范文一：写牛顿的英语作文

写牛顿的英语作文

篇一:牛顿运动定律英文版

Newton's first law

Main article: Newton's laws of motion#Newton's first law

Newton's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force.[10] This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental

equilibrium "natural statein place of the Aristotelian idea of the "natural state of rest". That is, the first law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to

determine which object is "in motionand which object is "at rest". In other words, to phrase matters more technically, the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.

For example, while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change from being at rest. A person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle. It is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down. From the perspective of the person in the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest: It is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction. Since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest, the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable. Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest.

The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia

further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily

discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.[11

Newton's second law

Main article:

A modern statement of Newton's second law is a vector differential equation:[12]

where is the momentum of the system, and is the net (vector sum) force. In equilibrium, there is zero net force by definition, but (balanced) forces may be present nevertheless. In contrast, the second law states an unbalanced force acting on an object will result in the object's momentum changing over time.[10]

By the definition of momentum

,

where m is the mass and is the velocity.

In a system of constant mass, the use of the constant factor rule in differentiation allows the mass to move outside the derivative

operator, and the equation becomes

.

By substituting the definition of acceleration, the algebraic version of Newton's second law

is derived:

It is sometimes called the "second most famous formula in physics".[13] Newton never explicitly stated the formula in the reduced form above.

Newton's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration

to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are

well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on

microscales. With some justification, Newton's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed.

Newton's second law can be used to measure the strength of forces. For instance, knowledge of the masses of planets along with the accelerations of their orbits allows

scientists to calculate the gravitational forces on

planets.

[edit] Newton's third law

Main article:

Newton's third law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The Third Law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[16][17] and thus that there is

no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body. Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force ?F on the first body. F and ?F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred

to as the action-reaction law, with F called the "actionand ?F the "reaction". The action and the reaction are

simultaneous.

If object 1 and object 2 are considered to be in the same system, then the net force on the system due to the

interactions between objects 1 and 2 is zero since

This means that in a closed system of particles,

there are no internal forces that are unbalanced.

That is, the action-and-reaction force shared

between any two objects in a closed system will

not cause the center of mass of the system to

accelerate. The constituent objects only

accelerate with respect to each other, the system

itself remains unaccelerated. Alternatively, if

an external force acts on the system, then the

center of mass will experience an acceleration

proportional to the magnitude of the external

force divided by the mass of the system.[3]

Combining Newton's second and third laws, it is

possible to show that the linear momentum of a system is conserved

. Using

and integrating with respect to time, the

equation:

is obtained. For a system which includes

objects 1 and 2,

which is the conservation of linear

momentum.[18] Using the similar arguments, it is possible to generalizing this to a system of an arbitrary number of particles. This shows that exchanging momentum between constituent objects will not affect the net momentum of a system. In general, as long as all forces are due to the interaction of objects with mass, it is possible to define a system such that net momentum is never lost nor gained.[3]

[] Descriptions

篇二:牛顿第一定律英文版

Sir Isaac Newton first presented his three in the "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalisin 1686. His first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform

motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force resulting from unbalanced forces acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out), then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. And if an

1

additional external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force. The amount of the change in velocity is determined by Newton's of motion.

There are many excellent examples of Newton's first law involving aerodynamics. The motion of an when the pilot changes the throttle setting of the engine is described by the first law. The motion of a falling down through the atmosphere, or a being launched up into the atmosphere are both examples of

Newton's first law. The motion of a when the wind changes can also be described by the first law. We have created separate pages which describe each of these examples in more detail to help you understand this important physical principle.

2

篇三:托福写作例子分享(一)

智课网TOEFL备考资料

托福写作例子分享(一)

摘要: 托福写作例子分享

政治范畴

1:The Nixon's Watergate Affair 水门事件

sex scandal of former president of America Bill Clinton

政治与道德，丑闻与媒体

2:二战:World War II, German ,Hitler 技术进步带来的战争，

一战战胜国不平等条约带来的恶果，没有很好的引导民众思想，

民族矛盾的激化，统一与分歧话题，科技与人道话题

法西斯 fascist

战争赔款war indemnity

民族主义nationalism

3:林肯 ( Lincoln 1809-1865) 南北战争civil war

Abraham Lincoln lead the civil war in order to emancipate the

slaves, was also an honest boy since his childhood.

Fear his wife.

Be assassinated.

以前法律保护奴隶主——破除不公平法律，服从人民意愿但也

侵害了奴隶主的利益。

The Emancipation Proclamation abolished slavery in the United

States.《解放黑人奴隶宣言》

政治家是否应该服从大众(两方面都可以)，服从传统与创新

思想

4: 罗斯福新政 Roosevelt Franklin

Promise of a New Deal for the American people

Struggle out of the Great Depression 大萧条

Roosevelt and Adolph Hitler took different measures when facing the problems of big depression such examples can

be used in the dealing with diverse attitudes on the problem of huge variation in society would lead to distinct results!

服从历史与解决实际问题，在危局中的英明远见，是否服从大

众，是否向群众隐藏信息

5:马丁.路德.金

Martin Luther King was a famous lawyer and leader of the Campaign of Civil Rights for Black in the United States

Discrimination

勇于改变现实，坚持自己理想

科技范畴:

1:工业革命 Industrial Revolution:技术改变生活方式，改变女

性地位，机械

替代人类劳动

2:亚里士多德 Aristotle Greek philosopher

the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural

sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western

thought

The crystal ball model of universe

在其哲学体系里，理论服从实地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，

基本上是理性研究的理论方法

博学通才与专才的关系，人类通过最初浅的观察描述世界，不

完善的物理理论仍然被相信。

3: 哥白尼 Copernicus

Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and

other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic

system of astronomy.

哥白尼, 波兰天文学家，他提出地球及其它行星绕太阳运动的

日心说，推翻了托勒密的天文学理论即地心体系。

挑战权威，即使非主流思想也可能成为主流

一个人的价值由后人评价

Religion power 宗教势力

4:Bruno 布鲁诺 Burned to death in Rome Square

Unlimited universe

不畏惧死亡，不服从权威，坚持真理

Galileo 伽利略 be sent to prison

Gravitational acceleration

Telescope

Discovery of the satellite of Jupiter

逻辑思维，挑战权威，为后人铺垫，重视实验和想象推理的结

合

5:Newton 牛顿

引力定律: Law of gravitational

受到他人思想的启发，综合前人思想:Hook，Galileo

微积分:Calculus 自己创立数学模型解决问题，不一定拘泥于

前人，创新思想。

Maxwell

6:爱因斯坦 Einstein Albert 1879—1955

专利局 patent office

光电效应: Photoelectric effect

狭义相对论:Special theory of relativity

广义相对论:General theory of relativity

The existence of Ether

挑战前人思想，实验基础结合想象，科学与艺术的结合

He got his idea (inspiration) when he was playing the violin.

Criticize the quantum physics: lead to the improvement of

quantum physics

批评带来进步

7:与量子力学相关的科学家:Rutherford，Heisenberg，bohr，

Pauli，Dirac

与生活关系不大的领域仍然有重大意义，世界的本质，德国科学的发展，科学与道德Heisenberg，Harvey(synthesis ammonia gas,

but devise poisonous gas in World War I)

量子力学是经典描述世界方法(波与粒子)的结合(在经典的理论上创新)

8:达尔文 Darwin

进化论:the theory of evolution

引起争议，重视考察，带着目的考察，有经验才能分析现象。

Darwin and Wallace

合作与竞争，科学与道德

9:有关数据与分析的两个天文学家:Tycho and Kepler

积累数据是第一步，理论从数据中分析而来

与之相反，现代量子理论一般是提出一个理论，然后设计实验去证明

Ex:the discovery of neutrino(中微子)

10:DNA结构的发现:Watson and Click

不同领域间的交流与支持，基础学科的作用，先进的仪器设备会产生新的发现

补两句名言:

巴斯德 ( Pasteur 1822-1895)一个科学家应该想到的，不是当时人们对他的表扬或者辱骂，而是未来若干世纪中人们怎么评价他。

The modern scientific method is usually attributed to Galileo.

现代科学方法通常被认为是伽里略创造的。

相关字搜索: 托福写作

范文二：英语简单作文

Self Introduction

Hello! My name is lin xiaoqian. I am a girl. I am 13 years old. I am in Class 6, Grade 6. I am tall and thin.

I like writing and draw a picture. I like to eat hot dogs

and hamburgers,

I am friendly. I have many friends. Do you want to make f riends with me?

I like it

I am lin xiaoqian.I'm a telefan ,but I used to be a Drawing game.My interests are chaning all the time.I used to be to enjoy listening to music,and I wasn't interested in sports at all.But now,my hobby is doing sports.

范文三：简单英语小作文

Our village

This is a photograph of our village. Our village is in a valley.

It is between two hills.

The village is on a river.

Here is another photograph of the village.

My mother and I are walking along the banks of the river.

There is a boy swimming across in the river.

Here is another photograph. This is the school building.

It is beside a park.

The park is on the right.

A park

Today is hot. I go to the park. The park is very beautiful. In the park, there are more trees. Park has flowers,

children and some animal. Oh, it is very beautiful!

Family number

There are three people in my family, my

mother, my father, and I .Mother is very tall and beautiful. My father is very tall too, but my father is fat.

I love my family!

My hobby

Hello～I am Emma I like listening to music best. Because listening to music makes me happy. I will listen to some quiet music. Music

makes me fall asleep. I love music!

范文四：简单英语作文

简单英语作文 本系列资料均来自网络世界， 仅供老师们为学生进行辅导参考使用。 切不可 当作最后一赌来押题用。英语学习是个漫长的工夫， “熟”方能生巧。临阵磨枪 不快也光，那基本是歪理邪说。参加考试需要的是“硬”道理。让应试教育尽 快见鬼去吧…… 第一部分 作文题目(无范文) 1( My hometown 2( The advantages and disadvantages of the mobile phone 3( The tight job market 现在出现就业困难的情况;试述出现这种现象的原因;如何去面对挑战 4( My favorite sport / book / food / program, etc. 5( Living in a big family 6( My English study 7( My plan for the National day holiday 8( How to overcome difficulties in English study 9( Why I like learning English 10(My study plan 11(My family 12(About newspaper / friendship / Television / computer 13(The book I like best 14(How to keep healthy / fit 15(My view on surfing the virtual world 16(My view on taking part-time job 17(My dream 18(Chinese New Year 19(A day to remember 20(你接到国外朋友的来信，说将来中国旅游，给他回信，信应包括: 表明你已经收到来信;你给他安排的旅游计划和理由;你希望见到朋友的心情。 21(你收到朋友邀请你参加生日聚会的信，但是你不能参加，给他回信，包括: 谢谢对方的邀请;不能接受邀请的原因; 22(The relationship between co-operation and competition in the modern world 现代社会存在合作与竞争;有人认为竞争比合作更重要;你的观点 23(My plan for spring festival

24(The job I like 25(Why I like life-long learning 非常感谢全国电大老师们的积极共享精神，才有可能收集到这一系列资源。特 别感谢下列帅男靓女们的贡献:杭州电大范夏英老师、陕西渭南电大马老师、 北京电大李欣老师、chenjinying11 老师、tongning2000 老师、福建泉州电大黄 明琪老师、中央电大高哓静老师、安徽马鞍山电大范兴旺老师等。在您使用这 些资源时，请别忘记对他们说一声谢谢。

26(My travel plan 想去的地方的名字;为什么选这个地方;描述旅行计划 27(My

view on studying abroad 国外学习是发展的最佳途径;国内学习也能施展才能;你的

观点 28(My favorite Sports / Program 我喜欢的运动/电视 29(My favorite program

30(My plan for the May 1st holiday(我的五一黄金周计划) 31(How to keep healthy

32(Newspaper 33(How to keep fit 34(My classmate 35(Friendship 36(A letter about

how to guide a friend in a travel 37(My Study Plan 38(Self-study 39(My dream

40(English study plan 41(Water pollution 42(Spring festival 43(My hobby 44(An

unforgettable experience 45(The teacher I remember best 第二部分 作文题目与范

文 1. My Dream I have a dream from the first time I sit in a car—I want to drive.

Driving is the most meaningful way to meet human being?s desire of “faster”. What?s more, driving a car can take me to any place I want whether it rains, snows, blows or not. A smooth ride in a good car is enjoyable. With rows of trees moving backward rapidly, music played, breeze blowing, my soul flies in the air. I love this feeling very much 2. The Sports Activities I Like Best/ My Favorite Sport There are many kinds of sports that I enjoy, such as swimming, running, and dancing. However, the sport that I like most is basketball. When I was in junior high, I started to play basketball in school. At that time, I found I had loved deeply this sport. Now, I would like to watch basketball games as much as I can. The basketball games have given me the most wonderful time in my life. 非常感谢全国电大老师们的积极共享精神，才有可能收集到这一系列资源。特 别感

谢下列帅男靓女们的贡献:杭州电大范夏英老师、陕西渭南电大马老师、 北京电大

李欣老师、chenjinying11 老师、tongning2000 老师、福建泉州电大黄 明琪老师、

中央电大高哓静老师、安徽马鞍山电大范兴旺老师等。在您使用这 些资源时，请别

忘记对他们说一声谢谢。

3. Health and Wealth Which is more important, wealth or health? Different people have

different opinions. Some people prefer wealth, holding that money can not bring

everything, but without it, one can do nothing. In order to get more money th

范文五：小学简单英语作文

小学简单英语作文

聘才网欢迎大家的到来，下面是小编整理的小学简单英语作文，

以供查阅，快来看看吧!

Hong Da School is beautiful and big. There’re many students and

teachers in it. Our school has a big playground. We usually have P.E. class there. Our classroom is on the fourth floor. It’s bright and clean. I

sleep at school, eat at school and study at school. School is a big family. Teachers are my parents. I love my school!

宏达小学很漂亮也很大。那里有许多的学生和老师。我们的学

校有一个大大的操场，我们经常在里面上体育课。而我们的教室在四

楼，教室又明亮又干净。我在学校睡觉，吃饭，学习。学校就是一个

大家庭，老师们就像我们的父母。我爱我的学校!

There are four people in my family.They are my father,my mother,my sister and I.My father is tall and thin.He likes to watch TV and movies and read books.My mother works in an office.She cooks very well.She is short and thin.My sister is a student.She is very clever.I am a student,too.I study hard.I like to play football and listen to music very much.I love my family a lot.

我家里有四口人.他们是我爸爸、我妈妈、我姐姐和我.我父亲

是长得又高又瘦.他喜欢看电视和看电影,看书.我的母亲在办公室工

作.她烧菜烧得很好.她又矮又瘦.我的妹妹是个学生.她很聪明.我也是

学生.我努力学习.我很喜欢踢足球,听音乐.我非常爱我的家庭.

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