范文一:河南郑州风景与小吃介绍
河南郑州风景介绍
www.hnlsd.com 2005-12-28 上午 11:26:52 作者:不详 来源:路仕达
郑州是河南省省会,位于黄河南25公里。是河南省的政治、经济、文化中心。现有市区人口120万。京广、陇海铁路在此交会,为中国铁路交通的重要枢纽之一。
郑州是一个古老的城市,早在3500年前,就是商王朝的都邑。由于其地处黄河中游,历史上常受到黄河水灾的威胁,致使郑州经济发展缓慢。到十七世纪,城墙也只有4.5公里长。十九世纪初,由于陇海铁路和京广铁路的建成,郑州成为中国东西、南北大动脉的纽带,它的经济地位才逐步开始上升。
郑州绿化覆盖率达35.5%,被誉为"中原绿城"。郑州气候温和,四季分明。年平均气温14.3?。七月份最热,月平均气温27.3?。一月份最冷,月平均气温为-0(2?。春秋两季天高气爽,百花齐放,为旅游最佳季节。
郑州经济资源丰富。农业盛产小麦、玉米、稻谷、棉花、烟叶、泡桐、苹果。现已探明的矿产资源有煤炭、铝矾土、铁、水泥灰石、耐火粘土、熔剂灰石、陶瓷粘土、石英砂、油石等。郑州的新兴工业有纺织、机械、煤炭、铝、食品等。
简介
区号: 0371
省会:450000
位置:位于黄河以南25公里处,北距北京760公里,南距武汉514公里,东距连云港570公里,西距西安480公里。
气候:年平均气温14。3?。七月份最热,月平均气温27。3?。一月份最冷,月平均气温为-0(2?。
最佳旅游时间:春秋两季天高气爽,百花齐放,为旅游最佳季节。 面积:总面积7446.2平方公里,其中市区面积1013.3平方公里 人口:总人口622.7万,其中市区人口213.3万
行政区划:下辖中原区、二七区、管城回族区、金水区、上街区、邙山区、巩义市、新郑市、新密市、登封市、荥阳市、中牟县。
概貌:郑州,河南省省会,中原旅游区中心城市,西依中岳嵩山,北濒万里黄河,以其"黄河风光、黄帝故里、少林功夫、购物商城"的独特魅力,吸引着海内外的旅游者。
景观:黄河游览区、黄帝宫、纪公庙、大河村遗址等。
郑州历史悠久,文化灿烂,旅游资源丰富。轩辕黄帝故里、裴李岗文化遗址、大河村遗址、商城遗址等记载了她8000多年的文明史,以黄河游览区、大河村遗址为主的黄河有中国特色文化旅游群和以少林寺、嵩山国家森林公园为主的嵩山风景名胜区给郑州增添了无穷的魅力。
以"山、河、古、根、拳"为主要特征的各类旅游点150多处。其中,闻名中外的嵩山少林寺是中国佛教禅宗和少林功夫的摇篮;黄河大观、黄河游览区和花园口旅游区向游客展示黄河辉煌灿烂的历史文化和多姿多彩的民俗风情;黄帝故里和故都说明了这里是华夏文明的重要发祥地。
郑州是我国公路、铁路、航空兼具的综合性交通枢纽城市。
外部交通
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航空
郑州新郑机场位于市区以南3公里处,与北海、北京、成都、广州、桂林、海口、杭州、昆明、青岛、上海、沈阳、深圳、西安等40多个大中城市通航,开办有直飞香港、澳门的包机业务,是全国五大航空站之一。
铁路
郑州素有中国铁路“心脏”之称。京广、陇海两大干线在此交汇,周围还有京九、焦柳、月石、平阜线通过,形成三纵三横干线框架。郑州站位于市中心,是全国最大的客运站之一,有列车可直达国内25个省、市、自治区。 附:列车时刻表 公路
郑州是全国7个公路枢纽城市之一,国道107贯通南北、310横贯东西,向北可达北京,向南可达武汉、长沙等地,向西可到西安等地,是我国公路运输的中心城市。从郑州到洛阳、开封、漯河都建有高速公路,还有到北京的高速路,交通十分方便。郑州长途汽车站位于火车站广场东侧。
郑州到开封的旅游车从汽车东站发车,每隔十分钟一班,约1小时可到。 郑州到洛阳的旅游车每天从京广路汽车站发车,每隔十分钟一班,约2小时可到。从郑州火车站对面的长途客运站有车可到嵩山少林寺,车程3.5小时。早上发车。附:郑州长途客运时刻表
内部交通
公交车
郑州市内以“1”字开头的公交车是电车,“2”字开头的是中巴专线。无人售票车价1元,空调车2元。
出租车
面的起步价6元,5公里后每公里1元;轿的7元,5公里后每公里1.2元。
...郑州的星级饭店、宾馆拥有几十家,住宿条件相当不错。郑州的宾馆分为高、中、低三个档次。高档以五星级的裕达国贸饭店和四星级的红珊瑚酒店为代表。中档包括三星级的河南省国际饭店、海天大酒店、亚细亚大酒店以及二星级的正都大酒店、欧亚大酒店等,在宾馆中占绝大多数。低档则有一星级的物华饭店等。
....郑州的菜肴自然以“豫菜”为主。诸如“鲤鱼焙面”、“桶子鸡”、“套四宝”等“豫菜”的代表作,以及小笼包子、黄焖鱼、江米切糕等河南风味小吃,也是郑州饭店、餐馆中的拿手好戏。另外曾在北京要和洋快餐一争天下的“红高梁”即烩面也别有特色。
....作为河南省的省会,郑州一应俱全。诸如保龄球馆、夜总会、赛车场、台球房、卡拉0K歌舞厅等活动场所,在郑州随处可见,丰富了人们的业余生活。郑州比较出色的娱乐场所包括河南三信保龄球娱乐有限公司、郑州利华赛车俱乐部、郑州市上街空中娱乐休闲中心
春天到了,想去郊外踏青,郑州虽没有山清水秀,但南郊候寨的樱桃沟和凤凰岛也是久闻了。于是去看看。
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早上大约9点出发,到达医学院(郑州市内多条公交线路可达),然后乘上317路公交(医学院,候寨,7:00到18:00),开始了旅程。
大约40分钟,公交车驶入了乡村道路,路旁已是农田山沟了,已经可以看见稀疏的杏花,麦苗。终于过了一道大门,就是樱桃沟村了,再往前一小段,路边可以看到水塘,另外有个生态度假村的牌子,就可以在这里下车了。
樱桃沟并不是一条山沟,而是方圆数百亩地都遍植樱桃树,3月中旬正是樱桃花开的季节,在山野里随意走走,欣赏着花儿,非常得惬意。
中午饿了,可以在刚才说的生态度假村里面吃顿农家饭。
下午开始去凤凰岛,在下317路车的公路上随便哪里都可以拦下回去的317车,然后坐大约10分钟,给司机说到凤凰楼就可以了,再不然在候寨医院站下车,往西走50米也行。
凤凰楼是个破破烂烂的小楼,从这里转弯往南,走10分钟可以看见候寨大桥,桥下面就是郑州的尖岗水库,水难得的清澈。过了候寨大桥,路右边有个加油站,过了加油站就是凤凰岛的大门了。
凤凰岛从地理上讲是个半岛,从社会上讲是个公园,门票目前是一人5元。
进大门不远,可以向右转,进入环岛路,在山沟中曲曲折折,下面是湖水,还有几分意境。
过了环岛路,沿大路向上,沿途有一些游乐设施,到了最高处,则是满山遍野的杏花了,也是开得正好。在其中流连很久。
下午大约5点,仍旧回到凤凰楼,拦下317路公交回到市内。
总的来说候寨这地方交通比较方便,同时还富有山野风味,适合郑州市民春天游玩。
神奇的糊辣汤
每次到郑州,友人都会推荐:河南人对糊辣汤的钟爱,是外地人很难想象的。在河南,糊辣汤是许多人的固定早餐。一碗糊辣汤,素的五角,肉的一元,加上两根油条,或是半张油饼、几个水煎包,不过一两元钱,便吃得很舒服了。拿刚出锅的热油条或是热油饼蘸着糊辣汤吃,味道极好,许多人都习惯这样吃。在旅馆的边上,有一个卖糊辣汤的老者,因为我们的好奇,在大家的赞扬声中,他给我们传授了糊辣汤制作的独门秘籍:
原料:面、羊肉(最好有点骨头可以熬汤的)、海带、黄花菜、粉条、花生木耳(可根据自己口味添加)
副料:葱、姜、大料(熬羊肉汤的时候用)
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其他:胡椒是必不可少的~其他常用:盐、鸡精等
第一步:糊辣汤,最重要的是汤,先把羊肉切成小丁,然后把骨头敲碎放入葱、姜、大料煮,最好用沙锅,一般2-3小时即可.
第二步:在炖汤的时候就可以和面,洗面筋了,这可是最麻烦的,最好请教一下老人,我这里不知道该怎么把洗面筋的情景给大家叙述,呵呵~~~```注意:洗面筋的水千万不要倒掉,这可是主要原料,盛在大锅里放在旁边备用.
第三步:把海带、黄花菜、粉条放在炒锅里炒一下,记得放酱油,这样出来的汤颜色好看.
第四步:这下可以进入主步骤了——把面筋水烧开(记得边烧边搅拌,要不面筋水该胡锅了),放入羊肉汤和羊肉块儿,再熬,待滚开放入炒好得海带、黄花菜、粉条,这些都是熟的,滚开就ok了~想放木耳和花生这时候就可以放了,然后把胡椒粉拿水和一下,放锅(这样比较均匀,不会结块),甜咸根据自己口味放盐就可以了,最后滴入香油~~一锅香喷喷得胡辣汤就好了.
冬日里,顶着凛冽的寒风,扎扎实实地喝一碗糊辣汤,额头上会渗出细细的汗来,身子暖了,胃口也开了,马上感觉“神清气爽”。如有到郑州,一定要大哙朵颐正宗的糊辣汤哦~
作为河南省的首府,郑州的菜肴当然以“豫菜”为主。在郑州的饭店餐馆中有“鲤鱼焙面”、“桶子鸡”、“套四宝”等具有当地特色的菜点,另外还有小笼包子、黄焖鱼、江米切糕等地方风味小吃。郑州比较著名的专门经营豫菜的酒楼有河南食府和豫顺楼饭庄等名店。
河南食府
河南食府是河南省首家豫菜基地,它把地处中原的河南民俗、风土、人情、文化巧妙的融为一体,是省会郑州经营精品豫菜及豫地风味小吃的餐饮名店。河南食府以经营精品豫菜为主要特色。隆重推出传统精品豫菜、豫圣肴馔、洛阳水席及原地道风味小吃。食府精品豫菜有:牡丹燕菜、炸紫酥肉、翡翠鲈鱼丝、扒山珍、锅贴豆腐等。
电话:(0371) 6213336 6222108
地址:郑州市人民路25号(人民路与太康路交叉口西北角)
豫顺楼饭庄
豫顺楼饭庄是郑州市饮食公司为振兴豫菜,重扬郑州历史名店--豫顺楼,于1999年10月兴办的。豫顺楼厨师长赵喜亮在第四届全国烹饪大赛中,以"兰花鱼翅""猴头羊素肚"两个热菜获得金牌,面点师魏秀文制作的"三鲜伊府面"套餐在第四届全国烹饪大赛中获套餐金牌,酱菜师毛山根制作的"五香肘花"在国内贸易部举办的联展联销活动中被评为"中国名菜"。该店的冷拼造型新颖、色彩绚丽,"孔雀开屏""松鹤延年"等无不形象逼真、栩栩如生。
电话:(0371)7933777
地址:郑州市金水路53号(郑州大学医学院立交桥下)
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郑州烤鸭店
郑州烤鸭店的主打名菜“郑州烤鸭”外型美观、红润油亮,具有外脆里嫩、肥而不腻、味道鲜美的特点,曾荣获国家“金鼎奖”。郑州烤鸭店还以经营中国烹饪协会认定的中华名吃“葛记焖饼”、“蔡记蒸饺”、“三鲜伊府面”而享誉郑州。另外,该店还精心制作各种名肴大菜,名菜有:“玉珠双珍”、“雪山广海”、“铁锅蛋”、“芙蓉海参”、“清汤荷花”、“莲蓬鸡”等。
合记羊肉烩面
合记羊肉烩面是一种荤、素、汤、菜、饭兼而有之的传统风味小吃,以味道鲜美,经济实惠,享誉中原。94年5月荣获"全中清真名牌风味食品"称号。97年12月又摘取"中华名小吃"桂冠。合记羊肉烩面,选用上好鲜羊肉,经反复浸泡后下锅,撇出血沫,放入全大料,将肉煮烂。另用精白面粉,兑入适量盐碱和成软面,经反复揉搓,使其筋韧。下面时,锅内放原汁肉汤,将面拉成薄条入锅,放上羊肉,配以黄花菜、木耳、水粉条。上桌时外带香菜、辣椒油、糖蒜等小碟,其味更鲜。
电话:(0371)6228026
郑州总店地址:郑州市人民路3号(丹尼斯百货附近)
1、 桐柏路和伊河路的滋补烩面不错,1/5rmb ,加5毛可分碗,再加5毛可加 量,6元就可吃到两大碗好吃的烩面,物超所值。小菜也不错,就是不便宜。 2、 滋补烩面在淮河路还有一家分号,在嵩山路与淮河路交*口向西250米的路北。不要让门面吓住了,不贵的。小菜比桐柏路总店要多。记得要一个黄瓜蘸酱。
刀削面:
1、 建设路和桐柏路交*口有家“新疆大盘鸡”里面的羊肉串和爆炒刀削面都是一绝。
2、 主要是他家的酱又甜又香,在桐柏路与棉纺路十字路口往东200米有一家卖刀削面的很不错!3.5元一大碗,有牛肉的和鸡肉的!他家旁边的凉皮点整天人也很多,味道也可不错!大家可以去尝尝!辣,很过瘾。
其他面食:
1.《北京炸酱面》感觉不错。在黄河路快到文化路的那个路南店
2.在六厂前街上,六厂中学再往北走,很小的一间店,叫“武汉热干面”已经,不知道开了多久了,我还记
得我小的时候就有,后来这条街重新改造,这间店便又出现了,一直到现在,味道棒的不得了~
3.经一路和纬四路交*口向北一点,有一家卤面香,做的卤面应该是郑州市最好的,但炒菜一般。
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泡馍:
1.前进路与中原路交*口向南五米有一家泡镆好吃又便宜,四块钱一大碗,可以分碗,足够两个人吃~送的糖蒜也很不错~
2.东风路上,财院家属院南门西边那家泡馍,那家烙馍也不错,再往西一点,有个卖卤肉的,好香的.卖泡馍的
在路南,离南门有一段距离,叫陕西什么的,记不清.在人和东边,是路南,不是路北.吃烧烤可以到优胜北路啊.
3.中原路上味美斋的羊肉泡馍可好吃。
饺子类
1、 淮河路和工人路交*口东北角的丹宁园的饺子是好吃的不得了,品种多,最少可单要3元的,个也大。
菜也不错,环境好。每日有特价菜。价格中等。
2、 一品香的饺子在裕达西边(中原路与工人路交*口向南200米)
3、 西郊的老蔡记好~(伊河路与兴华北街交*口)便宜好吃
烧烤类
1、 工人路与建设路口向南50米,鹿鸣斋的羊肉串不错,有兴趣的话还可吃吃它的涮羊肉,还可以。
2、 中原电影院对面现在开了个烧烤店,冬笆手烧的连锁哦
3、 陇海与伏牛伏口的新疆烧烤拉,和随缘也不错。
4、 冉屯烤鱼煤仓北街桐柏路和煤仓北街交差口
5、 一厂的羊肉串
6、 鹿呜斋旁边的齐正烧烤不错还有那的红油瓦罐都不错的
7、 三厂那里的伊宾斋门口的烤羊肉串好吃,烤饼更好吃
8、 建设路和工人路交*口“老地方”的烤鱼,还有再向南50米“齐正”的羊肉串不赖,其实羊腰也不错,不过有点贵,5块钱一个
9、 阿里巴巴(里面都是新疆师傅,羊肉串和囊坑肉,拌面都不错,在淮河路和桐柏路交*口向西大约50米,是个新店,挺干净)
10.纬四路和花园路交*口的炸香肠也很不错啊,经常看见那排队
11.经5路花园路西200米张记会面烤鱼一绝
12.花园路和红专路交*口向西100米左右,路北(新疆人往前斜对面)有个张记烤肉,羊肉、板筋、腰子??比较正规,也净,还有烩面等各类面食。推荐!!
13.卫生路与红旗路交*口的烤羊肉不错!50中门口。
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14.经八路新疆餐厅的新疆羊肉串
15 体育馆了老胖烧烤大家都知道把``好吃`强力推荐
火锅:
1.优胜南路的全家福糊辣鱼火锅,挺便宜的,很也好吃。另外还可以买胖子羊肉串进去吃,真的很爽~
2.西里路(珠江琴行)对面的炭锅鱼,里面是酸菜和鲶鱼做的,另外加上本店特有的小苏肉 ,在炖进去
吃,最后在来点皮带面
粥类:
1.中原路和工人路交*口东北角有一个 《 洁银粥屋 》的皮蛋瘦肉粥粉好喝类~~
2.二十七中旁边的樱子粥屋也不错,经济实惠,建议有空带你的朋友去尝尝。
综合类:
1、 西站路和嵩山路交*口有一个又一村食府,菜做的实在精致,基本上道道可口
2、 淮河路和嵩山路交*口向西二百米左右,耿河小区门口的《 阿庆嫂 》和它对面的《 一家人 》都是很
不错地饭店哟~菜肴的味道和餐厅的品味都是very good的~~
3、 五厂旁边德丰园也不错,有特色,很实惠~
4、 在陇海路与桐柏路交*口向西200米路北的家家喜饭店,东西不错,份挺大的,东西好吃~
5、 绿城广场旁边的萝卜香也好吃啊~旁边还有一家卖贵州粉的巨好吃~
6、 汝河路河桐柏路交*口往西有50米的一家老四川的熟肉店(思达超市的西边的门面房),里边的夫妻肺片特好吃,香&辣过瘾
7、 桐柏路和陇海路口的无锡人家蛮有特色。
8、 医学院转盘那里有一个叫豫顺楼的烤鸭也不错
9.东明路上陶然居的螺丝>
10.红旗路有一家阿健食屋,装修简单,但菜的味道很地道,特别是毛血旺~
11.红专路和政七街的荣华商务旁边有东北人菜馆。里面的材料全部在东北采购,味道可想而知了~并且隔壁的老白牛肉??
12.丰产路与花园路东北角,再向西路南的粗粮饭庄很有特色。再向西大家可
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能都知道有两家九九鸭脖生意很好,竞争也很激烈。我更喜欢胡记(老店),就是太辣了。隔壁的四川天府(好像是这个名字)的凉面1.5元一碗,好吃不贵。
13.顺河路东环保局高层对面有好吃的是一家朝鲜菜馆,老店有10多年了,冷面不错。五元一条的蒸明太鱼很好吃。还有烧烤等,不算贵。
14.丰产路上的四川饭店是我近一段时间常去吃的地方(在妇幼批发市场旁边)那的凉面非常好吃,而且还很便宜。一元一碗~这里的川菜都很不错,
15.经一路和金水路交*口往北50米的丫丫小吃点,那的东西都很货真价实而且还很便宜。 (红烧牛肉面,鱼香肉丝,蒜香排骨,毛血旺等,那的菜基本都不错。
16.优胜路的汉江烧烤是个朝鲜饭店,主要以烧烤为主如果是第一次去吃会觉得不好吃,因为沾的酱是甜的, 如果多吃几次你就会喜欢了,但现在的饭菜味道有所下降,没有以前好吃了(凉菜的牛蹄筋很有特色,是在外面吃不到的。烧烤可根据自己的爱好点,如果人多,可以点个汉江大全,那里面什么都有,吃着比较过瘾~主食可以点冷面,也可以点拌饭,我喜欢吃拌饭,很香。但现在做米有点粘。)最后告诉大家,那里的大麦茶很好喝
17.经三路和纬四路交*口往南200米有家东北熏肉大饼,是东北菜,不错。老板是东北人,菜所以比较正宗。价钱也不贵。而且玉米糁是免费的。(油饼加熏肉,小鸡墩蘑菇,川白肉,酱排骨)在东北熏肉大饼的旁边,有家李氏饺子馆也不错。饺子是手工的,才都上家常菜,也不贵。
小吃类:
一、米线、麻辣烫类:
1、 人路与中原路交*口向北150米第一家桂林米线是原来桂林米线城雇来的广西人开的。味道原味, 过桥米线和老友粉是其特色,香菇汤粉我也喜欢吃。
2、还有啊康的麻辣烫,小吃可以。
3.纬一路和经八路交*口的赵瘸子米皮店里的麻辣烫很好吃,我自十八年前上小学的时候就在哪里吃,它是郑州最早的米皮店
4. 商业后面买的麻辣烫也好好吃!!商业大厦下边,有个阿康的小店里的麻辣烫,在麻和辣上简直一绝,每次都要排好长的队,建议不要等饭点去.还有羊肉串~~商业后面的麻辣烫和黄桥烧饼配着吃——绝配~
5.兴华南街上老蔡记对面的那条路上有个叫什么‘刘记沙锅’的小店,味道也不错,实惠量足。。。
6.京广路上,公交医院门口,姐弟俩土豆粉,最近流行土豆粉,可感觉这里的味道比别的地方都要好一些,人也是暴多
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7.在市中心的华联大厦和佐丹奴之间的那个小巷内有家米粉店,还不错,特别是那里那家的酸梅汤很好喝。
8.文化宫路和陇海路交*口向南100米左右的地方有一家 (阿芳麻辣烫)很不错的一个店,小而有味道~~
二、凉皮、米皮类:
1、 工人路与伊河交*口向西30米的童记米皮店值得一提,到晚上7点左右,它的米皮就会卖完的。
2、 风味正宗的酿皮,在嵩山路与伊河交*口向南30米的西北酿皮店里,其酿皮味道独特。炒面皮经过我青海的同学鉴定后,令她想起了在青海的童年时光。
3、 就觉得中原电影院的炒凉粉好吃
4、 还有互助路上的品品味~
5、 市中医院南边去年才开的王记小吃店的东西也挺好吃的,还是清真的
6、 凤凰电影院歇对面的勤劳街上崔氏米皮不错~~~
7、 怎么没人说马记小吃呀,那里的米线,凉皮,米皮。。都不错啊。米线和阿康的有一拼,凉皮也不亚于阿信的~~马记是连锁的,岗坡路,文化宫路都有
8、 泰隆大厦后面马仁鸿凉皮也不错
9.在北闸口,医学不远的,阿信米皮,不用多说了吧,相信郑州人都知道那的米皮,相当不错的。
三、生煎馒头类:
1、 五十一中对面有家上海小吃,里面的生煎馒头挺好吃,炸里脊串也不错。但是,炸春卷的技术不太固定, 有时很棒,有时却咸的要s。
2、 中原集贸市场的生煎馒头现在搬到岗坡路上了,从岗坡路和伏牛路交*口向西过了赵记米皮就到了。叫上海小吃。
3、 生煎馒头,在文化宫路和什么路交*路口,在医院旁边。
四、馄饨类:
1、 绿城广场东边的水晶鱼馄饨。。不错。。。尤其是鹅卵石烧牛柳。。
2、 桃源南路有一家福建海鲜馄饨不错~~~可以带走<送汤料>回家用高汤下
五、羊肉汤:
1.沿着工人路再向南第一个路口向西20米有一个汝州羊肉汤,味道非常好,建议大家去尝尝,5元一碗。
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2.政六街与红旗路交*口东南角名字好象叫:二胖名吃城
3.老五羊肉汤,顺城街的任何一家,灵宝羊肉汤
4.丰产路上的老五羊肉汤,汤味绝对正宗
六、胡辣汤:
1.岗坡市场西门的胡辣汤,地道的很,我有朋友过来,都让他们去喝的,敢与东郊顺风路的比,一点不逊色,还稍胜一筹。开了n年了,有空去尝尝。岗坡路与伏牛路交*口,顺岗坡路向西走至建西市场,左边第一家~
2.东大街与,,街交*口(郑州第一人民医院东边的一条街,叫什么名字忘了) 店名:马记豆沫(或马记小吃店)
3.经五路与经七路之间在丰产路上的路北“老家肉饼”早餐n种:例如一碗豆浆(或粥)、茶鸡蛋一个、油饼一个(或油条一根、或包子若干、或肉饼一个)、咸菜一口共1.3元左右。
4.紫荆山的糊辣汤在紫荆山路和顺河路交*口向东50米路南.
5.交通路和汝河路交*口,铁八小哪有家不错。
七、臭干子:
1、.河医赵记旁边,金水河沿上有家臭干子不错
2、 百花路小学南一百米有个臭干子不错
3、 桐柏路香香鱼旁的臭干子
八、饼:
1.泰隆西边的小过道里有家卖鸡蛋灌饼的,巨好吃
2.在44中后门,永安街与庆丰街口,有个白吉馍自燃羊肉,馍烤的比较焦,肉炒的也好吃,还比较便宜,呵呵(1.5元一个)
3.丰产路与政六街交*口向东25米路北,宏宝小吃店配套早餐:鸡蛋灌饼+小米汤+酸辣咸菜。价格:2元
4.桃源路上郑大南门有家牛肉千层馅饼也不错。
5.麦多馅饼麻辣豆腐和土豆馅的最好吃。
6.丰产路和经七路交*口那有家卖烧饼,那的烧饼加豆腐串和煎鸡蛋非常好吃,现在还有火腿肠可以加太爽了~
7.东里路旅游书店对面的小吃:西安千层肉饼不错,一元一个,是用果木炭在特制的锅里,下煎上烤,郑州其他地方也有,不过此处正宗啊金黄的肉饼香脆可口,一层一层的??还有一股淡淡的果木炭香,呵呵。烤鸭也有啊,可这是肉
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饼,呵呵。
九、零食
1.现在商业大厦后面还有买米花的,有几家爆的还不错。又香又脆又甜~我每次都要买一大锅呢。
2.在人民公园东门,27中对面,有个冻酸奶,属于特色小食品,别的地方没有的,估计世界上也就此一家,呵呵,实际上也就是把酸奶冻冻吃了,建议第一次去吃的话吃不软不硬的,不然...........
3.幸福路与京广路口的糖葫芦,个大无核,香甜可口,是郑州市内糖葫芦目前最好吃的一家。
十、毛栗子
1. 在大石桥下,图书馆不远处,有个卖毛栗子的,相当出名,强丽了,是拿蜂蜜炒的,一共加六次的蜂蜜,板栗的大小正好,大的不容易熟透,味道进不去,小的没什么吃的,而且他们炒出来的板栗从不粘皮,特好剥。还记得有次早上九点去那买的,结果还排了半个多小时的队,呵呵。不过那里有好多卖d``` 2.丰产路与花园路东北角的糖炒栗子很不错。
01、紫荆山后面的郑州烤鸭店,一定要点伊府面,好吃不贵。
02、东开发区西门口的重庆水煮鱼。推荐生花生仁、牛肉粉条、水煮鱼。
03、经三路秦朝瓦罐。瓦罐、干锅、六国小炒都挺好。
04、大清花饺子,在丰产路和经七路口向西200米。东北风味,饺子好吃,菜也好吃,去吃就送。基本上点四个到最后能上六个吃的你走都不想走。
05、北环城路和丰乐路交叉口的闻香居骨头城。腿骨、脊椎骨、琵琶骨味道鲜美。
06、东明路和黄河路交叉口南100米杨记清芳拉面,很有当年花园路集贸市场的味道。
07、经二路仲记擀面馆的手擀面。在文化路和红旗路口也有一家。
08、岳阳楼和全家福--泡椒鱼头(洞庭湖的大鱼头,ZZ最佳)。
09、五得的羊肉汤。现在有人说虢国羊肉汤比他好,不过我没去喝过。有空可以比较比较。
10、涮锅--鸿茂斋我就不多说了,大家都清楚。吃肉就去草原涮,吃味就去二力或老庆那里。
11、火锅小天鹅环境挺好,听说最早在大同路时就不错,就是优点贵。
12、全家福的糊辣鱼,陇海路。我曾经连续三天五顿,顿顿糊辣鱼~~~
13、西大街和顺城街口的郭记--烧鸡和料子鸡、老八酱牛肉 。
14、北顺城街的西安正宗的蜡羊肉(绝的很~)
15、南顺城街的风干麻辣野兔、小笼包子。
16、城东路南关名吃城的油泼辣子面。
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17、优胜北路东三街交口--丹妮食府(味佳价廉)柴鸡泡馍一流,泡椒鱼头好吃,美极鸭唇也不错。
18、优胜南路皮皮鲁西餐厅,必胜客未进郑州时,那里的披萨是我在郑州吃的最好吃的,奶油海鲜汤可以尝尝。
19、省歌边上有个小饭店“月亮城”的鱼膏很好吃,那儿土鸡汤也不错,鸡汤里的粉条还可以免费加。
20、政六街和红专路交叉口上有家光大银行,当然不是说银行的盒饭好吃,而是它边上的东北人,(我记得好象是叫东北人,反正就在紧挨着的隔壁,一到那就看见了)草莓八宝饭,东北大骨头,土豆炖牛肉,反正这的盘子是一个比一个大。
21、花园商厦旁边的四川凉面,那里的凉面、麻辣烫~~正点~~~?
22、西餐厅郑州就没几家正经八百象样的。丹尼斯六楼的雅园还行。
23、同乐路往西走到头有家洛阳南关牛肉汤,哎呀,别提多得劲了。尤其喝多酒吐的胃里空空的时候,一碗牛肉汤入肚??一个字,爽~
24、凉面最好吃的当然是优胜南路的“天府”了,不光凉面,别的也都是好吃看的见。只是最近菜价提高了,一个“鱼香肉丝”都要15元。
25、优胜南路的韩国“汉江烧烤”也不错。干净、情调也不错,只是不适合人太多去吃。茶水是大麦茶。
26、红专路和文化路交叉口,红专路小吃一条街。经常进去之后花了眼,不知道吃那家的好了。右手第三家或第四家(老是记不住)有个“地锅鸡”还不错。新疆人的烤肉串挺好吃,到夏天螺丝大虾上市了,就更热闹了。
27、优胜南路的广州开煲。煲仔饭,白粥,例汤,清远鸡,还有各种烧腊。
28、优胜北路的上海人家,比经三路老上海好吃。这两家店是一个老板开的,不过上海人家是全国连锁。
29、汇丰源烩面。政六街纬五路口向北100米,烩面没的说,羊肉串也不错,还有各种小菜。
30、说到烩面,马记烩面味道也很不错,和汇丰源的风格不一样的。位置在陇海路和城东路口向东200米。
31、红旗路和黄河北街交叉口往东50米,思达连锁超市对面,新疆烤肉手抓饭。正宗新疆柯尔克孜族来郑州开的店。我新疆同学说这里是郑州最正宗的新疆菜馆。是不是我不知道,反正好吃。羊肉串,大盘鸡,手抓肉,手抓饭,拉条??天啊~
32、三九大酒店的晚茶还是不错的,价格稍微贵点,但能接受。
33、正弘国际名店对面的哈根咖啡店里的中餐不错,尤其是肥肠煲特别好吃~另外环境也很好。
34、同乐路老西儿面馆,多种杂粮做的面和筱面靠姥姥,可以连吃半个月面食,不会重样。还有各种山西小菜。
35、黄河路服装批发市场对面的,高丽饭店,凉面,和凉菜鳕鱼和土豆,韩式烧烤和韩式小菜。
36、南阳路上,大石桥向北一百五十米,薛家米皮。我个人认为是郑州最好的米皮了。北闸口的阿信米皮也不错。一定要放辣椒油,不然不如不吃。顺便尝尝“白吉馍”。只是环境稍差了点。
37、北闸口路红蚂蚁的串串香,我同事说非常好吃。可以去试试。
38、东三街和优胜北路路口北20米小肥羊,不蘸料吃羊肉,此店好吃不贵,
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很适合朋友一起来吃。
39、华豫川菜馆。在二七北路市公安局斜对面。稍微有点贵,还能接受。色、香、味俱佳,值得一吃。
40、老五羊肉汤。在丰产路郑七街路口向西150米。羊肉汤味道正,而且蒸菜品种齐全。特别推荐酱牛肉。香~
41、顺河路紫荆山路交口的糊辣汤,好不好不用我说,看看天天排队的人就知道了。
42、丽都名吃城。在花园路红专路口,正宗南阳路大沙锅,量足味美,油酥烧饼特别好吃,脱骨泡椒凤爪值得一试,地锅鸡也不错。说的我都又流口水了??
43、新疆风味餐厅,在经八路和任砦北街路口向南50米。大盘鸡和炒拉条是我在郑州吃过最好的~
44、新疆人餐厅。在花园路红专路口往西50米路南。推荐囊坑烤肉、囊包肉、乌苏干煸翅。待客的茶都是砖茶,餐具也比较有特色。
45、中原西路快到须水的转盘旁边有家卖*蹄和叫花鸡的,天天排大队。一队是买*蹄的,一队是买叫花鸡的,味道的确很好~
46、北方手工面,在东明路和纬二路交口向南50米,面条绝对是手工一下一下揉出来的,让你亲眼看着从面饼变成面条。口感好,筋道,有嚼头。只是卤的味道还需要提高。
47、劳动路和太康路口,有个河南食府。里边有不少河南特色菜,洛阳水席的一些菜也有的吃。除了自己过瘾,还是个招待外地朋友的好地方。价格稍贵。
13
范文二:介绍郑州小学作文
篇一:小学一年级作文200字:郑州的歌
郑州的歌;万赈民郑州什么多,楼多。千座楼,万座楼,高楼一座连一座,处处高楼多巍峨。郑州什么多,灯多。千盏灯,万盏灯,一颗一颗放光明,照亮黑夜照亮我。郑州什么多,车多。千辆车,万辆车,车辆连成一条河,车辆送我去上学,大家都来乘坐车。
篇二:郑州市金水区小桔灯作文
赶海趣事
姬嘉良
打开记忆的小匣子,一幕幕往事浮现在我的眼前。最让我难忘的,是我和妈妈去赶海的趣事。
去年夏天,我们全家去青岛游玩。海水退潮时,我迫不及待地要妈妈带我去赶海。我们低着头在海滩上转了好几圈,也没有发现什么“宝贝”,我们决定分头行动扩大搜寻范围。没过多久,妈妈就大喊:“快拿网来,这里有条小海鱼~”听到这好消息,我三步并作两步跑到妈妈“看守”的小水坑,发现了那条半透明的小海鱼。急于求成的我胳膊一伸,就把渔网插入水中,那条鱼尾巴一摆,“噌”的一下就游没影儿了。
1
妈
妈又发现了一只鱼。吃一堑长一智,这次我和妈妈商定了捕鱼计划,心想:这下你跑不了啦~此时,不知危险即将降临的小鱼还在水里悠闲地游着,我的手猛地插入水中,挡住了鱼的前进方向,鱼见势不妙,“唰”地一下向反方向游去,这下恰恰钻进了妈妈渔网的陷阱,妈妈一提网,一条小海鱼便收入囊中。我兴奋地跳起来,却没留神脚下一滑摔了个仰八叉,还顺势滑到妈妈脚边,把妈妈撞得摔坐在水里。我和妈妈看着彼此湿淋淋的狼狈相,不禁哈哈大笑。
我们乘胜追击,又收获了海葵、小海兔、小鲍鱼??这是我第一次赶海,和妈妈配合,我们不仅收获了很多水产,还收获了快乐与幸福。
篇三:小学作文:自我介绍作文200字
我
我叫xxxx,是个可爱又聪明的小女孩。一米三的个头,脸瘦瘦的,头发乌黑光亮,小巧玲珑的眼睛圆溜溜的,像一个又黑又圆的小球滚进了眼睛里,还有一张会说话的嘴,你们别看我的嘴巴小,她可能装许许多多好吃的东西了。妈妈说我是个中垃圾桶,弟弟是个小垃圾桶,哥哥是个大垃圾桶,妈妈是个超大垃圾桶。
我喜欢滑冰,骑自行车,跳舞,画画.....你别看我是个小女孩,我发火时谁也打不过我,谁惹怒了我,谁就完蛋。不
2
过我也有些小缺点,如:别人碰我一下,我就哭鼻子。我爱助人为乐,善良,有爱心,善于观察,爱写作文这几点我都能做到。每天晚上我回家的第一件事就是写作业,作业写完再看半小时的书。
听了我的介绍,你是不是也想写了,赶快动笔介绍介绍自己吧~让我们来认识认识彼此。
自我介绍
我叫XXX,今年13岁,在XXX小读三年级。
我,头发偏黄,大概是营养不足吧!柳叶般的眉毛下长着一对明亮的眼睛。鼻子生来有点儿塌。樱桃似的小嘴,要是笑起来嘴巴旁边还会增加两个小酒窝,不过,牙齿露出来就不好看了,你会看见我那一排歪歪扭扭的牙,你一定会说:“哎,真难看!”
我的爱好有许多,其中,我最喜欢的就是唱歌了。记得小时候,我唱歌一点也不好听,妈妈也常说我五音不全,常给我“泼冷水”。可我不灰心,练啊练,今年,我参加了学校的合唱表演,六月份时,还在县里比过赛。真是“功夫不负有心人”。
说起我的缺点,一点一点地挑出来还真有不少。有一个缺点可把我害“苦”了,那就是粗心大意。哎,每逢考试“它”得意洋洋地上场了。“它”上场的例子太多了:前几天,在单元考试上,我因粗心,写错了一道八分的应用题。啊,看来,
3
我得改正粗心这缺点了。
这就是我,咱们交个朋友,如何?
我
我的爱好有许多,其中,我最喜欢的就是唱歌了。记得小时候,我唱歌一点也不好听,妈妈也常说我五音不全,常给我“泼冷水”。可我不灰心,练啊练,今年,我参加了学校的合唱表演,六月份时,还在县里比过赛。真是“功夫不负有心人”。
说起我的缺点,一点一点地挑出来还真有不少。有一个缺点可把我害“苦”了,那就是粗心大意。哎,每逢考试“它”得意洋洋地上场了。“它”上场的例子太多了:前几天,在单元考试上,我因粗心,写错了一道八分的应用题。啊,看来,我得改正粗心这缺点了。
这就是我,咱们交个朋友,如何?
我的爱好有许多,其中,我最喜欢的就是唱歌了。记得小时候,我唱歌一点也不好听,妈妈也常说我五音不全,常给我“泼冷水”。可我不灰心,练啊练,今年,我参加了学校的合唱表演,六月份时,还在县里比过赛。真是“功夫不负有心人”。
说起我的缺点,一点一点地挑出来还真有不少。有一个缺点可把我害“苦”了,那就是粗心大意。哎,每逢考试“它”得意洋洋地上场了。“它”上场的例子太多了:前几天,在单元
4
考试上,我因粗心,写错了一道八分的应用题。啊,看来,我得改正粗心这缺点了。
这就是我,咱们交个朋友,如何?
我的爱好有许多,其中,我最喜欢的就是唱歌了。记得小时候,我唱歌一点也不好听,妈妈也常说我五音不全,常给我“泼冷水”。可我不灰心,练啊练,今年,我参加了学校的合唱表演,六月份时,还在县里比过赛。真是“功夫不负有心人”。
说起我的缺点,一点一点地挑出来还真有不少。有一个缺点可把我害“苦”了,那就是粗心大意。哎,每逢考试“它”得意洋洋地上场了。“它”上场的例子太多了:前几天,在单元考试上,我因粗心,写错了一道八分的应用题。啊,看来,我得改正粗心这缺点了。
这就是我,咱们交个朋友,如何?
我的爱好有许多,其中,我最喜欢的就是唱歌了。记得小时候,我唱歌一点也不好听,妈妈也常说我五音不全,常给我“泼冷水”。可我不灰心,练啊练,今年,我参加了学校的合唱表演,六月份时,还在县里比过赛。真是“功夫不负有心人”。
说起我的缺点,一点一点地挑出来还真有不少。有一个缺点可把我害“苦”了,那就是粗心大意。哎,每逢考试“它”得意洋洋地上场了。“它”上场的例子太多了:前几天,在单元
5
考试上,我因粗心,写错了一道八分的应用题。啊,看来,我得改正粗心这缺点了。
这就是我,咱们交个朋友,如何?
6
范文三:[复习]英语风景介绍
英语风景介绍
(1)万里长城
In the north of China, there lies a 6,700-kilometer-long (4,161-mile-long) ancient wall. Now well-known as the Great Wall of China, it starts at the Jiayuguan Pass of Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Pass of Hebei Province in the east. As one of the Eight Wonders in the world, the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.
Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction, and since that time these stories have spread around the country. Those that happened during construction are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu's story and the legend of the Jiayuguan Pass. Meng Jiangnu's story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great Wall. The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu's bitter weeping made a section of the Great Wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu's husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure, so she set out to look for him. Unfortunately, by the time she reached the great wall, she discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad news, she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great Wall. This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.
Another legend about the Jiayuguan Pass tells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99,999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan Pass. The supervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick, then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project, one brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was happy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.
In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall, there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si, who was very pretty. King You liked her very much, however Bao Si never smiled. An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King's subjects, and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou, King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus, King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.
Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to
keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after
the building of the Great Wall, many more stories were created
and spread
在中国北方,有一个6700公里长的古城墙(4161千米长)。现在著名的作为中国的长城,它开始在嘉峪关通过甘肃省西部和结束在山海关通过河北省在东。作为一个世界八大奇迹,中国长城已经成为中华民族的象征和文化。
很多美丽的传说和故事关于长城建成,并自那时起这些故事已蔓延全国各地。那些发生在施工期间丰富,如孟姜女的故事和传说中的嘉峪关。孟姜女的故事是最有名的和广泛传播所有传说长城。故事发生在秦朝(221bc-206bc)。它告诉我们孟姜女的痛哭了一段长城崩溃。孟姜女的丈夫范启亮被联邦官员和发送到建立长城。孟姜女听到他的任何他离开后,她出去找他。不幸的是,当她到达长城,她发现她的丈夫已经死了。听到这个坏消息,她悲痛欲绝。她叫冲垮了长城的一部分。这故事说明,长城是生产中国数以万计的平民。
另一个传说关于嘉峪关通过讲述了一个叫伊开展工人在明代(1368bc-1644bc)谁是精通算术。他计算,这将需要99999个砖建嘉峪关通。主管不相信他,说如果他们打错了算盘的一砖,然后所有的工人将被处罚做艰苦的工作了三年。工程竣工后,一块砖头被留下xiwong城门。主管很高兴看到砖和准备惩罚他们。然而伊说,开展审议的砖是放在那里的神仙修墙。一个小小的动作会引发倒塌的墙。因此,砖被关在那里不动。它仍然可以发现有今天的嘉峪关。
除了上述关于长城的建筑,也有很多故事,目前景区。一个著名的是烽火台的传说。这个故事发生在西周(公元前第十一世纪bc-711)。你有一个叫王王后宝斯,谁是非常漂亮的。你很喜欢她,但是宝斯从
不微笑。官方建议设置烽火台火会把国王的臣民,并可能使微笑女王。
你喜欢这个主意。受试者被愚弄,鲍斯微笑地看着混乱。后来敌人入
侵西周,国王将烽火台消防要求帮助。没有人来帮助他们因为被愚弄
过一次。因此,周王被敌人杀死,西周结束了。
美丽的故事和传说长城帮助保持中国历史与文化。在每一个王朝建立
后的长城,很多故事,创造和传播
(2)
As one of the seventh wonders of this world, the Great Wall is now the top famous historical sites and tourist attractions in China. Millions of tourists from around the world come to visit this great structure each year.
As early as the Warring States Periods (476 BC – 221 BC), the
ruling powers began to build walls as a defense against the northern nomadic tribes and other potential enemies. The state of Chu (11th Century BC-223BC) was the first to build a wall, followed by the Qi, Yan, Wei, Zhao and Qin. After Emperor Qin Shihuang unified the six states, he ordered General Meng Tian to connect the existing walls and to extend them further as a front line defense against possible invasion. Thus the Great Wall of China was formed. It extended from Lintao (present Lintao County in Dingxi City in Gansu Province) in the west and ended at Liaodong (present the eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province) in the east. It was called “Wan Li Chang Cheng” (The Long Wall of 10,000 Li). Three groups of people built the wall. They were soldiers, common people and criminals. Many people died during its construction, due to the heavy work, short time limit and tough condition. An accurate number of those who died is unknown.During subsequent dynasties, the wall
was extended, repaired or modified. The section of wall built in Han Dynasty (206BC-220) is the longest. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the wall was substantially repaired on more than twenty occasions. Today, the best known and most visited sections of the wall are at Badaling, Mutianyu, Simatai and Jinshanling and these were built in the Ming Dynasty. They were all built to protect the people and territories south of the wall from a continued threat of invasion by the northern nomadic tribes.
作为一个在这个世界上的第八个奇迹,长城是目前最著名的历史古迹
和旅游景点在中国。每一年数百万来自世界各地的游客来参观这个巨
大的工程。
早在战国时期(公元前476–公元前221年),统治权力开始建造围
墙,为抵御北方游牧部落和其他潜在的敌人。楚国(第十一世纪
bc-223bc)是第一个建立一个,其次是齐国,燕,魏,赵、秦。秦始
皇统一后的六个国家,他命令蒙恬将军连接现有的墙壁和扩大进一步
作为一个前线抵御入侵。因此,中国长城的形成。它从临洮(今临洮
县定西市甘肃省)在西部和结束在辽东(今辽宁南部和东部部分地区)
的东。它被称为“万里长城”(长墙10000里)。三组的人建造的墙。
他们是士兵,百姓和罪犯。许多人死在其建设,由于繁重的工作,工
期短和艰苦条件。准确的死亡者是未知的。在随后的朝代,墙壁是延
长,修复或修改。这段墙建造在汉代(206bc-220)是最长的。在明
代(1368 - 1644年),墙被完全修复,超过二十次。今天,最著名
和最访问部分的壁在八达岭,司马台、金山岭慕田峪,和这些建于明
代。他们都是保护人民和领土的南墙继续威胁入侵北方游牧部落。
(3)
The Great Wall of China (Wanli Changcheng ; literally "Ten Thousand Leagues Long Fortification") is one of the most
outstanding buildings of mankind, sometimes called the eight world wonder and said to be the only human work that can be seen from the moon (which is, of course, not true).
The part of the Great Wall we can admire today north of Beijing, are the reconstructed remnants of the Ming Dynasty wall. But this wall is only the last wall remain in a long tradition of wall building.
The oldest fortification walls of China were erected as an instrument of defense between the kingdoms of the Warring States period from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, that means, to defend Chinese against Chinese, not against "barbarians", like later. Today, it is possible to reconstruct five of these inner-China walls: the walls of Qi (modern Shandong), Chu (modern Hubei), Qin (modern Shaanxi), Yan (modern Hebei), Zhao (modern Shanxi), and Wei (modern Henan).
The Great Wall is the world's longest human-made structure, stretching over approximately 6,400 km (4,000 miles)[3] from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km (4,160 miles) in total.[4] It is also the largest human-made structure ever built in terms of surface area and mass. At its peak, the Ming Wall was guarded by more than one million men.[5] It has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part of the centuries-long project of building the wall
中国的长城(万里长城;“一万盟长期设防”)是一个最突出的建筑
是人类,有时被称为“世界八奇迹,说是人类唯一的工作,从月球上
可以看到(这是,当然,不是真的)。
我们可以欣赏长城的一部分,今天的北京北部,是重建残存的明代长
城。但这是只有最后墙保持在一个长的传统建筑。
中国最古老的防御墙的建造作为一种防御的王国的战国时期从第五
到公元前第三世纪,这意味着,捍卫中国对中国,不是对“野蛮人”,
像后来的。今天,它是有可能的重建这五个inner-china墙:墙壁祁
(今山东),楚(今湖北),秦(今陕西),燕(今河北),赵(今山西),
魏(今河南)。
长城是世界上最长的人造结构,全长约6400公里(4000英里)[ 3]
从华东的山海关罗布泊在西,沿弧,大致勾画的南部边缘的内蒙古,
但长达6700公里(4160英里)的总额。[ 4]这也是最大的人造结构
建造方面的表面面积和质量。在其高峰期,明城墙是守卫一百万余人。
[ 5]据估计有2到3000000中国人死亡的一部分后来修建长城工程
(4)
The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.
The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The most comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the entire Great Wall, with all of its branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi). This is made up of 6,259.6 km (3,889.5 mi) sections of actual wall, 359.7 km (223.5 mi) of trenches and 2,232.5 km (1,387.2 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.
中国的长城是一系列的石头和防御工事,在中国北方,原建保护北部
边界的中华帝国入侵的游牧民族。几堵墙已建自公元前第五世纪,统
称为长城,已重建和保持从公元前第五世纪至第十六世纪。其中最有
名的是墙之间的220–公元前206年由中国第一个皇帝,秦始皇。小
墙的遗迹;大多数现有的墙建于明代。
长城从东山海关,以罗布泊在西,沿弧大致勾画的南部边缘的内蒙古。
最全面的考古调查,采用先进技术,得出的结论是,整个长城,它的
所有分支,延伸8851.8公里(5500.3英里)。这是由6259.6公里
(3889.5英里)路段的实际,359.7公里(223.5英里)的壕沟和2232.5
公里(1387.2英里)的天然防御屏障如小山和河流。
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A Brief History of the Palace Museum
The Palace Museum, historically and artistically one of the most comprehensive Chinese museums, was established on the foundation of the palace that was the ritual center of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, and their collections of treasures. Designated by the State Council as one of China's foremost protected monuments in 1961, the Palace Museum was
also made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
Situated at the heart of Beijing, the Palace Museum is approached through Tiananmen Gate. Immediately to the north of the Palace Museum is Prospect Hill (also called Coal Hill), while on the east and west are Wangfujing and Zhongnanhai neighborhoods. It is a location endowed with cosmic significance by ancient China's astronomers. Correlating the emperor's abode, which they considered the pivot of the terrestrial world, with the Pole Star (Ziweiyuan), which they believed to be at the center of the heavens, they called the palace The Purple Forbidden City. The Forbidden City was built from 1406 to 1420 by the third Ming emperor Yongle who, upon usurping the throne, determined to move his capital north from Nanjing to Beijing. In 1911 the Qing dynasty fell to the republican revolutionaries. The last emperor, Puyi, continued to live in the palace after his abdication until he was expelled in 1924. Twenty-four emperors lived and ruled from this palace during this 500-year span.
The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre high walls and a 52-metre wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 720,000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate (Wu men) on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valor (Shenwu men) on the north being used as the entrance and exit by tourists today. Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings' glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not
to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect.
Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centers on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony, and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences.
Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court at the northern end of the Forbidden City, with the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union, and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility straddling the central axis, surrounded by the Six Palaces of the East and West and the Imperial Garden to the north. Other major buildings include the halls for Worshipping Ancestors and of Imperial Splendor on the east, and the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers and the Palace of Benevolent Tranquility on the west. These contain not only the residences of the emperor and his empress, consorts and concubines but also the venues for religious rites and administrative activities.
In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163,000 square meters. These were laid out precisely in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings.
After the republican revolution, this Palace as a whole would have been sequestered by the Nationalist government were it not for the "Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Qing House" which allowed Puyi to live on in the Inner Court after his abdication. Meanwhile, all of the imperial treasures from palaces in Rehe (today's Chengde) and Mukden (today's Shenyang) were moved to the Forbidden City for public display in History Museum established at the Outer Court in 1914. While confined to the Inner Court, Puyi continuously used such vestiges of influence as still remained to plot his own restoration. He also systematically stole or pawned a huge number of cultural relics under the pretext of granting them as rewards to his courtiers and minions or taking them out for repair.
In 1924, during a coup launched by the warlord Feng Yuxiang, Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City and the management of the palace fell to the charge of a committee set up to deal with the concerns of the deposed imperial family. The committee began a sorting and counting of the imperial treasures. A year of intense preparations later, its members arranged a grand ceremony on 10 October 1925 in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to mark the inception of the Palace Museum. News of the opening flashed across the nation, and such was the scramble of visitors on the first day that traffic jams around Beijing brought the city almost to a standstill.
According to a 28-volume inventory published in 1925, the treasure trove left by the Qing numbered more than 1,170,000 items including sacrificial vessels and ancient jade artifacts from the earliest dynasties; paintings and calligraphy from the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties; porcelain from the Song
and Yuan; a variety of enamelware and lacquer ware; gold and silver ornaments; relics in bamboo, wood, horn and gourds; religious statues in gold and bronze; as well as numerous imperial robes and ornaments; textiles; and furniture. In addition, there were countless books, literary works and ancient records. All these were divided into separate collections of antiquities, library materials and historical documents and placed under teams of staff to sort and collate. Exhibition halls were opened to display some of the treasures, while writers and editors worked away at publishing in book or journal form all the new areas of research and academic inquiry that the establishment of the museum had ushered in. The Palace Museum was soon a hive of activity.
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Japanese, having annexed territory in China's northeast, proceeded to march on Beijing. With this looming threat, the museum authorities decided to evacuate its collection rather than let it fall into enemy hands or risk destruction in battle. For four frantic months between February and May 1933, the most important pieces in the collection were packed into 13,427 crates and 64 bundles and sent to Shanghai in five batches. From there they were dispatched to Nanjing where a depository was built and a branch of the Palace Museum established.
On 7 July 1937 shots fired around Marco Polo Bridge west of Beijing heralded the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War. Within a year, the Japanese had penetrated to most of eastern China. Now the treasures stored in Nanjing had to be moved again, this time by three routes to Sichuan, where they were secreted in
three locations, Baxian, Emei and Leshan. Only at the end of the war were they consolidated in Chongqing, whence they were returned to Nanjing in 1947. By then the Nationalists were considerably weakened, and with the imminent takeover by the Communist armies of areas south of the Yangtze, they began their retreat to Taiwan. Between the end of 1948 and the dawn of 1949, the Nationalists picked relics to fill 2,972 crates for shipping across the Strait. A rival Palace Museum was set up in Taipei to display these antiquities. Most of what were left were gradually returned to Beijing, although to this day 2,221 crates remain in safe-keeping in storag in Nanjing.
During this tumultuous decade of war and revolution, not one item of the treasures was lost or damaged even though the volume involved was enormous. This was largely due to the dedicated energy of the Palace Museum staff, whose achievement in preserving these treasures was nothing short of heroic. But it was also as a result of this long period of upheaval that the treasures have been dispersed. Yet the rationale for keeping the collection together, representative as it is of the motherland's traditional culture, seems so incontestable that most people believe the treasures will be re-united one day.
In the early 1950s, shortly after the establishment of the People's Republic, the Palace Museum staff worked with a new will and enthusiasm to return the Forbidden City to its former glory. Where previously the dirty and dilapidated halls and courts lay under weeds and piles of rubbish, some 250,000 cubic meters of accumulated debris were now cleared out, giving the
place a sparkling fresh look. A policy of comprehensive rehabilitation was also launched, and in time the crumbling palace buildings, repaired, and redecorated, looked resplendent once more. All the tall buildings were equipped with lightning conductors, while modern systems of fire protection and security were installed. It has been a priority of the People's Government, particularly since the beginning of the reform era in the early 1980s, to keep the surrounding moat dredged and clean.
As for the collection of antiquities, a systematic inventory was completed during the 1950s and 1960s, redressing the legacy of inaccurate cataloguing. The collection was moreover augmented, for example by the salvage of a number of precious artifacts from a jumble of apparently worthless objects. After more than a decade of painstaking efforts, some 710,000 relics from the Qing palace were retrieved. At the same time, through national allocations, requisitions and private donations, more than 220,000 additional pieces of cultural significance were added, making up for such omissions from the original Qing collection as colored earthenware from the Stone Age, bronzes and jades from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, pottery tomb figurines from the Han Dynasty, stone sculpture from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and tri-color glazed pottery from the Tang Dynasty. The ancient paintings, scrolls and calligraphy added to the collection were particularly spectacular. These included, from the Jin Dynasty, Lu Ji's cursive calligraphy "A consoling letter" (Ping fu tie), Wang Xun's " Letter to Boyuan (Bo yuan tie) and Gu Kaizhi's "Goddess of the Luo River" (Luo shen fu tu); from the Sui Dynasty, Zhan Ziqian's landscape handscroll "Spring Outing" (You chun tu) ;
from the Tang Dynasty, Han Huang's "Five Oxen" (Wu niu tu ), Du Mu's running-cursive script handscroll "Song of the Courtesan Zhan Haohao" (Zhang haohao shi) ; from the Five Dynasties, Gu Hongzhong's "The Night Revels of Han Xizai" (Han Xizai yeyan tu) "; from the Song Dynasty, Li Gonglin's "Painting after Wei Yan's Pasturing Horses" (Lin Wei Yan mu fang tu) Guo Xi's "Dry tree and rock, level distance landscape" (Ke shi pingyuan tu), and Zhang Zeduan's "Going up River on Spring Festival" (Qingming shang he tu)--all masterpieces without exception.
Unremitting though this attempt at recovery has been, however, there have been further exertions in recent years to acquire such works as Zhang Xian's "Landscape with Poems (Shi yong tu)" (Song Dynasty), Nai Xian's calligraphy "Ancient poem on south of the city" (Cheng nan yong gu shi) (Yuan Dynasty), Shen Zhou's landscape handscroll "After Huang Gongwang's 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains'" (Fang Huang Gongwang fuchun shan ju tu) (Ming Dynasty), Shi Tao's ink bamboo "Calling Wen Yuke" (Gao hu Yu ke tu) (Qing Dynasty). The first two were spirited out of the palace by the last emperor Puyi on the excuse of bestowing them on his brother Pu Jie; they fell into the hands of others and only now have been returned to their rightful place in the Palace Museum collection.
From the 1950s onwards, the museum's existing storehouses were completely overhauled to provide a damp-proof and insect-proof environment for the treasures. In the 1990s a new storehouse with a capacity of over 600,000 items was built, equipped with controls for maintaining constant temperature and humidity, as well as safeguards against fire and theft. A workshop was
established in the 1950s and expanded in the 1980s to encompass a scientific Conservation Department. These not only continued traditions of craftsmanship, but also drew upon scientific discoveries to facilitate the restoration of damaged relics. In the past few decades the Conservation Department has treated as many as 110,000 objects from the Palace Museum and other public collections. Besides its continuous refurbishment of the main courts and halls, the museum has opened galleries to display bronzes, porcelain, crafts, paintings and calligraphy, jewelry, and clocks to expand the scope of its exhibitions. A number of thematic shows have been held in galleries devoted to temporary exhibitions; in recent years these have included such acclaimed ones as "A Comparison of Authentic and Counterfeit Paintings and Calligraphy", "Genuine and Imitation Examples of Ancient Porcelain and Materials from Ancient Kilns", "The Art of Packaging at the Qing Court" and "Selections from the Finest Acquisitions of the Last Fifty Years". Traveling exhibitions have also graced various provincial museums and museums abroad. In fact, since the beginning of the economic-reform era, an increasing number of exhibitions have been mounted in countries such as Britain, the USA, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Austria, Spain, Australia, Japan and Singapore, among others. All of them have aroused great interest and admiration and played a key part in the promotion of international understanding and cultural exchange.
The number of visitors to the Palace Museum has risen along with the growth of tourism, in the last decade reaching six to eight million a year.
故宫博物院总说
故宫博物院是在明、清两代皇宫及其收藏的基础上建立起来的中国综合性博物馆。其位于北京市中心,前通天安门,后倚景山,东近王府井街市,西临中南海。1961年,经国务院批准,故宫被定为全国第一批重点文物保护单位。1987年,故宫被联合国教科文组织列入“世界文化遗产”名录。
依照中国古代星象学说,紫微垣(即北极星)位于中天,乃天帝所居,天人对应,是以皇帝的居所又称紫禁城。明代第三位皇帝朱棣在夺取帝位后,决定迁都北京,即开始营造这座宫殿,至明永乐十八年(1420年)落成。1911年,辛亥革命推翻了中国最后的封建帝制--清王朝,1924年逊帝溥仪被逐出宫禁。在这前后五百余年中,共有24位皇帝曾在这里生活居住和对全国实行统治。 紫禁城,四面环有高10m的城墙和宽52m的护城河。城南北长961m,东西宽753m,占地面积达780,000?。城墙四面各设城门一座,其中南面的午门和北面的神武门现专供参观者游览出入。城内宫殿建筑布局沿中轴线向东西两侧展开。红墙黄瓦,画栋雕梁,金碧辉煌。殿宇楼台,高低错落,壮观雄伟。朝暾夕曛中,仿若人间仙境。城之南半部以太和、中和、保和三大殿为中心,两侧辅以文华、武英两殿,是皇帝举行朝会的地方,称为“前朝”。北半部则以乾清、交泰、坤宁三宫及东西六宫和御花园为中心,其外东侧有奉先、皇极等殿,西侧有养心殿、雨花阁、慈宁宫等,是皇帝和后妃们居住、举行祭祀和宗教活动以及处理日常政务的地方,称为“后寝”。前后两部分宫殿建筑总面积达163,000?。整组宫殿建筑布局谨严,秩序井然,寸砖片瓦皆遵循着封建等级礼制,映现出帝王至高无上的权威。在封建帝制时代,普通的人民群众是不能也不敢靠近它一步的。
辛亥革命后,这座宫殿本应全部收归国有,但按照那时拟定的《清室优待条件》,逊帝溥仪却被允许“暂居宫禁”,即“后寝”部分。当时的政府决定,将热河(承德)行宫和盛京(沈阳)故宫的文物移至故宫的“前朝”部分,于1914年成立了“古物陈列所”。溥仪居宫内,一直与亡清残余势力勾结,图谋复辟,且以赏赐、典当、修补等
名目,从宫中盗窃大量文物,引起了社会各界的严重关注。1924年,冯玉祥发动“北京政变”,将溥仪逐出宫禁,同时成立“清室善后委员会”,接管了故宫,对宫内文物进行清点。又经过一年的紧张筹备,于1925年10月10日在乾清门前广场举行了盛大的建院典礼,并通电全国,宣布故宫博物院正式成立。开放的第一天,人们以争先一睹这座神秘的皇宫及其宝藏为快,北京市内万人空巷,交通为之堵塞,此亦成为当天各大报纸的重大新闻。
经初步清点,清代宫廷遗留下来的文物,据1925年公开出版的二十八册《清室善后委员会点查报告》一书所载,计有一百一十七万余件,包括三代鼎彝、远古玉器、唐宋元明之法书名画、宋元陶瓷、珐琅、漆器、金银器、竹木牙角匏、金铜宗教造像以及大量的帝后妃嫔服饰、衣料和家具等等。可谓金翠珠玉,奇珍异宝,天下财富,尽聚于此。除此之外,还有大量图书典籍、文献档案。为此故宫博物院下设古物馆、图书馆、文献馆,分别组织人力继续对文物进行整理,并就宫内开辟展室,举办各种陈列,还编辑出版多种刊物,公开资料,进行宣传。各项工作开展得有声有色,人文荟萃,极一时之盛。
第二次世界大战全面爆发前夕,日本帝国主义鲸吞了中国东北领土,步步进逼华北,形势危急。为了保护故宫文物不至遭战火毁灭或被日本帝国主义掠夺,故宫博物院决定采取文物避敌南迁之策。从1933年2月至5月,宫内重要文物被装成13,427箱又64包,分五批先运抵上海,后又运至南京。遂于南京建立文物库房,并成立了故宫博物院南京分院。1937年,“七?七卢沟桥事变”爆发,抗日战争全面展开。南迁文物又沿三路辗转迁徙至四川,分别存于四川省的巴县、峨嵋和乐山。直到抗日战争胜利后,三处文物复集中于重庆,于1947年运回南京。在中国人民解放军即将渡江之际,自1948年底至1949年初,南京国民党政府从南京库房中挑选出2,972箱文物运往台湾,后于台北市士林外双溪建立新馆,公开对外展出。余下的大批文物,在1949年以后陆续运回故宫博物院一万余箱,但至今还有2,221箱仍封存于南京库房,委托南京博物院代为保管。在这场长达十余年的惨烈的战争期间,由于故宫博物院的工作人员不畏艰难险阻,尽职尽
责,南迁文物数量虽巨,却没有一件丢失和损伤,故宫人员的精神、事迹,可歌可泣。可又是因为这场战争,致使故宫的文物分处异地。这份祖国传统文化之珍藏应是一个整体,而尤与紫禁城建筑不可分离,人们相信,终有一日,其终将得以完璧。 中华人民共和国成立后,故宫博物院的职工以崭新的精神面貌投入工作。拔除杂草,疏通河道,清理垃圾。50年代初,从宫内清除出去的上百年的垃圾竟达250,000立方米,自此院容焕然一新。故宫博物院制定了“着重保护、重点修缮、全面规划、逐步实施”的古建维修方针,经过几十年的努力,许多残破、渗漏、濒临倒塌的大小殿堂楼阁得到了修复和油饰,愈显金碧辉煌。院内各处高大宫殿都安装了避雷设施,又以巨额投资建设了防火防盗监控系统和高压消防给水管网,使这座古老的宫殿建筑得到了更加有效的保护。特别是改革开放后,在人民政府的大力支持下,彻底整治了环绕故宫的筒子河,更好地凸现了昔日皇城的风貌。
在文物工作方面,五六十年代的重点是对故宫博物院旧藏的清宫文物重新清点核对,登记造册,进行鉴别、分类和建档,纠正了过去计件不确之处并增补了遗漏的文物,例如从杂物堆中发现了用草帘裹着的象牙席、修复漱芳斋戏台时发现在地板下存放的传为唐代卢棱伽的《六尊者像》册等。通过长达十余年的工作,总计清理出清宫旧藏文物七十一万余件。与此同时,还通过国家调拨、向社会征集和接受私人捐赠等方式,新入藏文物达二十二万余件之多,大幅度地填补了清宫旧藏文物时代、类别的空缺和不足,诸如石器时代的彩陶,商、周时代的青铜器、玉器,汉代的陶俑,南北朝时代的石造像,唐代的三彩等。而新入藏的古代法书名画尤为大宗,为世所注目。如晋代陆机《平复帖》、王珣《伯远帖》、顾恺之《洛神赋图卷》,隋代展子虔《游春图卷》,唐代韩滉《五牛图卷》、杜牧《张好好诗卷》,五代顾闳中《韩熙载夜宴图卷》,宋代李公麟《临韦偃牧放图卷》、郭熙《窠石平远图》、张择端《清明上河图卷》等,均是人间瑰宝。此项工作数十年坚持不懈,近年还从市场上以巨资购回宋代张先《十咏图卷》,元代乃贤《城南咏古诗》,明代沈周《仿黄公望富春山居图卷》,清代石涛《高呼与可图卷》等,尤其前两件是溥仪以赏溥杰为名从宫中盗出
而流散民间的,今日复归宝藏。
为保护好这批数量巨大的古物瑰宝,从五六十年代起对原有库房进行了大规模的修整,采取了防潮、防虫的各种措施。九十年代后又建立了新的文物库房,可入藏文物六十余万件。新库房恒温、恒湿,防火、防盗,并采用现代化技术自动控制,可保文物安全无虞。自1950年开始,组建了文物修复工厂,1980年扩建为文物保护科学技术部,继承、利用传统工艺技术和引进自然科学新成果,对残损的文物进行修复,数十年来为本院及兄弟单位累计修复文物达十一万余件。
为了使院藏瑰宝和广大观众见面,在陈列展览方面,除了保存和复原三大殿、后三宫和西六宫等处的原状陈列之外,又不定期开辟了青铜、陶瓷、工艺、书画、珍宝、钟表等专馆,供参观者欣赏。还开设有临时展厅,举办各种主题性展览,如近年来的《古书画真伪对比展》、《古陶瓷真仿品对比及古窑址资料展》、《清代宫廷包装艺术展》、《五十年入藏文物精品展》等,都是广受社会各界欢迎的展览。同时也引进国内各兄弟博物馆和国外的收藏文物展。为满足广大群众的要求,故宫博物院还组织小型文物展到各省市博览
范文四:英语风景介绍
(1)埃菲尔铁塔
Eiffel Tower, wrought-iron tower in Paris, a landmark and an early example of wrought-iron construction on a gigantic scale. It was designed and built by the French civil engineer Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel for the Paris World's Fair of 1889. The tower, without its modern broadcasting antennas, is 300 m (984 ft) high. The lower section consists of four immense arched legs set on masonry piers. The legs curve inward until they unite in a single tapered tower. Platforms, each with an observation deck, are at three levels; on the first is also a restaurant. The tower, constructed of about 6300 metric tons (about 7000 tons) of iron, has stairs and elevators. A meteorological station, a radio communications station, and a television transmission antenna, as well as a suite of rooms that were used by Eiffel, are located near the top of the tower.
(2)普罗旺斯
Provence was part of Roman Gallia Narbonensis. With the breakdown of the Roman Empire in the late 5th century, it was invaded successively by the Visigoths, Burgundians, and Ostrogoths. It came under the rule of the Franks с 536. During the 13th century
it was involved in the Albigensian Crusade. It was united with the French crown in 1481. The language of Provence, Proven?al, was important in medieval literature, and Provence's Romanesque architecture was an outstanding cultural achievement of the Middle Ages. The region suffered in the 16th-century Wars of Religion. In 1790, during the French Revolution, it lost its political institutions and was divided into several départements. The historical region of Provence is roughly coextensive with the present-day région of Provence-Alpes-C?te d'Azur (pop., 1999: 4,506,151), which has
an area of 12,124 sq mi (31,400 sq km) and its capital at Marseille.
(3)埃菲尔铁塔
Eiffel Tower
Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris.[1] More than 200,000,000 have visited the tower since its construction in 1889,[2] including 6,719,200 in 2006,[3] making it the most visited paid monument in the world.[4][5] Including the 24 m (79 ft) antenna, the structure is 325 m (1,063 ft) high (since 2000), which is equivalent to about 81 levels in a conventional building.
When the tower was completed in 1889 it was the world's tallest tower — a title it
retained until 1930 when New York City's Chrysler Building (319 m — 1,047 ft tall)
was completed.[6] The tower is now the fifth-tallest structure in France and the tallest structure in Paris, with the second-tallest being the Tour Montparnasse (210
m — 689 ft), although that will soon be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m — 738.36
ft).
The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes while the entire structure including non-metal components
is
approximately 10,000 tonnes. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6–7 cm (2–3 in) in the wind.[3] As demonstration of
the economy of design, if the 7300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125 meter square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming a density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of the air contained in a cylinder of the same dimensions,[7] that is 324 meters high and 88.3 meters in radius. The weight of the tower is 10,100 tonnes compared to 10,265 tonnes of air.
The first and second levels are accessible by stairways and lifts. A ticket booth at the south tower base sells tickets to access the stairs which begin at that location. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs are open for anyone to ascend or descend regardless of whether they have purchased a lift ticket or stair ticket. The actual count of stairs includes 9 steps to the ticket booth at the base, 328 steps to the first level, 340 steps to the second level and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second level. When exiting the lift at the third level there are 15 more steps to ascend to the upper observation platform. The step count is printed periodically on the side of the stairs to give an indication of progress of ascent. The majority of the ascent allows for an unhindered view of the area directly beneath and around the tower although some short stretches of the stairway are enclosed.
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years
to protect it from rust. In order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate colors of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey.[8] On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting. The co-architects of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.[9]
埃菲尔铁塔从1887年起建,分为三楼,分别在离地面57.6米、115.7米和276.1米处,其
中一、二楼设有餐厅,第三楼建有观景台,从塔座到塔顶共有1711级阶梯,共享去钢铁7000
吨,12000个金属部件,250万只铆钉,超极壮观。
1889年5月15日,为给世界博览会开幕式剪彩,铁塔的设计师居斯塔夫?埃菲尔亲手将法
国国旗升上铁塔的300米高空,由此,人们为了纪念他对法国和巴黎的这一贡献,特别还在
塔下为他塑造了一座半身铜像。
直到2004年1月16日,为申办
2012
年夏季奥运会,法国巴
黎市政府特意在埃菲尔铁塔上介绍了其为申奥所做出的准备情况,而埃菲尔铁塔更成为了该
国申奥的“天然广告”。
这个为了世界博览会而落成的金属建筑, 曾经保持世界最高建筑45年, 直到纽约帝国大厦
的出现。 它由150万个铆钉连接固定, 据说它对地面的压强只有一个人坐在椅子上那么大。
塔的四个面上, 铭刻了72个科学家的名字, 都是为了保护铁塔不被摧毁而从事研究的人们。
战神广场的另一端有和平门和和平碑, 上面用不同的文字写着"和平", 表达了人们美好的愿
望.
(4)伦敦大桥 London Bridge
London Bridge is a bridge between the City of London and Southwark in London, England, over the River Thames. Situated between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge, it forms the western end of the Pool of London. On the south side of the bridge are Southwark Cathedral and London Bridge station; on the north side are the Monument to the Great Fire of London and Monument tube station.
It was the only bridge over the Thames downstream from Kingston until Westminster Bridge opened in 1750.
The bridge carries part of the A3 road, which is maintained by the Greater London Authority; the bridge itself is owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates ( see City Bridge Trust), an independent charity overseen by the City of London Corporation.
(5)埃菲尔铁塔
The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tu? ?f?l], nickname La dame de fer, the
iron lady) is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris[10] and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-story building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in
the
city.
The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million rivets, in a structural design by Maurice Koechlin. Eiffel was assisted in the design by engineers émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin and architect Stephen Sauvestre.[11] The risk of accident was great as, unlike modern skyscrapers, the tower is an open frame without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took safety precautions, including the use of movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died. The tower was inaugurated on 31 March 1889, and opened on 6 May.
The tower was much criticised by the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore. Newspapers of the day were filled with angry letters from the arts community of Paris. One is quoted extensively in William Watson's US Government Printing Office publication of 1892 Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture: "And during twenty years we shall see, stretching over the entire city, still thrilling with the genius of so many centuries, we shall see stretching out like a black blot the odious shadow of the odious column built up of riveted iron plates."[12] Signers of this letter included Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, Charles Gounod, Charles Garnier, Jean-Léon Gér?me, William-Adolphe
Bouguereau, and Alexandre Dumas.
Novelist Guy de Maupassant—who claimed to hate the tower[13]—supposedly ate lunch
in the Tower's restaurant every day. When asked why, he answered that it was the one place in Paris where one could not see the structure. Today, the Tower is widely considered to be a striking piece of structural art.
One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to 7 stories, only a very few of the taller buildings have a clear view of the tower.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. The military used
it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line during the First Battle of the Marne.
(6)普罗旺斯
Provence, the heart of Provence, is in the hills that bind the sea to the alps.
These are the sloping vineyards; the cultivated lands and the colorful scenery that charmed Cezanne (Aix en Provence), Van Gogh (Arles)
, Chagall or Giono.
In Provence or the Midi the local people have a soft singing accent which evokes their whole relaxed lifestyle. They have no greater pleasure after a hard days work than to enjoy a delicious and hardy meal shared with friends.
This is the picturesque Provence of Pagnol, Raimu, and Fernandel.
盛产葡萄酒的普罗旺斯,也因其是薰衣草的故乡而广为人知。这里曾迷倒了包括凡高在内
的许多艺术家。对普罗旺斯的记忆,是漫天遍野弥散的熏衣草香,是深邃的酒窖里回荡的源
远流长;是铭刻在尼斯街道的热力阳光,是嘎纳蓝色大海、红色岩石赋予的浮想联翩,是散
落在年复一年葡萄枝头的硕果,是桃红葡萄酒细润、醉人的芬芳??
(7)塞纳河
Flash Seine River enduring as the universe. It is like a weather-beaten old man, witnessing the historical changes of Paris, witnessing the rise and decline, poor and rich, happy and sad. It is speechless, but in the continuously flowing quietly. One evening," Senna style" in two Xiaolou from abroad is filled with exotic and elegant romantic.
Originated in northern France Lang Geer heights, full-length 776 kilometers, into the English channel. She goes through Paris, turn a few Bay, Paris is divided into two halves, 34 bridges, the two catch. Go down Seine River, a bridge, just like a huge ivory; one flickering building, like the pages of a three-dimensional history.
The poet plaints:" Seine River, you are the mother of Paris; Paris, you are proud of Seine River!" Early one morning, I walk in the river before the French palace, Paris, the graceful European lady, seems to be sleeping. The whole city, is a quiet pastoral poetry, an elegant water-ink painting, a romantic lullaby!
闪光的塞纳河天长地久。它像一位饱经沧桑的老人,目睹着巴黎历史的变化,目睹着兴与衰、
贫与富、快乐与悲伤。它默默无语,却在潺潺不断地静静流淌。一到傍晚时分,“塞纳风情”
的两层小楼从里到外洋溢着异国情调和典雅浪漫。
发源于法国北部浪格尔高地,全长776公里,注入英吉利海峡。她流经巴黎时,转了几个湾,
把巴黎分为两半,34座桥梁,把两半紧紧抓住。泛舟塞纳河,一座座桥梁,如同一个个巨型
的牙雕;一幢幢楼房,如同一页页立体的历史。诗人感叹:“塞纳河,你是巴黎的母亲;巴
黎,你是塞纳河的骄子~”有一天清晨,我漫步于河畔的法国总统府爱丽舍宫前,巴黎,这
位雍容的欧洲贵妇,似乎还在酣睡。整座城市,是一首恬静的田园诗,一幅淡雅的水墨画,
一支浪漫的摇篮曲~
(8)巴黎圣母院
Founded in twelfth Century, the past is the king held important ceremonies, now is Paris people's religious center, world famous Catholic church. It is located in th
e Seine River island of Xi Dai, is a typical Gothic church. The whole church made of stone, all roof, tower, buttress, top with minarets decorated, east end is the altar, the western end doors, gates at each end of a 60 meter high tower. The French writer Hugo once described as " the great symphony of stone Notre Dame de Paris".
Notre Dame de Paris is a typical " Gothic" church, the reason is known, primarily because it is a European architectural history in the last epoch marking. Notre Dame is a unique style, well-structured, looked very solemn majesty. It was wall column longitudinal separation into three pieces; the three decorative tape strip and its horizontal divided into three parts, among them, there are three concave bottom of the door. Openings at the top of the so-called" King Gallery", there were representatives of the Jewish state of Israel and the kings of the twenty-eight
sculptures. In 1793, revolution in the people of Paris will be the misidentification as they hate the French king 's image and destroyed them. But later, the statue was again restored and put back in place. " Promenade " for the above the central portion, two sides of a huge stone in the middle of a lattice window, rose shaped circular window, having a diameter of about 10 meters, was built in 1220 - 1225. Central is dedicated to Notre Dame El Nino, both standing angel statue. Both sides made Adam and Eve's statue.
The interior of the church is extremely simple, almost without any decoration. The hall can accommodate 9000 people, among them 1500 people can sit on the rostrum. The hall of the great organ is also very famous, a total of 6000 root canal, thick timbre resounding, particularly suitable for playing hymns and solemn music. There have been many major ceremony was held here, for example, by 1945 Second World War victory hymn, also in 1970, French President Charles De Gaulle's funeral.
Notre Dame de Paris is a stone building, in the history of World Architecture, known as a huge stone by the composition of symphony. It lights the wisdom of the French people, reflecting the people's pursuit of a better life and yearning.
建于12世纪,过去是国王举行重要典礼的地方,现今是巴黎人的宗教中心、世界驰名的
天主教堂。其坐落在塞纳河中的西岱岛上,是一座典型的哥特式教堂。整座教堂用石头砌成,
所有屋顶、塔楼、扶壁等的顶端都用尖塔做装饰,东端为圣坛,西端为大门,大门两端各有
一座60公尺高的钟楼。法国作家雨果曾形容巴黎圣母院为“巨大石头的交响乐”。
巴黎圣母院是一座典型的“歌特式”教堂,之所以闻名于世,主要因为它是欧洲建筑史上一
个划时代的标志。圣母院的正外立面风格独特,结构严谨,看上去十分雄伟庄严。它被壁柱
纵向分隔为三大块;三条装饰带又将它横向划分为三部分,其中,最下面有三个内凹的门洞。
门洞上
方是所谓的“国王廊”,
上有分别代表以色列和犹太国历代国王的二十八尊雕塑。1793年,大革命中的巴黎人民将其
误认作他们痛恨的法国国王的形象而将它们捣毁。但是后来,雕像又重新被复原并放回原位。
“长廊”上面为中央部分,两侧为两个巨大的石质中棂窗子,中间一个玫瑰花形的大圆窗,
其直径约10米,建于1220—1225年。中央供奉着圣母圣婴,两边立着天使的塑像。两侧立
的是亚当和夏娃的塑像。
教堂内部极为朴素,几乎没有什么装饰。大厅可容纳9000人,其中1500人可坐在讲台上。厅内的大管风琴也很有名,共有6000根音管,音色浑厚响亮,特别适合奏圣歌和悲壮的乐曲。曾经有许多重大的典礼在这里举行,例如宣读1945年第二次世界大战胜利的赞美诗,又如1970年法国总统戴高乐将军的葬礼等。
巴黎圣母院是一座石头建筑,在世界建筑史上,被誉为一级由巨大的石头组成的交响乐。它闪烁着法国人民的智慧,反映了人们对美好生活的追求与向往。
范文五:英语风景介绍
(1)万里长城
In the north of China, there lies a 6,700-kilometer-long (4,161-mile-long) ancient wall. Now well-known as the Great Wall of China, it starts at the Jiayuguan Pass of Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Pass of Hebei Province in the east. As one of the Eight Wonders in the world, the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.
Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction, and since that time these stories have spread around the country. Those that happened during construction are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu's story and the legend of the Jiayuguan Pass. Meng Jiangnu's story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great Wall. The story happened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu's bitter weeping made a section of the Great Wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu's husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure, so she set out to look for him. Unfortunately, by the time she reached the great wall, she discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad news, she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great Wall. This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.
Another legend about the Jiayuguan Pass tells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99,999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan Pass. The supervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick, then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project, one brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was happy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.
In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall, there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si, who was very pretty. King You liked her very much, however Bao Si never smiled. An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King's subjects, and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou, Kin
g You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus, King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.
Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall, many more stories were created and spread
在中国北方,有一个6700公里长的古城墙(4161千米长)。现在著名的作为中国的长城,它开始在嘉峪关通过甘肃省西部和结束在山海关通过河北省在东。作为一个世界八大奇迹,中国长城已经成为中华民族的象征和文化。
很多美丽的传说和故事关于长城建成,并自那时起这些故事已蔓延全国各地。那些发生在施工期间丰富,如孟姜女的故事和传说中的嘉峪关。孟姜女的故事是最有名的和广泛传播所有传说长城。故事发生在秦朝(221bc-206bc)。它告诉我们孟姜女的痛哭了一段长城崩溃。孟姜女的丈夫范启亮被联邦官员和发送到建立长城。孟姜女听到他的任何他离开后,她出去找他。不幸的是,当她到达长城,她发现她的丈夫已经死了。听到这个坏消息,她悲痛欲绝。她叫冲垮了长城的一部分。这故事说明,长城是生产中国数以万计的平民。
另一个传说关于嘉峪关通过讲述了一个叫伊开展工人在明代(1368bc-1644bc)谁是精通算术。他计算,这将需要99999个砖建嘉峪关通。主管不相信他,说如果他们打错了算盘的一砖,然后所有的工人将被处罚做艰苦的工作了三年。工程竣工后,一块砖头被留下xiwong城门。主管很高兴看到砖和准备惩罚他们。然而伊说,开展审议的砖是放在那里的神仙修墙。一个小小的动作会引发倒塌的墙。因此,砖被关在那里不动。它仍然可以发现有今天的嘉峪关。
除了上述关于长城的建筑,也有很多故事,目前景区。一个著名的是烽火台的传说。这个故事发生在西周(公元前第十一世纪bc-711)。你有一个叫王王后宝斯,谁是非常漂亮的。你很喜欢她,但是宝斯从不微笑。官方建议设置烽火台火会把国王的臣民,并可能使微笑女王。你喜欢这个主意。受试者被愚弄,鲍斯微笑地看着混乱。后来敌人入侵西周,国王将烽火台消防要求帮助。没有人来帮助他们因为被愚弄过一次。因此,周王被敌人杀死,西周结束了。
美丽的故事和传说长城帮助保持中国历史与文化。在每一个王朝建立后的长城,很多故事,创造和传播
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As one of the seventh wonders of this world, the Great Wall is now the top famous historical sites and tourist attractions in China. Millions of tourists from around the world come to visit this great structure each year.
As early as the Warring States Periods (476 BC – 221 BC), the ruling powers began to build walls as a defense against the northern nomadic tribes and other potential enemies. The state of Chu (11th Century BC-223BC) was the first to build a wall, followed by the Qi, Yan, Wei, Zhao and Qin. After Emperor Qin Shihuang unified the six states, he ordered General Meng Tian to connect the existing walls and to extend them further as a front line defense against possible invasion. Thus the Great Wall of China was formed. It extended from Lintao (present Lintao County in Dingxi City in Gansu Province) in the west and ended at Liaodong (present the eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province) in the east. It was called “Wan Li Chang Cheng” (The Long Wall of 10,000 Li). Three groups of people built the wall. They were soldiers, common people and criminals. Many people died during its construction, due to the heavy work, short time limit and tough condition. An accurate number of those who died is unknown.During subsequent dynasties, the wall was extended, repaired or modified. The section of wall built in Han Dynasty (206BC-220) is the longest. During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the wall was substantially repaired on more than twenty occasions. Today, the best known and most visited sections of the wall are at Badaling, Mutianyu, Simatai and Jinshanling and these were built in the Ming Dynasty. They were all built to protect the people and territories south of the wall from a continued threat of invasion by the northern nomadic tribes.
作为一个在这个世界上的第八个奇迹,长城是目前最著名的历史古迹和旅游景点在中国。每一年数百万来自世界各地的游客来参观这个巨大的工程。
早在战国时期(公元前476–公元前221年),统治权力开始建造围墙,为抵御北方游牧部落和其他潜在的敌人。楚国(第十一世纪bc-223bc)是第一个建立一个,其次是齐国,燕,魏,赵、秦。秦始皇统一后的六个国家,他命令蒙恬将军连接现有的墙壁和扩大进一步作为一个前线抵御入侵。因此,中国长城的形成。它从临洮(今临洮县定西市甘肃省)在西部和结束在辽东(今辽宁南部和东部部分地区)的东。它被称为“万里长城”(长墙10000里)。三组的人建造的墙。他们是士兵,百姓和罪犯。许多人死在其建设,由于繁重的工作,工期短和艰苦条件。准确的死亡者是未知的。在随后的朝代,墙壁是延长,修复或修改。这段墙建造在汉代(206bc-220)是最长的。在明代(1368 - 1644年),墙被完全修复,超过二十次。今天,最著名和最访问部分的壁在八达岭,司马台、金山岭慕田峪,和这些建于明代。他们都是保护人民和领土的南墙继续威胁入侵北方游牧部落。
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The Great Wall of China (Wanli Changcheng ; lit
erally "Ten Thousand Leagues Long Fortification") is one of the most outstanding buildings of mankind, sometimes called the eight world wonder and said to be the only human work that can be seen from the moon (which is, of course, not true).
The part of the Great Wall we can admire today north of Beijing, are the reconstructed remnants of the Ming Dynasty wall. But this wall is only the last wall remain in a long tradition of wall building.
The oldest fortification walls of China were erected as an instrument of defense between the kingdoms of the Warring States period from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, that means, to defend Chinese against Chinese, not against "barbarians", like later. Today, it is possible to reconstruct five of these inner-China walls: the walls of Qi (modern Shandong), Chu (modern Hubei), Qin (modern Shaanxi), Yan (modern Hebei), Zhao (modern Shanxi), and Wei (modern Henan).
The Great Wall is the world's longest human-made structure, stretching over approximately 6,400 km (4,000 miles)[3] from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km (4,160 miles) in total.[4] It is also the largest human-made structure ever built in terms of surface area and mass. At its peak, the Ming Wall was guarded by more than one million men.[5] It has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part of the centuries-long project of building the wall
中国的长城(万里长城;“一万盟长期设防”)是一个最突出的建筑是人类,有时被称为“世界八奇迹,说是人类唯一的工作,从月球上可以看到(这是,当然,不是真的)。
我们可以欣赏长城的一部分,今天的北京北部,是重建残存的明代长城。但这是只有最后墙保持在一个长的传统建筑。
中国最古老的防御墙的建造作为一种防御的王国的战国时期从第五到公元前第三世纪,这意味着,捍卫中国对中国,不是对“野蛮人”,像后来的。今天,它是有可能的重建这五个inner-china墙:墙壁祁(今山东),楚(今湖北),秦(今陕西),燕(今河北),赵(今山西),魏(今河南)。
长城是世界上最长的人造结构,全长约6400公里(4000英里)[ 3]从华东的山海关罗布泊在西,沿弧,大致勾画的南部边缘的内蒙古,但长达6700公里(4160英里)的总额。[ 4]这也是最大的人造结构建造方面的表面面积和质量。在其高峰期,明城墙是守卫一百万余人。[ 5]据估计有2到3000000中国人死亡的一部分后来修建长城工程
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The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Sever
al walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.
The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The most comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the entire Great Wall, with all of its branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi). This is made up of 6,259.6 km (3,889.5 mi) sections of actual wall, 359.7 km (223.5 mi) of trenches and 2,232.5 km (1,387.2 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.
中国的长城是一系列的石头和防御工事,在中国北方,原建保护北部边界的中华帝国入侵的游牧民族。几堵墙已建自公元前第五世纪,统称为长城,已重建和保持从公元前第五世纪至第十六世纪。其中最有名的是墙之间的220–公元前206年由中国第一个皇帝,秦始皇。小墙的遗迹;大多数现有的墙建于明代。
长城从东山海关,以罗布泊在西,沿弧大致勾画的南部边缘的内蒙古。最全面的考古调查,采用先进技术,得出的结论是,整个长城,它的所有分支,延伸8851.8公里(5500.3英里)。这是由6259.6公里(3889.5英里)路段的实际,359.7公里(223.5英里)的壕沟和2232.5公里(1387.2英里)的天然防御屏障如小山和河流。
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A Brief History of the Palace Museum
The Palace Museum, historically and artistically one of the most comprehensive Chinese museums, was established on the foundation of the palace that was the ritual center of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, and their collections of treasures. Designated by the State Council as one of China's foremost protected monuments in 1961, the Palace Museum was also made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
Situated at the heart of Beijing, the Palace Museum is approached through Tiananmen Gate. Immediately to the north of the Palace Museum is Prospect Hill (also called Coal Hill), while on the east and west are Wangfujing and Zhongnanhai neighborhoods. It is a location endowed with cosmic significance by ancient China's astronomers. Correlating the emperor's abode, which they considered the pivot of the terrestrial world, with the Pole Star (Ziweiyuan), which they believed to be at the center of the heavens, they called the palace The Purple Forbidden City. The Forbidden City was built from 1406 to 1420 by the third Ming emperor Yongle who, upon usurping the throne, determined to move his capital north from Nanjing to Beijing. In 1911 the Qing dynasty fell t
o the republican revolutionaries. The last emperor, Puyi, continued to live in the palace after his abdication until he was expelled in 1924. Twenty-four emperors lived and ruled from this palace during this 500-year span.
The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre high walls and a 52-metre wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 720,000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate (Wu men) on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valor (Shenwu men) on the north being used as the entrance and exit by tourists today. Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings' glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect.
Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centers on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony, and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences.
Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court at the northern end of the Forbidden City, with the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union, and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility straddling the central axis, surrounded by the Six Palaces of the East and West and the Imperial Garden to the north. Other major buildings include the halls for Worshipping Ancestors and of Imperial Splendor on the east, and the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers and the Palace of Benevolent Tranquility on the west. These contain not only the residences of the emperor and his empress, consorts and concubines but also the venues for religious rites and administrative activities.
In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163,000 square meters. These were laid out precisely in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings.
After the republican revolution, this Palace as a whole would have been sequestered by the Nationalist government were it not for the "Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Qing House" which allowed Puyi to live on in the Inner Court after his abdication. Meanwhile, all of the imperial treasures from palaces in Rehe (today's Chengde) and Mukden (today's Shenyang) were moved to the Forbidden City for public display in History Museum established at the Outer Court in 1914. While confined to the Inner Court, Puyi continuously used such vestiges of influence as still remained to plot his own restoration. He also systematically stole or pawned a huge number of cultural r
elics under the pretext of granting them as rewards to his courtiers and minions or taking them out for repair.
In 1924, during a coup launched by the warlord Feng Yuxiang, Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City and the management of the palace fell to the charge of a committee set up to deal with the concerns of the deposed imperial family. The committee began a sorting and counting of the imperial treasures. A year of intense preparations later, its members arranged a grand ceremony on 10 October 1925 in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to mark the inception of the Palace Museum. News of the opening flashed across the nation, and such was the scramble of visitors on the first day that traffic jams around Beijing brought the city almost to a standstill.
According to a 28-volume inventory published in 1925, the treasure trove left by the Qing numbered more than 1,170,000 items including sacrificial vessels and ancient jade artifacts from the earliest dynasties; paintings and calligraphy from the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties; porcelain from the Song and Yuan; a variety of enamelware and lacquer ware; gold and silver ornaments; relics in bamboo, wood, horn and gourds; religious statues in gold and bronze; as well as numerous imperial robes and ornaments; textiles; and furniture. In addition, there were countless books, literary works and ancient records. All these were divided into separate collections of antiquities, library materials and historical documents and placed under teams of staff to sort and collate. Exhibition halls were opened to display some of the treasures, while writers and editors worked away at publishing in book or journal form all the new areas of research and academic inquiry that the establishment of the museum had ushered in. The Palace Museum was soon a hive of activity.
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Japanese, having annexed territory in China's northeast, proceeded to march on Beijing. With this looming threat, the museum authorities decided to evacuate its collection rather than let it fall into enemy hands or risk destruction in battle. For four frantic months between February and May 1933, the most important pieces in the collection were packed into 13,427 crates and 64 bundles and sent to Shanghai in five batches. From there they were dispatched to Nanjing where a depository was built and a branch of the Palace Museum established.
On 7 July 1937 shots fired around Marco Polo Bridge west of Beijing heralded the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War. Within a year, the Japanese had penetrated to most of eastern China. Now the treasures stored in Nanjing had to be moved again, this time by three routes to Sichuan, where they were secreted in three locations, Baxian, Emei and Leshan. Only at the end of the war were they consolidated in Chongqing, whence they were returned to Nanjing in 1947. By then the Nationalists were considerably weakened, and with the imminent takeover b
y the Communist armies of areas south of the Yangtze, they began their retreat to Taiwan. Between the end of 1948 and the dawn of 1949, the Nationalists picked relics to fill 2,972 crates for shipping across the Strait. A rival Palace Museum was set up in Taipei to display these antiquities. Most of what were left were gradually returned to Beijing, although to this day 2,221 crates remain in safe-keeping in storag in Nanjing.
During this tumultuous decade of war and revolution, not one item of the treasures was lost or damaged even though the volume involved was enormous. This was largely due to the dedicated energy of the Palace Museum staff, whose achievement in preserving these treasures was nothing short of heroic. But it was also as a result of this long period of upheaval that the treasures have been dispersed. Yet the rationale for keeping the collection together, representative as it is of the motherland's traditional culture, seems so incontestable that most people believe the treasures will be re-united one day.
In the early 1950s, shortly after the establishment of the People's Republic, the Palace Museum staff worked with a new will and enthusiasm to return the Forbidden City to its former glory. Where previously the dirty and dilapidated halls and courts lay under weeds and piles of rubbish, some 250,000 cubic meters of accumulated debris were now cleared out, giving the place a sparkling fresh look. A policy of comprehensive rehabilitation was also launched, and in time the crumbling palace buildings, repaired, and redecorated, looked resplendent once more. All the tall buildings were equipped with lightning conductors, while modern systems of fire protection and security were installed. It has been a priority of the People's Government, particularly since the beginning of the reform era in the early 1980s, to keep the surrounding moat dredged and clean.
As for the collection of antiquities, a systematic inventory was completed during the 1950s and 1960s, redressing the legacy of inaccurate cataloguing. The collection was moreover augmented, for example by the salvage of a number of precious artifacts from a jumble of apparently worthless objects. After more than a decade of painstaking efforts, some 710,000 relics from the Qing palace were retrieved. At the same time, through national allocations, requisitions and private donations, more than 220,000 additional pieces of cultural significance were added, making up for such omissions from the original Qing collection as colored earthenware from the Stone Age, bronzes and jades from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, pottery tomb figurines from the Han Dynasty, stone sculpture from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and tri-color glazed pottery from the Tang Dynasty. The ancient paintings, scrolls and calligraphy added to the collection were particularly spectacular. These included, from the Jin Dynasty, Lu Ji's cursive calligraphy "A consoling letter" (Ping fu tie), Wang X
un's " Letter to Boyuan (Bo yuan tie) and Gu Kaizhi's "Goddess of the Luo River" (Luo shen fu tu); from the Sui Dynasty, Zhan Ziqian's landscape handscroll "Spring Outing" (You chun tu) ; from the Tang Dynasty, Han Huang's "Five Oxen" (Wu niu tu ), Du Mu's running-cursive script handscroll "Song of the Courtesan Zhan Haohao" (Zhang haohao shi) ; from the Five Dynasties, Gu Hongzhong's "The Night Revels of Han Xizai" (Han Xizai yeyan tu) "; from the Song Dynasty, Li Gonglin's "Painting after Wei Yan's Pasturing Horses" (Lin Wei Yan mu fang tu) Guo Xi's "Dry tree and rock, level distance landscape" (Ke shi pingyuan tu), and Zhang Zeduan's "Going up River on Spring Festival" (Qingming shang he tu)--all masterpieces without exception.
Unremitting though this attempt at recovery has been, however, there have been further exertions in recent years to acquire such works as Zhang Xian's "Landscape with Poems (Shi yong tu)" (Song Dynasty), Nai Xian's calligraphy "Ancient poem on south of the city" (Cheng nan yong gu shi) (Yuan Dynasty), Shen Zhou's landscape handscroll "After Huang Gongwang's 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains'" (Fang Huang Gongwang fuchun shan ju tu) (Ming Dynasty), Shi Tao's ink bamboo "Calling Wen Yuke" (Gao hu Yu ke tu) (Qing Dynasty). The first two were spirited out of the palace by the last emperor Puyi on the excuse of bestowing them on his brother Pu Jie; they fell into the hands of others and only now have been returned to their rightful place in the Palace Museum collection.
From the 1950s onwards, the museum's existing storehouses were completely overhauled to provide a damp-proof and insect-proof environment for the treasures. In the 1990s a new storehouse with a capacity of over 600,000 items was built, equipped with controls for maintaining constant temperature and humidity, as well as safeguards against fire and theft. A workshop was established in the 1950s and expanded in the 1980s to encompass a scientific Conservation Department. These not only continued traditions of craftsmanship, but also drew upon scientific discoveries to facilitate the restoration of damaged relics. In the past few decades the Conservation Department has treated as many as 110,000 objects from the Palace Museum and other public collections. Besides its continuous refurbishment of the main courts and halls, the museum has opened galleries to display bronzes, porcelain, crafts, paintings and calligraphy, jewelry, and clocks to expand the scope of its exhibitions. A number of thematic shows have been held in galleries devoted to temporary exhibitions; in recent years these have included such acclaimed ones as "A Comparison of Authentic and Counterfeit Paintings and Calligraphy", "Genuine and Imitation Examples of Ancient Porcelain and Materials from Ancient Kilns", "The Art of Packaging at the Qing Court" and "Selections from the Finest Acquisitions of the Last Fifty Years". Traveling exhibitions have also graced various provincial museums and
museums abroad. In fact, since the beginning of the economic-reform era, an increasing number of exhibitions have been mounted in countries such as Britain, the USA, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Austria, Spain, Australia, Japan and Singapore, among others. All of them have aroused great interest and admiration and played a key part in the promotion of international understanding and cultural exchange.
The number of visitors to the Palace Museum has risen along with the growth of tourism, in the last decade reaching six to eight million a year.
故宫博物院总说
故宫博物院是在明、清两代皇宫及其收藏的基础上建立起来的中国综合性博物馆。其位于北京市中心,前通天安门,后倚景山,东近王府井街市,西临中南海。1961年,经国务院批准,故宫被定为全国第一批重点文物保护单位。1987年,故宫被联合国教科文组织列入“世界文化遗产”名录。
依照中国古代星象学说,紫微垣(即北极星)位于中天,乃天帝所居,天人对应,是以皇帝的居所又称紫禁城。明代第三位皇帝朱棣在夺取帝位后,决定迁都北京,即开始营造这座宫殿,至明永乐十八年(1420年)落成。1911年,辛亥革命推翻了中国最后的封建帝制--清王朝,1924年逊帝溥仪被逐出宫禁。在这前后五百余年中,共有24位皇帝曾在这里生活居住和对全国实行统治。
紫禁城,四面环有高10m的城墙和宽52m的护城河。城南北长961m,东西宽753m,占地面积达780,000㎡。城墙四面各设城门一座,其中南面的午门和北面的神武门现专供参观者游览出入。城内宫殿建筑布局沿中轴线向东西两侧展开。红墙黄瓦,画栋雕梁,金碧辉煌。殿宇楼台,高低错落,壮观雄伟。朝暾夕曛中,仿若人间仙境。城之南半部以太和、中和、保和三大殿为中心,两侧辅以文华、武英两殿,是皇帝举行朝会的地方,称为“前朝”。北半部则以乾清、交泰、坤宁三宫及东西六宫和御花园为中心,其外东侧有奉先、皇极等殿,西侧有养心殿、雨花阁、慈宁宫等,是皇帝和后妃们居住、举行祭祀和宗教活动以及处理日常政务的地方,称为“后寝”。前后两部分宫殿建筑总面积达163,000㎡。整组宫殿建筑布局谨严,秩序井然,寸砖片瓦皆遵循着封建等级礼制,映现出帝王至高无上的权威。在封建帝制时代,普通的人民群众是不能也不敢靠近它一步的。
辛亥革命后,这座宫殿本应全部收归国有,但按照那时拟定的《清室优待条件》,逊帝溥仪却被允许“暂居宫禁”,即“后寝”部分。当时的政府决定,将热河(承德)行宫和盛京(沈阳)故宫的文物移至故宫的“前朝”部分,于1914年成立了“古物陈列所”。溥仪居宫内,一直与亡清残余势力
勾结,图谋复辟,且以赏赐、典当、修补等名目,从宫中盗窃大量文物,引起了社会各界的严重关注。1924年,冯玉祥发动“北京政变”,将溥仪逐出宫禁,同时成立“清室善后委员会”,接管了故宫,对宫内文物进行清点。又经过一年的紧张筹备,于1925年10月10日在乾清门前广场举行了盛大的建院典礼,并通电全国,宣布故宫博物院正式成立。开放的第一天,人们以争先一睹这座神秘的皇宫及其宝藏为快,北京市内万人空巷,交通为之堵塞,此亦成为当天各大报纸的重大新闻。
经初步清点,清代宫廷遗留下来的文物,据1925年公开出版的二十八册《清室善后委员会点查报告》一书所载,计有一百一十七万余件,包括三代鼎彝、远古玉器、唐宋元明之法书名画、宋元陶瓷、珐琅、漆器、金银器、竹木牙角匏、金铜宗教造像以及大量的帝后妃嫔服饰、衣料和家具等等。可谓金翠珠玉,奇珍异宝,天下财富,尽聚于此。除此之外,还有大量图书典籍、文献档案。为此故宫博物院下设古物馆、图书馆、文献馆,分别组织人力继续对文物进行整理,并就宫内开辟展室,举办各种陈列,还编辑出版多种刊物,公开资料,进行宣传。各项工作开展得有声有色,人文荟萃,极一时之盛。
第二次世界大战全面爆发前夕,日本帝国主义鲸吞了中国东北领土,步步进逼华北,形势危急。为了保护故宫文物不至遭战火毁灭或被日本帝国主义掠夺,故宫博物院决定采取文物避敌南迁之策。从1933年2月至5月,宫内重要文物被装成13,427箱又64包,分五批先运抵上海,后又运至南京。遂于南京建立文物库房,并成立了故宫博物院南京分院。1937年,“七·七卢沟桥事变”爆发,抗日战争全面展开。南迁文物又沿三路辗转迁徙至四川,分别存于四川省的巴县、峨嵋和乐山。直到抗日战争胜利后,三处文物复集中于重庆,于1947年运回南京。在中国人民解放军即将渡江之际,自1948年底至1949年初,南京国民党政府从南京库房中挑选出2,972箱文物运往台湾,后于台北市士林外双溪建立新馆,公开对外展出。余下的大批文物,在1949年以后陆续运回故宫博物院一万余箱,但至今还有2,221箱仍封存于南京库房,委托南京博物院代为保管。在这场长达十余年的惨烈的战争期间,由于故宫博物院的工作人员不畏艰难险阻,尽职尽责,南迁文物数量虽巨,却没有一件丢失和损伤,故宫人员的精神、事迹,可歌可泣。可又是因为这场战争,致使故宫的文物分处异地。这份祖国传统文化之珍藏应是一个整体,而尤与紫禁城建筑不可分离,人们相信,终有一日,其终将得以完璧。
中华人民共和
国成立后,故宫博物院的职工以崭新的精神面貌投入工作。拔除杂草,疏通河道,清理垃圾。50年代初,从宫内清除出去的上百年的垃圾竟达250,000立方米,自此院容焕然一新。故宫博物院制定了“着重保护、重点修缮、全面规划、逐步实施”的古建维修方针,经过几十年的努力,许多残破、渗漏、濒临倒塌的大小殿堂楼阁得到了修复和油饰,愈显金碧辉煌。院内各处高大宫殿都安装了避雷设施,又以巨额投资建设了防火防盗监控系统和高压消防给水管网,使这座古老的宫殿建筑得到了更加有效的保护。特别是改革开放后,在人民政府的大力支持下,彻底整治了环绕故宫的筒子河,更好地凸现了昔日皇城的风貌。
在文物工作方面,五六十年代的重点是对故宫博物院旧藏的清宫文物重新清点核对,登记造册,进行鉴别、分类和建档,纠正了过去计件不确之处并增补了遗漏的文物,例如从杂物堆中发现了用草帘裹着的象牙席、修复漱芳斋戏台时发现在地板下存放的传为唐代卢棱伽的《六尊者像》册等。通过长达十余年的工作,总计清理出清宫旧藏文物七十一万余件。与此同时,还通过国家调拨、向社会征集和接受私人捐赠等方式,新入藏文物达二十二万余件之多,大幅度地填补了清宫旧藏文物时代、类别的空缺和不足,诸如石器时代的彩陶,商、周时代的青铜器、玉器,汉代的陶俑,南北朝时代的石造像,唐代的三彩等。而新入藏的古代法书名画尤为大宗,为世所注目。如晋代陆机《平复帖》、王珣《伯远帖》、顾恺之《洛神赋图卷》,隋代展子虔《游春图卷》,唐代韩滉《五牛图卷》、杜牧《张好好诗卷》,五代顾闳中《韩熙载夜宴图卷》,宋代李公麟《临韦偃牧放图卷》、郭熙《窠石平远图》、张择端《清明上河图卷》等,均是人间瑰宝。此项工作数十年坚持不懈,近年还从市场上以巨资购回宋代张先《十咏图卷》,元代乃贤《城南咏古诗》,明代沈周《仿黄公望富春山居图卷》,清代石涛《高呼与可图卷》等,尤其前两件是溥仪以赏溥杰为名从宫中盗出而流散民间的,今日复归宝藏。
为保护好这批数量巨大的古物瑰宝,从五六十年代起对原有库房进行了大规模的修整,采取了防潮、防虫的各种措施。九十年代后又建立了新的文物库房,可入藏文物六十余万件。新库房恒温、恒湿,防火、防盗,并采用现代化技术自动控制,可保文物安全无虞。自1950年开始,组建了文物修复工厂,1980年扩建为文物保护科学技术部,继承、利用传统工艺技术和引进自然科学新成果,对残损的文物进行修复,数十年来为本院及兄弟单位累计修复文
物达十一万余件。
为了使院藏瑰宝和广大观众见面,在陈列展览方面,除了保存和复原三大殿、后三宫和西六宫等处的原状陈列之外,又不定期开辟了青铜、陶瓷、工艺、书画、珍宝、钟表等专馆,供参观者欣赏。还开设有临时展厅,举办各种主题性展览,如近年来的《古书画真伪对比展》、《古陶瓷真仿品对比及古窑址资料展》、《清代宫廷包装艺术展》、《五十年入藏文物精品展》等,都是广受社会各界欢迎的展览。同时也引进国内各兄弟博物馆和国外的收藏文物展。为满足广大群众的要求,故宫博物院还组织小型文物展到各省市博览
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