can not或must not,不用might not。 2)Visitors may not (或can not/mustn't) touch the button. 二、表示能力:can; be able to. be able to用于各种时态。在一般过去时中,若指“能够并且通过某种努力完成某桩事”,我们必须用be able to。 from the house. 三、表示“责任和义务”的情态动词有must(主观),have to(客观), mustn’t 表示“不可以、不允许”,而have to 否定形式:not have to/ needn't。 客观条件) (不可以、不允许) work if you don't feel well.
四、用于推测:must, may, might, can, could . 但疑问句中只能
用can, could. 1) He looks pale. He__________ be ill. 2) ---Who _____it be? It _____(not) be Mr. Smith, for he has just left for Paris. ---It ________be Mr. Brown, for he has something to discuss with me. 3) He said he didn't feel very well. He _____(not) come to the meeting this evening. (1.must 2. can, can’t, must 3. may\might not)
▲注意: 表推测时 must, should (ought to) , may, could , might 可能性依次递减。should, ought to “应该…”较多地用于预测将来的事。can 表示理论上的可能性,用于泛指.may, could, might 表示事实上的可能性,用于特指具体的,可能将要发生的事。 他现在该回来了。 problem for them. 3) A dog can be dangerous to you 狗可能给人带来危险。(有这种可能性) 4)This dog is very clever. It may (或might/could) help you find your key. 这条狗非常聪明,他可能会帮助你找到钥匙。指具体的事有可能发生。
五、shall 的用法: 1. 用于第一、三人称,表示征求意见或请求指示. 2. 用于第二、三人称,表示意志、允诺、命令、威胁、警告等。在法律、条约、协定等文件中,表示义务、规定等。 Eg :1) Shall he go with you? (请求指示) 2) You shall have a lot of money. = I shall give you a lot of money.(允诺) 3) Each citizen shall carry his identification card when traveling. (规定)
六“情态动词+动词完成式” 1. must / may / might + have done,对已发生行为的推测。
2. “ should + have done” “ ought to + have done”表示本来该做某事却未做,否定式“shouldn’t + have done” “ oughtn’t to + have done”本来不该做而做了的事。 3.“ needn’t + have done”做了本来不必做的事,“本来不必”。 2) He looks happy. He _________ (not know) this bad news. 3) Where is my pen ? I _______________ (lose) it. 4) He was late for work. He____________ ( not catch) the first bus. 5) I didn’t see her in the meeting room. She_____________(not speak) at the meeting. 6) She is two hours late. What__________________(happen) to her? 7) The plant is dead . I ____________(water) it from time to time. 8) Tom_____________ (not give away) the secret, but he meant no harm . 9) It was a five-minute walk from our school. You _________ (not come) by taxi. (Keys: 2.can’t have known 3.may\might have lost 4. might not have caught 5. can’t /couldn’t have spoken 6. could\can have happened 7.should have watered 8. shouln’t have given away 9.needn’t have come)
▲ 注意: could/might+have done:表示过去有可能发生,但实际没有发
生. 1) You were crazy to climb up that tree. You could have killed yourself. 2) You might have made more progress, but you didn’t work hard.
七、must, can, may+动词的进行式,表示对进行中的事进行推测。例如: 1)They must be waiting anxiously now. 他们此刻一定在焦急地等待着。 2)Can they be working in the field now? 他们现在可能在地里劳动吗?
八 情态动词的反意疑问句: 1) He must be tired now, ___________? 2) He must have been tired last night after a day’s work, ____________? 3) He must have been to Hong Kong,___________? keys: 1. isn’t he 2. wasn’t he 3. hasn’t he Practice: 1. Sorry, I’m late. I ____________ have turned off the alarm clock and gone to sleep again. A. might B. should C. can D. will 2. --- He didn’t pass his English exam. --- So he ________ a good time during the Spring outing yesterday. A. can’t have B. shouldn’t have C. mustn’t have had D. couldn’t
have had 3. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack ________ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can 4. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _______ be so rude to a lady. A. might B. need C. should D. would 5. The boy must be in the classroom, _______ he? A. mustn’t B. doesn’t C. hasn’t D. isn’t 6. --- Could I borrow your dictionary? --- Yes, of course you ________. A. might B. will C. can D. could 7. We wonder why Jim Green ______ say such things. A. dared not to B. doesn’t dare to C. dares not to D. not dares 8. I talked a long time, and in the end I _____ make him believe me. A. could B. was able to C. may D. might Keys: A DC C (should表惊讶) D C B B
五、含有状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句的复合句 (by Ms Jiang & Mr.Zhang)
用or, and, so, if 填空 1.One more week, _______ we will accomplish the task.(If we are given one more week, we will accomplish… ) 2.Follow your doctor’s advice, ________ your cough will get worse.(If you follow your doctors advice, your…) 3.The WTO can not live up to its name ______it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.
归纳: 常用于表示并列的连词有:and, not only…but also, neither…nor, so, on one hand…on the other hand等连接两个并列分句表示两个同等概念 (Keys: 1 and 2 or 3 if )
用but, and, so , when, since, while, as 填空 1. I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. 2. ---I think George doesn’t really care for TV plays. ---Right, ______ he still watches the program. 3. What he said is strange, ________ yet it is true. 1. while 2. but 3. and
归纳:常用于表示转折的连词有:but, still, however, and yet, while, when等。连接两个意义相反的并列分句,表示转折。这些次的用法区别是:but 连接并列分句,不用逗号搁开,注意不能将although(though)与but 同时使用;however 常用于句首、句中,用逗号搁开;yet 构成and yet, 等。如:
It’s raining hard;___________, I still want to go.(However) What the young man said sounds strange, and yet it is true.
用 before, when, while, after 填空 1.You must strike ________ the iron is hot. 2.Since _________ have you been working here? 3.Mary was having dinner _________ I saw her. 4.I will look after your pet __________ you are away. 5.Several weeks had gone by ___________ I realized the painting was missing. 6.It won’t be long _____________ I come back. 8.She had gone away _________ I said goodbye to him. (1.while 2.when 3.when 4. while 5. before 6.before 8. before) 归纳:几个词在表示时间时,when 既可以表示瞬间动作,也可以和延续性动词连用;while 则强调动作的延续,翻译成“在…过程中”;before 指“在…之前”,有较灵活译法,或翻译成“没来得及…..就…..”.
定语从句 掌握定语从句的关键:弄清关系词在定语从句中的语法功能 1. When, why, where 为关系副词,在定语从句中状语。 2.Who, who, that, which 为关系代词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。 1)We’ll never forget the date _________ the People’s Republic of China was founded. 2)October 1st 1949 is the date___________ we’ll never forget. 3)Did he tell you the reason _________ he didn’t come to your birthday party? 4)Now we understand the reason _________ he tried to explain to us last time. 5)This is the room __________ Chairman Mao once lived. 5) This is the museum ____________ we paid a visit to ten years ago. The keys:1) when 2) which/that 3) why 4) that/which 5) where 6) which/that
名词性从句 1 考查it 作形式宾语的句型 I hate _________ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. these D. them ( A .it代替后面的由when 引起的宾语从句) 2名词性从句和让步状语从句的区别 Sarah hopes to become a friend of _________ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D no matter who (Key: C. “whoever shares her interests” 作 of 的宾语从句,Whomever 不作主语,而no matter who 只引导让步状语从句。) 1) Eat _______ cake you like and leave the others for ________ comes in late. A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever 2) He won’t be accepted _____________ he works. (不管有多努力) ( 1).C 2) no matter how/however )
3 what, that 在名词性从句中的区别:that 在名词性从句中不作成分, 而what 作成分。 1)A modern city has been set up in _________ was a wasteland ten years ago. 2)_____________fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences form one aspect. key: 1) what. what was a wasteland ten years ago作 in 的宾语从句, what作
从句的主语; 2) That. 句中”fashion differs from country to country”已独立成句,不再需要其他句子成分,故用That 。 1)After _________ seemed half an hour, the teacher gave us the correct answer. 2)_______ we can’t get seems better than ________ we have. 3)The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _______ I thought was a dangerous speed. (以上几个空格都填what) 4 考查 what, which, who(m),whose与whatever, whichever , who(m)ever, whosever 两类连接代词的区别。 1)---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? ---Oh, that’s__________. A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 3) It was a matter of _________ would take the position. A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever 1) 题中谈论的“昨天的比赛”是“一件事情”,而非“无论何事(whatever )”,因此正确答案为 what 相当于the thing that。 2)本题表达的含义为:这是一个由谁担当此任的问题, 指代一件事情。句中介词of 后的从句仍然具有疑问意义,由此可排除B,D ;又因从句缺少主语,故A 为正确答案); 又如: ___________has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. (不管是谁,任何……的人) (填Whoever/Anyone who ,所填部分指人. )
六、Inversion (倒装句) (By Qian Ying) 1. Next door to us ______. A. lied a doctor B. lived a doctor C. a doctor lived D. did a doctor live 2._____ as soon as the bell rang. A. Out the children rushed B. Out did the children rush C. Rushed out the children D. Out rushed the children 3._____ are the days when teachers were looked down upon. A. Gone B. Go C. To go D. Going 4.Hardly _____ the airport _____ he started for Wuhan. A. I had reached; when B. had I reached; than C. had I reached; when D. had I reached to; than 5._____ he might, Tom couldn’t get out of the trouble. A. Try as B. Tired as C. Though try D. as try
(keys: 1.b 2. d (全部倒装) 3. a (表语提前倒装) 4. c 5.a(是Although he tried 的倒装)句型 Fill in each blank with one of the following. ( A. when B. before C. since D. that E. until ) 1. It will not be long _________ we know the result of the experiment. 2. It was a week ________ he came to himself and told what had happened to him. 3. It is a long time ________ we came to this old city. 4. It was not until a Saturday afternoon in May ______ Mike could arrange for me to meet his elder sister. 5. It was very late ______ they came out of the hall. 6. Let’s wait _______ the rain stops. 7. I’ll take no steps _______ you arrive. 8. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you came form or what you are. A. one B. that C. what D. it
用(A. if B. but C. and D. or)填空 9.Give blood if you can _______ many lives will be saved. 10. One more week, _______ we will accomplish the task. 11. Hurry _____ you won’t make the train. 12. ____ you turn left, you can find the hospital. 用( A. what B. how)填空 13. _____ terrible weather we’ve had these days! 14.______ terrible the weather has been these days! (keys: 1—7 bbcdaeb 8. b (强调句, 强调主语) 9 —12 c c d a 13—14 ab
七、省略 1. ---What do you think made Mary so upset? --- ________ her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 2. ---Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? ---__________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be get 3. --- You should have thanked her before you left. --- I meant ______, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere. A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so 4. --- Are you on holiday? --- No, but I’d like _______. A. to B. be C. to be D. / 5. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________. A. the other is white B. another white C. the other white D. another is white 6. If you go to the Palace Museum, you’ll find the palaces more magnificent than commonly ____. A. supposing B. supposed C. to suppose D. suppose 7. _________, he can’t educate his own child well. A. Though a teacher B. A teacher as he is C. Being a teacher D. As he is a teacher
(keys:1—4 ccbc (如果省略的不定式结构中有be, have或have been,一般要保留) 5.c 6. b 7.a (省略了he is)
八、Articles (冠词)(By Sun Kejia)
冠词用于名词泛指:( 下列句子中名词都是泛指,注意名词前冠词的使用) A. .可数名词前 1._______ horse is a grass-eating animal. → ______(horses )Horses are grass-eating animals. 2. Who invented _____electric light? 3. _____ train is used to carry ___passengers or goods. 4. B: 不可数名词前 ____ gold/ Gold is a rare metal Keys: 1. The/ A horse; → 不加冠词,Horses 2. the electric light (不可用 an) 3. The/ A train B. 不加冠词, Gold 想一想, 为什么? 1.It is ________ world of wonders, ___________ world where we can find anything changed. A.the; a B./; / C.a; a D.a; the 2.While playing football, the boy was badly hit in _____________ leg. A.one B.the C.his D.a 3.I had only _________ slight temperature, but my mother regarded the illness as serious enough for _________ hospital treatment. A. a; / B. the; the C./; / D.a; the 4.Ms Jane is quite satisfied with the job now for which she is paid _________. A.by an hour B.by hour C.by hours D.by the hour 5.In face of ___________ failure, the most important is to keep up _________ good state of mind. A./; the B./; a C.a; / D.the; / 6.A large sum of money has been raised for the _________ of the poorly-educated children in the mountainous areas. A.favor B.benefit C.profit D.advantage 7.Li Hong’s home is far away from here indeed. It’s ___________ ride. A.a five hour B.a five hour’s C.a five-hour D.a five hours’ 8.Recently CCTV has taken great pains to make a program that reviews the important ___ of 2004. A .affairs B.events C.matters D.things 9.It is estimated that Shanghai is _______________. A three times the size of Wuxi B three.times as larger as Wuxi C.the size of Wuxi’s three times D.as three times large as Wuxi. 10.Everyone fails now and then. It is how you react that makes a
__________ in life. A.development B.difference C.progress D.point Keys:1—5 C B A D B 6—10 B C B A B
九、adj. and adv. (形容词和副词)(by WangPing)
多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序:(最说明所修饰的名词本质的形容词靠得最近) 限定词--数词--描绘词(大小、长短、高低、形状、新旧、颜色)--(国籍、地区) 出处--(材料、性质、类别) + n. a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car A. Practice: 1. He is not _____ as any of us, but he is brave enough. A. so a good player B. so good a player C. a player so good D. a so good player 2. The lecture was so ______ that all the people in the hall felt __________. A. boring, boring B. boring, bored C. bored, bored D. bored, boring 3. I’ve got ________ work to do on a ____________ cold day. A. much too, much too B. too much, too much C. too much, much too D. much too, too much 4. He would like to sleep with the window _____ at night. A. open wide B. open widely C. wide open D. widely opened 5. American eat _______ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910. A. more than twice B. as twice as many C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many 6. One day they crossed the ________ bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 7. China is a large country which is getting more and more ____________(developed/developing). Keys: 1-6 BBCC D A 7 developed
十、Prepositions & Pronouns 介词与代词 (By Wang Ying) 1. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______is often the case in other countries. A. so B what C. as D. that 2. ---- How is _______ going at work these days? Still enjoying it? ---- Well, just fine. A. anything B. it C. that D. something 3. _________ my teacher’s help, I couldn’t have made much progress. A. Owing to B. Thanks to C. But for D. As to
4. If you can talk the young man __________ playing computer games at night, he will surely do better in his studies. 5. A. of B. out of C. into D. about 6. Professor Li is a strict but kind teacher, ______ is always trying to make his classes lively and interesting. 7. A. he B. he who C. one D. one who 8. He thought there would be many people at the show, but when he arrived he found ________. A. no one B. nobody C. nothing D. none 9. If there is anyone who has brought abut great changes in the way we work, ______ Bill Gates. A. it is B. he C. one is D. he’ll be 10. Mare has left the book on the table __________ purpose so that you can read it. A. with B. on C. in D. from 11. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _______ it was? A. where B. what C. how D. which 12. Jane hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 13. He slept well ________ all the windows open. 14. A. when B. while C. with D. because 15. __________ my finishing reading the magazine, you can have it ________. A. On; immediately B. At; quickly C. For; fortunately D. With; likely KEYS: 1)C 非限制性定语从句,指代前面整个句子。 2)B It :惯用发,指“情况” 3)C 主句是虚拟语气。 4)B talk sb. into doing sth 劝…做谋事,talk sb out of doing sth.劝…不做谋事 5)D one 是a teacher同位语, who 引导定语从句修饰one. 本句只填who 也可以 6)D 强调数量时,尤其是回答“How many…”时,用none,“一个都没有” 7)A 在没有确定某个人的情况下,都用it. 8)B on purpose 是固定短语,意思为“故意地” 9)D “是哪本书有关紧要吗? 10)C “____shares her interest “缺少主语,而D 是引导状语从句的。 11)C all the windows open 是短语而不是句子。 故用介词。 12) A on doing “一…就…”
范文三:高中英语语法分类试题答案解析
高中英语语法分类试题答案解析
暂无评价|273人阅读|4次下载|举报文档
5
room
。此处意为“(当我进入那个房间时,)他正闭着眼睛听收音机”。 22.
按时间表或日程表安排将要发生的事,常用一般现在时表示将来。 23.
题意为“火车将一直以目前的速度行驶直到今晚
9
点到达山脚下。”
24.
此处
prefer
意为“宁愿”,是表示人心理状态的动词,不宜用现在进
行时态。
27.
某些动词,如:
wash, lock, sell, wear, write, read, open, clean
等常用
一般现在时的主动语态来表示主语(通常是物)的内在品质或属性等。 28.
“
by+
将来某一时间”常与将来完成时态连用。
29.
由答语中的“
Not yet
”可断定此题应选
A
。现在完成时态的用法之一
是“表示过去某一时间发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果”。 31.
表示
“天将下雨”常用
It
’
s going to rain
。
If only...
表示
“但愿??”;
如果表示与过去的事实相反,句中谓语动词常用过去完
成时态。
33.
在
no sooner...than...
(刚??就??)句型中,主句常用过去完成时
态。
36.
题意为“我决定一完成我眼下正在做的事,就去图书馆”。注意:主 句为一般过去时态。
39.
题干为“祈使句
+and+
并列分句”的句型。
41.
某些动词(如:
wonder, hope, think
等)常用过去进行时表示委婉的
语气。
45.
此处应理解为“你昨晚来我家的时候,我正在俱乐部做常规锻炼。” 46.
由答语中的助动词
have
可确定此空应用现在完成时态。
47. every now and then
意为“有时,偶尔”,应与一般现在时连用。
does
表示强调。
48.
注意题干为强调句型。
take off
用进行时态表示将来。
五:介词、代词和数词
1. be/lie north of...
位于??以北。
Harbin lies on the Songhuajiang River.
哈尔滨位于松花江畔;
on
表示“相邻,紧挨”。
2. beyond
超出(某事物)范围,超越。
3. for fear of
(
sth./doing sth.
)惟恐,以免。
4. give in to...
向??屈服,让步。
5. off
在离??的海上。
又如:
islands off the coast of Fujian
福建沿海的岛
屿。
6. name sb./sth. after sb.
以??命名。
7. regardless of
不顾,不管;
in contrast with
与??形成对比;
in relation
to
关于;与??相比;
on behalf of
代表,为了??的利益。
8. with a break at midday
为
with
的复合结构在句中作状语。
6
9. in spite of
尽管,虽然。
10.
表示“同意计划、建议、安排等”多用
agree to
;表示“就??达成
一致意见”应用
agree on
。
board
委员会,(政府机关或商业)部门。
12. make good use of
好好利用;
make great contributions to
为??作出
很大贡献。
13. at the mercy of
完全受??支配,任由??摆布。
14. but for
要不是。
But for the English examination
相当于
If it had not
been the English examination
。
15. to one
’
s anger
令??生气的是。
16.
根据后面的
a third one
可知前面应是两者。另外,注意此处为全部否
定。
17.
搞清人物关系是解题的关键。此处责备的是你(
Linda
’
s parent
)和
他(
Jane
’
s parent
)。
18.
此处用
one
表示泛指。
keep looking
继续找。
19.
此处表示三者以上任何一家饭店,故选
C
。
20.
由句中的
none
(表示
“三者以上任何一个都不”
)
可知前一句意为
“你
可以都拿走”。
21.
此处表示泛指。
some... others...
一些??另一些??。
22. it
可用于某些动词(如:
like, appreciate, hate
等)之后,构成惯用法。
23.
由句中的
no more than
(仅仅)
可知此空应用
it,
指上一句提到的那本
书。
26. something of
有点儿像。
27. it
作形式宾语,不定式为真正的宾语。
28. if not cheaper than
为插入语,相当于
if they are not cheaper than
those at other stores
。
29. some
可用于表示请求或建议的疑问句中。
31. two and a half hours=two hours and a half
两个半小时。
32.
基数词修饰
hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score
等词,
它
们一般用单数形式。
33. two-thousand-word
是复合形容词,意为“两千字的”。又如:
a
three-month-old son
一个三个月大的儿子。
34.
序数词前加不定冠词
a
,意为“又一,再一”。
35. in one
’
s fifties
在某人五十多岁时。另外,注意:
in the 1990
’
s
表示
“在二十世纪
90
年代”。
36. first name
(
given name
)是孩子出生时,父母给取的“名”;
family
name/surname
是“姓”;
middle name
是某人的名和姓之间的另一名字。
7
38.
分数的表示方法是:分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于 1
时,
分母要加
s
。注意以下一些特殊的分数形式:
a/one half
二分之一;
a/one
quarter
四分之一;
five and a half
五又二分之一。
40. another three chairs=three more chairs
(我们)还需要三把椅子。
六:非谓语动词
1.
用
-ing
形式一般式的被动语态作宾语补足语,强调自行车被修理的过 程。
2. consider
作“考虑”解时,后常接
-ing
形式(短语)作宾语;作“认为”
解时,后常接含有名词、形容词或
to be
的复合结构。
3.
过去分词短语作条件状语,相当于
if it is trained properly
。
watchdog
看门狗。
4.
从动作发生的时间来看,应是先偷钻石,再找地方藏匿,故用 -ing
形式
的完成式。
5. see
表示的动作与句子谓语动词(
had to enter
)所表示的动作几乎同时
发生,且与其逻辑主语(
he
)为主动关系,故用一般式。由句意“看到前
门正在被漆,??”可知,第二空应用
being painted
。
6. lost in the big chair
为过去分词短语在句中作伴随状语。此句的正常语
序为:
Her little brother sat there...
7. catch sb. doing sth.
(偶然或突然)发现或撞见某人正在做某事。
8.
题意为“正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要”。两个非谓语动词短语在 形式上应保持一致。
9. -ing
形式的一般式在句中作非限制性定语。
10.
题意为“
2004
年
1
月,美国成功地发射了“勇气”号火星探测器,标
志着人类历史上一个新的里程碑”。
11.
由短语
be stuck in
(陷入)可知此处应用过去分词作宾语补足语。
12.
由
have great trouble
(
in
)
doing sth.
可知第一空应用
solving; being
discussed
作定语修饰
problem
,表示“正在被讨论的问题”。
13.
用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在
(
定语
)
从句谓语动作之前。
14.
考查独立主格结构。
foot
和
break
之间是被动关系,
blood
和
run
是
主动关系。
15.
由固定结构
fix one
’
s eyes on/upon...
可知此处应用过去分词。
16. appreciate
后常接
-ing
形式(短语)作宾语。
17.
题意为“无论是走路还是睡觉,我总是在想这个问题。”注意:此题 中
-ing
形式短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语并不一致,
有的语法家称其为
“垂
悬分词”
。
又如:
Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now
be too late to clean up the river.
(
NMET2001
)
8
18. tried to
后省去了
get one
。
19.
由
seat
的用法
(be seated)
可知第一空应用
seated
作宾语补足语;
with
his hands tied back
为
with
的复合结构在句中作伴随状语。
22.
由
at present
可知第一空应用
being held
(表示正在被进行的动作);
由
tomorrow
可知第二空应用
to be held
(表示即将被进行的动作)。 23.
由固定短语
be (well) prepared for
可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。 24.
此处为
have sth. done
结构和
get sb. to do sth.
结构。
26.
考查
get sth. done
结构。
carry out
执行。
27. before full accepted
相当于
before they are fully accepted 。
28. feel
后可接含有非谓语动词的复合结构。 此处宾语与宾语补足语之间为 被动关系,
故用过去分词。
题意为
“所有考试都通过后,
她感觉如释重负。
”
29.
不定式短语在句中作目的状语。 he has just finished
为定语从句。
30. -ing
形式短语作原因状语。
not
要置于
-ing
形式之前。
31. prevent sb./sth. (from) doing sth. 为固定搭配。
occur
为不及物动词。
32. regret doing sth.
后悔做过某事;
regret to do sth.
遗憾(抱歉)地要
做??。
33. look forward to doing sth.
盼望做某事,注意
with hope
(满怀希望地)
插入了短语
look forward to
中。
34.
考查
with
的复合结构。
his mouth
与
touch
之间是主动关系。
35.
“
as if+
不定式短语”在句中作方式状语。
37.
考查句型
It is worthwhile to do sth./doing sth.
。
I think
为插入语。
38.
由
ask sb. to do sth.
可知此处应用不定式。
宾语与宾语补足语之间为被
动关系,故用
to be done
。
39. close to
中的
to
为介词。
be connected with
可理解为
“与??接轨”。
40. intended to please the audience...
相当于
which had been intended to
please the audience...
。
41. tired and out of breath
为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。
stop
to do sth.
停下来去做另外一件事。
42. when completed=when it is completed
;
lighting up...
在此相当于
which lights up...
。
43.
第一空应用一般现在时表示,意为“我听说沃伦在一所中学教书”;
imagine
后常接
-ing
形式
(
短语
)
或
-ing
形式的复合结构作宾语。
44.
此处
considering
为连词,意为“考虑到”;它还可用作介词,如:
Considering the weather, he arrives very early
考虑到天气,他算早的啦。
45.
此句是强调句型,强调句子的主语
playing computer games
。
46.
考查
too...to...
结构。注意:
at no time
(在什何时候都不)放在句首时
,
9
句子要用倒装
语序。
47. -ing
形式的复合结构作主语时,
其逻辑主语常用名词所有格或形容词性
的物主代词。
as most classmates had expected
为非限制性定语从句。
48. seeing the big snake
在句中作时间状语;
frightened to death
在句中
作伴随状语。
49. advertise
意为“为??登广告”。
made in this factory
作定语修饰
product; advertised
作宾语补足语。
50.
由
when young
可知此处应该用不定式的完成式。
七:定语从句
1 D
2 A
3.C.
此为非限定性从句,
不能用
that
修饰,
而用
which.
,
it
和
he
都使后
句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选
he
句意不通。
4.B
。
which
可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而
what
不可。
That
不
能用于非限定性定语从句,
it
不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一
起在英语语法上行不通。
5.B. as
和
which
在引导非限制性定语从句时,
这两个关系代词都指主句所
表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要
有两点:
(1
)
as
引导的定语从句可置于句首,而
which
不可。
(2
)
as
代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是
系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用
which.
。
在本题中,
prevent
由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为
B
。
1234567890ABCDEFGHIJKLMNabcdefghijklmn!@#$%^&&*()_+.一三五七九贰肆陆扒拾,。青玉案元夕东风夜放花千树更吹落星如雨宝马雕车香满路凤箫声动玉壶光转一夜鱼龙舞蛾儿雪柳黄金缕笑语盈盈暗香去众里寻他千百度暮然回首那人却在灯火阑珊处
分享到:
把文档贴到Blog、BBS或个人站等:
预览
普通尺寸(450*500pix)
窗体顶端
窗体底端
你可能喜欢
高中英语语法综合练习高考英语选择题练习高考英语语法选择题英语语法顺口溜高中英语语法考点广东高考文科数学试题小学英语语法英语语法口诀
高中英语语法非谓语动词综合练习含答案 2页 免费
高中英语语法非谓语动词综合练习2含答案 3页 免费
高中英语语法综合四大练习(有答案详解)
高中英语语法综合练习
高中英语语法综合练习(1)
13页 免费 17页 免费 10页 1下载券 较大尺寸(630*500pix) 更多与“高中英语语法综合练习”相关的内容>>
范文四:高中英语语法分类讲解:句子成分
语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词前面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词) often speak English in class.(代词)
(数词)
in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)
(名词化的形容词)
has not been decided.(主语从句)
is necessary (it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He running every morning.
2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You the book for two weeks. He(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:We (四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is an (名词)
Is it yours?(代词)
The weather has turned .(形容词)
The speech is
Three times seven is ?(数词)
His job is to teach English.(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)is (动名词)
The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)
Time is (副词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如: They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)
The heavy rain prevented (代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)
They helped with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)
I enjoy (动名词短语)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They elected him their monitor.
(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
His father named him Dongming.(名词)
They painted their boat .(形容词)
Let the fresh air in.(副词)
You mustn’t force him
We saw her (现在分词)
We found everything in the lab.(介词短语)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)
(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示: Guilin is a (形容词)
China is a (分词)
There are thirty(名词)
(代词)
Our monitor is always the first.(不定式短语)
The (动名词)
He is reading an article .(介词短语)
(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:
Light travels (副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city .(介词短语)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语) He is in the room
Wait .(名词)
(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
How about meeting again (时间状语)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)
I shall go there (条件状语)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basket (方式状语)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)
(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)
She works very hard (让步状语)
I am taller than he is.(比较状语)
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分: 3. I shall answer your question after class. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 16. Would you please tell me your address? 19. He noticed a man enter the room.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(—)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语(—)、状语(=)、补语(~):
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my
opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
四、选择填空:
( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold
D. sweet D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted ____. A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely
( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it
( ) 9. The dog ____ mad. C. that D. that is A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
(一)句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种:
1)陈述句(肯定、否定):He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3)祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4)感叹句:How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种:
1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
(二)简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语:e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词:e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
(三)并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择,常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
(四)高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多,但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解,在书面表达中,没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目,几个考点,是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如:and, but,
or, while,以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起,以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显,时间从句与条件从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句则用一般式表将来,这一点在高考中经常考查。 如:We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。
练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句:
I hope you are very well( ). I'm fine, but tired( ). Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm( ). August is the hottest month here( ). It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.( )
Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors( ). We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat( ). We have a lot of machines on the farm( ). Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him( ). But he employs more men for the harvest( ). My brother takes care of the vegetable garden( ). It doesn't often rain in the summer here( ). As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden( ). Every evening we pump water from a well( ). It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden( ).
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time( ). These parties often make us very happy( ). We cook meat on an open fire outside( ). It's great( )! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion( ). Some of my friends drink beer( ). I don't, because I have to drive home after the party( ). In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States( ). There are five different time areas in the States( ). In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time( ). How many different time areas do you have in China( )? Well, I must stop and get some sleep( ). Please give my best regards to your parents( ).
三、选择填空:
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
四、按要求完成下列句子:
1. He dares to tell the truth.(改为否定句)
(对画线部分提问)
3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?(完成反意疑问)
4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.(改为祈使句)
5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)
6. It is an interesting story.(改为感叹句)
7. This magazine comes out(出版)(对画线部分提问)
8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?(完成反意疑问)
9. The moon is shining brightly.(改为感叹句)
(对画线部分提问)
语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句
练习一:
一、1、主语,定语;2、间接宾语;3、谓语,状语;4、定语;5、状语,状语;6、定语,表语;
7、宾语,状语;8、谓语,主语;9、谓语;10、主语,表语;11、谓语,宾语;12、状语;13、形式宾语,真正宾语;14、宾语、定语;15、插入语,状语;16、宾语(间宾+直宾);17、状语,状语;18、形式主语,表语,宾补;19、宾补;20、表语
二、略
三、略
四、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB
练习二:
一、1、简单句;2、复合句;3、简单句;4、简单句;5、并列句;6、复合句;7、并列句;8、复合句;9、简单句;10、简单句
二、
I hope you are very well(复合句). I'm fine, but tired(简单句). Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm(并列句). August is the hottest month here(简单句). It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.(并列句) Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors(简单句). We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat(并列复合句). We have a lot of machines on the farm(简单句). Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him(复合句). But he employs more men for the harvest(简单句). My brother takes care of the vegetable garden(简单句). It doesn't often rain in the summer here(简单句). As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden(简单句). Every evening we pump water from a well(简单句). It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden(简单句).
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time(简单句). These parties often make us very happy(简单句). We cook meat on an open fire outside(简单句). It's great( 简单句)! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion(简单句). Some of my friends drink beer(简单句). I don't, because I have to drive home after the party(复合句). In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States(简单句). There are five different time areas in the States(简单句). In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time(简单句). How many different time areas do you have in China(简单句)? Well, I must stop and get some sleep(简单句). Please give my best regards to your parents(简单句).
三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
四、1. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here?
3. won’t there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?
范文五:高中英语语法分类讲解句子成分
语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句
一、句子成分
,一,句子成分的定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 ,二,主语,主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词前面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词)
We often speak English in class.(代词)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)
The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主语从句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式) ,三,谓语,谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You may keep the book for
two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students. ,四,表语,表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get,
look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)
Is it yours?(代词)
The weather has turned cold.(形容词)
The speech is exciting.(分词)
Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)
His job is to teach English.(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)
The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)
Time is up. The class is over.(副词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
,五,宾语,宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)
1
I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)
)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句) I think(that
宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)
复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They elected him their monitor. ,六,宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
His father named him Dongming.(名词)
They painted their boat white.(形容词)
Let the fresh air in.(副词)
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短语)
We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)
We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)
,七,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:
Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名词)
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)
He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语) ,八,状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状
语。可由以下形式表示:
Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)
He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)
Wait a minute.(名词)
Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(条件状语)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)
She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)
I am taller than he is.(比较状语)
2
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(—)、谓语(,)、宾语(,):
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语(—)、状语(,)、补语(,):
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very
3
happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my
opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
四、选择填空:
( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
( )2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold ( )3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( )4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )6. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
( )7.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
4
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
,一,句子种类两种分类法
、按句子的用途可分四种: 1
1)陈述句(肯定、否定):He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven
years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3)祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4)感叹句:How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种:
1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语
从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
,二,简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语:e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词:e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
,三,并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择,常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive
harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. ,四,高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多,但是
在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解,在书面表达中,没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不
可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合
于一体来考查。一个题目,几个考点,是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如:and, but, or, while,以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
5
练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the
evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句:
I hope you are very well( ). I'm fine, but tired( ). Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm( ). August is the hottest month here( ).
It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.( )
Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors( ). We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat( ). We have a lot of machines on the farm( ). Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him
( ). But he employs more men for the harvest( ). My brother takes care of the vegetable garden( ). It doesn't often rain in the summer here( ). As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden( ). Every evening we pump water from a well( ). It
then runs along channels to different parts of the garden( ).
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time( ). These parties often make us very happy( ). We cook meat on an open fire outside( ). It's great( )!
Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion( ). Some of my friends drink beer(
). I don't, because I have to drive home after the party( ). In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States( ). There are five different time areas in the States(
). In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time( ). How many different time areas do you have in China( )? Well, I must stop and get some sleep( ). Please give my best regards to your parents( ).
三、选择填空:
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
6
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry 10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is 15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me 19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed 27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
7
语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句
练习一:
一、1、主语,定语;2、间接宾语;3、谓语,状语;4、定语;5、状语,状语;6、定语,表语;
7、宾语,状语;8、谓语,主语;9、谓语;10、主语,表语;11、谓语,宾语;12、状语;13、
形式宾语,真正宾语;14、宾语、定语;15、插入语,状语;16、宾语(间宾+直宾);17、状语,
状语;18、形式主语,表语,宾补;19、宾补;20、表语
二、略
三、略
四、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB
练习二:
一、1、简单句;2、复合句;3、简单句;4、简单句;5、并列句;6、复合句;7、并列句;8、
复合句;9、简单句;10、简单句
二、
I hope you are very well(复合句). I'm fine, but tired(简单句). Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm(并列句). August is the hottest month here(简单句).
It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.(并列句)
Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors(简单句). We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat(并列复合句). We have a lot of machines on the farm(简单句). Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him
(复合句). But he employs more men for the harvest(简单句). My brother takes care of the vegetable garden(简单句). It doesn't often rain in the summer here(简单句). As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden(简单句). Every evening we pump water from a well(简单句). It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden(简单句).
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time(简单句). These parties often make us very happy(简单句). We cook meat on an open fire outside(简单句). It's great( 简单句)!
Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion(简单句). Some of my friends drink beer(简
单句). I don't, because I have to drive home after the party(复合句). In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States(简单句). There are five different time areas in the States(简单
句). In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time(简单句). How many different time areas do you have in China(简单句)? Well, I must stop and get some sleep(简单句). Please give my best regards to your parents(简单句).
三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
四、1. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here?
3. won’t there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper
yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining! 10. Who
is always encouraging us to speak English in class?
8
9