文章的逻辑关系doc

范文一：文章的逻辑关系.doc

文章的逻辑关系

因为(原因)，所以(结果)。

因为有新加坡对外吸引人才的措施，所以我国经济才能持续发展。

()的原因，是因为()。

()之所以()，是由于()。

既然( )，就/也应该()。

现在既然有机会，我也希望能够跟母校这些较贫困的学弟学妹们一同分享阅读的乐趣。

我们可能不会()/我们可能有不同()，但是()能够。我们可能说不同的语言，但有一样东西能够把我们凝聚在一起——我们身为新加坡人的共同

命运。

不仅()，而且/还()。

我们不仅要爱护大自然，而且还要减少现代工业对环境的破坏。

不但()，还()。

既可以()，也可以()。

引进新移民，既可以解决人口生育率的问题，还可以国家的活力。

要()，就一定/必须()。

即使()，也()。

即使出现地铁停运，我们也不应该恐慌。

既然()，就()。

既然这次地铁延误已经无法挽回，我们就应该提高警惕，防范下次一样的事情发生。

关联词的用法把两个或两个以上在意义上有密切联系的句子组合在一起,叫复句,也叫关

联句。复句通常用一些关联词语来连接。关联词一般分转折关系、假设关系、

条件关系等。

关联词有哪些?

1、并列关系,

并列关系中的关联词有,

有的……有的、一方面……一方面、有时候……有时候那么……那么、一边……一边、也、又、还、同时。<单用>

……又……又……

……一面……一面……

……有时……有时……

……一会儿……一会儿……

……既……又……

爸爸不抽烟, 也很少喝酒。

李老师既会拉小提琴, 又会吹笛子。

2、承接关系,

……一……就……

……首先……然后……

……便……

……于是……

……才……

……接着

哥哥拟好作文大纲, 才打草稿。

我一做好功课, 便到球场踢球。

3、递进关系,

……不仅……而且……

……不但……还……

……不但不……反而……

……连……也……

……何况……

……甚至……

滥用药物不但会损害心智, 还会造成不可复原的脑部损坏。

祖父尚且参加体育活动, 何况我们青少年呢! 4、选择关系,

是……还是、或者……或者、要么……要么、与其……不如、宁可……也(决)不。 ……不是……就是……

……或是……或是……

……还是……

日明喜爱球类运动, 每天清早, 他不是打球, 就是踢球去了。

我宁可给老师责罚, 也不说谎, 隐瞒真相。

5、转折关系,

可是、但是、虽然……可是、虽然……但是、尽管……还、虽然(虽是、虽说、尽管、固然)……但是(但、可是、然而、却) 、却、不过、

然

而、只是。尽管……可是…… 。虽然……但是…… 尽管天气严寒, 可是伯父仍到海滩游泳。

妈妈爱静, 爸爸却爱动, 两人性格截然不同。

6、假设关系,

如果……就、要是……就、即使……也、哪怕……也、如果 (假使、假如、要是、倘若、要是)……那么(就) 、即使(就算、就是、哪怕、

纵使)……也(仍然、还是) 。

假设关系中的关联词有,取舍关系中的关联词有,宁可……也不、与其……

不如。

如果明天下雨, 旅行就要取消了。

要是你不听爸爸的劝告, 那么定会闯祸。

7、条件关系,

只要……就……

只有……才……

无论……都……

不管……也……

只要多读多写, 语文水平就可提高。

不管多少险阻, 我也无惧前进。

8、因果关系,

因为……所以……

由于……因此……

既然……那麼……

由于弟弟粗心大意, 因此做错了两道数学题。因为志文的腿摔坏了, 所以需要用拐杖来走路。

读读这些句子吧,

1、因为有氧气,所以地球上才有生命。

2、如果你努力学习,那么你一定会有所进步。

3、只有努力学习,才能有所成就。

4、地球上不但有氧气,而且还有氮气。

5、只要有水,就能解渴。

6、我们不仅要学习好,还要思想好。

7、一边做作业,一边看电视是不好的。

8、既然你知道错了,就要改正。

9、无论发生什么,我都会帮助你。

10、即使我跑得不快,我也要参加比赛。

11、学习不是一朝一夕的事,而是一个长期的过程。

12、与其浪费时间,不如做些有意义的事。

13、虽然月亮会发光,但它不是恒星。

范文二：英语文章中常见的逻辑关系.doc

英语文章中常见的逻辑关系

1.并列关系

and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as;

2.递进关系

also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed; 3.因果关系

because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;

4.转折关系

but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately; 5.让步关系

although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow

6.列举(顺序)关系

first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then, on

one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others;

7.对比关系

while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but;

8.时间关系

when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time;

9.条件关系

if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with;

10.举例关系

such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely;

关联词运用实例说明

1(表示举例说明

a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstrate

a) Many southern cities are growing above the national average — Atlanta is a case in point.

b) The news about calcium and kidney stones is a case in point.

c) Prisoners should be treated with respect — they are human beings after all.

d) These are, after all, very familiar species.

e) It's extremely expensive to live in New York. For example, I pay $1, 250 for a one-bedroom apartment.

f) Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.

g) Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected.

h) We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.

i) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.

j) His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular.

k) One of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job.

1) The issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurement of drugs.

m) The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.

n) We're talking about money —specifically, the money we need to repair our schools.

o) One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider. 2(表示增补意义

additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only...but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what's more

a) They may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function.

b) And again, these workshops will benefit the community considerably.

c) Dunne was murdered, along with three guards.

d) Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart disease.

e) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.

f) Fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes.

g) The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.

h) People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.

i) We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.

j) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad. "

k) The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains were substantial.

l) A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired.

m) The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available.

n) The tax only affects people on incomes over $200, 000—in other words, the very rich.

o) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.

p) Using language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together.

q) The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.

r) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.

s) Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be.

t) The problem demands a global solution. To put it another way, local regulations will have very little effect.

u) First you need to collect all the information and make detailed notes. Then you can start to actually write your essay.

v) Think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase.

w) Gas is a very efficient fuel. And what' s more, it's clean.

3(表示强调

above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in particular, most important, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt

a) Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun.

b) He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the time he got home.

c) And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf Association was delighted.

d) Books and people certainly affected him.

e) Most of the essays were very good indeed.

f) Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf.

g) Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.

h) But the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty or whose guilt is widely perceived.

i) This is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically for the young.

j) Of course there will be some difficult times ahead.

k) If a sign were needed that the Internet has become a real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it.

l) Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity.

m) It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.

n) If we truly believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it.

o) Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.

p) Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.

4(表示对比或对照

by contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, unlike, whereas, while, yet

a) The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.

b) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.

c) American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs.

d) Scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the Carib bean is most popular in the winter.

e) The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.

f) Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.

g) It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.

h) Nuclear power is relatively cheap. On the other hand, you could argue that it's not safe.

i) It is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seriously misled.

j) Unlike most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.

k) A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $1. 5, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $0. 5 per bowl.

l) The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.

m) Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.

n) Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day. 5(表示比较

by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarly

a) After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison.

b) By comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.

c) Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability.

d) Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important, they do not know how to prevent it.

e) an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treat

f) Cotton production was on the increase. However, it was still a small industry compared to hemp and canvas production.

g) The deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having everything except language experience.

h) There is often stronger social control evident in the socialisation of girls in comparison to boys.

i) Good management accounts separate the well-organised from the rest but are not vital in the same way.

j) I don't want him treating me like Jim treated me.

k) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.

l) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.

6(表示让步

admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nevertheless, of course, still, true

a) The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.

b) Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible — after all the library is an attractive place,

isn't it?

c) I realise she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologise all the same.

d) We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.

e) We are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals.

f) Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.

g) The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent.

h) And it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm.

i) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made.

j) A false belief may nevertheless be justified.

k) Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting health care, high tech, banking and sports-related industries.

7(表示结果

accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus

a) Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.

b) As many as 2, 500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves.

c) Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.

d) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.

e) In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.

f) The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money.

g) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. 8(表示转折

although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet

a) You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure if they're right.

b) In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain.

c) Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.

d) Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction.

e) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.

f) This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers.

g) In spite of her success, Spencer continues to get depressed.

h) Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.

i) Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it.

j) Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the greatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.

k) The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money.

l) Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy.

m) It presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis.

n) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected.

o) The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.

p) They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more.

9(表示结论

as has been noted(mentioned，stated)，at last，finally，in a word，all in all，in brief, in conclusion, in short，

in sum，in summary，to conclude，to sum up，to summarize

a)An inhibition，as mentioned above，is rarely used(

b)At last, we were able to afford a house(

c)We finally found a decent apartment close to campus(

d)Pop，in a word，is fascination versus meaning(

e)It was，all in all，more like a prison than an office(

f)In brief，the President plarts to cut defense spellding and lowet taxes.

g)In conclusion，I want to thank all the people who have volunteered their time to our organization(

h)In short，the report says that more money should be spent on education.

i)In sum，we need to cut costs(

j) In summary, do not sell your shares.

k) To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons.

l) To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. rn) To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.

10(表示顺序

and, besides, finally, first, firstly, further, in the first place, last, next, second, secondly, third, thirdly, to begin with, to start with,

a) It also assigned staff people to work with individual companies that wanted to launch a program.

b) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.

c) You need to know what tights you have and how to use them.

d) Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she tides horses on Saturdays.

e) And finally, I' d like to thank the crew.

f) First, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.

g) The application of the five stages to the task illustrated would involve, firstly, the definition of the task.

h) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad. "

i) And there i. s the question of the relevance of the trading of information in the first place.

j) Connect the red wires first and the black ones last.

k) First you need to select the text you want to move. Next, click on the "Move" command at the top of the screen.

l) But, second, in the vast majority of markets, efficient production can be attained with a high degree of competition.

m) The more you practise the better you will become at selecting historical information to suit firstly your essay and secondly your argument.

n) To begin with, much of this new housing is not affordable.

o) I' m not going to Vegas. To start with, I don' t like gambling, and I also can' t get time off work.

范文三：英语文章中的逻辑关系词

文章的逻辑关系主要包括列举，原因，结果，让步，对照，

补充，时间顺序，目的，条件等。而这些逻辑关系又是靠逻

辑词来表达的，没有逻辑词，文章就显得语义模糊不清，不

能形成篇章。考生应熟记表达不同逻辑关系的连词:

表示列举的连词:first, second, third…;firstly,

secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude…

表示原因的连词:because, since, as, now that…

表示结果的连词:so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result，表示结果的动词:

result in/ from，contribute to，attribute to

表示让步和转折的连词:however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any r

ate, in any case, whoever, whatever

表示对照的连词:on the contrary, in contrast, by

contrast, in comparison with, by comparison, conversely相反地

表示补充的连词:also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more,

too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but al

so…

表示时间顺序的连词:when, while, as, after, befo

re, since, until, as soon as, once

表示目的的连词:that, so that, lest免得,以免, for

fear that

表示条件的连词:if, suppose, unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that)

范文四：英语的逻辑关系

1, 因果关系是所有学生都喜欢用的一种最为常见的逻辑关系，这种关系的意思都很明白，那就是两种“什么原因导致了什么结果。或者是什么结果是由什么原因带来的”但是很多同学都会错，又常常表现在原因状语从句当中。比如说写成这样：A lot of surfing leads to children ignore their study.亦或是：She failed her exam because of she was in love with a bad boy.

1，后只跟短语的词语

原因在前结果在后词语后跟结果的：cause, lead to, result in, give rise to, bring about, give cause for,induce to(此词后加好的结果)?

结果在前原因在后词语后跟原因的：because of, be due to, owing to, thanks to, stem from, as a result of, in the light of,on account of, in view of, in consideration of?

2，后可跟句子的词语

because, as, for, since, the reason why, considering that, seeing that, inasmuch as,forasmuch as, as a result(+结果)?

同学们在用这些词语表示因果关系的时候，注意两点：因果谁在先、后面用短语还是句子。只有在清楚这两点之后，才能决定用哪些词语。看起来很复杂，看完下面的例子就很明白了

1，如果要写出这么一句话：因为有你，我不会担心过马路; 因为有你，我学会了玩不受伤。(Because of You歌词)

Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk. Because of you, I learned to play on the safe side so I don’t get hurt. 这里如果要用because，就写成：Because you are here, I never stray too far from the sidewalk.

2, 看个复杂一点的：For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee. （Annabel Lee）以for引导的是一个句子。

规律总结：在上述的常见的因果逻辑关系的词语中，除了cause外，只要是短语的结尾不是as，后面则一定只能跟短语，其余单个的单词或者不是以介词结尾的短语和以as结尾的短语都是要加句子的。

2, 条件关系的意思是，在一个特定的条件下，一事情或者状况将会发生。而If表示正面的条件，就是标准的“如果”的意思。而unless表示的是反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不（if?not）”。

区别：If everyone joins in the army of protecting the environment, our ecosystem would be maintained. 和 The ecosystem would not be maintained unless everyone joins in the army of protecting the environment. 其实也相当于将条件放在前或者放在后的区别，后者有点装酷，更加的体现了英语的表达习惯。

注意：if 引导的从句既可以表示好的条件，也可以表示不好的条件；表示好的条件时，可用providing that, provided that, on condition that, in that等替换，而表示不好的条件时，不可用这些词替换，可用so/as long as. 例如：

If it rains tomorrow, we shall be free from having classes. (对于很多同学老说，不用上课是好事，可以用上述词语替换)

If it rains tomorrow, we shall delay our classes to the day after tomorrow. （只是推迟，不是好事，所以不用上述词语）

除此之外，还有一些谚语可以不要上述任何引导词但是可以表示条件意义。如：

No pains, no gains.不劳无获。 Sow nothing, reap nothing.不播种，不收获。

Once bit, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。

Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

3，例证关系就是通俗意义上的举例子说明问题的方法。在写作文的时候举例子这种方法很常用。旨在说明一抽象的概念或者解释一个不大清楚的观点，但是要记住，任何你所举的例子都是要为你该段的中心论点服务，切不可跟俄罗斯人的思维一样风马牛不相及。

例如：剑7 P.167 Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker.

剑7， P163. Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic, generation, while the good looks of most film stars quickly fade.

表示例证的词语有：for example，take?as an example，for instance，like，namely, such as

4，让步关系通俗的讲就是“退一步讲话”的意思。翻译成中文就是 “虽然，尽管，即使”的意思。即先做出假设性的让步，做出一个推断或者结论，从而引起下文。常见的引导词有：though, although, even if, if, even though/ whatever, whenever, wherever, however?

其它表示让步的方法：

1，the+形容词最高级

The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使是最聪明的人也不能什么都知道。

2，It is true that?

It is true that he is young, but he is clever.

3, 动词+动词

Sink or swim, I won’t give up.

4, admitting (that)和assuming( that)

Assuming (that) she is clever, she can’t succeed without working hard. 等等

5, 对比关系就是将两者进行对比比较。行文中的对比和语法书上的比较级和比较状语从句是有差别的。语法书上的比较级着重指句子当中的比较情况，又分为同级比较和单纯的两者异级比较。而文中的比较按照子毅同志的教材来看，他把其分为了三种：过去跟现在的对比，理论跟现实的对比以及假设跟结果的对比，笔者认为这样的分法还是可取的。所以这里就分成两个部分来谈。

1，比较级当中的比较：

比较级单独使用如：Are you feeling better today? / Be more careful next time.

be+ adj.的比较级 than如：She made greater success than you do. / I am happier than I have ever been. 注意一些特殊的用法：more and more, the more?the more, more than

同级比较：as?as / not so? as 如：I consider the idea as reasonable as that one.

He is as brave as a lion at that moment. / I am not so experienced as you expect.

I know you better than he does.

2, 行文中的对比关系：

现在跟过去的对比：尤其适用于题目中问道古今相关的话题，比如说电脑广泛被使用现今社会和在发明电脑之前的社会的异同点，在比如说小作文的地图题当中，一个地方的过去和现在的房屋分布情况的对比，这些时候都可能会用到古今的对比。常见的词语有：in the past , in the last several decades, ?years ago, during the earlier times / nowadays, recently, at present;

理论和现实的对比词语：theoretically speaking, from what people believed in their minds / in the real world, in reality, actually;

假设和结果对比的词语：if， hypothetically?

5)逻辑关系线索

(a)并列与递进关系: and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as,besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in

addition to ,what is more正门

例(大纲样题)共济网

43 There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thou

sands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

共济网

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.专［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how

they walked, the kind of food they ate.考

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on l

and and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,

and in the air.业

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and

spread over large over large areas of the world.3362 3039

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rock

s.同济大学四平路

［F］ When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until th

e bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

研

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or si

mply reduced to a more stable form.

正门

【解析】［E］本题选择的特征词是"also"。"also"表并列关系，语义上对前文进行补充和说明，这就证明本题前面的句子中应当与also后的crab-like creatures(类似螃蟹的生物)相并列的内容，或者出现了有关"类似螃蟹的生物"的描述的信息。比较选项可以发现，选项［E］中出现的信息Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks描述了一些生物具有"类似螃蟹的信息"： had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rock(有长腕且通过长柄

附着于海床或岩石上)。因此，选项［E］是正确答案。 336 26038

(b)因果关系：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result ,because of ,in that, for this reason, of course336260 37

例(2005年真题)同济大学四平路

Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potenti

al consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.kaoyantj

43336260 37

A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should

be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.021-

［A］ Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has

seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent!kaoyantj ［B］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible pur

chase prices from drug companies."网络督察

［C］ What does "notional" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a

federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.112室

［D］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to

increase faster than government revenues.3362 3039

［E］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall healthcare spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costin

g more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.辅导

［F］ So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. ［G］ Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but selfinterest would lead them to

deal with it.

【解析】［G］试题前的一段讲到the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price(全国的机构是代表3100万人去谈判，潜在的顾客的人数越多，得到底价的可能性越高)。通过这段话可以得知，建立全国性机构后，医药的价格会下降，医药公司会做出反应，即上一个段落和本题之间是因果关系。因此选项［G］是正确答案。选项［G］中的of course 起承上启下的作用，表达了某种因果关系，从of course后面的语义来看，表达的正是关于医药公司的内容：Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream，这儿的scream 原作"尖叫"解，在这里作"高声抱怨"解。因此选项［G］

是正确答案。

同时，本题还可以根据和后面一个段落之间的关系做出选择。从后面一个段落的第一句话A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency来看，讨论的是如何解决国家机构的问题，这是一个表示结果的句子，由此可以推知要填入的试题中一定会出现关于如何对待national agency的论述。选项［G］的最后一句话They wouldn't like a national agency, but selfinterest would lead them to deal with it表达的正是这个含义，不论从内容上，还是从措辞上和下文的内容非常的衔接，因此是正确答

案。

(c)转折让步关系：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than ,instead of, it is true that,of course,although, though, even tho

ugh, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of

例(大纲样题)

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extin

ct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.

41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of th

e plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. ［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how

they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,

and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and

spread over large over large areas of the world.

e bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or si

mply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［B］从试题前后的语义逻辑关系来看，试题前面的一段话表明的信息是Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now(尽管这些动物是某些活到现在的物种的祖先，但有的动物却灭绝了，也就是说它

们现在已经没有子孙后代活在这个世界上)。试题的后面的句子表明的信息是 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago(有时候这些石头可以将它们的外表展现出来，这样，除了颜色我们就可以对那些数百年前死掉的生物形成一个比较准确的印象)。从语义关系里看，前文中说动物灭绝了，暗含的意思是我们不可能得到这些动物的任何信息，而后面的句子说我们可以对这些动物形成准确的印象，因此，前后文形成了明显的对比关系，四个选项中能够表达这种关系的，只有选项［B］。本题还可以采用词汇的复现来确定正确答案，从试题后面的句子Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin来看，rocks的前面使用了定冠词the修饰，这表明rocks在前文中一定出现过，但我们考察第一段时发现，第一段中并没有出现关于rocks的内容，因此可以确定，关于rocks的内容一定出现在要填入的试题中。选项［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate中出现了动物的骨骼被保存在the roc

ks中，变成化石的论述，由此可以判断选项［B］是正确答案。

(d)时间关系：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具体的时

间。

例(大纲样题)

…Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the

rocks on the Dorset Coast.

About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primiti

ve man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

they walked, the kind of food they ate.

and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and

spread over large over large areas of the world.

e bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or si

mply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［C］从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的"高潮"：前面几段讲的都是动物不断的进化过程，而下文中表示时间的短语"About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over" 很可能向我们传达了这样一个信息：文章对地球上动物进化过程的描写很有可能是按照时间顺序的，因此本题所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在时间上的延续关系，即本题所在的段落很可能会提到比75 million years ago更早的时间。通过对比选项可知选项［C］中的两个表示时间的短语375 million years和150 million

years和下一个段落中提到的时间状语具有了延续性，是正确答案。

此外，还可以采用词汇复现法解答本题。试题后面一句话About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out中的reptile在本题前的文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有［C］项中有"The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land,

in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air"。所以正确答案只能是［C］。

范文五：英语阅读理解的小窍门-找出文章中的逻辑关系

英语阅读理解的小窍门-找出文章中的逻辑关系

新课程标准在阅读理解的教学中提出学生应理解文章的逻辑关系，而文章的逻辑关系确实是很多学生在阅读过程中很难把握的一个难点。在英语阅读中，我们既要能理解个别句子的意义，也要能理解上下文的逻辑关系;既能理解字面的意思，也能理解隐含的意思;既能理解事实和细节，也能理解所读材料的主旨和大意;能根据文章的内容进行判断，推理和信息转换。学生如果在比较好地处理好文章的逻辑关系，那么，在做完形填空和阅读理解中将处于有利地位。

经分析发现，现在的命题越来越注重对考生综合阅读能力以及逻辑思维能力的考查。此类题型主要是通过寻找文章段落的主题句，结合文字脉络，归纳文章中心话题，确定文章标题，整体把握文章结构，从而推断作者意图或态度，此类题通常是高考阅读中的难题。。

英语文章极其讲究逻辑的缜密性，中心思想明确，意群(段)之间有清晰的逻辑关系，句与句之间紧密相连。我们中国人说话写文章最缺少严密的逻辑性因而，对英语文章逻辑关系的处理对我国考生而言有很高的难度。

语言是有其自身的规律的，无论哪种语言，都是由一些基本的元素组成，字符，词，句子，段落，而最重要的是逻辑关系，没有什么文章是杂乱无章的，都是在说明一个问题，一个道理，或者叙述一个事实，总之，阅读是有章可循的。

一篇文章各段落之间及各句子之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系，正确理解这种逻辑关系有助于考生做出快速而准确的选择，提高做题的正确率。这种类型的考题主要是考查考生对文章逻辑结构的理解，要求考生综合运用各方面的知识——如:语法、词汇、语感、逻辑结构等——进行分析判断。只理解个别句子的含义是远远不够的，还必须把上、下文的意思联系起来，弄清前后句之间、各段落之间的逻辑关系，从语篇的角度上对文章进行整体性的理解、分析、判断。

考查考生正确理解个别句子的意义及上下文逻辑关系的题目可分为两种:一是涉及各句子之间的指代关系;一是涉及文章各段落之间的关系。常见的命题方式主要有:

1. In Line 5, the word “it” refers to …… .

2. In the second paragraph, the word “they”

means_________ .

3. In Paragraph 3…, the word “…” stands for ____.

4(It can be supposed that the end paragraph maybe

about______.

从某种意义上说，这类题目是一种逻辑推理题，解题方法也

与逻辑推理题有些相似。理解个别句子的意义及上下文之间的逻

辑关系是阅读理解过程中的一项重要技能，也是考生应具备的一

种阅读理解技能。

首先，我们应当处理好各句子之间的指代关系

找出主题句子并了解每一个句子在文章中的逻辑作用是相

当关键的。很多“言外之义”都可以从句子间的逻辑关系领会出来。

如果仅仅把每一个句子看懂，感觉就是“模模糊糊一大片”，但若

能把条理理清楚，那就是“清清楚楚一条线”了。甚至有看不懂的

地方，也比较好进行猜测。

任何两句话之间的逻辑关系不外乎两种情况:不是顺着意思

讲下去(顺接)就是意思发生了转折(逆接)。判断前后两句之间的顺

逆接关系，再寻找正确的选项解题就容易多了。平时考生在做阅

读训练的时候要特别注意句子之间的逻辑关系。

句际之间的逻辑关系主要包括:并列关系(连接词有and,

while等);转折关系(连接词有but, however, though, whereas,

therefore, thus, because, for, nevertheless等);因果关系(连接词有so,

since, as等);让步关系(连接词有though, although, despite, in spite of等);条件关系(连接词有if, unless, once, provided that, in case (of)

等);解释关系(连接词有i.e., that is to say, in other words等);顺序

关系(连接词有before, after, and, first, second, then, next, finally等)

在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用

指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对

象等。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间

的逻辑关系。这种类型的问题一般来说难度不是很高，考生只要

仔细品味上下文，一般都能看出来某行中的代词是指代前面的哪

个名词。但是，需要注意的是，这类问题一般都具有一定的迷惑

性。例如，请看下面题目:

… there is the growing mobility(活动性) of people

since World War II. As families move away from their fixed community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that

information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy. The almost unconscious(无意识) flow of

information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

……

The word “it” (line 3, para. 2)most probably refers to .

,A, the lack of stable(稳定的) communities

,B, the breakdown of informal information channels ,C, the increased mobility of families ,D, the growing number of people moving from place to place

要正确判断it在文中的所指，关键在于分析该句的结构。本句是

个复合句，前半部分“As families move away from their…，

their extended family relationships,”是状语从句，主句是后

半部分中的“the informal flow of information is cut off”。

而后半部分中的“with it the confidence that

information…reliable”又与“the informal flow of

information is cut off”紧密相关，因为该句表面看上去不完整，

that引导的从句只是“confidence”的同位语，那么句中没有谓

语。而实际上，该句暗含了一个完整的句子，即:指代词“it”代

替前面所说的“the informal flow of information is cut off.”因此，正确答案选B项。

还有，有一些是猜词的题目，我们也可以根据上下文的逻辑

关系进行解题，例如:

通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关

系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，

for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后

果。

You shouldn't have upbraided(责备) him for that，for it wasn't

his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜

出upbraided的词义是"责备"。

其次，我们应学会处理文章各段落之间的关系

一篇文章各段落之间都存在着一定的逻辑联系，而这种逻

辑联系通常情况下都体现在段落的开头和结尾。这种类型的题目一般要求考生根据所阅读的短文推测出该文章的前一段或后一段的内容。这类测试题难度较大，需要考生充分理解测试材料、分析语篇特点、仔细寻找解题依据。如果问题要求考生猜测短文之前的内容，考生就必须注意短文的开头部分;如果问题要求考生猜测短文之后的内容，考生就必须注意短文的结尾部分。

值得一提的是，在寻求解题依据时，千万不可忽视对篇章结构的分析。例如:论说文是用理由、论据来说明作者观点的，如果所选段落仅叙述其中一点，那么该段落的上、下文可能是对另一点的叙述。如果是用比较对比的手法来组织的文章，所选段落仅论述比较，则该文的上、下文可能论述对比。

很多英语文章一般出自名家之手或选自有名的报纸杂志，内容涉及我们所熟悉的话题。文章可能是一段节选，也可能是一篇自成一体的小短文，但无论是哪一种情况，这篇文章都有其完整性和逻辑性，也就是说，文章里面或有前因后果，或是平铺直叙，前后通过一条主要线索按逻辑构成一个整体。明白这一点，考生在做题时可以把自己想象成那个有名的作者，时刻注意语言表达和逻辑思维，可以根据文章的发展思路，从四个选项中挑选出最佳答案。

把握文章逻辑结构对于做主旨题很有帮助，因为文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分。高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有:

1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。 2)一般顺序。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。

3)具体顺序。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。 4)对比。进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题。 5)分类。分类说明的各大项相加为主题。

根据考试说明，高考阅读理解能力测试的第四点要求是:“能理解某句某段的意义，并能把握全篇文脉，即句与句，段与段的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。”

这类考题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局做出合理的推断;或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象，事例给以解释。

考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。

在做出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者观点，切

忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点看法取代作者的原意。

这种题型的常用提问方式有:

We can infer that __________.

It can be inferred from the passage that __________. The passage implies that __________. The passage suggests that __________. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.

总之，逻辑关系在英语阅读中关系重大，学生在平时训练中

应有目的性地训练，注意逻辑关系的理顺，这样，有利于做好完

形填空、阅读理解、顺面表达甚至听力理解等题目。

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