【本讲教育信息】
一、教学内容
寒假专题:名词性从句精讲精练
名词往往在句中充当主语,宾语,表语和同位语。 在复合句中,代替名词充当主语,宾语,表语和同位语的句子统称为名词性从句。
名词性从句分为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
(一)引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为五类:
a.连词:that(无任何词意,不作成分,只起连接作用,宾语从句中常可省略)
1) My hope is that she will soon be well again. (表语从句)
我的希望是她能很快康复。
2) Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.
(宾语从句)
大家都希望她能很快康复。
3) That she will soon be well again is our hope.(主
语从句)
她能很快康复是我们的希望。
b. whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性,
不作成分)
1) Whether he is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.(主语从句,不能用if)
2) I went in and asked if/whether they had a cheap suit.
3) I wonder whether/if he will come in such bad weather.
c. 连接代词:what, whatever, which, whichever, (在
从句中作主语,宾语,表语,指物)
1) ____he need is more time.
显然,主语从句:he是主语,谓语动词need缺宾语,因此
应填what.
2) Tell us ___you saw and heard during your visit to that university.
3) This is not ___I want.
4) ____some people are against is ___other people are for.
5) The question is which team will win. 6) I have two apples, I don’t know which you want.
归纳:what一般用于不知道内容或范围的句子;which“哪
一个……”一般用于给出内容或范围的句子。可作主语,宾语,
表语,还可作定语。
d. who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose(在从句
中作主语,宾语,表语,定语,指人)
1) Who will give us a lecture is unknown. 2) The question is who will come here. e. 连接副词:when, where, how, why, whenever, however, wherever (在从句中作状语)
1) I have no idea how he learned about it. 2) Where she has gone is not known yet. 3) When he will start is not known yet. 4) This is why he is late.
注意:连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、
又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。
(二)具体分类
一)主语从句
在复合句中作主语的从句叫主语从句。
1) That you are leaving is a pity. 你要走,真遗憾。
2) Whether the football game will be played depends
on the weather.
足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
3) What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
4) Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
5) Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
6) It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作
形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的
谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句
? It’s a pity that we can’t go.
很遗憾我们不能去。
? It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
英语正在被人们接受为国际语言,这是事实。
? It is no wonder that he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.
难怪他不饿,他整天在吃糖果。
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
? It is certain that she will do well in the exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
? It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
? Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture. 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗,
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
? It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
? It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地将一颗人造地球卫星发射进入轨道。
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
? It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
爱丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。
? It happened that I was out that day.
碰巧那天我外出了。
(5)其他情况
? It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
她是否来无关紧要。
? It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
? It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.
她突然想到,她忘记锁门了。
另注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应
如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常
用的句型有:
a. It is necessary (important, natural, strange, funny, surprising etc.) that …
It is important and necessary that we(should)keep the balance of nature.
我们要维持生态平衡,这很重要而且是必不可少的。
b. It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is a pity that you (should) miss such a good chance.
真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会。
c. It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
It’s suggested that we (should) do the experiment a
second time.
有人建议我们再做一次实验。
Exercises:
1. ____ is power is a famous saying known to us all. A. What knowledge B. How knowledge C. That knowledge D. Where knowledge 2. ___we can’t get seems better than ___we have.
A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
3. ___troubles me is ___I can’t learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C, That, what D. What, that
4. ___you need to improve your listening is more practice.
A. That B. What C. Why D. How
5. Your skirt is really splendid, but ___we actually need is not a skirt but a new pair of shoes. A. that B. what C. whether D. how 6. ___she couldn’t understand was ___fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; what C. What;
because D. Why; because
答案:1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 二)表语从句
在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。其基本结构为:主语
+ 系动词 + that从句。
表语从句位于连系动词后,可接表语从句的连系动词有:be,
look, seem, sound, appear,remain等。
1) The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
2) That’s just what I want.
那正是我想要的。
3) The question is whether they will be able to help
us.
问题是他们能否帮我们。
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通
常不用于引导表语从句。
4) This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
5) That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
那就是他不到会的原因。
as if/as though也可以用在连系动词后,引导表语从句。
1) It looks as if it is going to rain.
看上去天要下雨了。
2) At that time, it seems as if I couldn’t think of the right word anyhow.
当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
注意:当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是
because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
because, why引导的表语从句
1) That’s because he didn’t understand me.
那是因为他没有理解我。(That’s because ...强调原因)
2) That’s why he got angry with me.
那正是他对我生气的原因。(That’s why...强调结果)
使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动
词需用“should+动词原形”表示,should可以省略。常见
的词有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal等。
1) My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
2) His proposal was that they (should) challenge the other classes to a friendly competition.
他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。
1. Go and get your coat. It’s ___you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
2. —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. —Is that___ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where 3. —Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
—Oh, that’s ___.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel D. when I feel excited 4. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. ___I got wet enough.
A. It’s how B. That’s why C. There’s why D. It’s
the reason
5. ___makes his mother surprised was ___Tom Smith should have been fooled by such a simple trick.
A. What; that B. What; because C. That; what D. That; because
6. ___made me more surprised was ___the
pickpocket asked my friend to lend him some money and he agreed.
A. What; that B. That; that C. What; whether D. It; that
7. See the flag on the top of the building? That was ___we did this morning.
A. when B. which C. where D. what 8. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ___I disagree.
A. why B. where C. what D. how 答案:1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. B 三)同位语从句
(1)同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明
其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,
但也可以由连接代词whether和连接副词引导。
1) They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
2) We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有解决。
3) The question whether we need more time to do
the work hasn’t been discussed.
我们是否要更多的时间来做这项工作,这个问题还未解决。
(2)可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、
fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、
problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、
truth、wish、word等。例如:
1) The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
2) The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.
我们是否该继续做这项实验,这个问题已经解决了。
3) I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回家。
注意:当含有同位语从句的主句的谓语部分过短时,可以把
谓语动词提前,使同位语从句与名词隔开,以避免头重脚轻
的现象。
1) The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
他想到的是玛丽可能生病了。
2) Word came that Mr. President would come and inspect our school himself.
有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。
(3)使用虚拟语气的同位语从句
在一些表示“建议、劝告、命令”含义的名词后的同位语从句
中,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示,should可以
省略。
1) This is our request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
尽快解决这个问题,这是我们唯一的要求。
2) He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train.
他建议我们坐火车去。
(4)有时可用namely, that is to say, in other words, that is, i.e. (=that is), for example等引出同位语,说
明其前面的名词或代词。
1) He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.
他告诉了我们这个好消息:博物馆对外开放了。
2) There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practice more.
要提高你的英语水平只有一个办法,那就是多练。
对比与用法
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
? that引导定语从句时,为关系代词,代指先行词,有实
际意义,在句子中充当句子成分,作宾语时可以省略;定语
从句对名词加以限制。
? that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,
不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。同位语从句对名词加以补
充说明。
试比较下面两个例句:
1) I had no idea that you were here((that引导同位
语从句,不能省略)
2) The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing. (that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
Exercises:
1.___ is known to us all, William had broken his word ___he would give Tom a rise.
A. As; that B. It; what C. It; that D. As; which
2. What do you think of the suggestion that we ___lunch at the new restaurant?
A. will have B. are going to have C. would have D. have
3. According to Bill Gates, the idea ___we can play video and receive E-mail without sitting at a keyboard will come true. However, it is unclear ___it
will be on sale and ___it will cost.
A. which; that; what B. /; whether; how much C. that; when; what D. that; that; how much 4. Along with the letter was his promise ___he would visit me the coming month.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether 5. There is a feeling in me ___we’ll never know what a UFO is.
A. that B. which C. of which D. what 6. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ___road conditions need___. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving D. when; improving 答案:1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. A
【模拟试题】(答题时间:40分钟)
一、完形填空
Today was the day of trying the new boat on the river. Nella jumped out of bed, got dressed quickly and woke up her brother Jed.
After 1 Nella and Jed arrived at the river bank and 2 the new blue boat waiting for them. They
got into the boat and packed their picnic under the 3 . Nella started the engine and 4 they went into the wide, brown and unknown 5 of the river.
The boat sounded 6 round a bend in the river. On the distant sandbank they saw a long dark
creature 7 in the sun. It opened one eye at them and then suddenly disappeared into the 8 . “What was that?” shouted Jed.
“It looked like a crocodile to me!” said Nella. “We’d better be 9 .” Just as they came round the
next 10 the engine 11 and came to a stop. Nella 12 to start the engine again. But it wouldn’t start. They were 13 .
“Let’s get the wooden oars,” said Jed. “Maybe we can push the boat free.”
They tried but failed.
“We’re stuck on a 14 ,” said Nella. “We’ll just have to sit here having our 15 and wait for the water to 16 .”
“It’s boring!” said Jed.
Suddenly, they felt the boat move. It moved slowly
off the sandbank. And the engine started again. Just at the same time they noticed a black 17 by the boatside and in no time it disappeared in the brown water ahead.
They 18 their journey down the river. It was so exciting.
At noon they saw a small river 19 off the main course. It wasn’t on the map. “Let’s 20 in there!”
said Nella.
The boat turned into the smaller channel. On both sides grew thick unknown trees.
1. A. meal B. breakfast C. dinner D. lunch
2. A. realized B. discovered C. found D. thought
3. A. sun B. boat C. fire D. seat 4. A. away B. around C. on D. up 5. A. flow B. flood C. direction D. position 6. A. smoothly B. normally C. badly D. hardly
7. A. walking B. lying C. running D. sleeping 8. A. sands B. woods C. air D. water
9. A. serious B. brave C. careful D. slow 10. A. bend B. river C. animal D. boat 11. A. put out B. broke down C. gave in D. got off
12. A. planned B. managed C. intended D. tried
13. A. stuck B. delayed C. stopped D. kept 14. A. river B. creature C. sandbank D. stone
15. A. rest B. picnic C. sightseeing D. fun
16. A. fall B. come C. rise D. run 17. A. snake B. fish C. shadow D. figure 18. A. continued B. started C. ended D. went
19. A. separating B. leading C. dividing D. leaving
20. A. observe B. watch C. explore D. play 二、阅读理解
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,
选出最佳选项。
(A)
Last night was the last game for my eight-year-old son’s soccer team. It was the final quarter. The score was two to one, my son’s team in the lead. Parents surrounded the playground, offering
encouragement.
With less than ten seconds remaining, the ball suddenly rolled in front of my son’s teammate, Mickey O’Donnel. With shouts of “Kick it!” echoing across the playground, Mickey turned around and gave it everything he had. All around me the crowd erupted. O’Donnel had scored.
Then there was silence. Mickey had scored all right, but in the wrong goal, ending the game in a tie. For a moment there was a total hush. You see, Mickey has Down’s syndrome(唐氏综合征) and for him there
is no such thing as a wrong goal. All goals were celebrated by a joyous hug from Mickey. He had even been known to hug the opposing players when they scored.
The silence was finally broken when Mickey, his face filled with joy, hugged my son tightly and shouted, “I scored! I scored. Everybody won! Everybody won!”
For a moment I held my breath, not sure how my son would react. I need not have worried. I watched, through tears, as my son threw up his hand in the classic high-five salute and started chanting, “Way to go Mickey! Way to go Mickey!” Within moments
both teams surrounded Mickey, joining in the chant and congratulating him on his goal
Later that night, when my daughter asked who had won, I smiled as I replied, “It was a tie. Everybody won.”
1. What was the score of the soccer match? A. Two to two, equal to both the teams.
B. Three to one in Mickey’ s team’s favor.
C. Two to one in the opposite team’s favor.
D. Two to one in Mickey’s team’s favor.
2. The underlined word "hush" in Paragraph 3 means .
A. cheer B. cry C. laughter D. silence 3. “What did the author worry about when Mickey scored and hugged his son?
A. The result of the match would fail his son. B. His son would shout at Mickey for his goal.
C. Mickey would again hug the opposing players. D. His son would understand Mickey’s wrong goal.
4. Why did Mickey kick a wrong goal?
A. He liked the opposing players.
B. He often kicked the wrong goal.
C. He had a disease.
D. He just wanted to get scores.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that . A. both teams liked and respected Mickey B. both teams were thankful to Mickey for his goal C. Mickey didn’t mind though his goal was wrong
D. Mickey was a kind-hearted boy and hoped everybody won
(B)
An Australian company, Smart Car Technologies, has developed a system that lets drivers know when they’re speeding. When the technology becomes commercially available, it could help lead-footed drivers avoid tickets and also save lives. The company that developed the product hopes to convince Australian government agencies to put the technology into use in their automobile fleets.
The product, called Speed Alert, links real-time location data and speed obtained with the help of GPS to a database of posted speed limits stored in a driver’s PDA or programmable mobile phone. The
set-up of the product does not need to be hooked up to a car’s speedometer. In fact, it is entirely portable. It will also work with newer phones and PDAs that have built-in GPS receivers. If a driver exceeds the speed limit, the speed is shown and an alert sounds. Michael Paine, an Australian vehicle design engineer and traffic safety consultant, was hired to analyze the product. He told Live Science that his colleagues in the road safety field are “very enthusiastic” about what they’re now calling “intelligent speed alert”.
Others research, according to Paine, shows that 40 percent of all traffic deaths involve speeding. There is also a potentially controversial future use: “Since the system is so portable, it would be easy to make it a requirement |or teenage drivers to always use a speed alert device when driving.” Paine said. “The system even has the capability to record speeding violations, so parents can monitor their teenage
drivers.”
The product will soon go on sale in Sydney. 6. What’s the purpose of the new product?
A. To inform us of the new car system. B. To introduce some improvements in cars. C. To limit certain drivers to safe driving. D. To popularize the built-in car system. 7. The underlined words "lead-footed drivers" refer to the ones .
A. who drive too carelessly
B. that drive extremely fast
C. who are partly disabled
D. that drive too slowly
8. The second paragraph mainly talks about . A. the project of the built-in product B. why the system becomes popular
C. the functions of GPS in cars D. how the product is programmed
9. What can be the best title of the passage? A. Speed Alert and Its Future Use
B. Progress in Car-making Science
C. Warning for Adventurous Drivers
D. New In-Car Device against Speeding
(C)
Flags are flying at half-mast across China. China is coming to the end of an official period of mourning for those who died in last week’s earthquake in Sichuan province. For three days, there have been no entertainment events and the government has delayed the Olympic torch relay. Chinese officials have said that the death toll from the catastrophe has now risen to over 41,000. Over 230,000 people were injured.
Along with the many accounts of suffering and loss, there have been a few amazing stories of survival. Chinese news reported today that a woman in Hongbai has been rescued after being trapped in a tunnel for nine days. She has been taken to hospital and is expected to survive.
However, hopes are quickly fading for those who remain trapped. According to the State Council over 32,000 people are missing in the quake area. The rescue workers’ attention is now turning
towards the recovery of bodies from the rubble (瓦
砾) and providing food, shelter and drinking water for the survivors.
But the relief operation has been hampered(妨碍) by
a series of aftershocks, the strongest measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale.
Chinese news reports say that mudslides have buried 200 relief workers in the past four days. There are also reports that thousands of residents have been evacuated(疏散) from an area in
Qingchuan county where large cracks have appeared on the top of a mountain.
On Monday, tens of thousands of people rushed from their homes after the government warned of a possible major aftershock. They slept on the streets or drove to open ground.
Continuous rain is adding to the misery for the homeless. The foreign ministry has appealed to the international community to provide tents for the five million people who have lost their homes. Yesterday, Premier Wen Jiabao promised to send 250,000 temporary housing units to the region by
the end of June, and one million within three months. 10. According to the passage, how many people became homeless after the earthquake?
A. 41,000. B. 230,000. C. 32,000. D. 5,000,000.
11. What is the major difficulty in the relief operation? A. There have been constant aftershocks in the quake area.
B. Many people slept on the streets or drove to open ground.
C. There are still many people remaining trapped. D. Large cracks have appeared on the top of a mountain.
12. What is the probable meaning of the word “catastrophe” in the third paragraph?
A. Big hospitals. B. Constant aftershocks. C. Great disaster. D. Many mudslides. 13. What does this passage mainly tell us? A. The Olympic torch relay has been delayed by the Chinese government.
B. Over 41,000 people died and 230,000 were injured in last week’s earthquake.
C. 200 relief workers have been buried by mudslides in the past four days.
D. The great earthquake has caused great loss to the people, and they need help.
【试题答案】
一、完形填空:1~5 BCDAA 6~10 CBDCA 11~15
BDACB 16~20 CDABC
二、阅读理解:1~5 ADBCA 6~9 CBDD 10~13
DACD
名词性从句讲解
名词性从句讲解
1. 名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分 ?
is
主语 表语
主语 同位语 宾语
名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
主语
His job is important.
表语
宾语
I don’t like
I don’t like
同位语
I don’t know about
I don’t know about the fact that he is a teacher.。
2. 什么是名词性从句 ?
在英语的句子结构中,本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语,由一个句子来充 当 , 这个句子就叫名词性从句。
名词性从句 主语从句 ( The Subject Clause) 宾语从句 ( The Object Clause) 表语从句 ( The Predicative Clause)同位语从句 ( The Appositive Clause)
一 、主语从句:在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。
例:他星期三来这里是肯定的。
1.
注意:从句作主语时,就算是句子意思完整,都要加上从属连词 that
他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。
2. Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.
注意:主语从句表示 “ 是否 ” 只用 “whether” 而不用 “if”
he said is not true .
他所说的是不真实的。 (What 指。 。 。 。的,代指物或事情)
4 Where he hid the money is to be found out .
5 How we can help the twinswill be discussed at the meeting.
6 When they’ll start the projecthas not been decided yet.
7 Whoever comes is welcome.
小结一:
主语从句中引导词的判断与选择有三种类型:
1、 that 引导的主语从句,是一个完整的句子,在此句中不作任何成分也无实际意义
2、 whether 引导的从句,意义不完整,不确定,需要增添, “ 是否 ” (主语从句用 whether 而不用 if )
3、 特殊疑问词引导的主语从句, 意义不完整, 且缺主语, 宾语, 表语表什么事情则用 what . ① who whose whom (谁) whoever (无论谁) (什么) 、 which (哪一个) , whatever (无 论什么) whichever (无论哪一个)作主语、宾语、表语等。
② 疑问副词(连接副词) :when , where , how , why ,在名词性从句中作状语分别表示 (什 么时候 ),(什么地方 ),(怎样 ),(为什么 ).
Practice time
1._______ he said is true.
A. What B. That C. Which D. Whether
2.________ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
3._______ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
4._________ we can't get seems better than _________ we have.
A What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what
5. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if
6.________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
7.________ you don't like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
8.________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
9.______makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
10 ______ the baby could speak made his parents very happy.
A. That B. What C. Why D. If
小结二:
一、主语从句的语序
(1) 主语从句构成有两种
1.It is certain that he will succeed.
2.It is not known whether he will go there.
3.It has not been decided yet when they’ll start the project.
在实际应用中,常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语的 that 从句后置,如以下四种不同的 结构:
It is necessary that… 有必要 …
It is important that …. 重要的是 …
It is obvious that…… 很明显 ……
注意:从句语气要用虚拟语气
It is believed that… 人们相信 …
It is known to us/all that …. 众所周知 …
It has been decided that…… 已经决定 ……
It is common knowledge that… … 是常识
It is a surprise that …. 令人惊奇的是 …
It is a fact that…… 事实是 ……
(1) It is a pity that we can’t go.
It appears that… 似乎 …
It happens that …. 碰巧 …
It occurred to me that…… 我突然想起 ……
Practice time
1.It worried her a bit _______ her hair was turning gray.
A .while B. that C. if D. for
2.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.
A .however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
3. It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a short time.
A 。 how B. that C. when D. what
4. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
5. It is suggested that we ________ to the park later.
A. will go B. went C. go D. has gone
6. It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a short time.
A .how B. that C. when D. what
二 、表语从句 :在句中充当表语的从句 (即放在 b e 等系动词后面 ) 叫做表语从句。
一般结构是 “ 主语+连系动词+表语从句 ” 。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等。 引导表语从句的 that 不可省略。 另外, 常用的还有 the reason is that… 和 It is because 等结构。
例如:问题是它是否值得做。
The question is whether it is worth
注意:表语从句表示 “ 是否 ” 只用 “whether” 而不用 “if”
That's what we should do.
That's Why I want to see you.
It was because I got up late.
I looks as if it is going to rain.
The question is who can complete the difficult task.
问题是谁能完成这项艰难的任务。
The problem is how we can get there on time.
问题是我们怎样按时到达那儿。
试区分以下句子
(表从 )
(定从 )
Is this museum the one that you visited?(定从 )
注意:这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话:名词前(尤其是单数可数名词前)一定要有限 定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句,接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。
practice
1. The question is ____the film is worth seeing.
A. if B. what C. whether D. how
2. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.
A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because
3. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.
A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because
4. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s ______ I got well all through.
A. how B. because C. why D. that
5. He is absent today. That’s ______ he is ill.
A. when B. because C. why D. that
6-----Are you still thinking about yesterday's game?
-----oh, that's _______
A 、 what makes me feel excited
B 、 whatever I feel excited about
C 、 how I feel about it
D 、 when I feel excited
7. Why not try your luck downtown Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are 。
A 、 where B 、 what C 、 when D 、 why
8. See the flags on top of the building? That was ______we did this morning.
A 、 when B. which C. where D. what
9.The problem is_______ he has enough time.
A. if B. whether C./ D. that
10.Go and get your coat. It's_ ______you left it.
A .there B. where C. there were D. where there
三 . 宾语从句
在句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。除谓语动词可跟宾语从句外,介词,不定式,分词 以及某些形容词(如:sure, glad, pleased, certain, afraid, surprised, satisfied等)的 后面也可以带宾语从句。
①
我确实感到他需要更多的经验。
②
我想知道她是否还住在那里。
③ I don’
我想知道那些人是谁。
④
我不知道他要见谁。
⑤ He asked whose handwriting was the best.
他问谁的书法最好。
⑥ She wants to know which film I like best.
她想知道我最喜欢哪一部电影。
⑦
请告诉我他是什么时候听到那个消息的。
⑧
我对他做的事不感兴趣。 (作介词宾语)
⑨ I don’t know why he didn’t come.
我不知道他为什么没来。
⑩ I am certain (that) he is at home now.
我敢肯定他现在再家。
注意 :1)在“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”句型中,若宾语是一个名词性从句,常常借助 于 it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句移到宾语补足语的后面。如 ;
我们觉得像他那样的人不更加努力地工作真是可惜。
2) that 引导的宾语从句通常不能充当介词的宾语,但在介词 except, but 和 in 后可以跟 that 引导的宾语从句。
① I know little about him except that he is an American.
除了知道他是一位美国人之外,我对他一无所知。
② He would have failed but that you helped him.
若不是你帮助他,他会失败的。 (but that “ 若不是” )
③ Men differ from animals in that they can think and speak.
人之所以区别于野兽,是因为他们能够思考和说话。 (in that 可看成复合连词,意 为“因为” 。 )
④ Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.
理论之所以有价值,是因为它能为实践指出方向。
四、 同位语从句 :同位语从句也名词性从句中的一种,而且与定语从句相似。不同的 是:先行词的关系不同。定语从句是修饰先行词的;而同位语从句与先
行词等同。引导词常用 “that” 。 常见的同位语从句的先行词:fact, news, answer, wish,
elief, doubt, explanation…
1. 同位语从句的引导词通常用 that ,不能省略。
2. 有时也用疑问代词 who, which, what 或疑问副词 when, where, why 引导。
3. that 在句中不作成分,其它引导词都能充当一定的成分。
4. 同位语所表达的含义与先行词等同。
5. 先行词多为抽象名词,如:fact, news, answer, wish, hope, idea, question,
problem, information…
1. 同位语从句和定语从句相似,二者都有先行词。同位语从句是对先行词的进一步陈述, 和先行词是同等的关系,含义相同。定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限制。
2. 同位语从句表示先行词的内容是什么,进一步说明先行词。定语从句与先行词之间是所 属关系,表示 “ … 的 ” ,起修饰作用。
3. 同位语从句的 “ that ” 不能省略。 定语从句的关系代词 “ that ” 在从句中作宾语时可以省 略。
1. 正确使用同位语从句的关连词;
2. 正确运用同位语从句的先行词;
3. 能正确认识并正确翻译同位语从句。
同位语从句和定语从句比较练习
1. I heard about the news that he got a full mark in this examination.(同位语从句)
2. This is good news that I heard from Mary. (定语从句)
3. He can’t answer the question how he got the money. (同位语从句)
4. This is an easy question that he answered in class. (定语从句)
Translation (翻译练习)
1. The idea that the problem will be settled is wrong.
问题能解决这个观点是错误的。
(同位语从句, The idea 与 problem will be settled 等同。 )
2. The idea that he put forward is wrong.
他提出的这个观点是错误的。
(定语从句, the idea 是名词,从句是修饰该名词的。 )
3. We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.
我们表达了希望他们能再来中国的愿望。 (同位语从句, the hope 与从句 they would come and visit China 等同。 )
4. We hope that they would come and visit China again.
我们希望他们能再来中国。
(宾语从句, hope 是动词,从句是 hope 的宾语宾语。 )
名词性从句九大高考热点分析
一、连接词 what 与 that 的用法区别。
引导主、宾、表语从句时, what 要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分, that 不作任何成 分,只在语法上起连接的作用。例如
____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what
解析:本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句, 且两个从句都缺乏宾语, 可见两个引导 词都必须充当成分,所以答案是 A 。
又如:____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
解析:该题答案是 A , what 在主语从句中作主语,即作谓语动词 caused 的执行者。在 下面的例句中, that 不充当任何成份,只起语法连接作用(因为句子本身不缺成分) : That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.
二、 连接词 whether 和 if 的用法区别。
通常,引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同位语从句时, 要用连词 whether ,不用 if ;习
惯上也只能说 whether or not,而不说 if …or not。例如:
____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
解析:试题中的从句位于句首,不难知道这是一个主语从句,所以答案是 C 。但是在宾 语从句中表达 “ 是否 ” 既可用 if 也可用 whether 。
三、 名词性从句的语序。
与别的从句一样,名词性从句必须用 陈述语序 。例如 :
No one can be sure ____ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
解析:由于从句不能倒装,所以答案只能是 A 。又如:
Y ou can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
解析:答案是 B 。同时还须注意,从句的引导词必须始终置于句首,而且 how 和被修 饰的词 excited 不能分裂开。
四、 形式主语、形式宾语。
当主语从句较长,而谓语较短时,常常将从句后置,而用 it 作为形式主语,置于句首。 动词后接复合宾语,也可用 it 作形式宾语。例如 :
____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
解析:所需词至于句首,同时后面有 that-从句(逻辑主语) ,可见这里应该用形式主语 it, 所以答案是 D 。 think, find, consider, believe, feel等动词后常带复合宾语。例如:
五、 Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别。
一般说来, what/who等含特指意义,而 whatever/whoever等含泛指意义,意为 “ 无论什 么 /无论谁 ” 。例如:
It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
解析:答案是 B , whatever 引导一个宾语从句,并且作 wants 的宾语。这里的 whatever 不能改成 what ,因为题意想表达的显然是 “ 无论孩子要什么就给他 /她什么事不明智的 ” ,具 有泛指的概念。同时要注意,这里 whatever 也不能改用 no matter what,因为后者只能引导 状语从句。又如:
____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
解析:答案是 D , whoever 意为 “ 无论谁 ” ,表泛指。比较下例:
I can’t remember at the moment who has said the words. (这里的 who 表特定的某人) 六、 Where, when, why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。
Where, when, why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句, 使用的关键是:这个词必须符合 句子的逻辑意义要求。例如:
— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that ____ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. that D. where
解析:答案是 A , why 引导的从句作表语,同时 why 在从句中作原因状语。这里之所 以选 why ,而不是 when 或 where 等,唯一的依据便是句子的逻辑含义,及语境。又如 (MET94) ;
— Do you remember ____ he came?
— Y es, I do, he came by car.
A. How B. when C. that D. if
解析:答案是 A ,从答语 “he came by car” 可知这里问的是 “he” 来的方式,所以用 how 引导。
七. “ 介词 +who(m)引导的宾语从句 ” 与 “ 介词 + whom” 引导的定语从句的区别。
介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格,决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语。例如:
It was a matter of ____ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
解析:答案是 A 。这是一个含宾语从句的复合句,作介词 of 宾语的,是后面的整个句 子,而不是宾语从句的引导词,由于这里引导词在从句中作主语,所以要用主格 who (作宾 语时自然要用 whom ) 。比较下例:
Our country has thousands of excellent scientists, have received higher education at home.
这是一个 “ 介词 +关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句; 引导定语从句的是 “most of+关系代词 ” 而不 只是这个关系代词,同时这个引导词又作介词 of 的宾语,所以要用宾格 whom 。 (注意与介 词后面的宾语从句的引导词的用法进行比较和区别。 )
八、连接词 that 的省略。
引导宾语从句时, that 通常可以省略, 但引导主语、 表语和同位语从句时, that 不能省。 例如:
China’s success in manned-spacecraft travel shows ____ our country has become one of the greatest powers in space research.
A. what B. which C. 不填 D. it that
解析:该句中的从句作 shows 的宾语,是宾语从句,又因为从句中不缺主、宾语,所以 只能用 that 引导;又因引导宾语从句时 that 可以省略,所以答案是 C 。
九、同位语从句引导词 where, when的用法特点。
说明先行词内容的同位语从句的引导词 where, when与被说明的名词在概念上不一致。 但引导定语从句的引导词却必须保持一致。是比较:
Then arose the question ____ we were to get so much money.
This the house ____ the great man Mao Zedong was born 110 years ago.
A. where B. that C. about which D. in which
解析:答案分别是 (1) A (2) A/D。先行词与 where, when概念一致时,是定语从句, (2) 中的 house 与 where 同表地点,且这个关系副词 where 或 when 可以用 “ 介词 +which” 的形式 代替,所以答案 A 和 D 都可以引导。 (1)题中的 question 与 where 不表同一概念,可见是 同位语从句,所以 where 不能改用 “ 介词 +which” 的形式。
三年高考英语试题单项选择分类汇总 —— 名词性从句
2006年组
1.See the flags on top of the building? That was_we did this morning.
A. when B . which C . where D. what
2. — What did your parents think about your decision? (06全国卷Ⅱ )
— They always let me do _____ I think I should.
A. when B. that C. how D. what
3.A warm thought suddenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. (06安徽卷)
A . if B . when C . that D . which
4. — Could you do me a favor? (06北京卷)
— It depends on it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
5.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ________he was a man of action. (06湖南卷)
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
6.We haven’t settled the question of ______ it is necessary for him to study abroad.(06江苏 卷)
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
7. _______makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services .
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
8. team wins on Saturday will go through to she national championships.
A . No matter what B . No matter which C . Whatever D . Whichever
9. —It’s thirty years since we last met. (06四川卷)
—
A. which B. that C. what D. when
10.There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. A . that B . which C . until D . if
11.Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class _______ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (06重庆卷)
A. why B. thatC. where D. because
2007年组
1.Y ou can only be sure of _____you have at present; you cannot be sure of something_____ you might get in the future. (07安徽卷)
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
2.Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom(07湖南卷) .
A. why B. that C. when D. where
3.Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for.
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
4.____ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (07全国卷Ⅱ )
A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which
5.Could I speak to______ is in charge of International Sales ,please?
A . anyone B . someone C . whoever D . no matter who
6._______worries me the way he keeps changing his mind. (07山东卷)
A . This B . That C. What D . It
Parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (07陕西)
A. That B. Which C. What D. As
8.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (07陕西卷)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
9.______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.
A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where
10.The traditional view is ______we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (07上海卷)
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
11.The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make____ it is . (07天津卷)
A. what B. which C. how D. where
12.Why not try your lick downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are.
A. where B. what C. when D. why
13.It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance. (07重庆卷)
A. which B. it C. that D. this
14.It is none of your business ______ other people think about you. Believe yourself.
A. how B. what C. which D. when
2008年组
1. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea
A. what B. which C. that D. where
2. People in Chongqing are proud of they have achieved in the past ten years.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
3. The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park. (2
A. where B. how C. when D. why
4. ______was most important to her. she told me, was her family. (2008山东)
A. It B. This C. What D. As
5. When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A. what B. why C. whom D. which
6. The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (2008北京卷)
A. which B. that C. what D. who
7. The news _____ our athl etes won another gold medal was reported In yesterday’s newspapers (2008上海春招)
A. which B. whether C. what D. that
8. ______ we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled.
A. What B. Which C. Whether D. That
9. _____is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
10. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ____ he will do or think.
A. what B. which C. whom D. that
11. It has been proved _____ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (2008年上海卷)
A. if B. because C. when D. that
2006年组 1— 5 DDCCB 6— 10 CADBA 11B
2007年组 1— 5 BBAAC 6— 10 DCDBD 11— 14 AACB
2008年组 1— 5 BCCCA 6— 10 CDABA 11D
11
名词性从句讲解
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
第一类:连词:that(无任何词意),whether, if(均表示―是否‖表明从句内容的不确定性),它们在从句中均不充当任何成分。
第二类:连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which,whichever,whomever它们常在从句中做主语、表语、宾语或定语。
第三类:连接副词:when, where, how, why它们常在从句中做状语。
二. 主语从句
在句子中做主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如:
1. What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
2. Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
3. How he became a writer is known to us. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
4. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
5. Whoever leaves last must shut the window and lock the door.
6. That he was late for class again made the teacher very angry.
7. Whether we will have an exam hasn’t been decided.
**有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语放于句首代替主语从句,而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下:
(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句 例如:
It’s a pity that you can’t go to the cinema with me.
It’s no wonder that he has passed the exam.
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
It is necessary that we should take some measures to protect the environment.
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
It is reported that the star Liu Ye got married with a French girl the other day.
常用于此句型的过去分词有:said, believed, hoped, supposed, suggested等。
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
It happened that I was out when you called me.
It suddenly occurred to/ stuck me that I hadn’t locked the door.
**另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气―(should) +do‖,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, wonderful、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossible etc.) that + 主语 + should + do ……
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that + 主语 + should + do …… 例如:
It is requested that every boy should serve the army for two years.
在以上句型中should常可省略
三、宾语从句
在句子中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句和表语从句的关联词大致一样,
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
He has told me (that) he will go to Shanghai tomorrow and that he will stay there for a few weeks.
**注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用―(should)+ 动词原形‖。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意从句语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
3. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,
当主句动词是现在时时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。例如:
I know (that) he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
I know (that) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外)时,从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;但当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
He said that he would go to Hong Kong the next week.
4. think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
四、表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,另外 as if/though和because也可引导表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词后。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + 从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
He didn’t come to school yesterday. That’s because he was ill.
**需要注意的是:
1. 当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 例如: The problem is whether we can get enough money to finish the project.
2. 若句子的主语是suggestion, advice, desire, order, request, demand, 等表示要求、命令、建议等意义的词,则表语从句常用―(should)+ 动词原形‖。例如:
My suggestion is that we (should) set off at once.
五、同位语从句
同位语从句对其前面的名词进行解释,使其内容具体化。同位语从句通常由that或wh-词引导,可接同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、dream、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
Nobody answered the question who broke the window. 没人回答谁打破了窗户这个问题。
若同位语从句前面的名词是advice、demand、request、suggestion、order等时,同位语从句常用―(should)+ 动词原形‖。例如:
You’d better take his suggestion that Tom should not be fit for the job.
**同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
That或which, who和whose作为关系代词引导定语从句时,指代定语从句的先行词,在从句中充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,在从句不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 Who和which引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,在从句中充当成分。意思分别为“谁”、“哪一个”和“谁的”
试比较下面两组例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
Nobody answered the question who broke the window.
Nobody saw the boy who broke the window.
六.名词性从句需注意的地方
1. whether与if 在作―是否‖的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并放在句首时;
b. 引导表语从句时;
c . 引导的从句作介词宾语时;
d. 引导词后有―or not‖时;
e. 后接动词不定式时;
f. 用if会引起歧义时。例如:
1. Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 ○
2. The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? ○
3. Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 ○
4. I wonder whether or not he will come. 我想知道他来还是不来。 ○
5. Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? ○
6. Could you tell me if you know the answer? 这句话有两种意思:―你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?‖或○
―如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?‖。如用whether可避免歧义.
2. what与which 在名词性从句中如果有供选择的范围用which引导,若没有则用what. 例如: I don’t know what present I should give Mary for her birthday.
There are so many books in the shelf that I don’t know which I should read first.
3. who与whoever,who在名词性从句中是“谁”的意思,从句内容侧重谁做什么,而whoever意为“无论谁”,从句内容强调无论谁做那件事,侧重事,常可改成anyone who, 而who则不能。例如: Please tell me who broke the window.
I will give whoever helps me a thousand dollars as a reward.
七、高考热点透视
1. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无实义。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
2.A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do.(NMET2001)
A.how B.after C.what D.when
答案C。从句子结构可知,句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词,做主句谓语动词do的宾语,同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语,因此,此处的连接词应该用what。
3. He asked ____ for a violin.(MET1992)
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
答案:D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,句子语序要用陈述语序。
4. What the doctors really doubt is ____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(上海2001年春季招生)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知,所怀疑的应是是否能治好病,所以要填whether。这句话的意思是―医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。‖
5.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
答案B。根据句意―一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。‖可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句,而从句中wants缺少宾语,A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语的;排除A和D,whichever表示―无论哪一个,无论哪些‖,应表示一定范围内的人或物,此处没有涉及事物的范围,所以应选 B.whatever,表示―无论什么‖。
6. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
答案C。本题句子的意思是:无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句,连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句,并在从句中作主语,相当于any person who或The person who, 意为―一切……的人‖。而anyone和the person均非连词,不能引导从句,况who leaves the room last意为―某个最后离开房间的人‖,与题意不符,如果要选A. Anyone或B. The person,都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出―无论谁‖的含义了。
7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (Shanghai1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
答案为C。本题句子的意思是:Sarah希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是:前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D,从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever也不行。
8. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that ______ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)
A. why B. what C. when D. where
答案A。根据语境,甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因,故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境,下句应该问―那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗?‖
9. I still remember ______ this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993)
A. when B. how C. where D. what
答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语,排除D.what,而答案C, D均与题意不符,所以应选
A.when。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态,本句的意思是―我仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。‖
10.I read about it in some book or other,does it matter ____ it was?(2001春季招生)
A.where B.what C.how D.which
答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析,应是哪本书,所以要填which,这句话的意思是―我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容,是哪一本书重要吗?‖。
11. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C when D. as (2001年上海)
答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导,接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后,用来解释或说明名词的内容。
12. —I think it is going to be a big problem.
—Yes, it could be.
—I wonder ______ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)
A、if B、how C、what D、that
答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句,而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词,可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分,我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that,再排除引导方式状语的how,答案是C,句子的意思是―我们能就此做些什么‖。
八、专项考点练习一
1. ________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.
A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says
2. _____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
3. It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.
A. whether B. if C. that D. how
4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isn’t like _____ it used to be .
A .what B. how C. that D. which
5. ____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.
A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether
6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.
A .that B. how C .what D. where
7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.
A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow
C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had grown
8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.
A. how she is getting along B. how is she getting along
C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along
9. ____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.
A. That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what
10. These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever
11. _____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person
12. Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.
A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever
13. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that
14. It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.
A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That; what
15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.
A. should send B. must be sent C. should be sent D. must go
16. The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.
A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give
C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give
17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _______.
A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be put off
18. Go and get your coat.It's ____ you left it.
A. where B. there C. here where D. where there
19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
20. You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
名词性从句练习二
1.It is pretty well understood ___ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
2.___ made the school proud was ___ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that C. That; because
3. –Are you still thinking abut yesterday’s game?
-Oh, that’s ____.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
4. –look at what you are doing!
-Ah, I wonder ___ this boot won’t fit me. I’ve been trying to put it on the wrong foot.
A. how B. if C. why D. that
5. Although most of them have no doubt ___ he will pass the exam, I still think there is something about ___ he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether C. that; that D. whether; whether
6. The question came up at the meeting ___ we had enough money for our research.
A. that B. what C. which D. whether
7. ___ ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just ___ worries the public.
A. If; why B. Whether; which C. If; that D. Whether; what
8. I really wonder ___ he has posted me many packages ___ we worked together.
A. why; when B. why; since C. when; before
9. ___ David says sounds right to Helen. That’s why she has made up her mind to leave with him happens.
A. Whatever; whatever B. No matter what; whatever
C. Now matter what; whatever D. Whatever; however
10. Some of the scientists held the point ___ ___ the book said was tight.
A. what; what B. what; that C. that; that D. that; what
11. __ she wouldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D . Why; that
12. The difficulty we now meet with is ___ we can persuade him to tell the truth.
A. whether B. that C. what D. why
13. There is little doubt ___ her advice is of greater value to us.
A. that B. whether C. why D. if
14. IN some countries, __ is called ―equality‖ does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. what C. that D. one
15. The fact came up ___ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
A. what B. which C. that D. whose
16. There are signs ___ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. that B. which C. in which D. whose
17. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders ___ will happen to her private life.
A. that B. what C. which D. whether
18. We agreed to accept ___ they thought was the best tourist guide.
A. whatever B. whomever C. whichever D. whoever
19. When I try to understand __ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.
A. why is does B. what it does C. what it is D. why it is
20. The fact ___ most people believe nuclear war would be madness doesn’t mean that it will not occur.
A. that B. which C. that D. why
21. __ we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of out teachers.
A. Whoever B. Whatever C. However D. That
22. I have made it clear ___ I will never go back there.
A. when B. that C. where D. however
23. His ability has never been in doubt – the question is ___ he is prepared to work hard.
A. that B. if C. where D. whether
24. Sometimes we are asked ___ we think the likely result of an action will be.
A. that B. what C. if D. whether
25. ___ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.
A. Which B. Since C. Although D. How
26. The people of the party were worried about Janet because no one knew ___ she had gone.
A. there B. where C. in which D. the place where
27. They are so alike that you can’t tell ___ is which.
A. what B. that C. which D. how
28. Did you want me to ask father ___?
A. when he would let us go B. when would he let us go C. when did he let us go D. when he let us go
29. A new television series teach handicapped children ___ they can and should think about career development.
A. what B. that C. which D. who
30. – I think it’s going to be a big problem.
- Yes, it would be.
- I wonder ___ we can do about it.
A. if B. how C. what D. that
31. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: always give the monkey exactly ___ he wants.
A. what B. which C. when D. that
32. Please tell me ___ you want your coffee, back or white?
A. when B. what C. how D. which
33. ___ she was invited to the ball made her very happy.
A. If B. That C. When D. Because
34. It’s no longer a question now ___ man can land on the moon.
A. that B. which C. whether D. what
35. Determination is a kind of basic quality and this is ___ it takes to do jobs well.
A. what B. that C. which D. why
36. __ the flight to New York will be delayed is ___ I’m especially worried about.
A. If; what B. Whether; that
C. When; that D. Whether; what
37. All finished, we sat down to enjoy ___ we thought the most delicious dinner.
A. that B. which C. what D. it
38. A decision was made ___ those who once led to the factory order to get a job would not be allowed to stay.
A. whether B. when C. that D. once
39. Actually, girls can be ___ they want t be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, a nurse, or a general manager.
A. who B. which C. whatever D. no matter what
40. – Don’t answer me with a simple ―Yes‖ or ―No‖.
Explain ___ possible.
A. whoever B. whenever C. however D. whatever
41. – I’d like to invite you to a concert this evening.
- Thank you, but ___ I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment.
A. while B. if C. when D. whether
42. I kept looking at the man, wondering ___.
A. whether I have seen him before B. where I had seen him before
C. that I had seen him before D. when I had seen him before
43. The Great Wall is the last place ___ Mr Smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.
A. where B. which C. / D. what
44. America was ___ was first called ―India‖ by Columbus.
A. that B. where C. what D. the place
45. Id there a shop around ___ I can get a pack of cigarettes?
A. which B. where C. that D. what
46. They are teachers and don’t realize to start and ran a company.
A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it take
47. In each house there is a family group of men, ___ are related to each other.
A. all who B. all C. of whom D. all of whom
48. The soldiers soon reached ___ was once an old temple ___ the villagers used as a school.
A. which; where B. what; which C. where; which D. what; where
49. It was obvious ___ young artist’s latest work was much better than any other work in the exhibition.
A. that B. because C. but because D. that this
50. You have not yet answered my question __ I can join in the arty tonight.
A. whether B. if C. which D. that
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名词性从句完成句子专练
1. __________________________________________________________________________(她正在列表的) are the goods he wants to buy in the supermarket. (list)
2. ____________________________________________________(他说了谎)is certain. (lie)
3. _____________________________________________(山区孩子缺乏的) is pens and textbooks
4. ____________________________________(他在事故中幸存下来) is a miracle. (survive)
5. ___________________________________________________________________________(我们要派人去请的) were doctors and nurses at that time. (send)
6. ____________________________(她是否为比赛做好了准备) is still a question. (prepare)
7. _________________________________________________(我能与你们分享的) is your happiness and sorrow
8. It is clear _________________________________________(无论谁吃的多就会长胖) (put)
9. ___________________________________(他们是否去郊游) depends on the weather. (outing)
10. _________________________________________________(准时吃药) is important. (take)
11. ___________________________________(谁将被派到前线去) has not been decided. (send)
12. ________________________________________(我正在考虑的) is how can I solve the problem. (consider)
13. He seemed unable to take in ________________________________(我正在讲的内容) (talk)
14. _____________________________________________(作弄谁) is not allowed here. (trick)
15. _________________________________(你要当心的) is the danger you are facing. (look)
16. ____________________________________________(那个队会赢) is still unknown. (win)
17. ______________________________(他们什么时候开会) hasn’t been decided yet. (held)
18. _______________________________________________________(他们不能习惯的) was that there was no hot water to have bath with. (use)
19. _______________________________________________(他去哪里了) is not known yet. (go)
20. _______________________________________(犯人是怎样逃跑的) was found out. (escape)
21. ___________________________________________________________(他们的共同之处) is that they are not afraid of any difficulties. (common)
22. __________________________________(他为什么不说实话) wasn’t quite clear. (truth)
23. Is _____________________________________________________(你告诉我的) true? (tell)
24. It happened ___________________________________________________________________. (他们在这一点上意见不一致) (disagreement)
1. ______________________________________________________________(无论将来中国会取得什么成就), it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. (store)
2. I will never forget ___________________________________________________________(当我再一次踏上中国时我是多么的高兴) (foot)
3. They found themselves _______________________________________________________(被色彩缤纷的岩石所包围)(surround)
4. I found __________________________________ (大学里教的东西很令人失望) (what)
5. The nutrients in ______________________________________________________________ (任何掉到海里的东西) quickly become available. (whatever)
6. Even though the pure water is ________________________________________________ (给予海水……的东西) its main properties. (what)
7. Water, which seems so simple and common, is ___________________________________ (使生命变
得可能) (what)
8. Here, animals can enjoy all the benefits of the oceans _____________________________ _______________________________________________ (无需面对许多的危险) (have)
9. Water can absorb and give off a lot of heat without big changes in temperature, thus _________________________________________________ (创造一个稳定的环境) (create)
10. ____________________________________________________________________________ (所有这些组织所具备的共同点是) that they ask to be treated with respect. (common)
11. ____________________________________ (你建议谁) be sent to work there? (suggest)
名词性从句讲解
语法讲义——名词性从句
名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。
(一)宾语从句
1、 that 引导从句无意义,不充当任何成分,常省略。(动词后有两个宾语从句第二个that不可省) e.g: I know (that) you have met him andyou have become good friends. ● 经常在动词和宾语从句之间插一个间接宾语(人)。 He told me that he was wrong.
● 在动词think , believe, suppose, expect, guess等后面的宾语从句中的否定前移 e.g: I don’t think you are right.
I don’t believe he has finished his work.
● 某些表示“心理活动”的adj. 如sure, happy, glad, certain, afraid等后可接宾语从句 I am sure that our experiment will be successful.
● 许多带复合宾语的句子,that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句后,而用it 作形式宾语 We think it wrong that he told a lie to all the people.
We find it impossible that we finish the work ahead of time.
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
这类常见句型有: 1) 6123句型:从句 2)insist on it that-从句, depend on it that-从句, see to it that-从句,
appreciate it if -从句, +it +when-从句 take it for granted that-从句
2、 whether, if 引导宾语从句,表“是否”可互换,但也有区别, 见下面■■ I don’t know if /whether it is interesting. 3、 wh-(ever)引导的宾语从句 Please tell me what you want.
She always thinks of how she can work well.
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 注意:“一个坚持,两个命令,三个建议,四个要求”( insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, demand, request, ask)后的宾从要用虚拟语气,结构为“should + 动词原形”其中should 可以省略.
(二)主语从句
1、 that 引导的主语从句(that 在主语从句中无任何意义,也不充当任何成分,通常不能省略) ●在正式文中,为了强调that 引导的主语从句,that 可以置于句首,在这种情况下,that 不可省
e.g: That the driver couldn’t control his car was obvious.
● 在通常情况下,用it 作形式主语,而将that 从句置于句尾。此时that 有时可省,常用结构:
☆ It + be + adj. + that 从句
It was obvious that the driver couldn’t control his car.(改写上文例句) ☆ It + be + n. 词组 + that 从句
It is no wonder that he looks so puzzled.
(注意: 在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时,that 分句中的谓语动词常用should)
It is strange that he should be late again.
☆ It + be + p.p.(said, reported, hoped, known, believed, thought, expected etc.)+ that-从句 It is reported that there is a storm this afternoon.
☆ It +seem/ happen/ appear 等不及物动词 + that 从句 It seems that he is unhappy.
2、 whether 引导的主语从句,意为“是否”, 不能用if代替 Whether she will come or not doesn’t matter much. 3、 wh-疑问词引导主语从句 Why he did it is not clear.
Whose the book is is not important. When he will come is not known.
(wh-引导的主语从句也常用it 作形式主语的句式中) e.g: It is not known why he did this. 4、 也可以用whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever等词引导主语从句 Whoever told you that was lying. ※看2001年的一道高考题:
_____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What
分析:此题很多考生误选了A 或C,其原因是没有注意到逗号的作用。句中逗号已表明该句不是主语从句,而是as引导的非限制性定语从句。故答案为B. ※上海’99年的一道高考题:
_____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever 分析:此题答案为D。“疑问词+ever”构成的复合连接词(however除外)既可以引导名词性从句(主从、表从、宾从、同位语从句),也可以引导让步状语从句。而“no matter + 疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。二者引导让步状语从句时可以互换,引导名词性从句时只能用“疑问词+ever”形式。
(三)表语从句
1、 that 引导的表语从句无任何意义,不充当任何句子成分,通常不省略, 表示事实、真理、意
见、信念、问题等等的实际内容 The fact is that he is lying.
The problem is that we are lack of money.
2、 whether引导(此时通常不可用if 代替whether.) The problem is whether people will buy it. 3、 wh-引导
This is where our problem lies.
The question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. That’s just what I want.
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.( 注意与because引导的区别: That is because he was ill) 4、 as if, as though引导,可用真实语气也可用虚拟语气 It seems as if he were drunk.( 虚拟语气) He looks as if he is going to cry.
(四)同位语从句
1. 在名词answer, belief, no doubt, fact, hope, information, idea, knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan, truth, suggestion, thought 等后, 用that引导,that 不能省略, 表示这些名词的内容 Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind.
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. ●有时同位语从句不是紧跟在先行词后面,而是被其他词隔开 eg: The story goes that William killed his wife.
●名词demand, suggestion, proposal 等的同位语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,为should + 动词原形,should可以省略。
●that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
1)前者对名词加以补充说明其内容, 后者对名词加以限制。
2)引导同位语从句的that在句中无任何语法作用, 即不充当任何句子成分,仅仅起引导作用,无任何具体意思,不可省略。引导定语从句的that是一个代词,代替前面的先行词,所以有具体意思。在从句中作主语、宾语,作宾语时可省略。
) ( ) ( ) ) 2. 在名词doubt, problem, question等后, 用whether引导, 不用if There is doubt whether he will succeed in the experiment. He asked me a question whether I had seen the film. 3. 在名词problem, question等后, 用wh-引导
She came up with the problem where they would go to have a picnic.
■■whether 和if 都可引导名词性从句,一般情况下可通用,但在下列情况下,只用whether: 1.引导主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句用whether, 不用if 2.在宾语从句中if与whether的区别。 1)介词后的宾语从句只用whether
Everything depends on whether the situation will improve. 一切取决于形势是否好转。 2)在whether or not 结构中,不可用if 代替whether 3)在discuss等某些动词后不用if, 而用whether. 4)当由if引导宾语从句会产生歧义时,宜用whether
e.g: Please tell me if you need the book. 此句可有两种解释:
a. 请告诉我你是否需要这本书。 b. 如果你需要这本书,请告诉我 若想表示前一种意思时,则用whether.
5)whether 可用在不定式之前,if 则不能
He is wondering whether to go.
§§§§近年高考中名词性从句的考查要点§§§§
考点一:考查名词性从句的语序(问题陈述句)
(91)No one can be sure ____ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
考点二:考查“疑问词+ever”引导的名词性从句
(95上海)Sarah hopes to become a friend of ___ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 考点三:名词性从句中连接词的运用
(03上海)____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because 考点四:考查whether 与if 的区别
考点五:宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致,但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象,虽然主句是过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。如:
Hello,I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here? The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.
考点六:主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语,谓语动词用单数,如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数;由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句,谓语动词用单数。如:
When the meeting will begin not been decided yet.
When they will start and where they go not been decided yet. When and where the meeting will begin not been decided.
名词性从句讲解
名词性从句讲解
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词:when, where, how, why
1. 主语从句 (两种结构,三类连接词)
两种结构
1.主语从句位于句首:
What he wants is a book.
Who kept the door open all night was unknown.
2.主语从句位于句尾,it 作形式主语。
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句
It’s a pity that we can’t go.
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句.
It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
( 4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
三类连接词:
1.连词that whether
that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省。
whether 引导的主语从句:whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
2.连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从句中,其连接代词在句中起名词性作用,担当一定成分.
What you need is more practice.
What I want to know is this.
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
3.连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。)
Where we should leave it is a problem.
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
练习 A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
disappointed me.
A. what ; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what
3.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
5._______ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.
A. That B. Why C. What D. How
6. It is necessary that a college student _______ at least a foreign language.
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
7.What I say and think ___ none of your business.
A. is B. are C. has D have
8. _______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
2. 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever,
whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。 I want to know what he has told you. 。
She always thinks of how she can work well.
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。
I know (that) he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
I know (that) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。
We don’t think you are here.
I don’t believe he will do so.
练习
1. ______ surprised me most was ______ such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.
A. That…what B. What…that C. That…which D. What…which
2. Excuse me would you please tell me ________
A. when the sports meet is taken place B. when is the sports meet going to be held
C. when is the sports meet to begin D. when the sports meet is to take place
3. Do you happen to know ________
A. what size shoes he wears B. how big shoes he wears
C. what is the size of his shoes D. what number shoes are his
4. Where do you think ________
A. has he gone B. has he been C. he's gone D. was he
5. Do you know ________
A. how many populations there are in the world
B. how much population there is in the world
C. how many the population of the world is
D. what the population of the world is
6. He didn't know which room ________.
A. they lived B. they lived in C. did they live D. did they live in
7. The little boy ate ________ his mother gave him.
A. that B. which C. whatever D. no matter what
8.He insisted that he ________ in good health and _______ to work there.
A. was, be sent B. is, is sent C. be, was sent D. be, send
9. They discussed ________ they could settle the problem without others' help.
A. if B. that C. what D. whether
10. He said that he was fond of ________.
A. what beautiful is B. what is beautiful
C. beautiful is what D. what it is beautiful
1-5BDACD 6-10 BCADB
3. 表语从句
1.that
引导的表语从句
that仅起连接作用,无意义,在句中不作任何成分,通常不能省略。这种从句往往对主句主语的内容起进一步解释的作用。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+that从句。如:
The fact is that we have lost the game.
当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
2.wh-
疑问词引导的表语从句
①连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose除在句子中起连接作用外,还可在从
句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语,且各有各的词义。如:
在从句中作主语
在从句中作系动词be的表语
②连接副词when,where,how,why除在句中起连接作用外,在从句子中还充当时间,
地点,方式,原因状语,本身具有词义。如: Th
③whether
引导的表语从句
连接词whether起连接作用,意为“是否,究竟,到底”(注意:if不能引导表语从句),在句中也不作任何成分。
3.其他连词as if,because,as,as though
引导的表语从句
because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is/was because...”结构中。as if/as though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look,seem,sound,be,become等后面,常用虚
拟语气,表示不存在的动作或状态。如:
It looks as if it is going to rain.
4.主语是表示建议、命令、要求等的名词,那么表语从句应该用虚拟语气,即should后接动词原形,(should可以省略)
。如: His suggestion
练习
1.The problem is ________will go to the meeting.
A. why B. when C. what D. who
2.It looks _______ it were going to rain.
A. even if B. as if C. even though D. like
3.That is _______ he likes the place so much.
A. that B. what C. why D. how
4.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.
A. what B. where C. that D. why
5.What I'm considering now _________ the money we need.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
6. The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work.
A. that B. which C. what D. such
1-6DBCDAC
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting.
I have no idea when he will come back home.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句:
The news that we won the game is exciting.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
The news that he told me is exciting.(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
练习
1. As the day was fine, I made the suggestion ________ for a walk in the park.
A. we go B. we will go C. should we go D. that we go
2.The fact _______ she had not said anything surprised all of us.
A. which B. what C. that D. how
3. Now there is a danger ________ the ground may fall in (沉下) under the heavy traffic.
A. whether B. if C. X D. that
4. Last Sunday he made a promise ________ he was free he would take me to Qingdao.
A. if B. that C. that if D. whether
1-4DCDC
名词性从句
1. ______ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
A. That B. What C. Who D. Which
2. Experts believe____ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.
A. why B. where C. that D. what
3. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _______ close you
may be to victory.
A. how B. that C. which D. where
4. _______ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Wherever
5. It’s good to know______ the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away.
A. what B. whose C. which D. that
6. It remains to be the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.
A. that B. which C. what D. whether
7. ______ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.
A. When B. How C. What D. That
8. want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.
A. That B. Which C. Whether D. What
9. Police have to be the lost ancient statue.
A. which B. where C. how D. what
10. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _____you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
A. how B. that C. which D. whether
11. ______struck me most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.
A. That B. It C. What D. Which
12. From space, the earth looks blue. This is ______about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
A. why B. how C. because D. whether 1-5 BCACD 6-10DCDDB 11-12 CC