一、填空题
1、
答案:
出处:《现代汉语》上册第一页
解析:汉语是汉民族的语,现代汉是现代汉民族所使用的语言。现代民族共同语就是以京语音为标准,以北方话为基础
2、
答案:语序
出处:《现代汉语》上册第7页。
解析:现
3、
答案:苏州话
出处:《现代汉语》上册第5页。
解析:语是以上海为共通语、以苏州为标准音、以吴语的江南群城方言为基础方言、以四声八调清浊对立等正统古的自然语言为古典语法规范、以江浙民系作家开创的白文为现代语法规范的江左江南汉族共同。通行于吴越南,是吴语区文化情
4、
答案:有音有义
出处:《
解析:
5、
答案:单纯词
出处:《
解析:由一语素成的词叫做单纯词。由
6、
答案:r
出处:《现代汉语》上册第31页。
解析:
7、
答案:a
出处:《现代汉语》上册第46页。
解析:发音,头教高的部位叫舌
答案:社会性
出处:《现代汉语》上册第19页。
解析:语言是社会象,作语言的物质外壳,语音也是社会现象。同一个意义,在不同的语言或
9、
答案:音节
出处:《现代汉语》上册第21页。
解析:音
10、
答案:隶书
出处:《
解析:书,亦称汉隶,是汉字中常的一种庄重的字,书写效果略微宽扁,横画长而直画短,呈长方形,讲究“蚕头燕尾”、“一三折”。隶书起源于朝,由程邈整理而成,在东时期达顶峰,对后书法有不可小觑的影,
11、
答案:字形归类
出处:《
解析:首
12、
答案:笔画法
出处:《
解析:画
13、
答案:定音
出处:《
解析:字
14、
答案:楷书
出处:《
解析:楷书也叫正楷、真、正书。由书逐渐演变而来,更趋简化,横平直。《辞海》解释它“形体方正,笔画平直,可作楷”。
15、
答案:成语
出处:《
解析:熟
16、
答案:简称
出处:《
解析:
17、
答案:扩展法
出处:《
解析:词
18、
答案:语法意义
出处:《
解析:义
19、
答案:形象色彩
出处:《
解析:情
20、
答案:语义场
出处:《
解:语义场在同个语义系统中,在共时条件
21、
答案:不平衡
出处:《
解析:反义
22、
答案:全民常用性
出处:《
解析:
23、
答案:多音节单纯词
出处:《
解析:
24、
答案:对
出处:《现代汉语》下册第59页。
解析:语由简单动词或动词语(助动词或态动词+主要动词)构成,依据其在句中简程度可把谓语分为简谓语和复合谓语两。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构
25、
答案:中性宾语
出处:《现代汉语》下册第62页。
解析:中宾
26、
答案:施事
出处:《现代汉语》下册第88页。
解析:现代汉语的种句式。用介词“被”构成的表示被动意义的句。其结构
⑴主语
⑵动词须是及物动词。有“被”字直接在动词之前,即施事者省略。过去被句一般用于表达不幸或愉快的遭遇,后突破了这种局限。口中
27、
答案:结构
出处:《现代汉语》下册第83页。
解析:句子的结构类型。根构成句子的词的不同类别、序列、搭配方式等等,汉语的句子类型可分主谓句、非主谓、被动句、倒装句、语
28、
答案:并列
出处:《
解析:并列句前分句分别叙述或描写
29、
答案:谐音
出处:《
解析:就成
30、
答案:义仿
出处:《
解析:仿
二、判断题
1、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》上册第11页。
解:20世50代确定的推广普通话的工
2、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》上册第2页。
解析:共同语一个民全体成员通用的语言。方言是
3、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》上册第15页。
解析:语音是人类说的声音,具有意义内容的语言成分的外部形式,或说是语言物质外壳。和自然
4、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》上册第20页。
解析:音是
5、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》上册第64页。
解析:调值指音节高升降曲长短的变化形式,也就是声调的实际音值或法。调类声调的种类,就是
6、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:字
7、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:
8、
答案:?
出处:《
解:用两个几个件合成一个字,把这些部
9、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:
10、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:“仓促”不属于音译词。
11、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:词
12、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:性反义义场是指处于种语义场的个词,肯定A,就否定B,肯定B就否A,但否定B就否定A,但否定A不一定是肯定B,否定B也一定肯定A,因为还有C、D、E等
13、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:
14、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》下册第12页。
解析:状态形容如“白、漆黑、血红”,本身已表示定状态
15、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》下册第22页。
解析:代词虚指示代词不能肯定的人或
16、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》下册第30页。
解析:例
17、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》下册第44页。
解析:例
18、
答案:?
出处:《现代汉语》下册第48页。
解析:
19、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:“不管?都”属于条件复句。
20、
答案:?
出处:《
解析:借代指直接说出某人或某事物
三、选择题
1、
答案:D
出处:《现代汉语》上册第29页。
解析:D项均为鼻音n。
2、
答案:B
出处:《现代汉语》上册第77页。
解析:韵学术语,开口呼、合口呼、撮口呼合称为“四”。韵母开头是i的,或者韵腹是i的韵母属于齐齿。发音时,上下齿几乎是对齐,因此叫齐齿呼。现代汉拼音中,有9个韵母属于齐齿,分别
3、
答案:C
出处:《现代汉语》上册第94页。
解析:一个言系统中能够区分义的最小的语音单位,也就按语音的辨义作用归纳出来音类,语言的社会属性划分出来的语言单位。 音位是语言中能表示语义的单位。据国际语音学协会的定义,音位是 “某个语言不加分别的一族相关的声音”。它是具语言或方言中能够别意义的最小的语音单位。年出版的京大学叶蜚声、徐通锵的《语言学纲要》则出“音位是体语言
4、
答案:D
出处:《现代汉语》上册第49页。
解析:韵
5、
答案:B
出处:《现代汉语》上册第83页。
解析:“
6、
答案:C
出处:《
解析:不自由语素是指不能独立成词,能同别的语素组合成词,组合时位置定的语素,叫不自由素。例如:示——表示、启示、演示、范、众?? 习——学习、习惯、
7、
答案:D
出处:《
解析:联绵词指两不同音节连缀表示一个意义而不能拆开成个语素
8、
答案:A
出处:《
解析:“开关”于联型复合式,由两个意义相同、
9、
答案:B
出处:《
解析:用
10、
答案:B
出处:《
解析:“毁”和“损坏”主要是表示的程
11、
答案:B
出处:《
解析:指事是用征性符号或在象形字上
答案:A
出处:《
解析:A项中笔画均为5画。
13、
答案:D
出处:《
解析:“打”的本义击打。
14、
答案:A
出处:《现代汉语》下册第63页。
解析:
15、
答案:D
出处:《
解析:正
16、
答案:C
出处:《现代汉语》下册第71页。
解析:时地语多介词短语来表示动作发
17、
答案:A
出处:《现代汉语》下册第61页。
解析:“他”为间接宾语,“一本书”为直接宾语。
18、
答案:A
出处:《现代汉语》下册第57页。
解析:
19、
答案:C
出处:《现代汉语》下册第83页。
解:单句是短
答案:C
出处:《现代汉语》第65页。
解析:C项中“十平方米”作宾语。
21、
答案:C
出处:《
解析:现代汉语中,插入语属于独立,其作用是句子表严密化,补足句意,包括说话者对话语的态度,或引听话者的注意。在一个句子中插入一个成分,它不作句的何种成分,也不和句子的何成分发结构关系,时既不起连接作用,也表
22、
答案:C
出处:《现代汉语》下册第69页。
解析:补语是述补结构补充说明语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量,的等的成分。语与述语之间补充
答案:C
出处:《现代汉语》下册第83页。
解:形容词词充当谓语的句子叫形容词
答案:D
出处:《现代汉语》下册第89页。
解析:由
25、
答案:B
解:存现句示什地方存在、出现或消失了什
26、
答案:A
出处:《现代汉语》上册第96页。
解析:A项中没有歧义。
27、
答案:A
出处:《
解析:递进关的复句面分句的意思比前面分句的意
28、
答案:A
出处:《
解析:假设句偏句提出假设,正句
答案:D
出处:《
解析:拟就是把一事物当作另外一个物来描述、说明。 比拟的辞格是将人比作物、将物比做人,或将甲物化为物。运用这种辞格能收到特有的辞效果:或增添特有的情,或把事物写得神形毕现,栩如生,发爱憎分明的情。诗歌、小
30、
答案:B
出处:《
解:辞格的用指在一段文字中的接连使
四、拼音能力题
1、选
答案:(3)、(5)、(6)、(8)
(1)出处:《现代语》上第78页。韵母表中i行的韵母,在零声音节中,如i后面还有别的元
(2)出处:《代汉语》上册第78
(4)出处:《现代语》上册第79页。uen前
(7)出处:韵表中u的韵母,在零声母音节中,如果u后面还有
(9)出
(10)处:《现代汉语》上册
2、
答案:
Jiágǔw?n zhǐ tōngxíng yǔ yīnshāng shídài ka xiě zài guījiǎ sh?ugǔ shàng de w?nzì.
注意:拼音连写和大写。
五、汉字能力题
1、
(1)答案:5 出处:《现代汉语》上册第145页。
(2)答案:12 出处:《现代汉语》上册第145页。
(3)答:上下 出
(4)答案:框
(5)答案:辛
(6)答案:人
(7)答案:竖
(8)答案:横
(9)答案:
(10)答案:撇 竖 横折 横 横 横 横 竖 横折钩 点 提 横折钩 点 提 出处: 《
(1)气极败坏(急)
(2)神彩奕奕(采)
(3)穿流不息(川)
(4)一笔勾消(销)
(5)灸手可热(炙)
六、语法词汇规范
答案:
(1)?
(2)?(
(3)?(联
(4)?
(5)?(倍数只能用来表示增加)
七、文言文阅读题
1、
答案:谚曰:“谁为为之?令听之?”盖钟子期死,伯牙终身不复鼓琴。何?士为知己用,女说己容。若仆大已亏缺,虽材怀随、和,
2、
(1)动词,为了
(2)通“悦”,高兴
(3)身体残损
(4)赞同
八、语音分析
1、
答案:(1)21 35 出:《现代汉语》上册第83页。三个上声音节相连,后两个音节语紧凑,语义停顿在一
(2)/y/主要来做声母,/i/主要
(3)四个 出:《代汉语》上册第20页。音素是
(4)shùzhīr 出处:《现代汉语》上册第87页。化是指一
(5)xiānsheng 出处:《现代汉语》上册第85页。轻声是
九、辨析下列词语
1、
答案:“生命”的运用范围“性命”广,除指动物外,还指各种各类生物体,包括植物,微生物等活动能力。它还抽象事物,如政治命,
2、
答案:“指斥”指严的批评、斥责,指揭露错误,斥罪行,如那时候,希律王已经杀了施洗者约翰;因为翰在人民面前指斥希律王的罪。“指责”,指针对缺错误加以责备,如指责错误,肃指。“指摘”指明错误、缺点,并加
十、语法分析
A:
1、
2、
而缩以后的胶只有十
3、
答案:介词
4、
答案:副词
5、
答案:助词
十一、
1、
答:关联词使用当,前句应该改为“会计
2、”
答案:成分
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English Test for Doctoral Candidates (B)
Jan., 2010
Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you’ll hear five short
conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then write your answer in the corresponding place on your Answer Sheet I.
1
1. A. He is glad the interview is over.
B. He is confident of his performance.
C. He is worried about the result of the interview.
D. He is unsure of the result.
2. A. She’ll prepare the dinner.
B. She’ll have some chocolate cake.
C. She’ll take a look at the menu.
D. She’ll go without dessert.
3. A. Alice should give her parents a call.
B. Alice should go home right away.
C. Alice should not worry about her family.
D. Alice should write to her parents more frequently.
4. A. Have a drink in the bar.
B. Go to the library.
C. Meet the woman.
D. See Professor Smith.
5. A. The actor is busy buying jam on his way.
B. The police want to talk to the main actor.
C. The main actor forgot to come.
D. The main actor is delayed by traffic.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At
2
the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then write your answer in the corresponding place on your Answer Sheet I.
Passage 1
6. A. Most of their money.
B. Almost half their money.
C. Almost all their money.
D. Almost one-third of their money.
7. A. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.
B. Right after the food is ready.
C. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with a knife.
D. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of bread.
Passage 2
8. A. Institution of International Education.
B. University of Southern California.
C. U.S.C.’s Office of International Services.
D. California State Government.
9. A. Because they have language problems.
3
B. Because the American students don’t want to make
friends with them.
C. Because international students often want to spend their free time with friends
from their own country or group.
D. Because the offices do not look for ways to help them.
10. A. Organizing programs to help foreign students feel more at ease in their new
surroundings.
B. Helping international students work out their course schedule.
C. Helping international students get involved in school life and make American
friends.
D. Helping family members who come to the United States with international
students.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you are going to hear a short passage. It will be spoken three times. After you hear the passage, please write a summary of it in about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.
4
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Part II Vocabulary (10%)
Section A
Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or phrase from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.
11. The _______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some
physical aspect in the life style of the people.
A. expectation
B. implementation
C. manifestation
D. demonstration
12. The insurance company paid him $10,000 in _______
5
after his accident.
A. commission
B. compensation
C. substitution
D. installment
13. Oh, what a nuisance! It _______ so easy for me to bring
those photographs I
wanted to show you, and I have left them on the table at
home.
A. was
B. would have been
C. would be
D. had been
14. One of the most spectacular qualities of man is notably
his _______ to any kind of
natural environment.
A. availability
B. inclination
C. adaptability
D. domination
15. Although this area is very poor now, its _______ wealth
is great.
6
A. profound
B. prevalent
C. previous
D. potential
16. The workers’ demands are _______; they’re asking for
only a small increase in
their wages.
A. complicated
B. moderate
C. commercial
D. abnormal
17. His misbehavior and _______ dismissal from the firm
was reported in the
newspaper.
A. improper
B. frequent
C. inefficient
D. subsequent
18. The accident _______ him of his sight and the use of his
legs.
A. gripped
B. excluded
7
C. deprived
D. disabled
19. If he wants to get to Chicago by tonight, he has no _______ but to go by plane.
A. dilemma
B. chance
C. other way
D. alternative
20. He is _______ to organize the meeting.
A. intertwined
B. entitled
C. enlarged
D. ingrained
Section B
Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.
21. A. endure
B. express
8
C. overcome
D. forget
22. The city had the green maiden which had stretched
from the old fort
walls to the river bank.
A. tippled
B. devoured
C. guzzled
D. swigged
23. A. concern
B. encouragement
C. support
D. inspiration
24. A. expanded
B. increased
C. shrunk
D. lost
25. A. absurdity
B. truth
C. congruity
D. contradiction
26. A. transition
9
B. communication
C. connection
D. attachment
27. out of trouble.
A. overpower
B. ignore
C. oversee
D. miss
28. The professor highly praised his students given the fact
that they accumulated A. various
B. to the extent
C. in a manner
D. in every way
29. levels.
A. interact
B. acknowledge
C. test
D. measure
30. A. artificially
B. gradually
C. tirelessly
D. professionally
10
Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center on your Answer Sheet I.
Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you wonder how it is possible for us to people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child an animal, such as a pigeon—can learn to recognize faces. We all this ability for granted.
We also tell people apart how they behave. When we talk about smeone’s personality, we mean in which he or she acts. Speaks, thinks, and feels that individual different from others.
Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality words is somewhat easier than his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you begin to think about someone who was kind, There are many
11
words to describe a person thinks, feels, and acts. Gordon Allport, U.S. Psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words differences in people’s behavior. And many of us
use this information as a for describing a , military types—people are described with such 31. A. anytime B. sometimes C. ever D. always
32. A. recognize B. spot C. locate D. know
33. A. qualities B. features C. characteristics D. distinctions
34. A. and too B. or even C. and also D. and then
35. A. regard B. have C. use D. take
36. A. with B. in C. by D. from
37. A. the patterns B. the manners C. the means D. the ways
38. A. make B. courses C. cause D. makes
39. A. using B. with C. by D. in
40. A. description of B. describe C. describing D. to describe
41. A. should B. will C. would D. shall
42. A. will B. may C. can D. might
43. A. concerned B. considerate C. considerable D. considering
12
44. A. what B. why C. when D. how
45. A. that B. a C. an D. the
46. A. to characterize B. characterizing C. characterize D. characterized
47. A. criterion B. base C. foundation D. point
48. A. woman B. person C. personality D. man
49. A. conservatives B. politicians C. scholars D. professionals
50. A. terms B. nouns C. nicknames D. jargon
Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer marked A, B, C or D, and then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I. Passage 1
If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures—more
than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care
13
combined.
14
中南大学理论力学答案 中南大学基础力学实验答案
导读:就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“中南大学基础力学实答案”的资讯,希望对您有所帮
中南大学基础
基础力学实验绪论
1.实验,综合
2.在力学实验测量中,对于载荷不对称或试件何性质不称时,为提测量精度,常
3.若载荷与其对应的响应值是线关系,则载
1
应的响应值增量也是线
4.对于任何测量实验,加载方案
5.载荷与变形的关系为ΔL=FL/EA
简支梁各阶固有频
1.简支梁横向振动固有频率若为f1=20HZ,则。(f1:f3=1:9)
2.
3.共振相位判别法判断共振时,激振信号与动体速度号的李
4.
5.物体的固有频率只
6.物体的共振频率就是物体
2
压杆稳定测试实验
1.关于长度因数μ2.关于柔度λ
3.关于压杆稳定性,正确的说法是:要让欧拉论可用,使压杆的
4. 机
5.两端球形铰支的压杆,其横截面如下所示,压杆失稳时,横截面对
(i=h/sqrt(12)=2/sqrt(12)=0.577mm)
6.已知某理想中心压杆的长度为l,横面的惯性为l,长度数为μ,
?2EI为E,其欧拉临
7.已知某理想中心压杆的长度为l,横截面的性半径为i,长度因数为μ,则该压杆
3
8.两端铰支的细长压杆,若在其中点加一个铰支座,以束该截面的水位移,则增加该束后压杆的欧
弯扭组合变形实验
1.在弯扭组合实验中,圆轴表面测点处包
和径向截面的
2.在弯扭组合实验中,轴中性轴
好横街面和径向截
3.
4.粘贴温度补偿片的元件应与被试件的线膨
4
5.为了测定实验圆轴表面的主应力,直角应变花可否沿任意方向粘贴,为什么, 答:可以。 因为应力圆是点圆外,主力大小和主单位的位置都是唯一的,因此论直角应变花沿哪个方向粘贴,只要测平面应力状态的三要素,么就可以计算
6.在弯扭组合表型的电测实验中,在圆轴的同一个横截面的外表面处布置三个直角应变花,起重A和B位于上下表面,C位于水平直径的一个端点处,一个角应变花夹在中间的一个应变都与线方向重合,变花中的个应变片都
(1)如果要测定该横截面上的弯矩的值,最简单方法是测量哪个或最少哪
答:2;5
(2)如果要测定该横截面上扭矩的值(计弯曲切力的影响),最简单的
个或最少哪几个应
5
答:7;9
纯弯曲实验
1.
2.
3.在纯弯梁电测实验中温度补偿片的作是消除环温度的变对测试结果
4.
5.在纯弯梁电测实验中能正确检查实验结果的“线性”规律的是同一测点的线应变在不同载荷作用下的比例关系、不测点的线应变在同一级载荷作下的梁高方向上的分布规律、受和受区测点线应变正负关系对称性、中性
6.在以下所列的仪器设备中,纯梁电测实验
6
阻应变仪;预调平衡
7.纯弯曲电测实验的实验装置如下图所示,C界面
M=1/2Fa
8.图示矩形截面梁的惯矩弯曲截
9.在正弯矩的作用下弯曲正应沿梁高的分
10.粘贴的位
金属材料的拉压力
1.对于没有屈服阶段的塑性材料通常用( ) 来示该材料的名屈服极限,则确的名义屈
32
7
2.测定E的实验中施加初级荷载的目的 预热仪 和
3.测定E的实验中,试件两端施加的荷载 4.材料拉力学性能实需要哪些仪
答:钢板尺、游标卡尺、电子能试验机、计
8
中南大学2012级博士生综合英语考试试卷
English Test Paper for Doctoral Candidates
December 23, 2012
Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)
Section A Conversation
Directions: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).
1. A. She has missed too many classes.
B. She finds the course very difficult. C. She is hardly able to finish the reading.
D. She doesn’t like the professor and his lecture. 2. A. The woman cannot find the piece of paper.
B. The woman will go to see Mr Brown.
C. The man has agreed to give the woman a call. D. The man will ask Mr Brown to cal the woman. 3. A. She is unable to help the man.
B. She offers to collect data for the man. C. She has never lived in that small city.
D. She will tell the man her childhood stories. 4. A. It is canceled.
B. It is delayed.
C. It will take off soon.
D. It has a technical problem. 5. A. Bank accounts closed.
B. Money overdrawn. C. Vacation plans. D. Daily expenses.
Section B Passage
Directions: In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I). Passage One
6. A. Deteriorating memory.
B.
Insufficient preparation.
C. Uncontrollable tension.
D. Education background.
7. A. She would fail to recall anything.
B. She would become absent-minded.
C. She would sit down and rest.
D. She would copy the answers.
8. A. To help students become smarter.
B. To help students prepare for tests.
C. To help students follow instructions.
D. To help students control anxiety.
Passage Two
9. A. Water could be found in a nearby river.
B. The river water could be used for irrigation.
C. The water could be saved for future use.
D. Villagers could carry the water to the fields.
10. A. The job would take several months.
B. The villagers had never done the job before.
C. The job was too great and costly.
D. There wasn't enough labor to do the job.
Section C Summary
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. Then you are asked to write a summary about 60 words on it (on Answer Sheet II).
Part II Vocabulary (10%)
[依据《新世纪博士生综合英语》 1、 2、 4、 5、 6单元内容 ]
Section A
Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet (on Answer Sheet I).
11. A speaker who makes more eye contact is perceived as _______ and responsible.
A. virtual
B. confident
C. intrusive
D. innocent
12. The book is a(an) _______ of tapescripts of some famous speeches.
A. image
B. feature
C. collection
D. encryption
13. The treaty created the European Union, the world's largest trading _______.
A. bloc
B. block
C. bulk
D. bond
14. The museum _______ the different tastes and needs of different people.
A. caters for
B. results in
C. stems from
D. conforms to
15. Information considered to be pornographic includes _______ explicit materials.
A. personally
B. politically
C. sexually
D. racially
16. Indian women have few _______ for relaxation and recreation.
A. outlets
B. chores
C. phases
D. scores
17. The assumption is rooted in a Cold War _______ or viewpoint.
A. perspective
B. prospective
C. retrospective
D. introspective
18. Precautionary _______ must be taken to prevent wildfires.
A. institutions
B. measures
C. gadgets
D. assets
19. Technology has _______ the sharing, storage and delivery of information.
A. facilitated
B. furnished
C. functioned
D. fascinated
20. The carcinogenic pollutants inhaled are the _______ of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day.
A. equivalent
B. formula
C. quality
D. price
Section B
Directions: There are a number of sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best suits the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet (on Answer Sheet I).
21.
A. attach importance to
B. make reference to
C. pay attention to
D. give respect to 22.
A. wins
B. gains
C. tolerates
D. estimates
23.
A. intense
B. diverse
C. varied
D. separated
24.
A. measure
B. reduce
C. adjust
D. raise
25.
A. marijuana
B. nicotine
C. cocaine
D. heroin
26.
A. periodically
B. sporadically
C. assuredly
D. fiercely
27.
A. vomiting
B. spinning
C. leaping
D. trolling
28.
A. controversial
B. indispensable
C. time-honored
D. groundbreaking 29.
A. Because
B. Though
C. Unless
D. While
30.
A. fabrication
B. interception
C. transaction
D. dissemination
Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.
Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death
Death was formerly the penalty for a large number of offenses in England during the 17th
countries, though the practice has been condemned by the United Nations Human Rights Committee as
[依据《新世纪博士生综合英语》 Unit 6的话题 ]
31. A. with B. for C. on D. against
32. A. employed B. proscribed C. aggravated D. confined
33. A. approach B. option C. board D. range
34. A. eradicated B. condoned C. sanctioned D. prohibited
35. A. this B. it C. that D. which
36. A. convicted B. conducted C. committed D. concealed
37. A. and B. not C. nor D. or
38. A. harsher B. lesser C. stricter D. tougher
39. A. colonies B. districts C. states D. provinces
40. A. cruel B. tedious C. disgruntled D. psychedelic
41. A. being B. been C. are D. were
42. A. off B. through C. out D. forward
43. A. live B. alive C. lively D. livable
44. A. events B. ceremonies C. movements D. festivals
45. A. wherever B. because C. until D. since
46. A. though B. still C. thus D. hence
47. A. speaking B. considering C. talking D. regarding
48. A. published B. broadcast C. advertised D. copied
49. A. some B. many C. several D. few
50. A. dignity B. character C. behavior D. habits
Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)
Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.
Passage 1
All around us is a world of tiny living things called microbes. They are everywhere— in the air, in the soil, in the water we drink. They are on our food, hands, clothes, and everything we touch. The dust that settles on the furniture carries them. They are on walls, ceiling, floors. They may be very tiny— most of them too small to be seen— but they are constantly doing things all about us. Some of the things they do are very useful. The cheese and bread that we eat have become the foods they are because of the work of microbes. We owe our sauerkraut, pickles, vinegar, sour cream, and favorite kinds of sour milk to microbes. Our earth stays fertile because of the activity of the billions of microbes in the soil.
Microbes are responsible, too, for some annoying things that happen every day in your home. If you forget to change the water in a vase of flowers, it begins to smell; microbes are at work.
of these things mean microbes at work.
Microbes are also at work when people get sick. In fact, most people think of microbes as something to be destroyed. It is true that certain microbes do cause disease, but they are a very small part of the microbe population. Out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes, the chances are that just one is harmful and likely to cause disease. Most microbes are harmless. And some microbes themselves produce the most powerful weapons we have yet found to conquer disease. The
A. both dynamic and static
B. both powerful and controllable
C. both widespread and confined
D. both detrimental and beneficial
52. Owing to the work of microbes, we can eat all of the following EXCEPT _______.
A. milk
B. pickles
C. cheese
D. sauerkraut
53. It is stated in the passage that _______.
A. one out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes turns out to be harmless
B. some microbes produce the most powerful weapons such as penicillin
C. microbes are so small that they cannot be seen by naked eyes
D. microbes can do annoying things and should be destroyed
54. The underlined word
A. be damp
B. wear out
C. get moldy
D. become smelly
55. _______ is the scientific study mainly concerning microbes.
A. Biochemistry
B. Insectology
C. Bacteriology
D. Zoology
Passage 2
Nobody ever went into academic circles to make a fast fortune. Professors, especially those in medical- and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.
The profits are impressive: the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $ 576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly 6 pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.
Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one who doesn't? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to
Now Columbia pans to go beyond the typical
56. Big money flowing into the ivory tower has _______.
A. brought about news concerns
B. yielded fat profits for administrators
C. benefited both the faculty and students
D. altered the nature of higher education
57. The survey found that 132 universities made huge profits by _______.
A. helping corporations develop high-tech products
B. selling their patents or marketing their inventions
C. conducting research with the industrial sector
D. playing a leading role in academic research
58. Some faculty members are worried about _______.
A. the professors in profitable fields
B. the credibility of researchers
C. the way profits are divided
D. the trend of profit-making
59. The underlined word
A. struggling alone
B. working hard
C. specializing
D. exploring
60. What is the new plan of Columbia University?
A. To find a new balance between profit and purity.
B. To offer free courses and research services on line.
C. To provide academic resources on a profit-earning basis.
D. To run a company by making use of its faculty expertise.
Passage 3
In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. But if the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important— and that has happened in some cases— we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.
It is time to reassess the role of the man in the family. We are getting a little tired of
The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.
Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only to a healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.
61. Paragraph 1 suggests that in the family _______.
A. male superiority should be maintained
B. men's role should be correctly defined
C. fathers are badly off as before
D. husbands are not treated equal
62. Some people start to realize that bringing up children _______.
A. is not just the responsibility of the mom
B. should be a major job or task of the dad
C. entails tiring household tasks
D. involves happiness and pains
63. Men's place in the family is _______ to the healthy growth of the child.
A. paramount
B. acceptable
C. dominant
D. relevant
64. To run the co-operative enterprise of the family, husband and wife should _______.
A. avoid conflicts
B. lay down rules
C. make joint efforts
D. consult specialists
65. Equality is beneficial to a healthy family, so is it to a healthy _______.
A. child
B. business
C. nation
D. civilization
Passage 4
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.
Labor’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the
A. increase productivity
B. promote employment
C. reduce labor's distress
D. carry out technical reform
67. Automation causes concern among workers or employees because they _______.
A. are not well protected by new policies
B. are losing benefits and financial interests
C. are resistant to new technology and skills
D. are not ready to cope with changes in jobs
68. Despite labor's concern, automation may eventually _______.
A. increase employment in industries
B. reduce permanently dismissed workers
C. help laid-off workers acquire new skills
D. benefit employees no less than their employers
69. _______ require(s) that money or wages be paid on the basis of length of service.
A. Supplementary unemployment benefits
B. Dismissal pay agreements
C. The
D. New installation plans
70. Workers can expect to share or enjoy the fruits of automation to the full extent with _______.
A. the increased productivity and lowered production costs
B. the least inconvenience and stress in the technical transition
C. less time at work, more time at play and higher incomes
D. increased wages in proportion to the increase in productivity
Passage 5
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses— all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level— variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum— or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make productions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or
estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
71. In Paragraph 1,
A. a simile
B. an analogy
C. an overture
D. a euphemism
72. What is TRUE about descriptive statistics?
A. It leads to increased variability.
B. It solves major numerical problems.
C. It keeps orderly records of variables.
D. It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.
73. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of variables?
A. Gender.
B. Character.
C. Occupation.
D. Intelligence.
74. The passage suggests that _______.
A. both descriptive and inferential statistics are methods of data assembly
B. ordering, tabulating, and depicting are associated with inferential statistics
C. descriptive and inferential statistics are traced back to two different sources
D. prediction on the basis of a sample is characteristic of descriptive statistics
75. The passage is mainly concerned with _______ of statistics.
A. originals
B. theories
C. categories
D. applications
Part V Translation (20%)
Section A
Directions:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese, and write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.
At present, if I, in Australia, were to be gullible enough to fall victim to a fraudulent investment scheme originating in Albania, I suspect that I could count on very little help from authorities in either jurisdiction.
In furtherance of electronic crime control, it is imperative to foster international co-operation. Steps taken following the G-8 Birmingham meeting in May 1998 for nations to designate liaison offices which will be on call on a 24-hour basis, illustrates the need for prompt concerted response to the problem of transnational digital crime.
This unprecedented co-operation between nations will inevitably generate tensions arising from differences in national values. Even within nations, tensions between such values as privacy and the imperatives of law enforcement will be high on the public agenda. And new organizational
forms will emerge to combat new manifestations of criminality.
[选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》 Unit 5 课
Section B
Directions:Translate the following paragraph into English, and write your English version on Answer Sheet II.
每年, 大约一千名企高管、政府员、 知识分子和媒体记者,从几十个国家聚集到瑞 士达沃世界经济论坛。 这些人几乎都拥有自然科学、社会科学、 商学或法学学位;英语相 娴熟;受雇的政府、商业或学术机构具有广泛的国际关系; 并且经常国访问。 他们通常 信仰西方社会的个人主、 市场经济治民主的普遍价值观。 这一核心群体际上掌控 有的国
[选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》 Unit 4 课文 Page 91-92]
Part VI Writing (20%)
Section A An Email
Directions: Write an email of about 100 words by following the instructions below, and put your writing on Answer Sheet II.
You are Li Ming,to your team members, informing them of a team meeting. Be Sure Not to Sign Your Real Name.
Section B An Essay
Directions: Write an essay of about 150 words on the following topic, and put your writing on Answer Sheet II.
Build Up A Drug-free Society
[依据《新世纪博士生综合英语》 Unit 2的话题 ]
Keys
Section C Summary (5% = 5×1)
Failure is a way towards success. This is supported by many stories, including the story of Edison. We should first think about the cause of failure so as to avoid it. Second, to prevent failure we should think of whether our goal is right or not. Third, failure is a part of life, so we must learn to live with it. (61 words)
Part IV Translation
Section A E-C (10%)
目前, 如果我人在澳大利亚, 被来自阿尔巴尼亚的一份虚假投资计所欺骗, 并成受 害者,我想,几乎可能从任何政府
为了加大打击网络犯罪的力度,有必要建立国际合作。 1998年 5月 G-8伯明翰会议之 后,些国家采取措施,设立了 24小时值班的联络处,这说明,这些国都希望,对跨 国
由于各国之间存在价值观上的差异, 这种前所未有的国际合作将不可避免地导致一些紧 张冲突。 即使在内部, 类似个人隐私与执法要性间观念上的紧张冲突, 将引起 泛关注。且,还将现一批新的
Section B C-E (10%)
Each year about a thousand business executives, government officials, intellectuals and journalists from scores of countries meet at the World Economic Forum in Davos Switzerland. Almost all of them hold degrees in the physical sciences, social sciences, business or law; are reasonably fluent in English; are employed by governments, corporations and academic institutions with extensive international connections; and travel frequently outside of their own countries. They generally share beliefs in individualism, market economies and political democracy, which are common among people in western civilization. This core group of people controls virtually all international institutions, many of the world’s governments and the bulk of world’s economic and military organizations.
中南大学2009级博士生英语考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates (B )
Jan., 2010
Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)
Section A
Directions:In this section, you'll hear five short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then write your answer in the corresponding place on your Answer Sheet I. 1. A. He is glad the interview is over.
B. He is confident of his performance.
C. He is worried about the result of the interview.
D. He is unsure of the result.
2. A. She'll prepare the dinner.
B. She'll have some chocolate cake.
C. She'll take a look at the menu.
D. She'll go without dessert.
3. A. Alice should give her parents a call.
B. Alice should go home right away.
C. Alice should not worry about her family.
D. Alice should write to her parents more frequently.
4. A. Have a drink in the bar.
B. Go to the library.
C. Meet the woman.
D. See Professor Smith.
5. A. The actor is busy buying jam on his way.
B. The police want to talk to the main actor.
C. The main actor forgot to come.
D. The main actor is delayed by traffic.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then write your answer in the corresponding place on your Answer Sheet I.
Passage 1
6. A. Most of their money.
B. Almost half their money.
C. Almost all their money.
D. Almost one-third of their money.
7. A. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.
B. Right after the food is ready.
C. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with a knife.
D. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of bread.
Passage 2
8. A. Institution of International Education.
B. University of Southern California.
C. U.S.C.'s Office of International Services.
D. California State Government.
9. A. Because they have language problems.
B. Because the American students don't want to make friends with them.
C. Because international students often want to spend their free time with friends
from their own country or group.
D. Because the offices do not look for ways to help them.
10. A. Organizing programs to help foreign students feel more at ease in their new surroundings.
B. Helping international students work out their course schedule.
C. Helping international students get involved in school life and make American friends.
D. Helping family members who come to the United States with international students.
Section C
Directions:In this section, you are going to hear a short passage. It will be spoken three times. After you hear the passage, please write a summary of it in about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Part II Vocabulary (10%)
Section A
Directions:There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or phrase from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.
11. The _______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.
A. expectation
B. implementation
C. manifestation
D. demonstration
12. The insurance company paid him $10,000 in _______ after his accident.
A. commission
B. compensation
C. substitution
D. installment
13. Oh, what a nuisance! It _______ so easy for me to bring those photographs I wanted to show you, and I have left them on the table at home.
A. was
B. would have been
C. would be
D. had been
14. One of the most spectacular qualities of man is notably his _______ to any kind of
natural environment.
A. availability
B. inclination
C. adaptability
D. domination
15. Although this area is very poor now, its _______ wealth is great.
A. profound
B. prevalent
C. previous
D. potential
16. The workers' demands are _______; they're asking for only a small increase in their wages.
A. complicated
B. moderate
C. commercial
D. abnormal
17. His misbehavior and _______ dismissal from the firm was reported in the
newspaper.
A. improper
B. frequent
C. inefficient
D. subsequent
18. The accident _______ him of his sight and the use of his legs.
A. gripped
B. excluded
C. deprived
D. disabled
19. If he wants to get to Chicago by tonight, he has no _______ but to go by plane.
A. dilemma
B. chance
C. other way
D. alternative
20. He is _______ to organize the meeting.
A. intertwined
B. entitled
C. enlarged
D. ingrained
Section B
Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.
21.
A. endure
B. express
C. overcome
D. forget
22. The city had the green maiden which had stretched from the old fort
walls to the river bank.
A. tippled
B. devoured
C. guzzled
D. swigged
23.
A. concern
B. encouragement
C. support
D. inspiration
24.
A. expanded
B. increased
C. shrunk
D. lost
25.
A. absurdity
B. truth
C. congruity
D. contradiction
26.
A. transition
B. communication
C. connection
D. attachment
27.
out of trouble.
A. overpower
B. ignore
C. oversee
D. miss
28. The professor highly praised his students given the fact that they accumulated
A. various
B. to the extent
C. in a manner
D. in every way
29.
levels.
A. interact
B. acknowledge
C. test
D. measure
30.
A. artificially
B. gradually
C. tirelessly
D. professionally
Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center on your Answer Sheet I.
Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you wonder how it is possible for us to people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child an animal, such as a pigeon — can learn to recognize faces. We all this ability for granted.
We also tell people apart how they behave. When we talk about smeone's personality, we mean in which he or she acts. Speaks, thinks, and feels that individual different from others.
Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone's personality words is somewhat easier than his face. If you were asked to describe what a
There are many words to describe a person thinks, feels, and acts. Gordon Allport, U.S. Psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words differences in people's behavior. And many of us use this information as a for describing a , military types — people are described with such
31. A. anytime B. sometimes C. ever D. always
32. A. recognize B. spot C. locate D. know
33. A. qualities B. features C. characteristics D. distinctions
34. A. and too B. or even C. and also D. and then
35. A. regard B. have C. use D. take
36. A. with B. in C. by D. from
37. A. the patterns B. the manners C. the m eans D. the ways
38. A. make B. courses C. cause D. makes
39. A. using B. with C. by D. in
40. A. description of B. describe C. describing D. to describe 41. A. should B. will C. would D. shall
42. A. will B. may C. can D. might
43. A. concerned B. considerate C. considerable D. considering 44. A. what B. why C. when D. how
45. A. that B. a C. an D. the
46. A. to characterize B. characterizing C. characterize D. characterized 47. A. criterion B. base C. foundation D. point
48. A. woman B. person C. personality D. man
49. A. conservatives B. politicians C. scholars D. professionals 50. A. terms B. nouns C. nicknames D. jargon
Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)
Section A
Directions:In this section, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer marked A, B, C or D, and then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I. Passage 1
If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures — more than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.
Although US hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of inefficient organizations; increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987— $3,850— was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 27 percent greater than that of all medical care and 163 percent greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34 percent. But hospitals seemed obvious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about three percent, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.
After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked, “Where’s the money going?” Much of the increase in hospital costs — amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987— went to duplicating
medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of [hospitals'] unnecessary spending on technology abound.” Medical technology is very expensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33 percent, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year. 51. According to the passage, the American health-care system _______.
A. is on the point of collapse
B. is working smoothly
C. is the best system in the world
D. is not working efficiently
52. In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _______.
A. more than $1,925
B. $3,850
C. less than $1,925
D. $1,925
53. When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals _______.
A. continued to take on more full-time medical workers
B. took effective measures to reduce their expenditures
C. were fully aware of the situation and took some measures accordingly
D. reduced the number of hospital beds sharply
54. According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatly mainly because _______.
A. hospitals were under poor management
B. hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technology
C. hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipment
D. hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workers
55. It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital uses its medical technology to the full, _______.
A. it will maintain its good quality of care
B. it will decrease its quality of treatment
C. it will certainly push up its expenditures
D. it will have a high mortality rate from surgery
Passage 2
What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what land of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles
would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp. As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer only the highway and move in normal fashion to a
56. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways _______.
A. are under construction
B. are being planned
C. are being modified
D. are now in wide use
57. A special purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that _______.
A. it offers more lanes for automated vehicles
B. it would require only minor changes to existing highways
C. it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency
D. it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles
58. Which of the following is TRUE about driving on an automated highway?
A. The driver should share the automated lane with those of regular vehicles.
B. Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their
destinations.
C. A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system.
D. The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it.
59. We know from the passage that a car can enter a special purpose lane _______.
A. after all trespassers are identified and removed
B. by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane
C. by way of a ramp with electronic control devices
D. through a specially guarded gate
60. When driving in an automated lane, the driver _______.
A. doesn't have to hold on to the steering wheel
B. should harmonize with newly entering cars
C. doesn't have to rely on his computer system
D. should watch out for potential accidents
Passage 3
There are various kinds of student exchange programs between the United States and other countries. Here are some that most interest foreign students.
ASSE is the American Scandinavian Student Exchange. This program was established in Sweden in nineteen seventy-six to organize exchanges with the United States. It expanded to include students in Denmark, Norway, and Finland. Today ASSE organizes international exchanges for high school students in thirty-one countries. The students live with a family and attend school for a year.
Other programs also offer high school students a chance to come to the United States, like the Program of Academic Exchange, or PAE.
For college students, there are programs like the International Student Exchange Program, or ISEP. This is a group of almost three hundred colleges in thirty-nine countries. ISEP is an independent organization that was supported by the United States government until nineteen ninety-six. ISEP is a true exchange program. That means two students from different countries trade places for a semester or a year. Work and Travel USA is also for college students. But this program is not for those who want to study in the United States. It provides international students with the chance to work for up to four months while exploring American life. The State Department says they generally work in hotels, restaurants and amusement parks but may also work for other employers. An organization called CIEE administers this program. It says students must understand that the money they earn from their work may not be enough to pay all of their costs.
61. The program ASSE established in Sweden organizes exchanges with _______.
A. Norway
B. Finland
C. Denmark
D. The United States
62. Which of the following programs organizes exchanges for high school students?
A. None of the following.
B. Program of Academic Exchange.
C. Work and Travel USA.
D. International Student Exchange Program.
63. Which of the following statements is NOT true about ISEP?
A. According to ISEP two students from different countries will trade places for a semester or a year.
B. It is a program for college students.
C. It is a group of almost three hundred colleges in thirty-nine countries.
D. The program is supported by the United States government now.
64. The program Work and Travel USA is administered by _______.
A. a travel agency
B. an organization called CIE
C. the United States government
D. the State Department
65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A. How to Work and Travel in the United States.
B. The Past and Present of ASSE.
C. Student Exchange Programs Between the United States and Other Countries.
D. The Function of the International Student Exchange Program.
Passage 4
Sex prejudices are based on and justified by the ideology that biology is destiny. According to this ideology, basic biological and psychological differences exist between the sexes. These differences require each sex to play a separate role in social life. Women are the weaker sex — both physically and emotionally. Thus, they are naturally suited much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. A woman's place, under normal circumstances, is within the protective environment of the home. Nature has determined that women play care-taker roles, such as wife and mother and homemaker. On the other hand, men are best suited to go out into the competitive world of work and politics, where serious responsibilities must be taken on. Men are to be the providers; women and children are
The ideology also holds that women who wish to work outside the household should naturally fill these jobs that are in line with the special capabilities of their sex. It is thus appropriate for women, not men, to be employed as nurses, social workers, elementary school teachers, household helpers, and clerks and secretaries. These positions are simply an extension of women's domestic role. Information distinctions between
66. What does the author think of the ideology that biology is destiny?
A. It's somewhat a prejudice against women.
B. It's well based and justified.
C. It's totally unreasonable.
D. It's popular with all people.
67. According to this ideology, women are more suited to the performance of domestic duties because _______.
A. this is a natural division of labor
B. they are naturally the weaker sex
C. they are born good at domestic duties
D. they are more careful than men
68. According to this ideology, women's positions are nurses and secretaries are _______.
A. a functional reflection of the basic differences between the sexes
B. appropriate as a result of their special capabilities
C. an extension of women's domestic roles based on this ideology
D. a reflection of women's absolute limitation to the household
69. What's the author's attitude toward sex defined roles?
A. Such roles are politically determined and thus acceptable.
B. Such roles are physically determined and thus natural.
C. Such roles are socially determined and thus full of prejudice.
D. Such roles are biologically determined and thus scientific.
70. Which of the following statements can NOT be inferred from this passage?
A. Prejudices against women still exist in this society.
B. Sex defined roles are totally acceptable to believers of this ideology.
C. Sex role differences are taught in schools.
D. Women may not be dependents as men may not be providers.
Passage 5
By the year 2100, global temperatures are expected to rise by between 0.8 and 3.5 degree Celsius. That may not seem like much, but such an increase in temperature would cause a rise in sea levels large enough to put the lives of up to 100 million people at risk. Widespread flooding, as well as droughts in other areas, could cause mass migrations as areas become uninhabitable; tropical diseases would almost certainly spread northwards, causing wide-ranging and mostly adverse impacts on human health, with significant loss of life.
For the first time in the scientific community, there is total agreement that the activity of humans is at least partly responsible for the problem — specifically the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which is released by the burning of wood, coal and petroleum products. Reducing harmful emission is just one area in which the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel is decidedly optimistic. For one thing, in the short term it might not prove that difficult. Efficiency improvements alone could cut energy needs by as much as 30 percent at virtually no extra cost and, in developed countries, emission reductions of up to 60 percent
So, if it is economically and technically feasible to reduce harmful emissions, why is almost nothing being done? There are two main reasons. The first stems from the uncertainty about how hot the planet is going to get. The current estimate is extremely broad — between 0.8 and 3.5 degree Celsius by 2100. If the former prediction is accurate, it may be that we can adapt to it without difficulty; if, on the other hand, the latter is closer to reality, complete rethinking of the world's energy
This leads directly to the second problem— the time scale involved. It is difficult to get people to act when predictions may take between 50 and 100 years materialize. For politicians, who face elections every half decade or so, preventive action against a future threat— the magnitude of which is still very uncertain— carries heavy political risks.
Even if politicians in the developed world were to be forced into action, what of the developing world, which is economically dependent on fossil fuels? Should it reduce emissions, and suffer consequences, because of mistakes made by the developed world?
One suggestion is that developing countries be given allowances above the current emission standards. This would enable them to meet their industrialized needs and ultimately help them to finance environmentally sound technologies. This would seem the only realistic way of getting agreement from developing countries— a vital requirement because, if preventive action is going to work,
71. Which is NOT true according to the first paragraph?
A. Disasters caused by global temperature rise and inter-connected.
B. The rise of global temperature may cause many disasters.
C. An obvious increase of global temperature may endanger the life of millions of people in the world.
D. Global temperature has risen by 0.8 to 3.5 degrees Celsius in recent years. 72. Why is the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel decidedly optimistic about the
reduction of harmful emission?
A. Because technically it's not very difficult to reduce harmful emission or turn to the use of less harmful resources.
B. Because it's rather easy to persuade governments to reduce harmful emission.
C. Because, technically speaking, it's not difficult to stop all harmful emission.
D. Because all harmful resources will be replaced by harmless resources. 73. The last word of Paragraph 3
A. late
B. reasonable
C. accurate
D. feasible
74. Why do politicians of developed countries hesitate to reduce harmful emission?
A. Because harmful emission control is the sole duty of developing countries.
B. Because action against a future threat is a political risk.
C. Because present harmful emission will never lead to global temperature rise.
D. Because they are afraid that harmful emission control might cost too much. 75. What does the author think of developing countries' harmful emission according to
the last paragraph?
A. Developing countries are difficult to persuade to reduce their harmful
emission.
B. Developing countries may emit more for some time.
C. Developing countries should immediately reduce their harmful emission.
D. Developing countries are unlikely to solve environmentally sound
technologies.
Part V Translation (20%)
Section A
Directions:Put the following into Chinese and write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.
It has almost become trite to suggest that we are entering an age as significant and profound in its impact as was the Industrial Revolution. When you think about it, the convergence of computing and communications has already affected most of the major institutions of society. It has created unprecedented opportunities for education, health services, recreation and commerce. Unfortunately, it has also created unprecedented opportunities for crime. It seems to me that identifying these vulnerabilities and mobilizing appropriate countermeasures will be one of the great challenges of the next century.
This challenge is so great that it defies the capacity of law enforcement alone to control. Consequently, new forms of policing, involving the harnessing of non-government resources, will become essential. Given the fact that cyberspace knows no boundaries, and that computer crime often transcends national frontiers, effective countermeasures will also require a degree of international co-operation which is without precedent.
[选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》 Unit 5, 课文 Paragraph 2-3, Page 118-119] Section B
Directions: Put the following into English and write your English version on Answer Sheet II.
今致此函感谢您在“国际物理学研讨会”期间对我们的盛情待。贵校主办的 这次会议非常成,谨在此向您
我曾在世界各地参加过许多学术会议, 而此次之行给我留下了非常美好的回 忆。 在贵校实验一个小时的参观活动, 使了解了你们的研究条件和科成 。希望我们后能在源共享和合
我也希望在不久的将来能有机会邀请你们到我校进行学术问。 我方将法 为你们的访和我们之间未
[参照《新世纪博士生综合英语》和《学术交
Academic Communication部分 ]
Part VI Writing (20%)
Section A
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition. Your composition may consist of two or three paragraphs and include the following main ideas given in Chinese. Be sure Not to sign your own name , and your supposed name is Li Ming. Write your letteron Answer Sheet II.
假设你是中国一所著名大学的教授, 日前从一位朋友处得知史密斯教授下月 将来华访问。 史密斯教授是一名机械制面的专家, 目前在美国一所知大学 教。 请你写封信, 邀请密斯教届时光临贵校, 为机械院的学生做关
Section B
Directions: You are required to write a comment on
A Comment on
Keys
Part I Listening Comprehension
Section C
There is a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application.
Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be called the aggressive approach. Your search is over and I am the person you've been waiting for. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.
There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with
university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the resume.
Part V Translation
Section A
暗示我们现在正进入一如同工业革命一样具有意义重大而深远的时代几 乎可以说是一个老重弹的话题。 当你考虑这个问题时, 计算机和通信的融合已 经给我们的大数会构带来了巨大的影响。 这一融合给教育、 卫生、 娱乐 商业创造了前所未有的机会, 不幸的是, 它也给犯造了史无前例的机。 在 我看来这些负影,并且
这一挑战的威力如此之大以至于它 不 能单独抵制法律事实的能力而达到控 制的目的。因此,新的政策形式,包括用政府资源,将变得极其重要。考 到络无国界这一事实, 计算犯罪经超越国界, 取有效地
[选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》 Unit 5, 课文 Paragraph 2-3, Page 118-119] Section B
I an writing to you today to express my thanks for your hospitality during the time of
I have had good experience in attending many academic conferences, but my experience this time has left me very good memories. The one hour visit to your laboratory made me aware of the condition and achievements of your scientific research. I hope that in the future we can share the resources and carry out scientific research cooperation in many aspects.
I also hope that we can have the opportunity to invite you to pay an academic visit to our university. We will try to provide convenience for your visit and the subsequent necessities of the future cooperation between us.
[参照《新世纪博士生综合英语》和《学术交
Academic Communication部分 ]
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