范文一:句子成份宾语从句主谓结构
主谓结构 ( ?主语 , 不及物?动词 )
1、Y?ou shoul?d study ?hard.
2?、 She we?nt home ?very lat?e yester?day even?ing.
3、?.Great c?hanges h?ave take?n place ?in my ho?me town ?in the p?ast ten ?years. ?4、Things? of that? sort ar?e happen?ing all ?over the? world e?very day?. 主谓宾结构? (主语 , 及?物动词 ,宾语 ? )
1.I w?rote a l?etter la?st night?.
2.I ?want to ?talk wit?h you th?is after?noon.
3.?You must finish ??reading ?these bo?oks in t?wo weeks?.
4.Tha?t gentle?men can ?speak th?ree lang?uages fl?uently. ?主系表结构 (主?语 , 系动词 ? ,主语补语 ?)
1、My b?rothers ?are all ?college ?students?. 2、In w?inter, t?he days ?are shor?t and th?e nights? are lon?g.
3、 M?rs Brown? looks v?ery heal?thy. 4、A?t the ag?e of fif?teen he ?became a? famous ?pianist.?
双宾语结构 ?(主语 , 双宾?动词 ,间接宾语? ,直接宾语 )? 1、Mr Jo?hnson ta?ught us ?German l?ast year?.
2、Gra?ndma tol?d me an ?interest?ing stor?y last n?ight. 3?、This te?rm I hav?e writte?n three ?letters ?to my pa?rents. ?复合宾语结构 (?主语 , 宾补动?词 , 宾语? , 宾语补?语 ) 1、We? call he?r Alice.? 2?、His par?ents nam?ed him J?ohn. 3、?The guar?ds order?ed us to? leave a?t once. ? 10、Tom?orrow I’?ll have ?someone ?repair t?he machi?ne.
There be ?句型
?1、There ?isn’t go?ing to b?e a meet?ing toni?ght.
2、T?here was? only a ?well in ?the vill?age.
3、?There us?ed to be? a cinem?a here b?efore th?e war. ?4、There ?is (are)? a teach?er of mu?sic and ?a teache?r of art? in the ?school. ? 分析下列句子成?分
1. Ou?r school? is not ?far from? my home?. ?is a gr 2. It??eat plea ? to sure?talk wit?h you
?3. All o? conf us?sidered ?him hone?. st? 4. ?My grand? bfather?ought me a pair ??of sport?s shoes.?
5. He ?broke a ?piece of?s. glas? ? 6. He m?ade it c?lear tha?t he wou?ld leave? the cit ?y(
7. -? lov--Ie? you mor?than he ?er,child? ( ?8. Trees turn gr??een when? spring ?comes.
?9. They ?pushed t?he door ?open. ? ?10. Grana told?dm me? an i?nteresti?ng story? last ni?ght.
1?1. He wr?ote care?fully so?me lettes to hi?r?s friends. 12.??All the ?students? think h?ighly of? his teag ?chin
1?3. We ne? a plaed?e twicec? larger ?than thi?s one. ? asked 14. H ?us? to sie?ng an En?glish sog. ?n
15?. Don't ?get nerv?ous,help yoursel?f to wha??t you lie(?16. Wk? will me?ake our ?school m?ore beau?l. tifu
?17. He d?idn't coe?(mThat ?is why h?e didn't?w kno( 1?8. She s?howed us her man??y of her? pictures. ?
?19. The ?old man ?lives a ?lonely l. ?ife
2?0. Lucki the 1?ly?989 eart?hquake d?id not h?n inappe? the cen?ter of tn. ?ow
21?. The ca?rs made ?in Japan are bet??ter than? those i?n German?y(
22. ?There ar?e so man?y people in the ??hall (
?23. We m?ust do w?hat the ?people w?ant us to. ?o d
2?4. At lat he? gos? homet, ?tired an?d hungry?. 2?5. Would ple??ase pass you me? the ?cup?
2?6 Mary h?anded he?r homewok to th?r?e teacher. 27.?? Do you ?know the? latest ?news abo?ut him? ?
28. I’l?l get my? hair cu?t tomorr?ow.
翻 译? 练 习:
?主谓结构 ( ?主语 , 不及物?动词 )
1你应?当努力学习。 ? 2她昨?天回家很晚。
?主谓宾结构 (主?语 ,及物动词 ?,宾语 )
1?昨晚我写了一封信?。 ? 2今天下午我?想同你谈谈。 ? 3?这本书他读过多次?了。
主系表?结构 (主语 ,?系动词,表语 )?
1我的兄弟都是?大学生。 ? 2冬季白天?短,夜晚长。 ? 3布朗夫?人看起来很健康。?
双宾语结?构 (主语,双宾?动词,间接宾语,?直接宾语 )
1? Johnson? 先生去年教我们?德语。 2?. 奶奶昨晚给我?们讲了一个有趣的?故事。 3. ?Mary把钱包交?给校长了。 ?
复合宾语结构 ?(主语 ,动词 ?, 宾语 , 宾?语补足语 )
1?我们叫她Alic?e. ? 2他的父母给?他取名为John?.
3我们大家?都认为他是诚实的?。
There? be 句型
1?今晚没有会。 ? 2这?个村子过去只有一?口井。
3这个?学校有一名音乐老?师和一名美术老师?。
复习内容:?宾语从句考点归纳?
目标:1、掌?握引导宾语从句的?各种连词 2、掌?握宾语从句的语序?——主句+连接词?+主语+谓语
? 3、掌?握宾语从句,主句?与从句在时态上的?呼应。 重点:?语序和时态呼应 ?
难点:?语序和时态呼应;?与疑问词+不定式?的转化;与状语从?句的辨析 考点?梳理: 一、宾语?从句的连接词: ?
1、连?词that,只起?连接作用,在从句?中不作句子成分,?也无词汇意义,在?口语中常被省略。?
eg?. He kne?w (that)? he shou?ld work ?hard.
? 2、连词i?f 、wheth?er,它们起连接?作用,在从句中不?作句子成分,作“?是否”解,在口语?中多用if。
? eg. ?Tom don’?t know i?f/whethe?r his gr?andpa li?ked the ?present.?
? He ask?ed me wh?ether or? not I w?as comin?g.
?一般情况下,if? 和whethe?r可以互换,但以?下3种情况只能用?whether:?
?在?不定式前:Whe?ther to ?go there? or not ?hasn’t b?een deci?ded.
? ?在介词前:?It depen?ds on(依靠?) whethe?r it is ?going to? rain. ? ?与or? not连用:T?hey are ?talking ?about wh?ether to? go ther?e or not?.
3?、连接代词who?, whom, ?whose, w?hat, whi?ch,连接副词w?hen, whe?re, why,? how, 它们?起连接作用,作句?子成分,各有自己?的意义。
? eg. Th?e teache?r asked ?the new ?students? which c?lass he ?was in. ?
?I wonder? where h?e got so? much mo?ney.
? 【注意】1、?由连接代、副词引?导的宾语从句可以?和“疑问词+不定?式”结构转化。 ?
eg.? I don’t? know ho?w I shou?ld do wi?th the p?resents.? è I don?’t know ?how to d?o with t?he prese?nts.
? 2、要注意区?分判断由if、w?hen引导的从句?类型.
二、?宾语从句的语序:?
宾语?从句的语序是陈述?语序,即“连接词?+主语+谓语+其?它成分”。特别强?调:它的主语和谓?语的语序是陈述语?序,而不是疑问句?的倒装结构。
? Can ?you tell? me who(?m) do we? have to? see?(?)?
Ca?n you te?ll me wh?o(m) we ?have to ?see?( ?)?
Th?e teache?r asked ?the stud?ents wha?t they w?ere doin?g.(思考: w?hat在从句中的?成分)
? 陈述句变为宾语?从句时,要注意人?称和时态的变化,?语序不变。 eg?. She sa?id, “I w?ill leav?e a mess?age on t?he desk.?” à She ?said she?
would l?eave a m?essage o?n the de?sk.
? 一般疑问句和特?殊疑问句变为宾语?从句时,也要注意?人称和时态的变化?,后面接陈述语序?。Eg. “Wh?ere are ?the tick?ets?” I ?asked hi?m. à I a?sked him? where t?he ticke?ts are. ?
三、 宾语?从句的时态呼应:?
宾语?从句中谓语动词的?时态,常常受到主?句谓语时态的制约?,此为时态呼应。?如果主句谓语是一?般现在时或将来时?,从句谓语的时态?不受限制;如果主?句谓语的时态是一?般过去时,从句一?般要随着改为相应?的过去时态(一般?过去时、过去进行?时、过去将来时、?过去完成时)。 ?
eg.? I thoug?ht (that?) you ar?e free t?oday. (??)
? I thou?ght (tha?t) you w?ould be ?free tod?ay. ( ?)?
【注?意】当宾语从句叙?述的是客观真理时?,不管主句谓语的?时态如何,从句都?用一般现在时。 ?
eg.? The tea?cher tol?d us (th?at) the ?earth mo?ves arou?nd the s?un. 四、其?他需要说明的问题?:
1?、标点由主句决定?,如主句是陈述句?、祈使句,则用句?号;是疑问句则用?问号。
? eg. I h?eard she? had bee?n to the? Great W?all. Can? you tel?l me whi?ch bus I? should ?take?
? 2、要注意?个别句子中主从句?人称的一致。
? ?五、 ?宾语从句和状语从?句的区分:
? eg. 1?) I will? go out ?tomorrow? if it i?s fine t?omorrow.?
? 2) I ?don’t kn?ow if th?e train ?has arri?ved.
? 句1中if引?导的是状语从句。?这个从句表示“条?件”,修饰主句。?整个句子的意思是?如果明天天气好,?我就出去。句2中?if引导的是宾语?从句,充当谓语动?词don’t k?now的宾语。整?个句子的意思是我?不知道火车是否已?到达。
? 判断方法:
? 1、可以?从整个句式看。状?语从句一般可以放?在主句的前面或后?面(个别除外),?宾语从句只能放在?主句谓语动词之后?。
2?、从引导词看。i?f充当宾语从句的?连接词时,相当于?whether,? 词义为“是否”?,充当状语从句的?连接词时,词义为?“如果”。whe?n充当宾语从句的?连接词时,意为“?什么时候”, 充?当状语从句的连接?词时,意为“当???的时候”
? 3(从时态?看。if和whe?n作连接词时,引?导宾语从句要注意?:从句的谓语动词?的时态应根据主句?的时态作相应的变?化。if和whe?n充当从属连词时?,引导条件和时间?状语从句,若主句?的谓语动词用一般?将来时,则从句的?时态应用一般现在?时表示将来。
? e.g.? I think? (that) ?differen?ces are ?not impo?rtant in? a frien?dship. ? An o?ld lady ?said (th?at) she ?found a ?job as a? foreign? languag?e teache?r.
?They don?’t know ?if (是否)w?e are go?ing hiki?ng next ?weekend ?
Cou?ld you t?ell me w?hen (什么时?候)the tr?ain arri?ves ?
? We’ll? go to t?he Great? Wall if? (如果) it? doesn’t? rain to?morrow. ?
=If? doesn’t? rain to?morrow, ?we’ll go? to the ?Great Wa?ll.
? They kn?ew each ?other wh?en(当??时候?)they we?re child?ren.
? =When ?they wer?e childr?en, they? knew ea? ch other?.
过去进行?时
一、概念
过?去进行时表示在过?去某一时刻正在进?行的动作,或
者?表示过去一段时间?内持续进行的动作?。
二、过去进行?时的时间:
过去?进行时的时间有:??表示过去的具体?时刻,如:at ?this tim?e yester?day, at ?that tim?e , this? time la?st week,? at seve?n the da?y before? yesterd?ay morni?ng, at t?hat mome?nt, then?; ?过去的一段?时间:from ?1 to fou?r yester?day afte?rnoon
?以?when(当?的?时候,在这时),?while(与??同时)连接的从句?
三、过去进行时?的构成
动词的ing?形式(现在分词)?构成。动词现过去进行?时的动词谓语部分?有助动词be(w?as, were?)+
在分?词的构成遵从“一?般、去e , 双?写”六字(母)规?则。见现在进行时?部分。 四、过去?进行时用法典型示?例
?在过去某一?时刻正在进行的动?作.
?They? were pl?aying fo?otball a?t 8:30 l?ast Sund?ay.上星期8点?他们正在踢足球。?(如图所示)
??They we?re playi?ng Pingp?ang this? time ye?sterday.?昨天的这个时候他?们正在打乒乓球。? ?I was ?writing ?a letter? at that? time.在那?时我正在写信。
??What we?re you d?oing at ?8:00 the? day bef?ore yest?erday?前天?上午8点你们在赶?什么, ?过去一?段时间内持续进行?的动作
? ? We were? playing? basketb?all from? 3 to fi?ve yeste?rday aft?ernoon.昨?天下午3到5点我?们在打篮球。
? yeste?rday aft?ernoon ?3:00—5:0?0 wer?e playin?g basket?ball ?Th?ey were ?learning? English? last au?tumn.去年秋?天他们在学习英语?。
?以when?(当?的时候,在?这时),whil?e(与?同时)连?接的从句
?I ?was cook?ing when? he knoc?ked at t?he door.?当他敲门的时候我?在做饭。 ?He? knocked? at the ?door. wh?en I was? cooking?他敲门了,这时我?在做饭。 ?I ?dropped ?my pen w?hen I wa?s walkin?g in the? park.我掉?了我的笔这时我在?公园里走。 ?M?y mother? was coo?king whi?le my fa?ther was? reading?.我的妈妈正在做?饭与此同时我的爸?爸在读书。
五、?过去进行时的句型?变换
过去进行时?的句型变换可遵从?以下规则:be若?提前变疑问,be?后not变否定。?(特别注意:动词?后面ing的不能?丢掉)。
? 例句:I wa?s planti?ng trees? on the ?hill at ?ten yest?erday.
? 否定句: ?I was no?t planti?ng trees? on the ?hill at ?ten yest?erday.
? 疑问句: ?Were you? plantin?g trees ?on the h?ill at t?en yeste?rday.
? 肯定回答:Y?es, I wa?s. 否定回?答:No, I ?was not.?
六、一般过去时?与过去进行时的区?别
一般过去时与?过去进行时都可以?和表示过去的时间?状语如last ?night 等连?用,但两者意思差?别很大,这时一般?过去时表示动
作?已经完成,而过去?进行时表示在过去?的某段时间里动作?正在进行,动作不?运一定完成。例句?: ?I wro?te a let?ter last? night.(?昨天晚上我写了一?封信——信已经写?完)
I w?as writi?ng a let?ter last? night. ?(昨天晚上我在写?了一封信——信不?一定写完) ?W?e built ?a school? last ye?ar (去年我们?建了一所学校——? 学校已经建立起?来了).
W?e were b?uilding ?a school? last ye?ar.(去年我们?在建学校——学校?不一定建起来) ?
范文二:句子成份 宾语从句 主谓结构
主谓结构 ( 主语 , 不及物动词 )
1、You should study hard.
2、 She went home very late yesterday evening.
3、.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 4、Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 主谓宾结构 (主语 , 及物动词 ,宾语 )
1.I wrote a letter last night.
2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.
3.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 4.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 主系表结构 (主语 , 系动词 ,主语补语 )
1、My brothers are all college students. 2、In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3、 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4、At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 双宾语结构 (主语 , 双宾动词 ,间接宾语 ,直接宾语 )
1、Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2、Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3、This term I have written three letters to my parents. 复合宾语结构 (主语 , 宾补动词 , 宾语 , 宾语补语 )
1、We call her Alice. 2、His parents named him John.
3、The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10、Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine. There be 句型
1、There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.
2、There was only a well in the village.
3、There used to be a cinema here before the war.
4、There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city(
7. ---I love you more than her,child ( 8. Trees turn green when spring comes.
9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous,help yourself to what you like(16. We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come(That is why he didn't know( 18. She showed us her many of her pictures.
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany(
22. There are so many people in the hall (
23. We must do what the people want us to do.
24. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 25. Would you please pass me the cup?
26 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 27. Do you know the latest news about him?
28. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
翻 译 练 习:
主谓结构 ( 主语 , 不及物动词 )
1你应当努力学习。 2她昨天回家很晚。
) 主谓宾结构 (主语 ,及物动词 ,宾语
1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。
主系表结构 (主语 ,系动词,表语 )
1我的兄弟都是大学生。 2冬季白天短,夜晚长。
3布朗夫人看起来很健康。
双宾语结构 (主语,双宾动词,间接宾语,直接宾语 )
1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。
复合宾语结构 (主语 ,动词 , 宾语 , 宾语补足语 )
1我们叫她Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John.
3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
There be 句型
1今晚没有会。 2这个村子过去只有一口井。
3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。
复习内容:宾语从句考点归纳
目标:1、掌握引导宾语从句的各种连词 2、掌握宾语从句的语序——主句+连接词+
+谓语 主语
3、掌握宾语从句,主句与从句在时态上的呼应。 重点:语序和时态呼应
难点:语序和时态呼应;与疑问词+不定式的转化;与状语从句的辨析 考点梳理: 一、宾语从句的连接词:
1、连词that,只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语
中常被省略。
eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.
2、连词if 、whether,它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,在口语中多用if。
eg. Tom don’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
He asked me whether or not I was coming.
一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种情况只能用whether:
?在不定式前:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
?在介词前:It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.
?与or not连用:They are talking about whether to go there or not.
3、连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,连接副词
when, where, why, how, 它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有自己的意义。
eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.
I wonder where he got so much money.
【注意】1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。
eg. I don’t know how I should do with the presents. è I don’t know how to do with the presents.
2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.
二、宾语从句的语序:
宾语从句的语序是陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调:它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结构。
Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(?)
Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( ?)
The teacher asked the students what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分)
陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不
变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” à She said she would leave a message on the desk.
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。
Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. à I asked him where the ticket
s are.
三、 宾语从句的时态呼应:
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语时态的制约,此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时,从句谓语的时态不受限制;如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时,从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。
eg. I thought (that) you are free today. (?)
I thought (that) you would be free today. ( ?)
【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态如何,从句都用一般现在时。
eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.
四、其他需要说明的问题:
1、标点由主句决定,如主句是陈述句、祈使句,则用句号;是疑问句则用问号。
eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus
I should take?
2、要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。
?五、 宾语从句和状语从句的区分:
eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow.
2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.
句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”,修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句,充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否已到达。
判断方法:
1、可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(个别除外),宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
2、从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether, 词义为“是否”,充当状语从句的连接词时,词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时,意为“什么时候”, 充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当??的时候”
3(从时态看。if和when作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意:从句的谓语动词的
时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时,引导条件和时间
状语从句,若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. I think (that) differences are not important in a friendship.
An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.
They don’t know if (是否)we are going hiking next weekend
Could you tell me when (什么时候)the train arrives ?
We’ll go to the Great Wall if (如果) it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
=If doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall.
They knew each other when(当??时候)they were children.
=When they were children, they knew each other.
过去进行时
一、概念
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,或
者表示过去一段时间内持续进行的动作。
二、过去进行时的时间:
过去进行时的时间有:?表示过去的具体时刻,如:at this time yesterday, at that time , this
time last week, at seven the day before yesterday morning, at that moment, then;
?过去的一段时间:from 1 to four yesterday afternoon ?以when(当?的时候,在这时),while(与?同时)连接的从句
三、过去进行时的构成
过去进行时的动词谓语部分有助动词be(was, were)+动词的ing形式(现在分词)构成。动词现
六字(母)规则。见现在进行时部分。 在分词的构成遵从“一般、去e , 双写”
四、过去进行时用法典型示例
?在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作.
?They were playing football at 8:30 last Sunday.上星期8点他们正在踢足球。(如图所示)
?They were playing Pingpang this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候他们正在打乒乓球。 ?I was writing a letter at that time.在那时我正在写信。
?What were you doing at 8:00 the day before yesterday?前天上午8点你们在赶什么, ?过去一段时间内持续进行的动作
? We were playing basketball from 3 to five yesterday afternoon.昨天下午3到5点我们在打篮球。
yesterday afternoon 3:00—5:00 were playing basketball ?They were learning English last autumn.去年秋天他们在学习英语。
?以when(当?的时候,在这时),while(与?同时)连接的从句
?I was cooking when he knocked at the door.当他敲门的时候我在做饭。
?He knocked at the door. when I was cooking他敲门了,这时我在做饭。
?I dropped my pen when I was walking in the park.我掉了我的笔这时我在公园里走。
?My mother was cooking while my father was reading.我的妈妈正在做饭与此同时我的爸爸在读书。
五、过去进行时的句型变换
过去进行时的句型变换可遵从以下规则:be若提前变疑问,be后not变否定。(特别注意:动词
后面ing的不能丢掉)。
例句:I was planting trees on the hill at ten yesterday.
否定句: I was not planting trees on the hill at ten yesterday.
疑问句: Were you planting trees on the hill at ten yesterday.
肯定回答:Yes, I was. 否定回答:No, I was not.
六、一般过去时与过去进行时的区别
一般过去时与过去进行时都可以和表示过去的时间状语如last night 等连用,但两者意思差别很
大,这时一般过去时表示动
作已经完成,而过去进行时表示在过去的某段时间里动作正在进行,动作不运一定完成。例句:
?I wrote a letter last night.(昨天晚上我写了一封信——信已经写完)
I was writing a letter last night. (昨天晚上我在写了一封信——信不一定写完)
?We built a school last year (去年我们建了一所学校—— 学校已经建立起来了).
We were building a school last year.(去年我们在建学校——学校不一定建起来)
范文三:加“之”的主谓结构类举
加“之”的主谓结构类举
作者:王兆平
来源:《语文教学与研究(教研天地)》2009年第01期
古代汉语中,结构助词“之”有一种特殊的用法,这就是“之”字用在主语和谓语之间,组成加“之”的主谓结构,以取消句子的独立性。所谓取消句子的独立性,就是使原来的句子不能独立运用,不单独表达一个完整的意思,只充当单句的一个成分,或在复句中充当一个分句,以偏待全。这种“之”的用法只是起标志作用,翻译成现代汉语时可以省去。
一、加“之”的主谓结构用在单甸里,充当主语、宾语和状语。
(一)充当主语。例如:
(1)由此观之,王之蔽甚矣。(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)
(2)邻之厚,君之薄也。(《烛之武退秦师》)
(3)医之好治不病以为功。(《扁鹊见蔡桓公》)
(1)(2)(3)三个例句中“王蔽”、“邻厚”和“医好治不病”,独立地看都是有主语有谓语甚至有宾语的句子,在其主谓之间插入“之”字,便使它们变成了偏正式的短语。分别充当“甚矣”、“君之薄也”和“以为功”的主语。下文例(9)中“孤之有孔明”也是主语位置上的用法。
(二)充当宾语。一般有两种情形:一是意念动词做谓语时,二是比况动词做谓语时,其后加“之”的主谓结构皆为宾语。
第一种情形。例如:
(4)老臣窃以为媪之爱燕后,贤于长安君。(《战国策·赵策》)
(5)欲勿予,即患秦兵之来。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
(6)魏王怒公子之盗其兵符,矫杀晋鄙。(《信陵君窃符救赵》)
(4)(5)(6)三个例句中意念动词“以为”、“患”、“怒”等谓语后的宾语,分别是“蛆之爱燕后,贤于长安君”、“秦兵之来”和“公子之盗其兵符,矫杀晋鄙”等三个加“之”的主谓结构。 第二种情形。例如:
(7)徐公不若君之美也。(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)
(8)夫贤士之处世也,譬若锥之处囊中,其末立见。(《毛遂自荐》)
(9)孤之有孔明,犹鱼之有水也。(《隆中对》)
(7)(8)(9)三个例句中比况动词是“若”、“譬若”和“犹”,它们的宾语就是其后加“之”的三个主谓结构。分别是“君之美也”、“锥之处囊中,其末立见”和“鱼之有水也”。
上文例(2)中“君之薄也”又是另一种情形,判断句中宾语位置上的用法。
(三)充当状语。多为表示动作、行为发生的时间。有时在加“之”的主谓结构后面,再跟着一个表示顿宕的语气词“也”,构成“……之……也”的形式,可翻译成“……的时候”。上文例(8)中“夫贤士之处世也”便是如此。再例如:
(10)鹏之徙于南冥也,水击三千里。(《庄子·逍遥游》)
(11)秦之围邯郸,赵使平原君求救,合从于楚。(《毛遂自荐》)
(12)悍吏之来吾乡,叫嚣乎东西,隳突乎南北。(《捕蛇者说》)
(13)当余之从师也,负箧曳屣,行深山巨谷中,穷冬烈风,大雪深数尺,足肤皲裂而不知。(《送东阳马生序》)
(10)至(13)四个例句中加“之”的主谓结构,即“鹏之徙于南冥也”、“秦之围邯郸”、“悍吏之来吾乡”和“当余之从师也”分别充当四个句子的时间状语,可以翻译成“大鹏迁移到南冥的时候”等。
二、加“之”的主谓结构用在复句中,做为前一个分句。
有些复句的两个分句存在着偏正关系,这类加“之”的主谓结构往往处在存偏句的位置上,以待配合正句表达完整的意思。
(一)用在条件关系的复句中。例如:
(14)皮之不存,毛将焉附?(《左传·僖公十四年》)
(15)父母之爱子,则为之计深远。(《战国策·赵策》)
(二)用在假设关系的复句中。例如:
(16)王之好乐甚,则齐国其庶几乎?(《庄暴见孟子》)
(17)虽我之死,有子存焉。(《愚公移山》)
(三)用在因果关系的复句中。例如:
(18)古之治天下,至娥至悉也,故其畜积足恃。(《论积贮疏》)
(19)国家之败,由官邪也。《左传·桓公元年》)
(14)至(19)的六个复句中,“皮不存”、“父母爱子”、“王好乐甚”、“我死”、“古治天下。至娥至悉也”和“国家败”,独立地看都是一个句子,在其主谓之间加一“之”字,它们便充当了条件、假设、因果等关系复旬的前一个分句,表明结构不完整,话意未完,有待下文形成整体意思。
上面讨论的加“之”的主谓结构。其主语都是名词。在古代汉语中,还有一种情况,就是有的句子用代词“其”代替名词加“之”。后面跟着一个动词,这仍然视为加“之”的主谓结构。例如:
(20)蹇叔哭之曰:“孟子!吾见师之出而不见其人也!”(《般之战》)
范文四:英语句子以主谓结构为基本的句法结构---句法结构之英语
英语句子以主谓结构为基本的句法结构。
十大词类与八大句子成分的关系
(1)十大词类:
据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用,把英语单词分为10个类别,就是10大词类:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。
根据部分词类具有的共同特征,又将十大词类分为两大部分:
实词:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。特征:具有完整的词义;能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。 虚词:冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。特征:没有完整的意思;不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分,必须和实词搭配,才能充当句子成分。
十大词类和八大句子成分
汉语 英语名称 用途 例词 句法作用 名称
主、表、宾、补、名词 n.(noun) 表示人或事物的名称 boy, book, table, man 定、同
主、表、补、定、代词 pron.(pronoun) 代替名词、形容词或数词 I, you, it, we, their 同 实
主、表、宾、定、one, two, twenty, 数词 num.(numeral) 表示数量和顺序 同 third, fifth
词 主、谓、表、宾、work, works, working, 动词 v.(verb) 表示动作或状态 补、定、状 worked, to work
修饰名词,表示人、物的形容词 adj.(adjective) 表、定、宾补 red, long, old, good 特征
修饰动词、形容词或其他here, very, often, 副词 adv.(adverb) 表、状 副词 weekly
用在名词前,说明名词指冠词 art.(article) a (an), the 的人、物
表示名词、代词等与其它prep.介词 in, after, under, on 虚 (preposition) 词的关系
连接词与词、短语和短conj.连词 and, if, but, because (conjunction) 语、句子和句子 词
表示说话时的感情或口interj.感叹词 oh, er, ough, um,ouch (interjection) 气
(2)八大句子成分:
句子成分:组成英语句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。
英语的句子最多由八个句子成分组成,即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语以及同位语。
?主语:
概念:句子的主体,发出动作的人或物,表示所说的是谁或是什么。
位置:主语一般在句首,特殊句型中在句末(如用it充当形式宾语,把真正的主语放在后面)。 构成:由名词(短语)、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当。
例:Henry is a good boy.亨利是个好孩子。
He ran away.他跑掉了。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语不容易。
Driving to Beijing is not difficult.开车去北京不难。
What has happened proves that our policy is right. 发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。 Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要看天气。
?谓语:
概念:说明主语的动作、特征、状态等的句子成分,叫做谓语。
位置:谓语动词通常位于主语之后,特殊句型(倒装句)位于主语之前。
构成:由动词或动词短语充当。
动词分为:实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。(情态动词和助动词不能单独使用,必须和实义动词或系
动词连用)
实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.), 及物动词直接接宾语,不及物动词需加介词才能接宾语。 连系动词(系动词后面的成分称为表语) :
五类系动词:be动词(am, is, are, was, were, have/has been, had been)
“保持”:keep,stay,remain
“看起来像/似乎”:look, seem, appear
“变化”:become, get, turn, go, grow, come, fall..
感官动词:smell, taste, sound, look, feel 情态动词:can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should), will (would), dare, need, ought to等。情态动词无
人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。
例如:We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们周一至周五上学。
I went to the zoo yesterday.昨天我去了动物园。
Some children asked for cold drinks. 有些孩子要喝冷饮。
I shall go to see him tomorrow. 明天我要去看他。
I must ask her to teach me to swim. 我一定得请她教我游泳。
We looked for Mr. Wilson yesterday.我们昨天找过威尔逊先生。
He took part in the meeting last Saturday.他上周六参加了会议。
?宾语:
概念:动词宾语是动作的承受者。及物动词以及相当于及物动词的短语后都必须带宾语。介词之后的宾语叫介词
宾语。
位置:动词宾语位于及物动词之后;介词宾语位于介词之后。
构成:名词、名词化的形容词、代词、数词、-ing形式、动词不定式和从句等均可作宾语。 例如:The teacher asked the students to finish the homework after class.
老师让学生们课下完成作业。
He wanted to buy that T-shirt.他想买那件T恤衫。
They are having a party in the garden.他们正在花园里开聚会。
I don’t know when they will arrive.我不知道他们何时到达。
He was surprised at what she said. She is quick at learning languages. ?双宾语:
英语中,有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,动作的承受者,即指物的叫做直接宾语,动作是为谁做的或是对谁做的,
即指人的叫做间接宾语,这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。
例:Pass me the salt, please. 把盐递给我。the salt(直接宾语), me(间接宾语)
They asked me to sing them a song. 他们要我给他们唱一支歌。
a song(直接宾语), them(间接宾语)。
间接宾语后置:间接宾语也可以放在直接宾语的后面,这时候需要在间接宾语之前分别加两个介词:for或to.具
体用哪一个介词,主要取决于句子的谓语动词。
例:I’ll lend you something to read. ?I’ll lend something to read to you. 我要借点什么东西给你看。
I hope you will do me a favor.? I hope you will do a favor for me. 我希望你能帮我做一件事。
以下这类双宾语动词如果间接宾语后置,要求在间接宾语之前加“to” 。
give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise,
award, accord, grant, owe, refuse, deny等。
以下这类双宾语动词如果间接宾语后置,要求在间接宾语之前加“for” 。
make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。
双宾语的注意事项
在下面情况下用to或for引起的短语比用间接宾语好
1. 当直接宾语是人称代词时
I’ll send it to you tomorrow. 比较(I’ll send you the book.) 我明天给你送来。
This book is Mr. Wang’s. Please give it to him. 这是王先生的书,请给他。
2. 当间接宾语比直接宾语长时
We are going to sing some songs for our friends. 比较(Sing us a song.)
我们将为我们的朋友唱支歌。
On the bus, she often gives her seat to the old person. 在公共汽车上,她经常给老年人让座。
3. 当间接宾语受到强调时
Bring the letter to me, not to Henry. 把信交给我,不是给亨利。
We’d better hand the documents to him directly. 我们最好把文件直接交给他。
Mother cooks meals for us every day.母亲每天都给我们做饭。
?宾语补足语:
概念:用以补充说明宾语,并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分,叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词接了
宾语之后还需接宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的有关情况,否则句子意思就不完整。
位置:通常情况位于宾语之后。
构成:可以做宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词以及介词短语等。 例:You must keep the room clean and tidy.你必须保持房间干净和整洁。
People saw him running away.人们看到他跑了。
Don’t leave your car there. It’s not a parking area.
别把你的车停在那儿,那不是停车场。
Let me put this bag on the desk.让我把这个包放在桌子上。
宾语补足语和宾语的关系: 由于宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明,因此,与宾语或是逻辑上的主谓关系,或是逻
辑上的主表或动宾(即被动)关系。
如:He made us laugh.他使我们哈哈大笑。
?表语:概念:用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等的句子成分,是表语。
位置:位于联系动词之后,与联系动词构成复合谓语。(系动词之后的成分成为表语。)
构成:可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语以及从句等。 例如:Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。
That remains a puzzle to me. 这对我还是个难题。
That computer is mine. 那台电脑是我的。
I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。
Her job is selling computers. 她的工作是销售电脑。
The patient is out of danger. 病人脱险了。
I must be off now. 现在我得走了。
This is what he said.这就是他所说的话。
?定语:修饰名词
概念:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子的句子成分,汉语中常用“??的”表示。位置:单
个词的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前,短语或从句位于所修饰词之后。
定语后置情况:
定语修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词(如:something、nothing)时,通常后置,即放在所修饰的词
的后面。
当不定式、分词短语作定语或从句作定语时,定语通常后置。
构成:充当定语的词有名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式(表将来)、介词短语、动名词、分词或分词短
语(现在分词表主动/正在,过去分词表被动/已经),以及从句。
例:I still got much work to do.我还有很多工作要做。
The woman in the blue coat is my mother.那个穿蓝色外套的人是我妈妈。
What a sunny day! 多晴朗的天~
It’s about ten minutes’ walk from here.距这里大约步行十分钟。
The boy you will know is Tom. 你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise.
Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.
I borrowed a book written by Mark Twain from the library. ?状语:
概念:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,称为状语。状语用来说明动作发生或存在的时间、地点、
条件、让步、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果等。
位置:状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:
通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首
修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前
表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。
地点状语一般须在时间状语之前。
一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,
动词之前。
构成:可用作状语的有副词、动词不定式(短语)、分词短语、介词短语、名词以及从句等。 例:The boy really needs a pen.男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
You should often do exercise if you want to keep fit. 若想健美,你就应该经常锻炼。(频率状语)
David runs very fast.戴维跑得非常快。(时间状语)
He came to see me yesterday.他昨天来看我。(目的状语)
She often works in her office till midnight.
她经常在办公室工作到半夜。(地点状语)
He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time.(方式状语)
?同位语:
概念:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列另一个名词或代词,对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。它近乎于后置定
语,对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释说明的作用,说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。
位置:位于所补充说明的词之前或之后。
构成:同位语通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担当。
例如:
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
Mr.Johnson cares for us students very much.
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.
We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again. I have no idea whether he will agree with us.
They haven’t solved the problem what went wrong whith the machine. 同位语与定语的区别:同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释、说明的作用,说明前面的词是“谁”、是
“什么”等;而定语则是对被修饰的词起限制或修饰的作用。
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1)、同位语从句是对先行词的补充说明,它要表明的是一件事、一个物或一个人;而定语从句是对先行词的修
饰限定,它要表明的是一个什么样的事、物或人。
2)、同位语从句的连接词只起连接作用,不具体指代先行词;而定语从句的关系词即在从句中担任明确的句子
成分又明确指代先行词。
3)、同位语从句的先行词和同位语从句可以变成主系表结构;而定语从句不能。
4)、定语从句的关系副词和关系形容词可以化成介词加which/whom的形式;而同位语从句不能。
5)、在when, where, why等连接副词引导的同位语从句中,其先行词不是时间、地点或原因名词;而在它们引导
的定语从句中,先行词必须是时间、地点或原因名词。其它连接词也是这样。例如:
Next, let’s talk about the matter who will go to the conference.下面我们来谈谈这个问题,事谁去开会。(同位语从
句)
Next, let’s talk about the person who will go to the conference.下面我们来谈谈去开会的人选。(定语从句)
The question is who will go to the conference.问题是谁去开会。(表语从句。这个句子是正确的,而第二个句子就
不能这么变了。)
I have no idea when he was born. 我不知道他什么时间出生的。(同位语从句)
I don’t know the time when he was born.我不知道他出生的时间。(定语从句)
长难句分析
A study of travelers _________ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10
destinations in the world.
The desert, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades
been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not
previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated (predicted) that an additional one-fourth of the
Earth’s land surface is threatened by this process.
范文五:电力科技英语阅读中的主谓结构分析
电力科技英语阅读中的主谓结构分析
【摘 要】电力科技英语文献中常常含有结构复杂的长句,要理解这些
长句的关键往往在于正确地把握句子的主谓结构。从英语名词的数、英
语主谓结构基本类型、定语从句主谓结构等方面入手,可以较好地掌握
英语主谓结构分析的方法,从而提高电力科技英语阅读理解的能力。
【关键词】电力科技英语;名词的数;主谓结构分析
1.引 言
一般来说,英语的主谓结构与汉语相同:主语在前,谓语在后。但是,
由于英语名词有单复数的变化,加上英语中作主语的名词和与作谓语的
动词之间常常可以插入定语和状语,有时,这些定语或状语由较长的从
句担任;再有英语中还有倒装结构,作主语的名词放到了作谓语的动词
之后;这一切都为正确找出主句的主谓结构带来了困难。请看下面3句
选自电力科技英语文献的句子:
[1] The 20th century has witnessed a big expansion of
electrical power generation and distribution. The general pattern has been toward ever-larger units of production, using steam from coal- or oil-fired boilers. Economies of scale and
the greater physical efficiency achieved as higher steam
temperatures and pressures were attained both reinforced this
tendency.
[2] Among the more common reasons why certain generators are
necessary for reliable system operations are the need to
maintain adequate voltages, reactive power requirements,
reserve requirements, and unit commitment requirements.
[3] In recent years many discoveries have been made in this
field which greatly faciliate the study of electricity and
gives a new conception of the nature of matter.
在句[1]中,斜体部分句子的主语是Economies of scale and the
greater physical efficiency。但谓语何在?句[2]中的两个are,哪一个是谓语动词,主语又在哪里?句[3]中斜体部分的which是定语从句的主语,但它指代什么?这3个实例表明:电力科技英语文献中句子
的主谓结构必须认真分析才能真正弄清,从而为正确理解句子奠定基
础。
下面从英语名词的数、基本的英语主谓结构类型、定语从句的主谓结构
判别等方面讨论英语主谓结构的分析方法。
2.英语名词的数
英语句子的主语主要由名词和代词来担任,代词相对而言较为简单,而
英语的名词与汉语不同,在形式上有数的变化,即在词尾加上-s表示复数;同时,谓语动词根据主语的单复数也发生相应的单复数的变化。这一方面使语言变得复杂,但另一方面也为我们正确识别主谓结构提供
了依据,例如:
[4] The expanding gas coming from the turbine and movng along
the jet nozzles continues to expand and accelerate to form a
high velocity.
句中谓语动词continues加上了-s,提示主语一定是单数,所以它的主
语不可能是前面的the jet nozzles,而是the expanding gas。
在英语语法中,有关名词的数的内容很多,但从帮助分析英语主谓结构
的目的出发,主要应该掌握下列要点。
2.1.-s结尾的名词不一定是复数
在英语中,部分以-s结尾的名词需要动词以单数形式与其保持一致,
主要有:
(1)表示学科含义的词,例如:
[5] Electronics(电子学)is the basis of all communications
system.
[6] Thermodynamics(热力学)deals with the relationship
between heat and other forms of energy.
又如:mechanics(力学)acoustics(声学),informatics(情报学,信息学),mathematics(数学),optics(光学),physics(物理学),plastics(塑料学)等等。
(2)表示疾病名词的词,例如:
[7] Diabetes(糖尿病)is a common disease.
[8] Generally measles(麻疹)occurs in children.
又如:arthritis(关节炎),shingles(带状疱疹)等等。
(3)某些专有名词,例如:
[9] General Motors (通用汽车公司)produces many different
types of cars.
[10] The United States(美国)exports a lot each year.
又如:the United Nations(联合国),the New York Times(纽约时报)等等。
2.2.-s结尾的单词可以是单数,也可以是复数
在英语中也有相当一部分以-s结尾的名词,在一定的上下文中,既可
以是单数,也可以是复数,例如:
[11] A series of accidents(一系列事故—)has been reported in that power plant.
[12] There are two series of transformers(两种系列的变压器)
used in this project。
[13] Is this the only means (唯一的方法)to produce electricity in this area?
[14] There are various means(各种方法)of increasing our
power production.
又如:steel-works(钢铁基地),species(物种),headquarters(指挥部)等等。
一般来说,确定这种名词的单复数,主要看它们前面有关数量的修饰
词,a,the only等提示作单数用,two,various提示作复数用。
2.3.不是以-s结尾的名词也可以是复数
如前所述,-s结尾的名词不一定是复数;同样道理,不是以-s结尾的名词也不一定全是单数。英语中部分非-s结尾的名词要作为复数使
用,例如:
[15] The committee(委员会)are divided in their opinion about
the construction of a nuclear power station in that densely-populated area.
[16] Do vermin(害虫)do harm to electrical installations?
又如:police(警察),cattle(牲口),staff(员工)等等。
2.4.单位词、百分数、分数等的使用
有时,名词需要与单位词、百分数或者分数一起使用,这时谓语动词的
单复数就需要发生相应的变化。一般来说,可以遵循下列句型:
单数单位词 + of + 名词:单数谓语动词
复数单位词 + of + 名词:复数谓语动词
百分数/分数 + of + 可数名词复数:复数谓语动词
百分数/分数 + of + 不可数名词:单数谓语动词
例如:
[17] A large piece of land is marked out for the construction
of a coal field.
[18] Three boats of coal are needed.
[19] Only 25 % of the capital is American-owned
[20] One-fifth of the generators are being repaired.
3.基本的英语主谓结构类型
从便于识别与阅读的角度看,可以将英语中由名词充当主语的主谓结构
分为下面几种类型:
单个名词 + 谓语动词
单个名词 + 后置定语/状语 + 谓语动词
(3) 并列名词 + 谓语动词
(4) 并列名词 + 后置定语/状语 + 谓语动词
(5)谓语动词 + 名词
另外,还有下列由非谓语动词或从句充当主语的类型:
(6)不定式(短语)+ 谓语动词
(7)动名词(短语)+ 谓语动词
(8)主语从句 + 谓语动词
单个名词 + 谓语动词
单个名词作主语是最简单的主谓结构,只要注意做主语的名词本身的单
复数就可以了,例如:
[21] The 20th century has witnessed a big expansion of
electrical power generation and distribution.
[22] The small direct-current generators were abandoned in
favour of alternating-current systems.
并列名词 + 谓语动词
从句子含义的角度出发,这里所指的并列名词有三类:一是指由and、or等单个并列连接词连接起来作主语的名词,第二类指由not only? but also,neither? nor,either? or等组合并列连接词连接起来
作主语的名词,第三类是指由as well as,along with,together with,in addition to,instead of等短语介词连接起来的名词,确
切地说,第三类在结构上并不是并列关系,但由于在含义上有并列的意
思,在结构上与并列结构也极为相似,所以归在这里一起讨论。
对于第一类并列主语,用and连接起来的主语,谓语动词一般用复数。
[23] The rotor shaft and the field structure are made of a
solid alloy steel forging in which slots are machined to
accept the field coils, as shown in Figure 2.
用or连接起来的主语,谓语动词的单复数由or后的名词单复数决定。
[24] A large unit or several small units are needed.
[25] Several small units or a large unit is needed.
对于第二类并列主语,谓语动词均与组合并列连接词后面的一个主语在
数上保持一致。
[26] Not only coal and oil but also falling water is being
used to produce electricity.
[27] Either falling water or coal and oil are being used to
produce electricity.
[28] Neither I nor he likes to work there.
对于第三类并列主语,谓语动词的单复数根据as well as等短语介词前的名词的单复数而定。
[29] The machine as well as its auxiliary devices is imported.
[30] All the pipes along with the boiler need to be checked.
3.3 名词 + 后置定语/状语 + 谓语动词
名词加上后置定语,或者在主语与谓语之间插入状语,句子会变得复杂
一些。一般来说:主语的后置定语常由介词短语、不定式短语、分词短
语、定语从句来充当;状语则往往需要用逗号撇开。例如:
[31] The various manifestations of electricity are the result
of the accumulation or motion of numbers of electrons.
介词短语of electricity作主语manifestations的后置定语。一方面,manifestations与are在数上保持一致,另一方面,也提示它们
之间存在主谓关系。
[32] The hydroelectric power using a fall of water to drive
water turbines has been developed to generate electricity
where the climate and topography make it possible to combine
production with convenient transmission to a market.
分词短语using a fall of water to drive water turbines放在主语the hydroelectric power与谓语动词has been developed之间作后置定语。
[33] Another important factor to be taken into consideration
is that current strength is equal at certain points in a
series circuit.
不定式短语to be taken into consideration插在主语another important factor与谓语动词is之间作后置定语。
[34] The electric current which we are talking about is simply
a flow of electrons.
which we are talking about是句子主语the electric current的后置定语。
[55] Such magnetism, because it is electrically produced, is
called electromagnetism.
原因状语从句because it is electrically produced插在主语与谓语动词之间。
[36] Atoms, small as they are, are made up of still smaller
units known as “subatomic participles”.
主语atoms与谓语动词are made up of之间的small as they are是一个让步状语从句。
一般来说,由于定语从句和状语从句有连接词在句首,比较容易识别,
因此被它们分隔开的主语与谓语动词也比较好找,如[34],[35]和[36]。而插在主语与谓语动词之间的介词短语、分词短语和不定式短
语,则需要认真分析句子成分才能加以识别,如[31],[32]和[33]。有时,主语与谓语动词之间的后置定语不止一个,这就使句子变得更为复
杂,主谓之间关系的分析需要更加仔细,例如:
[37] The communication of digital data among computers
connected by wire, microwave, and satellite circuits is now a
major enterprise that has built a strong bond between computer and communications specialists.
句子主语the communication与谓语动词is之间插进了带有过去分词
短语connected by wire, microwave, and satellite circuits的介词短语of digital data among computers。
3.4.谓语动词 + 名词
这一类型是倒装句,there be句型也在此列。例如:
[38] From these simple concepts has developed a sophisticated technique that many of the electrical companies have now
adopted to make the power industry less vulnerable to the
limited sources of energy.
介词短语from these simple concepts为首,是倒装句,谓语动词是has developed,提示句子主语是单数,即后面的a sophisticated
technique。
[39] There are four ways for transmitting power from the
electric motor to the spindle.
There are是谓语动词,are提示主语是后面的复数名词ways。
3. 5. 不定式(短语)+ 谓语动词
不定式短语作主语看作单数,在分析谓语动词的单复数时,注意不要受
不定式自己宾语的干扰,例如:
[40] To use any of these fuels needs our serious
consideration.
主语是不定式短语,而不是fuels。
[41] To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy.
当然,两个或两个以上不定式短语并列作主语,谓语动词用复数形式:
[42] To use any of these fuels and to reuse this boiler both
need our serious consideration.
3. 6. 动名词(短语)+ 谓语动词
与不定式短语作主语一样,动名词短语作主语也看作单数,在分析谓语
动词时,也要注意不要受动名词自己的宾语的干扰;并列的动名词短语
作主语,谓语动词也要用复数形式,例如:
[43] Using any of these fuels has an effect on the
environment, as these videos show, but all of these effects
can be minimized so that these fuels can continue to be used.
句子主语是using any of these fuels,谓语动词是has。
[44] Generating current at a lower frequency and then boosting
it to a higher frequency are more efficient.
句子主语是两个并列的动名词短语:generating current at a lower
frequency和then boosting it to a higher frequency。
3.7.主语从句+谓语动词
主语从句作主语一般看作单数,并列的主语从句一般应该用复数谓语。
例如:
[45] Whether this unit will operate efficiently remains to be
seen.
[46] What potential energy and kinetic energy means and how we
explain these two terms have been mentioned in this article.
主语为两个分别由what和how引导的主语从句,所以谓语动词用复数
形式have;反过来也可以这样认为:正因为谓语动词是复数,所以一
定有两个或两个以上的主语。
4.定语从句的主谓结构的判别
由于定语从句的主语可能是由that或which等连接词来充当,that或which到底指代什么,有时需要通过主谓结构的分析才能搞清,例如:
[47] This process enhances the overall thermal efficiency of
energy conversion to about 50 percent--as opposed to
conventional processes, which have an efficiency of about 36
to 38 percent.
定语从句的谓语动词是have,提示连接词which指代复数名词,即
processes。
[48] The lines of high-voltage transmission systems are
usually composed of wires of copper, aluminum, or copper-clad
or aluminum-clad steel, which are suspended from tall
latticework towers of steel by strings of porcelain
insulators.
定语从句的谓语动词是are,提示连接词which指代的也是复数名词,
而不是前面的steel,仔细分析可以发现:which指代复数名词
wires。
5. 结束语
现在回过头来让我们用上述方法分析一下“引言”部分的三个例句。在
句[1]中,主语比较容易确定,是Economies of scale and the
greater physical efficiency。但识别主谓结构的关键是找谓语动
词。从例句中可以找到achieved,were attained和reinforced三个动词。由于achieve是及物动词,后接as ?,没有宾语,显然不是谓
语,只是过去分词做 efficiency的后置定语;as是连接词,后接从
句,因此,were attained是as从句的谓语;由此可见:主句的谓语
应该是reinforced,both提示主语有两个,即:Economies of scale
and the greater physical efficiency。这是基本主谓结构类型3。在句[2]中,介词短语开头,是一个倒装句。由于谓语是are,提示主语是复数,即后面的the need和unit commitment requirements。这是基本主谓结构类型4。句[3]是个牵涉到定语从句主谓结构判断的句
子。Which引导的定语从句中,which作主语,这是很清楚的,但
which指什么?通过定语从句主谓结构的分析,可以帮助我们理解
which所指。由于which引导的定语从句的谓语动词是ficiliate,没有加-s,指示which代表复数名词,朝句子前面部分看,可以确定
which指代复数名词discoveries,而不是紧靠在它前面的field。
综上所述,从英语名词的数、基本的英语主谓结构类型、定语从句的主
谓结构判别等方面入手,可以较好地把握英语句子主谓结构的分析,从
而提高电力科技英语文献的阅读能力。
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