Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quick ly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Gulf Wracked By Katrina’s Latest Legacy-Disease, Poisons, Mold
A month after Hurricane Katrina tore through the U.S. Gulf Coast, medical exper ts are now struggling with the latest crisis in the region; contamination(污染 ).
Katrina left New Orleans and other communities tainted with oil, sewage, and po ssibly poisons leached from federal toxic waste sites, the U.S. Environmental P rotection Agency (EPA) says.
The pollution, combined with the lack of regular medical services in the region , has raised serious questions about the safety of New Orleans and other coasta l towns as people longing for home begin to go back.
Much of the contamination rests in the brown, filmy sediment(沉淀物 ) left behind by Katrina’s polluted floodwaters.
Recent EPA tests of the sediment confirmed high levels of E. coli bacteria, oil and gas chemicals, and lead, as well as varying quantities of arsenic.
The health risks posed by the sediment are immediate, experts say, because the sludge(淤泥 ) is nearly impossible for returning residents to avoid. In New Orleans, it covers every surface that was flooded, from cars and now-dead lawns to the entire contents of flooded homes, stores, hospitals, and schools.
Old Pollution Resurfacing
Plaquemines Parish, a rural county on the peninsula south of New Orleans, is no w covered with even more toxic sediment than it was two weeks ago, thanks to Hu rricane Rita.
Much of the sludge in Plaquemines is the product of nearby bayous and bay botto ms, where sediment was lifted up by Katrina’s and Rita’s storm surges.
The sediment has been polluted over the years with industrial chemicals and hea vy metals, said Subra, who tested the sediment for the Southern Mutual Help Ass ociation, a nonprofit organization in New Iberia, Louisiana.
Matters have only been made worse by multiple oil spills caused by Katrina and Rita. According to the U.S. Coast Guard, 11 oil spills have occurred in souther n Louisiana, totaling 7.4 million gallons (28 million liters) of oil, most of w hich has been contained.
Bacteria levels are also especially high in the Plaquemines sludge, said Rodney Mallett, spokesperson for the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality.
Protection Kits
Health and environmental agencies are advising people to avoid contact with the sludge. They recommend that people wear gloves, goggles, and dust masks, and t hat they wash promptly if exposure occurs.
EPA officials are directing people to its Web site (www.epa.gov) to inform them selves of the contamination risks.
But most people returning to the area don’t have computers to get that informa tion, said Erik Olson, an attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council, a n environmental advocacy group.
To better inform people of health risks, the Southern Mutual Help Association a
nd Oxfam America are developing a program to give every returning resident a pr otective kit.
Each kit would contain waterproof suits, goggles(风镜 ), shoe covers, and masks, along with information about potential hazards, Volunteers would give out the kits at the security checkpoints that now stand at the major entrances to affected cities.
The groups have made a hundred demonstration kits, which cost about $100 (U.S.) each to produce, and have shown them to state leaders in Louisiana.
Toxic Mold Blooms
In addition to the toxic sediment, sprawling blooms of mold have now taken hold in many flooded homes.
The problem has become so widespread that federal health officials warned Wedne sday of allergic reactions and toxic responses to the mold. Professionals shoul d be hired to clean mold that covers more than ten square feet (one square mete r), they urged.
The effects of the mold are already surfacing in Mississippi, where respiratory (呼吸的 ) problems are among the illnesses doctors there are reporting.
Due to contact with unclean water, 33 people in the flood zone have contracted Vibrio infections, according to the CDC. The infections are caused by a family of bacteria that live in contaminated salt water. They can cause serious illnes s, especially in people with compromised immune systems.
To date, six people have died from Vibrio infections.
Disaster Response Care
Her teams have been inoculating residents for tetanus and Hepatitis A and B. He patitis is a danger when people are exposed to sewage, through water or food, B riggs explained. Tetanus can occur when people cut themselves on unclean materi als, as may happen when cleaning debris.
The rudimentary(根本
Briggs and other doctors in the area have been treating many cases of diarrhea, rashes, and upper-respiratory illnesses.
All of these conditions are to be expected after natural disasters, according t o the CDC. But it’s too soon to know if these ailments are related to contamin ation, the CDC’s Roebuck said.
1. The passage gives a descriiption of the contamination in New Orleans after H urricane Katrina.
2. Katrina left New Orleans and other communities tainted with oil and sewage.
3. Plaquemines Parish is now covered with even more toxic sediment that it was two weeks ago.
4. People are being advised to avoid contact with the sludge by health and envi ronmental agencies.
5. The Southern Mutual Help Association and Oxfam America are developing a prog ram to sell every returning resident a protective kit.
6. The conditions in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina is special.
7. In addition to the toxic sediment, sprawling blooms of mold have now taken h old in many flooded homes, and it is growing everywhere.
8. To date, six people have died from?________.
9. The rudimentary living conditions in many Katrina-struck areas make it more likely that people will get________.
10. All of these conditions are to be expected after________.
1. Y 读文后,即可发现本文描了新尔良被“卡特利娜”
2. N 通读全文可知,头几段 (即小标上的段落 ) 都是总体讲新尔良受灾的景象。本 题干信息讲了“特利娜”飓风带来的污染, 于此部分内容, 定位后第二段首句发现, 飓风带来的污染不仅有石油、污水,还有有毒废弃物滤出的
3. Y 根
Old Pollution Resurfacing下
4. Y 题干内容提到“要接触泥”, 讲自我保护, 推知答案标题 Protection Kits
5. N 题干中的 protective kit提答案在 Protection Kits下。据题干中的信息词 The Southern Mutual Help Association和 Oxfam America定位原文在第五段找到答
6. NG文章可知,本文主要谈受灾地区污染状况,并
7. Y 根据题干中信息词 blooms of mold可, 此答案在标题 Toxic Mold Blooms下, 再 用 sprawling blooms of mold定位原文,在首段找到
8. Vibrio infections。 由题干的 died from可知空处可能要填某种真, 因而推知答案 在 Toxic Mode Blooms下。在倒
9. sick and injured。 题干讲受灾区的基生活条件, 已不涉及 mold 内容, 估计答案 在 Disaster Response Care下,用 Katrina-struck
10. natural disasters。最后一题一般涉及最后一个题下的内。根据题干中的信息 All of these conditions定位原文,在倒数第
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Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quick ly. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Selling Expertise on the Internet for Extra Cash
Teresa Estes, a licensed mental-health counselor, watched as business at her private practice decreased last year. Then the single mother turned to her keyboard to boost her income.
Ms. Estes applied to become an “expert” on LivePerson Inc., a Web site where clients pay for online chat time with professionals and advisers of all fields. For $1.89 a minute — a rate she set — the 39-year-old from Marianna, Fla., dispenses advice to clients around the globe. She spends about four hours a day online, often at night, when her daughter has gone to bed.
“It was the economy,” she says of her move to take her skills online. “Live Person is more profitable than my private practice.” Ms. Estes had charged her private clients up to $75 an hour.
As the recession deepens, a small but growing number of people are taking their skills online, offering expertise or performing specified tasks for a fee. Lab or-at-the-keyboard sites are gaining popularity as people increasingly turn to the Web in search of work. Internet job-search sites saw a 51% rise in traffic from January 2008 to January 2009, according to comScore Media Metrix, to 26.7 million unique visitors.
Among the many fee-for-service Web sites out there, at least three are attracting a significant number of users — though consumers should exercise a healthy degree of skepticism when consulting any of these sites. Live Person seeks out experts on a slew of topics, including mental health, financial services, shopping and fashion, as well as psychics and spiritual advisers. Mechanical Turk, a Web service run by Amazon.com Inc., pays workers to perform tasks, such as cataloging products online. Associated Content pays contributors to write articles on a wide range of subjects, from organic flower gardening to how to apply for financial aid .
Live Person went public in 2001, and the current version of the site was launch ed in late 2007. Today, the site has 30,000 registered experts, attracting an a verage of 100,000 people a year who pay for the offered services, says Chief Ex ecutive Officer Robert LoCascio. Roughly 3,500 people have made contributing to the site their full-time job, he says.
Live Person says it vets contributors’ qualifications, such as medical license s or financial certification, through a third party, and relies heavily on its community reviews. Some 200 people a day apply to be Live Person experts, up fr om 120 a year ago, says Mr. LoCascio. Once cleared, advisers work with clients on a cost-per-minute basis set by the adviser. The site takes a commission of between 30% and 35%.
Associated Content, by contrast, reviews submissions in house and then decides
how much to pay for them. The site, which specializes in how-to pieces and feature stories on news topics, had 237,000 registered contributors and more than one million content pieces as of February, both about double from the same month a year ago.
After posting the content, the site sells advertisements against it and distrib utes it to other companies, such as online shoe retailer Zappos, which use the content on their own Web sites. If Associated Content accepts a submission (it says it rejects about 25% of them), the author gets between $5 and $30, plus $1 .50 for each 1,000 page views. An ability to write “search -engine-optimized” content, an industry term for generating good Google results, helps, says site founder Luke Beatty.
People are not only looking for payment but also establishing their credentials“as somebody with experience”, he says. Writing about a specific profession, such as law or real estate, helps raise a person’s profile online, enhancing his job searches, says Mr. Beatty.
Sabah Karimi, a 26-year-old from Orlando, Fla., left a career in marketing to become a full-time freelance writer and now spends between 8 and 10 hours a week writing for Associated Content. She has been at it for about three years and says she earns roughly $1,000 a month from her past and current submissions.
Ms. Karimi cautions newcomers to Associated Content that it takes time to build up earnings. She says she learned how to write articles that would bring traff ic and often looks for newsy ideas that will attract readers.
Mechanical Turk, by contrast, is based on “ crowd sourcing”, or breaking a tas k into lots of tiny pieces and giving it to a big group of people to complete q uickly. Most of these jobs — which the site calls HITs, for human intelligence tasks — pay just a few cents. Efficient MTurkers, as they call themselves, can
make more than $100 a week doing things such as finding someone’s email address or labeling images of a particular animal in a photograph.
Amazon says that MTurk now has 200,000 workers from 100 different countries, bu t it doesn’t keep track of past figures.
The site — named for an 18th-century stunt involving a turbaned chess-playing “machine” with an actual chess master hidden within — began as a way to help Amazon manage its product database, says Sharon Chiarella, vice president of Amazon Mechanical Turk. Amazon uses the site to help sort images and content, paying people a few cents a task. Mechanical Turk also serves a variety of companies who need Web tasks performed, especially those that require a human element. Test-prep startup Knewton Inc., for example, uses it extensively for focus-group-type tasks, as well as enlisting people to take its practice tests.
Keri Knutson, a mother of five from Independence, La., discovered Mechanical Tu rk when her eldest son was headed for college. Ms. Knutson, now 45, needed mone y for his tuition and fees. She took on all kinds of low-paying but easy tasks at the beginning, from finding a place to purchase a specific item to identifying the name of a street in a photograph.
People looking to make money online as fee-for-service experts should read the fine print. Live Person has one of the more formal payment systems, requiring users to sign up for an account before talking with an expert. Some sites, including Associated Content and Mechanical Turk, reserve the right to refuse payment if a task is not completed satisfactorily.
Most sites have a robust community of workers who regularly offer one another t ips on which tasks pay the best. Mechanical Turk users have an independent site called Turker Nation (turkers.proboards80.com), which reviews the companies th at solicit (索
求 ) and pay for tasks so that workers can check a company’s record before taki ng on a task.
Consumers who use these sites also need to exercise caution. Relying on legal o r medical advice from an unknown online source has obvious drawbacks, and the W eb sites acknowledge that some users have registered complaints about the advic e offered on the sites. LivePerson warns consumers to offer their financial and personal details with care.
For the workers on these sites, even incremental sources of income are helpful these days. Ms. Knutson now spends the majority of her time transcribing Web au dio and video for clients, earning about $250 a week for 30 hours of work. She says she has seen more competition lately but is determined to keep up her week ly pace.
“If I didn’t have this money,” she says, “we’d be struggling to find what to eat every week.”
1. What is the passage mainly talking about?
A) The economic recession will last a few years.
B) More people are taking their skills online to make money.
C) Asking for advice through the Internet is a good way to solve your problems.
D) People shouldn’t release their financial and personal details online. 2. Live Person Inc. is a Web site where ___________.
A) people chat with each other and make friends freely
B) professionals and advisers help others for free
C) people pay money for applying to become an expert
D) clients pay for online chat time with professionals and advisers 3. Why are labor-at-the-keyboard sites gaining popularity?
A) Because people love to work on the Internet.
B) Because more people are finding jobs on the Internet.
C) Because people are being asked to work on the Internet.
D) Because working on the Internet is easier than other ways of working. 4. How much will an expert get through Live Person if a client pays $10? A) $3 to $3.5. B) $10.
C) $6.5 to $7. D) $5.
5. Mechanical Turk originated as a method to _________.
A) label images of a particular animal in a photograph
B) serve a variety of companies who need Web tasks performed
C) help Amazon manage its product database
D) find someone’s email address
6. What does Turker Nation do?
A) It reserves the right to refuse payment if a task is not completed satisfact orily.
B) It relies on legal or medical advice from an unknown online source.
C) It registers complaints about the advice offered on the site.
D) It reviews the companies that solicit and pay for tasks.
7. What does Ms. Knutson spend the majority of her time doing?
A) Finding a place to purchase a specific item.
B) Identifying the name of a street in a photograph.
C) Transcribing Web audio and video for clients.
D) Struggling to find what to eat every week.
8. Associated Content pays contributors to write articles on a wide range of su bjects, from organic flower gardening to how to ______________.
9. Live Person says it vets contributors’ qualifications through a third party , and relies heavily on its _______.
10. Amazon says that MTurk now has 200,000 workers from ______________.
(Skimming and Scanning)
1. B)。纵全文可知,本文主要讲的是“有更多的人利用自
2. D)。
段 “LivePerson Inc., a Web site where clients pay for online chat ti me with professionals and advisers of all fields.”可知, 在 LivePerson 网站上,咨询者付费后
3. B)。参见第四段 “Labor -at-the-keyboard sites are gaining popularity as people increasingly turn to the Web in search of work.”可知,该网 站越来越受欢迎是
4. C)。参
“The site takes a commission of between 30% and 35%.”可知,网站从咨 询者交的中提取 30%到 35%的佣金,所以,剩下的部分应该是由那些网络“专 家”获得,按照比列
5. C)。根
“began as a way to help Amazon manage its product database”可知, Mechanical Turk最初的设计目的是“帮助 Amazon 管理它的产品数据库”。
6. D)。根据倒数第四段“Mechanical Turk users have an independent site called Turker Nation (turkers.proboards80.com), which reviews the companies that solicit and pay for tasks so that workers can check a company’s record before taking on a task.”可知, Turker Nation是
专门提供公司务求息和支付情况的网站, 络“家”在为某家公司提供
7. C)。根倒数第二段第二句可知, Ms. Knutson目前将
8. apply for financial aid。 参见第
Associated Content网站人征集稿件,稿件涉及的
9. community reviews。参见第七 CET-4
For many years, scientists couldn’t figure out how atoms and molecules on the Earth combined to make living things. Plants, fish, dinosaurs, and people are m ade of atoms and molecules, but they are put together in a more complicated way than the molecules in the primitive ocean. What’s more, living things have en ergy and can reproduce, while the chemicals on the Earth 4 billion years ago we re lifeless.
After years of study, scientists figured out that living things, including huma n bodies, are basically made of amino acids and nucleotide bases. These are mol ecules with millions of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms. How could such complicated molecules have been formed in the primitive soup? Scientists were stumped.
Then, in 1953, two scientists named Harold Urey and Stanley L. Miller did a ver y simple experiment to find out what had happened on the Primitive Earth. They set up some tubes and bottles in a closed loop, and put in some of the same gas es that were present in the atmosphere 4 billion years ago: water vapor, ammoni
a, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen.
Then they shot an electric spark through the gases to simulate bolts of lightni ng on the ancient Earth, circulated the gases through some water, sent them bac k for more sparks, and so on. After seven days, the water that the gases had be en bubbling through had turned brown. Some new chemicals were dissolved in it. When Miller and Urey analyzed the liquid, they found that it contained amino ac ids — the very kind of molecules found in all living things.
1. When did scientists come to realize how the atoms and molecules on the Earth combined to make living thing?
A) 4 billion years ago. B) In 1953.
C) After seven days. D) Many years later.
2. Scientists figured out that human bodies are basically made of ___________.
A) amino acids
B) molecules
C) hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms
D) water vapor, ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen
3. Harold Urey and Stanley L.Miller did their experiment in order to ________.
A) find out what had happened on the Earth 4 billion years ago
B) simulate bolts of lightning on the ancient Earth
C) dissolve some new chemicals
D) analyze a liquid
4. At the end of the last paragraph, the word “it” refers to _______.
A) a closed loop B) an electric spark
C) water D) the liquid
5. According to the writer, living things on the Earth include _________.
1. B 细 节 题 从 文 中 第 三 段 可 知 :“Then, in 1953, two scientists?did a very simple experiment to find out what had happened on the Primitive Earth.”这说明从 1953年,人类才开始弄明白地球上 的生物是怎样原子和分
2. A 细 节 题 答 案 从 第 二 段 开 头
3. A 细 节 题 答 案 第 三
4. D 语 义 辨 析 题 原 文 后 一 话 :“When Miller and Urey analyzed the liquid, they found that it contained?” 。 “当米勒和尤里对液体进行分析时,们发现它包含有??”。很明显 it 指的
5. C 综 合 判 断 题 文 中 第 一 段 第 二 句 话 暗 示 了 该 题 答 案 :“Plants, fish, dinosaurs, and people are made of atoms and molecules?” 。 段 “LivePerson says it vets contributors’ qualifications, such as medical licenses or financial certification, through a third party, and relies heavily on its community reviews.”可知, LivePerson 对这些在网用知识和术赚钱人会进行核, 例行医许可或经济师证书等,通过以社区论坛为主的第三方进行认
10. 100 different countries。参见第十四“Amazon says that MTurk now has 200,000 workers from 100 different countries ...”可, MTurk 现在有来自 100个
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No one knows when the first calendar was developed. But it seems possible that it was based on lunar months. When people started farming, the sages of the tri bes became very important, they studied the sky and gathered enough information to be able to predict when the seasons would change, and were able to announce when it was time to plant crops.
The divisions of time we use today were developed in ancient Babylonia 4,000 ye ars ago.Babylonian astronomers believed the sun moved around the Earth every 36 5 days.They divided the trip into 12 equal parts, each with 30 days. Then they divided each day into 24 equal parts, or hours, and divided each hour into 60 m inutes, each minute into 60 seconds.
Humans have used many devices to measure time; the sundial (日
晷 ) was one of the earliest and simplest. However, the sundial worked well only when the weather was fine, so other ways of measuring the passing of time were invented. One device was the hourglass(沙
漏 ). By the eighteenth century, people had developed mechanical clocks and watc hes. So we have devices to mark the passing of time, but what time is it now? C locks in different parts of the world do not show the same time at the same tim e, because time on Earth is set by the sun’s positions in the sky above us. As international communications and travel grew, it became clear that a way to es tablish a common time for all parts of the world was needed. In 1884, an intern ational conference divided the world into 24 time zones, each zone represents o ne hour. The astronomical observatory in Greenwich, England, was chosen as the starting point for the time zones. Twelve zones are west of Greenwich. Twelve a re east. The time at Greenwich measured by the sun is considered by astronomers to be Universal Time, also known as Greenwich Mean Time.
1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A) The Development of Universal Time.
B) Different Ways to Measure Time.
C) Why We Measure Time the Way We do.
D) How the Calendar Came into being.
2. What does the example of Babylonia astronomers reveal?
A) It reveals Babylonians’wisdom that was absent elsewhere.
B) It reveals the origin of our time measurements.
C) It reveals the limits of some time measurements.
D) It reveals the stability of time measurements.
3. The author mentions all of the following ways to measure time EXCEPT . A) sundial B) hourglass C) electric clock D) mechanical clock
4. According to the passage, Greenwich Mean Time __________.
A) provides a common time for all parts of the world
B) is calculated from the sun
C) is the 12th of the 24 time zones
D) was named after an international conference
5. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to ag ree?
A) Time measurements have changed in response to need and technological develop ment.
B) In ancient Babylonia, 12 was the basic division of time.
C) The first calendar was developed because the sages of tribes were intelligen t.
D) Universal Time is so named because it is applicable throughout the universe.
1. C 主旨题本文共三段。 第一段讲历起源之 ; 第二段讲为现代时间概念基础, 巴 比伦如何划分年日时分秒 ; 第三段提及先后出现的测量时间的各工具,并讲述“世界 时”如顺应时代发展而产生。 A) , B) 和 D) 项都只概括了本文的部分内容,只
2. B 综合断 C) 项在文章中没有提及 ,D) 项不确。本文的主是计时方式的
3. C 细节题根据题干可定位于第三段
4. B 细节题解题依据是“The time at Greenwich measured by the sun is?”。不过考 生 不 一 定 留 意 了 个 后 置 定 语 。 相 反 ,
5. A 综 合 判 断 题 C) 项 提 到 的 日 历 出 现 就 其 中 例 证 , 第 三 段 还 到 sundial, hourglass, mechanical clocks and watches和 Greenwich Mean Time的出现, 这都是随着人类社发展的需要出现。 C) 项错在将日历出现归因于一分人的高智商, 真正的原因其是“When people started farming?”。此外, Universal Time非全宇 宙通,它只适用于全球 24个时区,故 D) 项也不正
大学英语四级阅读理解解题方法
大学语四级阅读理解解题方
阅理是大学英语四六级考试的一部分, 分值占得比较重, 对考英语四六级的生 来是重中之重。 先方法主要以真题为主, 下面文都图就来分享一些大学英语四六 级阅读解题方法。 在此,给家介绍一本主书,2015《大学英语四级试真题精析与标准预测》以及 2015 《学英语六级考试题精析与标准预测》,不仅包含最新的 9 套真题 3 套标准预测卷, 涵盖诸如词汇、力、选词填空、阅读理解、译、写作等,帮助考生在短时间内全方 升同学们的英语水平。 最后,文都图书提醒备考的童鞋们,一定要勤加练习,于大学英语四六级阅读理解 来讲,真题是至关重的,因此,一定勤加练习,掌握真题类型,答题技巧,完胜英语四 六级考试并不
大学英语四级阅读理解训练(二)
大学英语四级阅读理
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity byencouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.
“ If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “ But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students
handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ____.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the appropriate amount of external rewards
C) the study of relationship between actions and
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
2. What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students?
A) They approve of external rewards.
B) They don't think external rewards.
C) They have doubts about external rewards.
D) They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not college students.
3. According to the result of the study mentioned in the passage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity?
A) Give rewards for performances which deserve them.
B) Always promise rewards.
C) Assign tasks which are not very challenging.
D) Be more lenient to students when mistakes are made.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ____.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students’
B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency 5. Which of the following facts about “ token economics” is not correct?
A) Students are assigned challenging tasks.
B) Rewards are given for good performances.
C) Students are evaluated according to the effort they put into the task.
D) With token economics, students’ creativity can be enhanced.
答案与解析:
1. D
心家认为外界的奖励对学生会有不同的影。事实辨题。据文章第 “ Psychologists take opposing views of how external re wards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity”可,心理学家的分歧在于来 自外界的奖励对学生积极性和
2. C
许多教育家对外界的奖
文章第二段第一句话提到, 后一观点得了许多教育作者的支持, 从第一段中可知, 后 一种观点是:奖励会促使学生对别人的赞和馈赠产生依赖心理, 因此奖励会破坏创造精神。 由此可知,他们对奖励的正面作用持怀疑
3. A
根据文中的研究结果表明,育家通给予学应得的奖励来高他们的积性和创性。 文章第三指出, 给予生恰当的奖励, 可使他们挥更大的创造性, 但如对糟糕的表现 也给予奖励,或让学生对奖励有太多的期许,反而会扼杀
4. B
从可以得知, 一些重点大学试图加等级标准, 为他们相信比奖励更有效。 事 辨析题。 从文中四段可知, 多大学之所以严格考试的
5. C
根据学生的表现对们作出价。实辨析题。根据最后一段的意思,在种奖励制下, 要根据学生的现对他们做出评
大学英语四级阅读理解重点词汇
大学英语四级阅读
1. hunt for v. 搜寻
2. stumble v. 绊倒, 困惑, 蹒跚, 结结巴
3. attract vt. 吸引 vi. 有吸引力, 引起注意
4. intellectual property 知识产权
5. counsel n. 讨论, 商议, 辩
6. inefficient adj. 效率低的, 效率
7. drawback n. 缺点, 碍, 退还的关税, 退税(
8. eliminate vt. 排
9. concept n. 观念, 概念
10. implicit adj. 暗示的, 盲从的, 含
11. strategy n. 策略, 军略
12. design n. 设计, 图案, 花样, 企图, 图谋, (小说等的)构思, 纲要
v. 设计, 计划, 谋划, 构思
13. tempt vt. 诱惑, 引诱, 吸
14. sign up 登记,签约
15. potential adj. 潜在的, 可能的, 势
16. traffic n. 交通, 通行, 运输, 贸易, 交通量, 交易, 交往, 通信量
vi. 交易, 买卖 vt. 在……通行, 用……作交换
17. marketing n. 行销, 买卖
18. worthwhile adj. 值得做的, 值得出力的
19. keep a close watch on 密切注视,密切关注
20. demand for 需求
21. compensation to 补偿,赔偿
22. negotiate 谈判,商量
23. maintain vt. 维持,
24. mean n. 用意
25. look out v.
26. discrimination n. 辨别,
27. condemn vt. 判刑, 处刑, 声讨, 谴责
28. illegal adj. 违法的, 不合规定的
29. continue to 继续
30. unaware of 没有意识到
31. have a big advantage over 对…有较大优势
32. spread n. 伸
v.
33. suspiciously adv. 猜疑着, 怀疑着
34. start with 以……开始
35. respectively adv. 分别地, 各个地
36. predecessor n. 前辈,
37. coincidence n. 一致, 相合,
38. dream up v. 空
39. junior n. 年少者, 晚辈, 下, (龄、职位等)较低者, 大
40. improving 改进,
41. insensitive adj. 对……没有感觉的, 感觉迟钝的
42. qualification n. 资格,
43. confidence n. 有信心
44. publicly adv. 公然地, 舆论上
45. graduation n. 毕业, 毕业典礼, 刻度, 分等级
46. ceremony n. 典礼, 仪式, 礼节, 报幕员
47. literally adv. 照字面意义, 逐字地
48. draw up v. 草拟, 停
49. recipient adj. 容易接受的,
50. plough through 费劲地阅
51. come to v. 达到, 继承, 复苏, 停止,想起,共计
52. client n.[计 ]
53. blame n. 过失, 责
54. concern about (利害)关系,
55. shop at 购物
56. admission n. 允许进入, 承认某事之陈述, 供认
57. lag n. 落后, 囚犯, 迟延, 桶
vi. 缓而行, 滞后 vt. 落后
58. approach n. 接近, 逼近, 走进, 方法, 步骤, 途径, 通路
vt. 接近, 动手处
59. crucial adj. 至关紧要的
60. panicn. 惊慌, 恐慌, 没有理由的
61. prospect n. 景色, 前景, 前
62. modest adj. 谦虚
63. in despair 绝望
64. despite prep. 不管, 尽管, 不论
65. fortune n. 财富, 运气, 大
66. predominately adv. 占主要优势地
67. overbidvt. 出价高与(别人) , (
68. folk n. 人们, 亲属(复数) , 民族 adj. 民间的
69. comfortableadj. 舒适的
70. lining n. 加
71. bubble n. 泡沫, 幻想的计
72. be influenced by 被…影响
73. ingredient n. 成分, 因素
74. sustain vt. 支撑, 撑住, 维持, 持续
75. be worth doing 值得做
76. place a very high value on 特别重视
77. entertainern. 款待者,
78. for the sake of 为了
79. symptom n.[医 ][植 ]症状, 征兆
80. intellectualadj. 智力的, 有智
81. counterbalancevt. 平均, 使平衡,
82. anything but adv. 决不
83. distaste n. 讨厌, 嫌恶
84. pursuit n. 追击,追求
85. participate in v. 参加, 参与, 分享
86. democracy n. 民主政治, 民主主义
87. resent v. 愤恨, 怨恨
88. privilegen. 特权, 特别
vt. 给与……
89. innate
adj. 先天
90. reluctantlyadv. 不情愿地, 嫌恶地
91. manipulate vt. (熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等) ,
92. ponder v. 沉思, 考虑
93. in the gripe of 掌握
94. militantly 好战地
大学英语四级阅读理解技巧
阅读理解部分包括仔细阅(Reading in Depth)和快阅读(Skimming and Scanning),测试学生通阅读获取书面信息的能
大语四级考试阅读理解部分要考生达到《教要求》一般要求,即“能本读懂一般性题的英文文章,阅读速度达到每分钟70词。在快速阅读幅较长,难度略低的材料时,阅读速度到每分钟100词。能基本读懂国英文报刊,掌握中心意思,理解主要事实和有关细节。能读懂工作生活中常见的应用文体的材料。
阅理解能力包括三个层次:句层次、语篇次、以理判断层次。具来说包括掌握读材料的主和大意;了解说明旨和大意的事实细节;既理解字面的意思,也能根据读材料进行一定的判断和推论;既理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文的逻辑关,理解文章的深层含义。阅读理解不但要
四级考试阅读材料的选
(1)题广,可以包括人物传记、社会、化、常知识、科普常识等,但
体裁多样,包括叙述文、说明文、
Academic Purposes)的特点;
(3)语言难度及词汇量符合教学大
快速阅读的解
《大学英语四级考试大纲》(2006订版)中对速阅部分所考的容、题型、答题方式的说明, “快速阅读部分采1-2 篇较长篇的文章或多篇短文,总长度约1000词。要求考生运略读和查读的技能篇章中获取信息。略读考核学生通快速阅读获取章主旨大一或中心思想的能力,读速度约每分钟100词。读考核学生利用各种提示,如数字、大写单词、句首或段首句等,快速查找特定信息的能力。快速读部分采
根据全国大学英语四、六考试委员会《大学英四级考试大纲》(2006修订版)的样题和新型考试真题可知,快阅读部分由两种式构成。一种是在一篇1200个词左的文章后给出是非判断题(7题)和句子填空题(3道题);另一种是在一篇1200个词左右的文章后面给出多项选择题(7
是非判断题主要要求考生根文章内容对干句子的性或相关性进行判,并相应地给出Y(Yes),N(No),NG(Not Given)种可能,其目的主要在于测试考生快速浏文本,搜所需信息,并进行分类、推理的能力。考生不仅需要准确快速地在原文中找出题给出的句子,而且还要能够仔细比较原文中的
句子填空题往往提三个结构完整的,要求考生据阅读文章的容,将这结构不完整的句补充完整。主是要求考生用原文中的细节信息,最好是用原词或原词的总性概括,直接在所给的句子的空白处填写单词,补充完整的句子必须表达和阅
多项选择题要要考生对文章的理解,从每题的四个选项中选择佳答案。考生应该根据问题迅速查找到相关问题在文中的出处,并且在四个选项中判断出最合乎原文所表
* 解题技巧
1)15钟做,先看小标题(只看2—3个,
2) 做题顺序,看文章题,到文章主要内容,然后看第一小题,在小题分的定位词圈出来,在回原文找。找到第一小题后,再第二小题。看一个题,作一个;不要把文章看完再做题,
3) 比较容易定位
A. 能用中心思想词定位,因为整
B. 间、数字、地点、大写字母
C. 比较长,难的名词容易
D. 定位找2—3个就行,多了也记不。最
NO题:
(l)信息与原
(2)将原文信息
(3)原中不确定的或未经证实的内容作
(4)改变原文的条件、范围、
NG题:
(l)无中生有
(2)个代替整体,即将原文所举例子的
(3)随意比较原文中提
(4)文具体化,即题目中涉及的范
(5)原中者或某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等
*是非判断题的
是非判断题可根据以下步骤
第一步:浏览(Skimming)
在做是非判前,首先花0.5分钟至2分钟的时间略读原文,了
A(大标题(Title),主是为解文章的话题内容,主预测文章内容。 新型四级考试题大标题 Landfills 的分析思路:land + fill = 土地填埋,即可联想及推断出文章
B(小标 (Subtitle),主要是为了了
浏览了大标及标题后,要总结文章结,这样可以帮助考生在答
若章中没有小标题,则应按列顺序浏全文:段的第一句、二句和最后一---- 以下各段的首句----最后一段首句和尾句;目的是便于了解文章大意和话题内容,对文章的体结构也有个大致印象。这种方法,意味着已经开始阅读,所以花的时间要长一些,
第二步:审题
略读全文后,应该进入审阶段。求考生细阅读题干出的句子,借第一步浏览后对主题的握,从句子找出一个或若干个信息含量,容易辨认,而且具有显提示作用的关键词,并通过与主题思想的对比判断或者回到原文中
下面以2006年12月的真题为例
第一题:The energy crisis in $2 discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil
fuels.
在个句子中,“the energy crisis”在文章第一句就提到,因此“the energy crisis”就是帮助考生到原文定位查找关信息的信号词。但是信号并不意味着它就是句子的关键词。所谓关键词,就是对一句话中做出判断应该关
按频率从低排列依次是:宾语、状语、谓语、定语、
应该马上把关键词找来。道题出题点就是宾语“ a shortage of fossil fuels”根据第一步的览,得知文章主题是讲人的,而不是讲物的。所以,这
断为“No”.
第二题:People these days tend to lack physical energy.
这个句子中关键是语“physical energy”。是文章的主题显然明显是与心
第六题:Ivy filled her life with meaning by launching a program to help poor children.
这句子的关键词在方式状语 “by launching a program to help poor children”,这点恰恰与文章第2个小标题“Reclaim life’s meaning”和最后一个小标题“Give to get”相符。因此可以看到句子支
第七题:The real-estate broker the author knows is talented in home redecoration.
这个句子键词在表语。房地产纪人的家装水平高低
第三步:答题
答题一定守主题原则,也就是说:对于题干的句
断为Yes;与主题不符的,判断为No;与
常见的一些答题
1( 第往往是主旨题。可以
段尾句等得出。
2( 出
置会在第的后面。答题时,要时关注每道题的前后
原文定位。
3( 判Yes的题是一般不是照搬原句,而往往
够判断句子是否与原
4. 断No 的题绝大部是与原文内容有冲突
出题方式。举例:
原文:There’s an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels.
问题:The energy crisis in America ?? refers to a shortage of fossil fuels. (2006年12月真题)
原
问题:National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921. (2006年12
月真题)
从以上中原文和问题的黑体字部分可以
5. 还有一个未考证但通过践多次证明的一个规律,即包含绝对词(must, all, never?)的命题一般是No,含相对词(may, can, possibly?)
也许人们说话总有留余地
6. 判为NG 的题往往容易考生误判为N。考生
位准确况下,在相关文字中找不到相
*句子填空题的
句子填空的题步骤和方法与是非断题相似,不同的在
第一步:审题
此方法和前文提
第二步:定位
句子填空题序号为第8到第10题,此一般应当到文章后面的段落找答案,但是并不意味肯定在第7道题的后。比如说第8题的答有可能在第7题的前面。准确的位置应根据句子的信号词
第三步:答题
空白处需要填的内容基都是原,但是根据题目要求灵活应变。如题目很可能包含了同词替换,那是否还能照搬原文,还是考虑名词的单复数、词的语法变化等问题,需要适当改变词形呢,这些问题都是在答
题目:The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of
______________________.(2006年6月真题的第10题)
原文:The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his
vision and leadership.
honor = in recognition of 因此答案为:his vision and leadership.
题目:When it comes to decision-making, one should make a quick choice without
________. (2006年12月真题的第9题)
原文:Make a choice and don’t look back.
题目中使用without这一介词,而词后为名词或名词结构,
*多项选择题的
多项选择题解题步与上题型基本相似,不同之在于答题的方式。考应该注意问题是,由于题目给出了个选项,选项之间经会产生干扰,要求考生能够根据题干相应的文章内容部分确定正
篇章阅读理解的
《英语四级考试大纲》(2006订版)中篇阅读理解部所考核的内容、题型、答题方式的说明为,“两篇为多项择题型的短文理解测试,篇长度为300到350词。 测考生在不同层面上的阅读理能力,包括解主旨大意和重要细节、合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文猜测词义等。多项选择题的短文后有若干个问题,考生根据对文章的理解,
通常学阅读时都会有以下几种影响阅读
(1)“指读”,为了“集中意力”,用手指或笔尖指着文章细细逐词阅。一遇到生词,便顿下来,无法在
(2)“唇读”,即的生在阅读中寺喜欢读出声,或即不出声,嘴唇了蠕动,或脑
(3)“回读”,也“即时读”在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时,返句首甚至首重读;还有相当多学生对阅读忆经产
(4)“译读”,即阅读过中,断地进行膛词逐句的翻译,通过译成母语辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅方法,习惯于在不限定的时间内,对一小块文章精雕细琢,导致了逐词阅读
以上这几种情况会响阅能力。虽然掌握了大量的词汇,但假不改掉这几种习,那么花在
多项选择题型的阅读理解试用来测试生阅读速度理解能力,要求学生够达到《教学要求》中的一般要,即“能基本读懂一般题材的英文文章,读速度达到每分钟70词。” 阅读理解的问题一来说可以进行以下归类:1)主旨大意题;2)观点态度题; 3)细节事实题; 4)是非判断题; 5)词义题; 6)推理
1)主旨大意
掌握所读材料的主旨和大是正确解全文关键。对主思想的提问常是阅读理解测试的必考,但是提问式及用词都有差异,这类提
(2) Which of the following best state the theme of the passage?
(3) The passage is mainly about ______.
(4) The passage mainly discusses ______.
(5) The author’s purpose in writing this passage is ______.
(6) The best title for this passage would be ______.
解答这一类题目的基
(1)主题句法。抓住全文中心思想的快捷的途就找出主题。由于常见的文章或段的写作形式为从一到个别的论述叙述方式,即演绎法,此主题句一般位于文或段落的开。若文章采用归纳法,即从个到一般来述或叙述,主题句则位于末。除此之外,主题句还有可能位于段落的中间。找到主题之后,应以它为标准,再解题时,凡是与主题句的
(2)概括归纳法。在篇阅读理中,文章主题句隐含的,这就要靠考生自己进行概或归纳隐含主题思想。因为大部分阅理解短文多是由数段组,概括主题可以从归纳每段的要点开始,最后将各段要点集中概括并
2)观点态度题
针作者倾向(tendency)或态(attitude)以短文笔调(tone)推理题大都要求考就作者对论述象持何种思想倾向做出判断,比作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是犹疑不定; 对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还
(1) What is the author’s attitude toward … ?
(2) How would the author probably feel about … ?
(3) What tone does the author take in writing this passage?
作者的这种思想倾向和情色彩不定直表述出来,往往隐含在里行间,或者流露于修的词语之中。因此,考生既要依靠短文主题思想作为推理的提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。常见的一
(1)表示积极肯定
(2)表示消极否定态度:annoyed (生的),depressed (沮丧的),disappointed (失望的),suspicious (怀疑的),ironic (讽刺), negative (消极
(3)表示中性态度:neutral (中立的),objective (客观的), subjective (主观的), critical (批判的), radical (激进的), exaggerating (夸张的)
要顺利推断出作者的思想倾向,考
(1) 意描写性段落,以及文中人对某场面进行描述的语言,
(2) 注意作者如何对待题材,发现作
(3) 确定作者
(4)理解作者对读者
3) 细节事实题
细问题是关于Supporting Details的问题,通过Skimming找出主后,进一步掌握阐述和发展主题的主事实,或按要求找出特定细节。回答此类问题时,采查读法(Scanning),因为这具体内容(Details)是来说明、论证或分析文中心的。这类题目常以"WH-"形式来提问,如who,what,when,where,why及how等形式。这些问题的表达常不采用中的原话提问,而是使用同义词语等,因此,在选择答前应首先看准题干,看清问题所问;然后,在查读时注意寻找与目相关的关键
然,这类细节性问题所涉及的面是广的。有涉数字计算,问时间、距离、次数、数量等,认真计算后可选定正确答;有的涉及正误判断,要看选项,根据选项提的线索,寻视文相应部分,最后在题中选出肯答案;还的寻问事实、原因、结果、的等。总之,做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和识做出想像判断,一定要紧扣文章内容,可随心所
(1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?
(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?
(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .
(5) The reason for . . .is . . .
(6) The author states that . . .
(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ...
细节事实题的特点在干中确提到时间,地点,人物等细节信,往往对文章中的一句或句发问,或者
在原文中准位,从而找到相关内容出处,核实细节,正确
(1)根据题干中的时间,地
(2)可根据出题顺
(3)可根据题干中的重点词
考生还应该注意细节实题选常常一定的迷惑性,常用的方式为:(1)单词换;(2)颠倒因果;(3)扩范围;(4)常识判。考生应该要仔细辨别选项,甄别出与原文最为一致的说
4) 是非判断题
是非判断题也是常见测试题之一。类题目主要是问什么真实的,或什么不是实的。此试题经常就细节提问,求考生对文章细节
(1)“Which of the following statements is true?”
(2)“Which of the following statements is NOT true?”
(3)“Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?”
(4)“The author mentions all of the following in the passage EXCEPT______”
(5)“Which of the following is NOT the cause of…?”
(6)“Which of the following is NOT listed as (in)…?”
是断题在考题设计上往往会提供一是非判断出点。常见的方式有:“According to the author (the passage,Mr. Smith),which of the following is true?”据作者或者根据短文中出现的人物、或根据文章来判断,不的着眼点必定有不同的答案,因此首先应该明确是
5) 词义题的
阅解试题除了测试考生的阅读速度和解能力外,还试考生对词的掌握程度。此类试也在就细节提问,要考生对在文章出现的某个单词或者短语出近义词、近义结构者最合适的解。一般用于测试的词有两种类:第一种是僻词。这类词往往是使用度较低的词,日常阅读中不太常见。第二种是高频词。对高频进行考查主要是测试考生对高频词的一词义的理解
词义题常见的提
(1)According to the author, the word “ … ” in Line X of Paragraph Y means .
(2)The phrase “ … ” in Line X paragraph Y suggests .
词义题的解题方法般是用入替代法来检查所选词义是否合乎下文。词义进行猜测是此题目解题的重要
(1)通过定猜词。在读文章中,一些生僻的词常常其定出现,理解句意或段落含义本
例如:
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read
intelligently.
这里用同位语形给“semantics”做解释,相当于一个简单的定义,
(2)通过上下语、在逻辑关系猜词。上下文词语义往往互关联,或同义,或反义,或
例如:
1. Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite
humble and modest.
句中短语“in contrast”提醒考生“supercilious” 与“humble and modest”构成对关系,从而可以猜出supercilious意为“
2. Today, young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their
money on appliance, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color TVs.
通过所举例子(washing machines, refrigerators and color TVs)可以看出, “appliances”应是这些名词的“上义词”,即“家用电器”。
(3)通过构
英语中有很多词构很有规律,许多词是由多语素合而成的,只要我们了解各
例如:
He fell into ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.
根据前缀semi-(半,分的)以及词根conscious(醒的,有意识
(4)由猜词义转猜“词域”。也就是说,有些词并不需要知道具体的义,只要理解它的致意思或使用
例如:
Cats are more sensitive than dogs to the side effects of a variety of drugs like digoxin.
“digoxin”是“异羟地黄毒苷”,考生对汉语名都未听说过,因此花费时间去
(5)猜多义词。英语一词义现象很普遍,一旦考生熟知的词在文章不能合乎语境时,就要猜测出它在
例如:
In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself
in a difficult situation.
可以看出,果jam理解为“果酱”显行通,根据下文的提示
(6)运用生活经验及
例如:
Academic degrees include bachelors’ degree, masters’ degree and doctors’ degree.
根据常
总之,运用各已信猜测词义是阅读文章的一重要巧,在实践中是没有特定
6)推断题
推断是一种推理过程,对推断题,生不接从文章字上找到答案,而要就短陈述的论点或述的事实进推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结。在推断题中常带有 “may, might, must, probably”等等这样
(1)The author of this passage is most probably .
(2)According to the passage, we can assume that .
(3)What can we infer from the passage?
(4)The next paragraph would most probably deal with .
正推理建立在对短文有关部分彻理解的基础,也就对题目的要求与提,对原文中找到所有相关信进行仔细地分析,摸它们相互之间时间,方位,因果,对比等逻辑关系,并在此础上进行合推理,选定答案。在理过程中,有时某些词语的语义发挥着至关重要的作。此外,能否把握准某些代词的指代对象对
7) 隐含题
隐含指的是含义在直中。因为容易被表面意义所掩或削弱使人难于觉察,隐含题是学生
(1)What does the author imply by saying … ?
(2)What is the implication of … ?
在处理隐含题是,首先要定题干在章中的置,找出相关句子以及关词,从里行间寻意,分所提供的信和作者的表达意图。当一句话含很多不确定的隐含意的时候,处理的办法是根据哪一个更符合主题内容 来选择。考生要做好
(1) 隐含意寓于提义之中,前提所蕴涵的内容属于隐意义。前提是逻辑学和语学中的概念,
例:“In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.”,命题的心是“I was fed well and healthily.”,另一个部分是时前提,在时间前提里有这样一些隐含内容:1) There was no fridge in my childhood. 2) My child was in the age of the fifties。命题中心或句子的信息中心以外的部分,是命题的已知部分,
(2) 话说,正话反说。在种情况下,往往运用
例如:
He is not stupid. = He is cleaver.
He is the last one to do it. = He never does it.
(3)虚拟气。拟语气也是隐含题常见的点,求考生掌握关于虚拟语气
例如:
If only we hadn’t spent so much money on our vocation this year.
隐含有“我们后悔花钱
(4)隐含种间接表达方式,因此容明显的,能在文章中
篇章词汇理解的
《学英语四级考试大纲》(2006修版)中对章词汇理解部所考核的内容、型、答题式的说明为, “词填空篇章长为200-250词,选词填空试考生对篇章语境中词汇的理和运用能力。要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词的短文,然后从所给的选项中选择正确
选词填空(Banked Cloze)是四级试改革之后出的新题型,要考察考对连贯性,一致,逻辑性等语整体特征以及单词在实际语境的理解,要求考生在理解文的基础上弄清文章的宏观结构和具体细化到每个单词的微观理解。考察形式
左右的文章,从中处10个,后面有15个选项,要求考生选正确的单填入文章,使文章贯,表达正确。
选择填空考的是猜测词义的能力,核心在于通各线索来确定和意义,从而实现成功配。因此就产生了相应解题方法:通词的后缀等对选项进行合理分类,分不出的可先模处理。再通过文逐一确定空格所需要的词性和意。这就需要生通过看句子中此词所处的位,以及前文或后文来进行断。例如指代词/句间连词告诉我们要前寻找;而段首的抽象表达可能要从下文找到案。要做
(1)浏览全文,把
考生首先应通读全文,清文的大意结构,确立正确的背知识,为正式的填空作准备。一情况下,文章开头和结的句子都能表达完整信息,揭示文章的背景知识和主题思想,在阅读时要仔细,
(2)浏览选项,
因项中的单词只能用一次,而且没有选项改写的要,因此将选项汇按性分类将会大选择范围。把十五个选项按性分别归入名词、动词、形容、副词等类别。如有不会分辨词性的单词,应注意看后。在构词法中,前缀管意思,后缀管词性。所以看个词的后缀,往往能大致分出词性。在明了选项单词的词后,再根据词性的有关知识去选择填。比如空格前面若为冠词,则此必须填入一个名词。另外,在判断词性时可以重点析动词的时态,即哪几个是动词原型,哪几个是动词过去或过去分词
(3) 读上下文,
主谓宾、主系表与修饰直接搭配决定着词的意义。所先看需要填入的单词谁修饰,谁形成主谓宾关系。看种关系不行就看另一,要灵活处分析。通过逻辑关系和习惯用法进行分析也是猜
(4)积极思考,
文章大意基本确定之后可以根据格中应填词性,上下文内在逻辑以及识选择合的选项填空。但必要注意前后,通篇考虑,寻找线索,以确保章连贯,语言顺畅,上下感情色彩一致。在选择的过程中不必按顺序做题,可先选出最有把握的词,然后
(5)复读全文,
填空完利用一两分钟的时间再次复读全
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