大学英语四六级（翻译）

范文一：大学英语四六级（翻译）

大学英语四、六级

汉译英

第一章翻译原则

“忠实、通顺”是翻译的基本标准和普遍原则。忠实于原文就是要忠实于原文表达的内容、结构、风格。表达通顺就是在忠实于原文的基础上，还要考虑目的语的表达习惯。其中，“忠实”原则是第一位的。

“直译”和“意译”是最基本的两种翻译方法。所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式。意译则不拘泥于原文的形式，只要求将原文的大意准确地表达出来，译文自然顺畅即可。如果为了通顺而过分追求“意译”，就会变成“乱译”;如果为了保留原文的形式而过分追求“直译”，就会变成“硬译”。总之，这两个原则紧密结合，缺一不可。

1. 词的翻译

?词义选择

是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的的语境、词的褒贬和感情色彩。

例1

原文:手机刷新了人与人的关系。

译文:Cell phone has altered the relationship among people. 分析:“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译成alter或change更恰当。

例2

原文:昨天看电影我没有买到好票。

译文:I didn't buy a good seat for yesterday's film. 分析:“好票”此处指“好座位”。

例3

原文:这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。

译文:The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.

分析:“输送”在此具体指“培养”，根据语境，“人才”译为qualified graduates比较确切。例4

原文:老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。

译文:The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition.

分析:“开小灶”是比喻词汇，应译出其潜在的含义。

?词类转换

汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点而在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中，适当转换词性，可以使译文更符合英语表达习惯。

例1

原文:他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。

译文:His arrival at this conclusion is the result of much thought.

分析:动词?名词

例2

原文:吃头两个菜时，也是赞不绝口。

译文:You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.

分析:动词?名词

例3

原文:他支持这个建议，但我反对。

译文:He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.

分析:动词?介词

例4

原文:这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。

译文:Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on

from generation to generation.

分析:动词?介词

例5

原文:所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。

译文:Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature. 分析:动词?形容词

例6

原文:他对自己的过去追悔莫及，并保证永远不再开车。

译文:He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars once and for all.

分析:动词?形容词

例7

原文:独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。

译文:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

分析:形容词或副词?名词

例8

原文:同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下了良好的印象。

译文:The school leaders were favorably impressed by the students' excellent performance. 分析:名词?动词

?词的增补

增词译法指添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词、代词、连词、介词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)。

例1

原文:在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。

译文:During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14students were recruited to

his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor's degree at last.

分析:汉语句子结构一般都是按照时间顺序和逻辑关系排列，语序固定、关系明确，不需要太多连接词来表示相互间的关系，但在英文中需要补充省略的连词，以保持句子结构完整。例2

原文:这个车间既做来料加工，也做来样加工。

译文:This workshop processes raw materials on client's demand and processes according to

investor's samples as well.

分析:“来料加工”、“来样加工”属汉语中的意合词，翻译时应表达出其完整的含义。例3

原文:这是黄河滩上的一幕。

译文:This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.

分析:增加taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。

?词的减省

指省略一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组，从而达到译文通顺、精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等。

例1

原文:于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。

译文:Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to

head-shaking.

分析:删减重复的动词。

例2

原文:种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花?

译文:Growing crops and grapes; brewing and drinking wine; raising and milking cows; weeding

and planting flowers....

分析:删减重复的名词宾语。

?词的替代

汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。在汉译英时可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

例1

原文:狡猾的人轻视学问;愚昧的人羡慕学问;聪明的人利用学问。

译文:Crafty men despise knowledge, benighted men admire it, and wise men use it. 分析:用代词替代重复出现的名词。

例2

原文:自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。译文:From Zhou and Qin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and

economy.

分析:谓语成分替代。替代句型包括so do/be/will+主语、so+主语+ do/be/will、as be+主语例3

原文:你会来出席会议吗,假如不出席会议，请尽早通知我们。

译文:Will you come to attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.

分析:用替代词so/not来取代充当宾语的that从句;用if so 或if not替代条件从句;用so代替整个从句。

2. 句的翻译

汉语造句以名词为中心，以词组、散句和分句为手段，习惯按照时间、逻辑顺序进行表述，体现为形式自由、富于弹性。英语则以“主——谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分，

句界分明，外形严谨。因此在汉译英时，如果是单句，首先应当确立句子的主干及句型，如果是长句，则需要确立中心，进行句子组合。

?确立主干

在汉译英时，不管汉语句子如何复杂，始终不能脱离英语句子“主——谓”主干这一总的框架，然后再进行相应的时态、语态、句式的变化。

例1

原文:这个地区比较多雨。

译文:It rains a lot in this area.(This area sees much rain. /There is much rain in this area.) 分析:确立主语。原文的主语只能由“这个地区”担当，译成英语时主语就有了多种选择。例2

原文:信不信我是你自己的事。

译文:It is your concern whether you believe me or not.

分析:确立主语。汉语的动词词组、主谓结构或句子作主语时，往往译成“it”作主语的英语句子。

例3

原文:在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。

译文:We shouldn't be too romantic about interpersonal relations. 分析:确立谓语。原文用名词“浪漫主义”充当谓语，而在英语中可转为系表结构。

?语序调整

指英汉两种语言中定语、状语、叙事重心、词序、否定的位置差异性。例1

原文:这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树木掩映的建筑里。

译文:She kept the child as her secret, the one she kept in the building shadowed by the trees. 分析:定语后置。

例2

原文:我在小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界。

译文:Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a

kaleidoscopic world down in the garden. 分析:状语前置。

例3

原文:万一有什么困难，你就给我们个信。

译文:Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.

分析:调整叙事重心。汉语先叙事，然后表态，而英语则先表态，而后再叙事。例4

原文:一霎时，一阵被人摈弃、为世人所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头。

译文:In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world.

分析:表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面，而英语则相反，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。

例5

原文:不是所有的金属都具有同样好的导电性能。

译文:All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.

分析:否定的转移。

例6

原文:她要等你答应帮她后才肯走。

译文:She won't go away until you promise to help her.

分析:否定的转移。

例7

原文:衣食住行是老百姓关心的最大问题。

译文:Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.

分析:习惯用法。

例8

原文:他饥寒交迫，吃了不少苦。

译文:He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.

分析:习惯用法。

?正反转换

汉英语言在表达正反概念时，形成了各自独特的表达方式。有时，汉语的正说在英语里反

说更合适，反之亦然。

例1

原文:他光着脚进了屋子。

译文:He entered the room with no shoes on.

分析:汉语正说，英语反译。

例2

原文:学习外语离不开好的词典。

译文:A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.

分析:汉语反说，英语反译。

例3

原文:她忍住了没笑出来。

译文:She refrained from laughing.

分析:汉语反说，英语正译。

例4

原文:这风景美得我无法形容。

译文:The scenery is beautiful beyond my expression.

分析:汉语反说，英语正译。

例5

原文:有阳光就有阴影。

译文:There can be no sunshine without shadow.

分析:双重否定。

?语态对译

指主动语态与被动语态的转换。汉语中被动语态的使用范围相当狭窄，而在英语中被动语

态表现力强。

例1

原文:考试后三日出榜。

译文:The list of successful examinees will be published three days after the exam.

分析:汉语中有很多无形式标志的被动句，特别要注意“把字句”、“是字句”这样的隐性被动句，汉译英时都应转为英语被动结构。

例2

原文:他的话把我搞糊涂了。

译文:I was confused at his words.

分析:把字句翻译。

例3

原文:相对论是爱恩斯坦提出的。

译文:The theory of relativity was put forward by Einstein.

分析:是字句翻译。

例4

原文:有人听见呼救声。

译文:Voice was heard calling for help. 分析:汉语以泛称如“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等作主语时，或含有“据说”、“据悉”等无人称的表述时，通常用比较固定的英语被动结构来翻译。

例5

原文:无可否认，他是对的。

译文:It cannot be denied that he is right. 分析:同例4。

例6

原文:会议在热烈的掌声中闭幕了。

译文:The meeting ended in warm applause. 分析:汉语表示被动意义的句子在英文中通常用被动语态表达，但个别情况例外:表示“开始”、“结束”意思的不及物动词;表示“位移”、“运转”意思的动词;无灵主语的动作正在进行等。

例7

原文:该方案需要进一步的讨论。

译文:The plan requires further discussing. 分析:同例6。

?长句翻译

汉语的句子结构比较松散，有时一个句子里存在不少并列成分，但并没有连接词将其中的逻辑关系明显地表现出来。英语的句子结构比较严谨，各个句子成分之间的逻辑关系需明确体现。应对汉语长句的翻译主要有三种:原序对译，分句合译，断句分译。例1

原文:每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。

译文:Everyone hopes to have his own private space, and too casual relationship among friends

will mislead them to invade this piece of restricted areas easily as a result of the conflict and

alienation.

分析:原序对译。这种方法多用于单一主语的长句，但要分清句中的信息重心。例2

原文:最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信，他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。

译文:We are very familiar with the scene when a person suddenly stops his or her steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at the phone, not caring about his/her stopping in the road center or beside the restroom.

分析:同例1。

例3

原文:中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然

界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。

译文:Chinese people has never regarded human beings as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts takes a rather appropriate proportion with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler. 分析:同例1。

例4

原文:他们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。

译文:Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight. 分析:分句合译。

例5

原文:求学是一件艰苦的事情，许多人不能忍受那比经的艰苦，所以不能成功。

译文:To learn, actually, is to experience the indispensable pain and those who can not endure such pain can not succeed.

分析:分句合译。

例6

原文:譬如说，当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期，却忽然接到老板的电话，告诉我们客户或工

作方面出了麻烦。

译文:For instance, while still vacationing at the resort, we receive a call from the boss all of a sudden, knowing that some troubles have arisen with the clients or the work. 分析:断句分译。汉语都流水句，一个长句中可能有多个主语，可拆开来翻译。

?无主句

汉语有很多无主句，这符合汉语“意合”的思维习惯。英语是“形合”的语言，句子一般

都需要有主语。汉译英时，需要补充被省略的主语，或改变句型结构，以符合英语的表达习

惯。

例1

原文:抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜中有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。

译文:If one takes a sip of the wine, its bitterness flavor will persist in the mouth, calling for memories of life's intricacies.

例2

原文:但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如

何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

译文:However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what is his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be that difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one's life.

例3

原文:开始吃头盘或冷蝶的时候，印象很好。

译文:The starter or cold dish will leave you a good impression.

分析:这句话没有用we作主语，而是巧妙地把句子中的逻辑宾语充当了译文的主语。

3. 段落的翻译

一个段落是内容相对完整、结构相对独立的语言片段翻译时要把整个段落当作一个有机整体来处理，注意段落中各句子之间的衔接和段落间的过渡，达到行文流畅连贯、段落过渡自然的效果。

?段落的衔接

指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面有关联，各个部分的排列和衔接符合逻辑。例1

原文:有鱼有水的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。

译文:A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps

people in good mood.

分析:用关系代词which指代第二个“好环境”。

例2

原文:大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对于自然，全都一致深深地依赖着。

译文:People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature. Therefore, everyone has become

unanimously and profoundly dependent on it.

分析:用代词it替代第二个“自然”。

?段落的连贯

指段落内容情节上的串联，或是逻辑上的贯通。

例1

原文:朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密，也不能随便过头、不恭不敬。

译文:However familiar and close they are, friends can not be too casual and behave freely toward

each other.

例2

原文:会议室门口通常贴着一条通告:请与会者关闭手机。

译文:There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads "Please turn off your

cell phone."

?段落的文体

翻译时，段落的文体应保持一致。文体一般分论说文、说明文和散文。译文应尽可能再现原文的思想内容和语言风格。

例1

原文:我们的扬子江、黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神，扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠、遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡地往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚、一泻万里的魄势。

译文:The Yangtse River and the Yellow River are both symbolic of our national spirit. The two

mighty rivers negotiate deserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible

force.

分析:散文。

例2

原文:中国古代思想家孔子说:“四十而不惑，五十而知天命。”一个人有了几十年的生活经

历，就可以更好地理解世事之变迁，更坚定地去实现自己的志向和理想。今天，在庆祝联合

国50诞辰之际，人们自然更加殷切地希望联合国遵循宪章的宗旨和原则，倾听各国人民的

呼声，跟上时代的步伐，以新的面貌来迎接新的世纪。

译文:Confucius, China's ancient philosopher, says, "At 40 I had no more doubts and at 50 I knew

the will of Heaven." A man, with decades of life behind him, can better understand the change of

events and be more hardened in his resolve to fulfill his aspirations and ideals. At this 50th

birthday of the UN, it is all too natural for people to have high hopes that the UN will observe the

purposes and principles of its Charter, and greet the new century with a fresh outlook.

分析:论说文。

4. 常见问题

?词义虚假对

汉语中许多词汇的信息都是潜在的和隐蔽的，有的具有深层的含义，有的还有言外之意，

有的则有语用意义或比喻意义。如果没有弄清要表达的真实信息，就会出现机械对等错误。

例1

原文:因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。

误译:Because the degree of which is moving with the expansion of one's desire and ambition. 译文:Because the degree of which is changing with the expansion of one's desire and ambition. 分析:误译没有准确把握“转移”一词在这里的确切含义，属望文生义。

例2

原文:美国内部对中国政策究竟怎样，我们还要观察。

误译:What China policies are to be pursued after all within the U.S., we still have to wait and see.

译文:The American authorities have to decide among themselves what China policies to pursue, and so we still have to wait and see.

分析:“美国内部”并非指“美国国内”这个概念，而是指美国领导层。

?词类混用

汉语和英语的词类既有重叠，也有差异。即便相同的词类在句子中的用法和充当的成分也

不相同。

例1

原文:在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。

误译:In interpersonal relationship, we should not be too romanticism.

译文:In interpersonal relationship, we should not be too romantic.

?冠词滥用

冠词是英语中的常见词类，但汉语中没有。学生常犯的错误是:在泛指时漏用不定冠词，

首次提到某物时滥用定冠词，特指某类事物时又不用定冠词。

例1

原文:一个春天的旁晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴。

译文:One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.

分析:在英语中，“一天晚上”、“一天早晨”等表示特定的时间要用one，而不能用泛指的

a(an)，但很多学生会译成“on a spring evening”。

例2

原文:最初的印象最深刻。毕竟，你不可能再有机会给别人留下第一印象的。

译文:First impressions are most lasting. After all, you never get a second chance to make a first

impression.

分析:a second chance可表示“第二次机会”，“再有机会”。first impression为一个整体，表

示“第一次印象”，在此表泛指，所以用不定冠词a修饰。

?数的概念混乱

汉语中数的概念在词法和语法上都缺乏形态特征，因而在翻译成英语的时候，要根据汉语的

上下文在英语的形式中补充上数的复数的概念。

例1

原文:本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10点到晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。

译文:All the research assistants of this lab must work 7 days a week, from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m.. They should work at full stretch during their office hours.

?用词冗余

在翻译时，可以通过缩合或省略等手法，用词或词组来表达从句等单位所表达的内容。

例1

原文:吸收外来移民是加拿大长期奉行的国策。

误译:To take in immigrants from other countries has become a long-term national policy practiced by Canada.

译文:To draw in immigrants has become a long-term national policy practiced by Canada.

分析:immigrants一词本身就包含“来自其他国家”的含义。

?句子结构机械对应

指翻译中经常出现的套用汉语句式的问题，译出来的句子或为无主句，或动宾搭配不当。

例1

原文:有其中乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，

喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。

误译:Especially in the countryside, people have been living in the same style for thousands of

years——plant crops and grape, make wine and drink it, feed cows and milk them, kill grasses

and give birth to flowers, go to church, and on festivals they go to the square to dance, sing and

play the instruments.

译文:This is particularly true in the countryside where people have been living in the same style

for thousands of years——planting crops and grapes; brewing and drinking wine; raising and milking cows; weeding and planting flowers; going to churches on weekends and praying; playing

music, dancing and singing in the square on holidays.

分析:学生在处理“种植庄稼...唱歌”这一串无主句时，很显然受到了汉语的影响，翻译

成了一系列没有主语的英语句子。事实上，它们可以译成分词短语，也可以与前面的句子断

开，补充主语，译为独立的句子。

?主次信息不分

没有分清主次信息，导致语义重心偏移，在深层意义上不忠实于原文。

例1

原文:在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。

误译:Before I became ill, I was much petted by my parents, doing everything at will in the home. 译文:Before I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting parents. 分析:首先要确定这句话的信息重心。虽然没有连接词，但仍有内在的逻辑关系。“受父母

宠爱”是因，“在家横行霸道”是果，因此作为结果的后半句应该是全句的信息重心。

?语篇衔接不当

很多学生的翻译如果单独成句是可读的，但全篇作为一个整体，读起来就有种前后脱节的

感觉，原因在于没有采用有效的语篇衔接手段。

例1

原文:园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴。

误译:Flowers were in full bloom in the garden. My parents held a party in the garden. 译文:My parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. 分析:译文的衔接更加紧凑、简洁。

第二章翻译范例

1. 原文:中国是世界四大文明古国之一，地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、壮丽的山河如利剑

直插云霄的高峰、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊及富有中华文化光辉的名胜古迹，令世界各

国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国具有五千多年的历史，遗留下无数的历史文物，包括

珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成

为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。

参考译文:China is one of the four countries in the world with an ancient civilization. It has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the skies like so many gargantuan swords. Besides, it contains historic remains of glorious Chinese antiquity. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China is possessed of a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people's admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment of all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.

2. 原文:作为中国最早的教育中心和科学研究中心，北京大学聚集了中国优秀的专家学者，

不断开拓创新，发展改造，以培养出高质量人才所做出的高水平科学成果深刻影响和推动着

中国高等教育的航程。一百年来，以北京大学为代表的中国现代大学群，在中国走向现代化

的历史中起了重要的先锋作用，形成了光荣的革命传统和优良的学术传统。

参考译文:As China's earliest education and research center, Peking University, with a large number of China's most distinguished specialists and scholars among its faculty, has consistently engaged itself in pioneering and development endeavors. With a large amount of high-level scientific research achievements produced by talents trained there, Peking University has provided a strong impetus to the development of China's higher education system. Over the past one hundred years, a bunch of modern Chinese universities as represented by Peking University have spearheaded China's historical advancement towards modernization and have formed a glorious revolution and academic tradition.

3. 原文:广州人的平均收入在中国算是很高的，小康之家越来越多，所以，广州人上馆子

吃饭乃是常事。广州的餐馆整天顾客盈门，这是因为，比起中国其他地方来，广州人特别注

重吃。不少广州人喜欢上馆子喝早茶。在那里，小推车上装着各种点心，从一个桌子推到另

一个桌子，供应顾客。每星期天一早，从七点开始，人们就起身上馆子，边喝茶，边吃早饭，

边和朋友聊天。

参考译文:Compared with people in most other Chinese cities, people in Guangzhou have quite high average income, and the number of well-to-do families has been rising steadily. For this reason, it is very common for Guangzhou residents to eat out. Restaurants in the city are congested with diners all day round, as the people in Guangzhou seem to be keener on having good food than those in any other parts of the country. The locals like to have their morning tea in restaurants, where a large variety of dim sum is served from carts wheeled from table to table. Early on Sunday mornings, a lot of people in Guangzhou are up since 7 o'clock and are already chatting with friends over tea and breakfast in various restaurants.

4. 原文:不同的人对退休持不同的态度。有些人认为退休后可享受晚年的生活。但真的退

了下来，他们则有点失望。看到自己就要被抛到废物堆里，他们不甘认命，设法另找事干来

发挥自己的余热，以继续得到收入。另有一些人则对一生中这样一个重大变动早有准备。他

们一生为工作操劳，现在精疲力尽了，渴望退休后能放松拉紧的弦，好好休息。

参考译文:Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people, before they retire, may think that they will be able to relax and enjoy their old age, but when they actually retire, disappointment sets in. Unwilling to resign themselves to the circumstance of being "spent", being thrown onto the scrap heap, so to speak, they try to seek alternative employment so as to continue making use of their energy, skill and knowledge in return for extra income. Others have already prepared themselves for this significance change in their lives. After working hard for a major part of their life, they feel exhausted and are eager to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.

5. 原文:关于中国的知识产权，大家都很关心，我们也很关心。坦率地说，中国保护知识

产权，绝不是因为有什么压力，也不是做给什么人看的，而是自身发展的需要。中国保护知

识产权的决心是一贯和坚定的。我们很清醒，如果没有一个保护知识产权的法制环境，中国

100年也发展不起来。过去十年，中国的企业都越来越强烈地呼吁保护知识产权。

参考译文:You are all concerned about intellectual property rights in China, so are we. Frankly speaking, it is not due to any outside pressure that China is protecting IPR. Nor are we doing this as a mere gesture. As a matter of fact, it is out of our own need of development that we protect intellectual property rights. China's resolution in IPR protection is consistent and firm. We clearly know that without a legal environment that protects IPR China could never secure development even in 100 years. During the last decade, Chinese enterprises are more and more strongly calling for IPR.

6. 原文:中国认为，人权的实现离不开世界的和平与发展。和平与发展是当今世界的两大

主题，也是实现普遍人权和基本自由必不可少的前提。没有和平稳定的国际环境，没有公正、

合理的国际经济秩序，就不可能实现普遍的人权。国际社会只有将促进人权同维护世界和平、

促进人类发展联系起来，系统地加以推进，才能取得持续有效的进展。

参考译文:China holds the view that the realization of human rights depends on world peace and development. Peace and development are the two major subjects in the world today. They are also indispensable prerequisites for the universal realization of human rights and basic freedoms. Without a peaceful and stable international environment, without a just and reasonable international economic order, realization of universal human rights is impossible. To achieve sustained and effective progress, the international community must integrate the promotion of human rights with maintaining world peace and accelerating advancement of humanity in a systemic way.

7. 原文:重庆，地处中国内陆之西南，属中亚热带季风气候，夏日阳光炽烈，故称“火炉”。

城市依山而建，人谓“山城”，冬春云轻雾重，又号“雾都”。1937年，抗日战争爆发，南

京失陷，国民政府西迁重庆，又把这里定为“陪都”。由于第二次世界大战中重庆在反法西

斯战争中的重要地位，联合国总部那幅巨大的世界地图上，中国版图仅标出四座城市:北京、

上海、南京、重庆。

参考译文:Chongqing is located in the southwestern part of mainland China with a typical subtropical monsoon climate. It is hot in summer with scorching sun. Hence it got the name of "Furnace City ". Chongqing is also called "Mountain City" because it is a city built on hillsides with mountains on its four sides. In winter and spring, Chongqing is often enveloped in clouds and mist. It is therefore sometimes called "The Fog City". In 1937, soon after the occupation of Nanjing by Japanese invading armies, Kuomintang government moved to Chongqing and officially proclaimed it as its "War-time Capital". On account of the important role played by Chongqing in the Second World War, on the huge map of the world displayed in the United Nations Headquarters, only four Chinese cities are marked and named. These are Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Chongqing.

8. 原文:故宫建筑气势雄伟、豪华壮丽，是中国古代建筑艺术的精华，其规格之巨和独具

特色的建筑艺术享誉世界。在这里保存的大量珍贵文物、稀世绝宝，是研究明、清两代历史

和历代艺术的重要物证。1925年改名为故宫博物院，它是世界上最大的博物馆之一。1961

年被公布为全国重点文物保护单位。1987年为联合国教科文组织列入“世界人类文化遗产”。

新中国成立后人民政府拨巨款进行保护和修缮，现已成为久负盛名的旅游景观。

参考译文:The Imperial Palace, grand and magnificent, represents the highest peak of ancient Chinese architecture and enjoys worldwide fame for its scale and unique architectural features. Preserved here as a large number of rare and precious cultural relics, which are of great significance to the study of Ming and Qing history and the arts of the past dynasties. In 1925, the Imperial Palace was renamed Palace Museum and became one of the largest museums in the world. It was listed as Historical Monuments & Cultural Relics Under State Protection in 1961 and in 1987 UNESCO put it in the list of World Cultural Heritage. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the national government has allocated large funds for the protection and maintenance of the Imperial Palace. At present it is one of the most popular tourist sites in

Beijing.

9. 原文:中国民俗文化村是国内第一个荟萃各民族的民间、民俗风情和民居建筑于一园的

大型文化游览区。它坐落在风光秀丽的深圳湾畔，占地18万平方米。您可以在一日之内，

或乘车，或乘船，或步行，在村寨例尽情游历。除了可以了解各民族的建筑风格之外，还可

以欣赏和参与各民族的歌舞表演、民族手工艺品生产和民族风味食品制作表演。

参考译文:China Folk Culture Villages, the first large culture-oriented sightseeing spot in China, incorporates excellences of populace, folk customs and residential architecture of all nationalities. Located in the scenic splendor of the Shenzhen Bay, it covers an area of 180,000 square meters. You may tour around the villages by car, by boat or on foot. Here, you can not only get a first-hand knowledge of architectural styles and features of each nationality, but also watch or even participate in ethnic singing and dancing recitals, the making of ethnic crafts, and local-flavor cuisine performance.

10. 原文:张衡是中国古代杰出的科学家。他长期观察日月和行星的运动规律，知道月亮本

身不发光，月光只是月球反射了太阳光。他还正确地解释了“冬天日短夜长，夏天日长夜短”

的道理。张衡在他写的书中，提出了“空间和时间都是无限的”理论。他画出了中国第一张

完备的星图，记录了2500颗恒星，还记录了它们的亮度和出没时间。他的观测，与我们今

天在同一个地点看到的星空相近。

参考译文: Zhang Heng was an outstanding scientist in ancient China. After spending many years observing the laws of the movement of the moon, the sun and the planets, he knew that the moon itself does not shine but only reflects the light from the sun. Besides, he clearly explained why in winter days are short and nights are long while in summer days become longer and nights shorter. In his works, he put forward the theory that both time and space are infinite. He produced China's first complete star chart which recorded 2,500 stars, including their brightness and their time of appearance and disappearance. His observations were quite similar to the observations made today at the same place.

第三章主题翻译

1. 教育

?原文:1949年之前，中国的教育很落后，只有少数高等学校和部分中等学校。这些学校

大都集中在的城市和几个沿海省份。许多县城没有中学，在山区和偏远地区甚至连小学都很

少见。1949年以后，初等教育开始普及，高等教育得到了快速的发展。

Suggested words and phrases:

教育 education 落后 backward

高等学校 institutions of higher learning 初等教育 elementary education

高等教育 higher education 中等学校 secondary schools

山区 mountain areas 偏远地区 remote areas

沿海省份 coastal provinces

译文:Before 1949, education in China was very backward. There were only a small number of institutions of higher learning and secondary schools. Universities and middle schools were clustered mainly in big cities and a few of the coastal provinces. Many countries had no secondary schools, and in mountain areas and remote areas primary schools were even rare. After 1949, the elementary education began to be made universal, and the higher education developed rapidly.

?原文:考试是学校教育的一个重要组成部分，在我国由来已久。自唐代以来，人们一直沿

用传统的考试方法，而对“考试”的概念不能正确理解。考试不是简答地按分数给学生“排

队”，而是对“教”和“学”的衡量，以及提供有益于改进教与学的信息。

Suggested words and phrases:

由来以及 started very early 沿用 adhere to

概念 concept 按分数 according to the grades

给学生排队 evaluate the students 衡量 measure, evaluate

改进教与学 improve teaching and learning

译文:Examination is an important part of school education, which stared very early in our country. Since Tang Dynasty, people always adhere to the traditional way of examination, and misunderstand its correct concept. The examination is not simply to evaluate students according to the marks they get in examination, but to measure the teaching and learning and to provide the information which will help to improve teaching and learning.

2. 经济

?原文:中国政府将进一步改善投资环境，认真执行有关的涉外经济法律，集中力量办好已

建成的中外合资企业。我们将鼓励多办一些利用现有企业进行技术改造的中外合资企业，推

动传统产业的技术进步。

Suggested words and phrases:

投资环境 environment for investment 认真执行 faithfully implement

集中力量 concentrate on 中外合资企业 joint ventures

现有企业 existing enterprises 技术改造 retool, technological

transformation

技术进步 advance technologically

译文:The Government of China shall keep improving the environment for investment, faithfully implement economic laws concerning foreign nations and firms, and concentrate on the successful operation of existing joint ventures. We should encourage the establishment of more joint ventures which will help retool China’s existing enterprises so that they will assist the traditional industries to advance technologically.

?原文:本文提出了一种新的对中国人均GNP的计算方法。世界银行估算，我国人均GNP

已达2000美元。本文认为这一计算有一定的局限性，通过新的计算方法，认为我国人均GNP

为700美元。

Suggested words and phrases:

世界银行 the World Bank 计算方法 method of calculation

估算 estimate 局限性 limitation

译文:This paper proposes a new method of calculate China’s GNP per person. The World Bank

estimates that GNP per person in China has reached $2000. The paper states that the World Bank’s

estimation has certain limitation. Through a new calculation, it is believed that the Chinese GNP per person is $700.

?原文:每个国家都需要进口本国不生产的货物，并需要创收外汇支付这些货物。进口货物

可以使国内产品有了竞争，而出口可为厂商提供更为广阔的市场。无论是进口或出口，其目

的是为了促进生产，活跃市场。

Suggested words and phrases:

创收外汇 earn foreign exchange (currency) 进口货物 imported goods

厂商 manufacturers 进口或出口 import or export

活跃市场 enliven the market

译文:Every country needs to import the goods that it doesn’t produce and needs to earn foreign

exchange to pay for the imported goods. Imported goods can bring about the competition to the domestic goods, while exporting goods may provide a wider market to the manufacturers. No matter it is for import or export, the main purpose is to promote the production and enliven the market.

3. 社会文化

?原文:在中国，空气污染、水污染等已经给国家和人民造成了相当大的损失。中国政府十

分重视环境保护工作，并且把保护环境和控制人口都列为基本国策。全国人民代表大会还制

定了一些保护环境、防治污染的法律。

Suggested words and phrases:

造成损失 cause a loss to 制定。。。法律 make a law of (to) …

列为 be listed as 十分重视 attach importance to …

全国人民代表大会 The National People’s Congress

基本国策 fundamental national policies

译文:In China, air pollution and water pollution have already cost the nation and people dearly. The Government of China has attached great importance to environment protection, and has listed environmental protection and population control as fundamental national policies. The National People’s Congress has made laws to protect the environment and control the pollution.

?原文:不吸烟者的权利问题在许多国家里开始讨论。迄今为止，许多国家很少或还没有采

取措施。众所周知，吸烟有害健康。从长远的观点看，如果能完全禁止吸烟，那么人们的境

况将得到很大的改善。但显然，我们对此尚无准备。

Suggested words and phrases:

不吸烟者 nonsmokers 尚无准备 not ready for

采取措施 take action 从长远观点看 in the long run

禁止吸烟 ban smoking 境况 circumstances

译文:Talk of nonsmokers’ right is going on in many countries. Up to now, many countries have

taken little or no action. It is known to all that smoking is harmful to our health. In the long run, if

smoking were completely banned, people would be much better off, but obviously, we are not

ready for that.

范文二：大学英语四六级翻译

翻译原文：

故宫，又名紫禁城，为明清共二十四位皇帝统治中国近500年的皇宫。它位于北京市中心，在天安门广场的北侧，形状为长方形。南北长960米，东西宽750米，占地72公顷，总建筑面积达15万平方米。故宫是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代木构宫殿。它分为外朝和内廷两部分，外朝是皇帝上朝处理国家大事的地方，内廷是皇帝和皇室的居住地。1987年，故宫被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。

翻译词汇：

故宫 the Imperial Palace

紫禁城 the Forbidden City

天安门广场 Tian’anmen Square

长方形 rectangular

建筑面积 floor space

现存 in existence

上朝 give audience

处理 handle

世界文化遗产 World Cultural Heritage

参考译文：

The Imperial Palace, also called the Forbidden City was the palace where the 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for roughly 500 years. The Imperial Palace is

located in the center of Beijing, on the northern side of Tian ’anmen Square, rectangular in shape, 960 meters from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, with an area of 72 hectares and a total floor space of 150 000 square meters. It ’s the world ’s largest and most integral palace made of wood in existence. The Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court. The outer court was the place where the emperors gave audience and handled state affairs, while the inner court was the living quarters for the emperors and their families. In 1987 the Imperial Palace was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Cultural Heritage sites. 2.

翻译原文：

最近，一些地方大学开始将方言列为某些学生的必修课程，学生们要学习当地方言，然后被评分以作为毕业的依据之一。一方面，支持此种做法的人认为，将方言列为必修课可防止其消失，从而使当地传统文化和文化多样性得以弘扬，同时城市独特的个性得以保留。另一方面，反对此种做法的人争论说，当地学生与外地学生相比有很多绝对优势，因此将方言列为必修课会引起教育不公平的问题。而且，将方言列为必修课程还会引起一些其他问题，如教材使用、师资问题和考试标准等。在我看来，方言作为传统文化不可缺少的一部分和一种交流工具，可以让学生自愿学习和使用，而不是强制完成。

【翻译词汇】

方言 dialect

必修课程 compulsory course

依据 judging factor

支持 approve

消失 extinguish

文化多样性 cultural diversity

弘扬 enhance

个性 identity

争论说 contend

绝对的 absolute

引起 give rise to/bring forth

考试标准 examination standard

不可缺少的 indispensable

自愿地 voluntarily

学习 acquire

参考译文：

Recently, it has been practiced by some local universities that dialect is made a compulsory course for some students, under which students are subject to learning the local dialect and then graded as one of the judging factors for them to graduate. On the one hand, people approving the practice

maintain that it will help to prevent the dialect from extinguishing so that the local traditional culture and the cultural diversity can be enhanced, and the unique urban identity can be preserved simultaneously. On the other hand, people in opposition to the practice contend that it will give rise to the appearance of educational inequality, for the local students will enjoy absolute advantages over those from other places. Moreover, the inclusion of dialect in compulsory courses will bring forth other problems like teaching material, teachers and examination standards. As far as I am concerned, dialects, as an indispensable part of local traditional culture as well as a tool for communication, can be acquired and used voluntarily, not compulsorily.

翻译原文：

《红楼梦》由曹雪芹和高鹗所著。小说以贾氏家族为故事核心，描述了贾家从一个富裕、有权有势的家族沦落为破落家庭的过程。小说成功塑造了100多个经典人物，他们分属于清朝的不同阶层。《红楼梦》对中国的封建社会有深刻的描绘, 如果要了解中国人复杂的价值观, 最好先能读懂《红楼梦》。 **评价道：“《红楼梦》不仅是爱情故事，也是历史故事，因为它描述了封建时代的兴败。”

【翻译词汇】

《红楼梦》 A Dream of Red Mansions

由?所著 be attributed to

家族 clan

富裕 affluent

权势 prestige

沦落为 descend to

塑造 portray

阶层 rank

封建社会 feudal society

复杂 complexity

参考译文：

A Dream of Red Mansions is attributed to Cao Xueqin and Gao-E. The author chose Jia Clan as the focus, depicting how an affluent and influential family with prestige lost its favor and descended to crash. In the novel, about 100 classic characters are successfully portrayed. These characters concern people of all ranks in the Qing Dynasty. A Dream of Red Mansions is a remarkable story about Chinese feudal society. To understand Chinese values in all its complexity, one can do no better than to read A Dream of Red Mansions. “It is not only a love story, but also a history story, because it describes the success and failure of the feudal period,” said Chairman

Mao.

翻译原文：

中国市场经济的发展而迅速增长。因此，那些追求物质生活的人们只要有购买力，就不可避免地会购买奢侈品。一项报告显示，中国的奢侈品消费总额占全球市场份额的四分之一，且位居世界第二，仅次于日本。然而，从消费观念方面来讲，很多中国的消费者还处在“炫耀性消费”的阶段，这是一种不健康的状态。奢侈品不应该是炫耀的手段，或者是与权力、财富和社会关系相关的标志。

【翻译词汇】

大规模消费时代 an era of mass consumption

追求物质生活 pursue material life

购买力 purchasing power

因此 therefore

奢侈品 luxury

占 account for

市场份额 market share

从?来讲 in regard to

炫耀性消费 conspicuous consumption

炫耀 show off

与?相关 be associated with

社会关系 social tie

参考译文：

As China has achieved new heights in its economy and recently entered an era of mass consumption, the purchasing power of Chinese people is rising along with the development of market economy. Therefore, it is inevitable that people who pursue material life buy luxuries as long as they can afford. According to a report, the total consumption of luxuries in China accounted for a quarter of the global market share and ranked second in the world after Japan. However, in regard to consumption concept, a large number of Chinese consumers are still in the stage of “conspicuous consumption”, which is unhealthy. Luxuries should not be the tools of showing off or signs associated with power, wealth and social ties. 翻译原文：

中国自古就有“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的古训(maxim)。齐家指的便是成家立业，成家不能没有自己的一套房子。因此，房子成为中国人有家、有归属感的重要标志，并深人人心。房子在人们观念中的重要地位，使得房子不仅仅是居住环境的体现，更是个人身份的体现。根深蒂固的传统观念和强烈的的家的归属感，吸引着都市生活中这样一群忠实而又执着的“买房族”。也可以说，中国的房价之所以一路飙升与中国人的购房观念是密不可分的。

参考译文：

There has been an old maxim“Cultivate the mind,and then

regulate the femily, state and world ”sinceancient China.Regulating the family refers to gettingmarried and starting one's career.However, gettingmarried cannot come true without ahouse.Therefore,it is deeply rooted in Chinese people's mind that house is an important signalof home and gives them a sense of belonging.The importance attached to house makes houseboth a symbol of living environment and a symbol of individual status.The deeply rootedtraditional concept and strong sense of belonging attract many loyal and persistent people inthe city to join the group which struggles to buy a house.You could say the soaring price ofhouse in China is closely related to Chinese people's idea about house. 翻译原文：

占座现象是大学校园内的普遍现象，甚至已经发展成一种不成文的规定，一种“潜规则(a hidden rule)”。无论是在教室、食堂还是图书馆，凡是座位资源相对稀缺的地方，都不难看到占座的现象。对于这种现象的出现，人们各持己见，褒贬不一。学校的座位资源有限，这已经是人尽皆知的事实。在同学们面临期末考试、司法考试、英语四六级考试等诸多考试压力的同时，还要腾出精力去占座，使忙碌的学习生活平添烦恼。

参考译文：

Occupying a seat is common in universities.It haseven

become an unwritten rule and a hiddenrule.Anywhere where seats are relatively rare, be itclassroom, canteen or library, occupying a seathappens.People differ in their opinions about thisphenomenon.Some agree while some disapprove of it.It is a widely-known fact that seats oncampus are limited.Under huge pressure of examinations like the final examination, judicialexamination, CET-4 and CET-6, students have to spare time to occupy a seat, which makesbusy studying life more disturbing.

翻译原文：

打车难已经成为大城市人们生活中较为普遍的问题。城市人口规模的扩大，人类社会活动的不断多元(diversification)化都增加了对出租车的需求。随着城市交通拥堵状况不断加剧，为避免堵车影响收人，上下班高峰时段很多司机不愿意跑拥堵路段和主城区，导致市民在一些交通枢纽、商业中心、医院附近很难打到出租车。城市建设影响了出租车的使用效率。出租车行业不规范，拒载行为屡屡发生，这也是导致打车难的人为因素。

参考译文：

It has been a common problem in large cityresidents' life that it's hard to take a taxi. Theincrease of urban population and diversificationof social activities make the demand for taxi rise. Asthe traffic jam becomes worse in cities ，

toguarantee personal income, many taxi drivers refuse to drive on busy roads and main urbanareas, which makes it difficult for many citizens to take a taxi near some transportationjunctions, commercial centers and hospitals. City construction affects the efficiency of taxi.Being not standard in the taxi industry and taxi drivers' often refusing to take passengers arethe human factors that make it difficult to take a taxi. 翻译原文：

选秀(draft),指选拔在某方面表现优秀的人。中国自古就有，古代选秀一般是宫廷选秀。从2004年《超级女声》开始，大众选秀节目开始进入我们的视线，这类几乎“零门槛(zero ofthreshold) ”的选秀活动让所有人都有机会成为明星。之后的《好男儿》、《快乐男声》、《我型我秀》还有《中国好声音》等等选秀活动一一登场，几乎一刻都没有让中国的电视观众闲着。通过这些选秀活动，很多有才能的 “平民百姓”实现了自己的梦想，走上了星光大道(avenue of stars) 。

参考译文：

A draft refers to a procedure during which peoplewho perform well in a certain aspect are pickedout.In ancient China,there were also drafts whichgenerally referred to court drafts.From the year 2004when Super Girl was on,talent show programs beganto come into our sight.Such kind of nearly

“zerothreshold ”talent show offers everyone an opportunity to become popular.Later,there came MyHero,Super Boy,My Show and The Voice of China.As these talent show programs appeared oneby one,Chinese TV audience hardly had time to rest.Through these talent show programs,manytalented “ordinary people ”realized their dreams and stepped on the avenue of stars.

翻译原文：

助人为乐，是中华民族优良传统之一。通过“助人”，既向别人提供了帮助，又体现了一种自尊。帮助他人要摈弃私心杂念，不能处处为个人利益着想。遇事要多替别人考虑，主动伸手帮助那些需要帮助的人。做到助人为乐，要偷快面对生活，不能自寻烦恼。在帮助别人的同时，自己收获快乐，享受生活的乐趣。做到助人为乐，要积极行动起来，不能只说不做。要脚踏实地(be down-to-earth),热情周到地为他人服务，哪怕是简单的小事，也要从一点一滴做起。参考译文：

Being ready to help others is one of the finetraditions of Chinese nation.By helping others ，onenot only offered help to others,but also expressedone kind of self-respect.To help others,one shouldgive up selfishness and shouldn't consider his owninterest all the time.Think more of others and initiatively give a hand to those that need help.Tobe ready to help others,one should live happily and avoid asking for

trouble.When helpingothers, one can get happiness at the same time and enjoy the pleasure of life.To be ready tohelp others,one should take action actively instead of just saying it.Be down-to-earth, and offerservice to others with passion.Even for the simple things,just start doing them bit by bit.

翻译原文：

雷锋常常帮助他人，是中国人民解放军(the People'sLiberation Army) 的模范士兵。他捐钱给贫困家庭，挽救普通人的生命，为战友洗衣服，常以各种方法帮助别人。雷锋倾其一生帮助他人。雷锋牺牲后，**号召人们“向雷锋同志学习”。中国人民了解雷锋，并以他为榜样，雷锋精神永远活在人们心中。自1963年起，每年的三月五日被定为“雷锋日”(Lei Feng's Day) 。雷锋精神已经影响了好几代中国人。虽然社会迅猛发展，但雷锋精神将继续在中国社会发挥重要作用。

参考译文：

Lei Feng was a model soldier of the People'sLiberation Army who always helped others.He gavemoney to poor families, saved the lives of manyordinary people, washed clothes for his comradesand often helped others in many other ways.Lei Fenghas devoted his entire life to helping others.After he died, Chairman Mao called people to “learnfrom Comrade Lei Feng ”.The

spirit of Lei Feng has lived on among Chinese people, who knowand respect him as an idol.March 5th has been observed as “Lei Feng's Day ” every year since1963.The Lei Feng spirit has influenced several generations of Chinese.Despite the rapid socialdevelopment, Lei Feng spirit will continue to play a significant role in Chinese society.

翻译原文：

中国过西方节日的人越来越多了，不同年龄层次的人都有，以年轻人居多。目前，全球化是现代世界的趋势，不仅仅是经济全球化，文化全球化也是其中重要的一部分，也是无法避免的。中国节日强调的是文化意义，集体意识。西方节日强调人与人之间以及每个人内心的体验，例如感恩节(Thanksgiving Day) 是唤起人与人之间良好的社会关系、唤起自强不息的民族意识的节日。这样的节日很好地补充了我们国家的节日。这是文化差异，没有好坏之分。

参考译文：

Western festivals have been celebrated by more and more Chinese people of different ages,especially young people.Globalization is the trend of modern world.In addition to economic globalization,cultural globalization is also a significant part of it and it is inevitable.Chinese festivals emphasize cultural implication and collective awareness,while Western festivals stress everyone's inner experience when

staying alone or being together with others.For example,Thanksgiving Day is a festival which arouses smooth social relations among people and evokes national awareness of continuous self-improvement.Such festivals are good supplement of Chinese festivals.This is just cultural difference between Chinese festivals and Western festivals,and neither can be judged as good or bad.

翻译原文：

中国水资源地区分布不均匀。总体来讲，南方水资源丰富，北方则水资源匮乏。随着人口的增长和经济的快速发展，北方缺水的问题日益严重，解决办法之一就是跨流域(drainage area)调水，也就是南水北调工程(South-to-North Water Diversion Project)。南水北调工程包括东、中、西三条线路。东线从长江下游引水，沿京杭大运河(Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal) 北送，穿过黄河下的管道，向下流入天津附近的水库(reservoir)。中线从长江的支流汉江的丹江口水库引水到北京。西线也被称作“大西线”，目的在于从长江上游引水到黄河上游。

参考译文：

In China water resources are unevenly distributed.Ingeneral, water resources are abundant in the southbut deficient in the north.With the increase ofpopulation and rapid economic development, theproblem of water shortage

in the north is gettingmore and more serious.One solution is to divert water from one drainage area to another,also known as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.There are three routes.The easternroute will transfer water from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to north along theBeijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and through a tunnel under the Yellow River, from where it canflow downhill to reservoirs near Tianjin.The central route is from Danjiangkou Reservoir on theHan river, a branch of the Yangtze River, to Beijing.The western route, also called the BigWestern Line, aims at diverting water from the headwaters of the Yangtze River into theheadwaters of the Yellow River

翻译原文：

为了假期，人们必须提前工作整整一周。这种安排并不局限于劳动节假期。根据每年的官方安排，法定假日前把周末调成工作日，上班族就可以享受“更长的假期”。这意味着，更长的假期要以更长的工作周为代价。然而，公众不是很接受这种安排。网上调查的调查对象中，高达75%的人表示不满这种假期安排，93%的人抱怨假期太短。很多人抱怨负责人的安排，呼吁更合理的假期安排。如果假期是以更繁重的工作任务为代价，那么上班族会无力消受。

参考译文：

To enjoy a holiday，people often have to work for a whole

week previous to it.This arrangement is not just confined to the Labor Day holiday.According to the official schedule each year,office workers can enjoy so-called “a longer holiday”by exchanging their weekend before the legal holiday for weekdays ，which means a longer holiday comes at the price of a longer workweek.This arrangement,however,has not been well received by the public.Up to 75 percent of the respondents to a survey on the Internet said they were dissatisfied with it.And 93 percent complained that holidays are too short.Many people have complained about the authorities'arrangement and called for a more reasonable holiday schedule.If holidays are coming along at the cost of an even heavier burden,they will be hardly enjoyable for the workers

翻译原文：

春运(Spring rush)的产生主要来自中国人的传统观念及社会人力大量流动的情况。在中国，春节是一年中最重要的传统节日，无论离家有多远，人们都要尽量在除夕时与家人团聚，共度新春。自改革开放以来, 人口流动开始日益频繁。有非常多的人进城打工，造成了人力的大量流动。此外，这段时间是大学放寒假时期，多数学校在春节前两到三周开始放假，在正月十五左右开学，因此返家的学生也构成了春运的另一主要人群。

参考译文：

The Spring rush is due to the traditional idea ofChinese people and the massive flow of labor forcein society.In China, the Spring Festival is the mostimportant traditional festival.However far from thefamily，people will try their best' to go back home tospend the New Year's Eve with family members.Sinceopening-up and reform，flow of population has become more and more frequent.Manypeople going to cities to make money result in a great flow of labor force.Besides, winter holidayusually starts two or three weeks before the Spring Festival in most universities and ends onabout January 15th on lunar calendar ，the period of which coincides with the SpringFestival.Therefore ，students who go back home constitute another main group of the Springrush.

翻译原文：

全球气候变暖是近年来全球一直热议的话题, 是一种“自然现象”。全球变暧会使全球降水量重新分配，冰川(glacier)和冻土(permafrost)消融，海平面上升等，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。有一个有趣的现象，就是全球变暧对有些地区是坏事，而对其他地区却是好事，比如，南北极的寒冷地区由于温度升高，导致冰川融化，动物栖息地减少。而在中国东北地区，天气变暖意味着可以种植冬季农作物，从而增加农业收入。参考译文：

Global warming, a natural phenomenon,has been a heated topic in recent years. Global warming will redistribute global rainfall, make glacier and permafrost melt and sea level rise, which not only does harm to the balance of natural ecosystem, but also threats human's food supply and living environment. It's interesting that global warming is bad for some places but good for other regions. For example, because temperature in cold areas in Antarctic and Arctic goes up, glacier will melt, thus making the habitat of animals decrease. While in the northeast of China, becoming warm means being able to plant grains of winter, thus raising agricultural revenue.

范文三：大学英语四六级翻译练习

大学英语四六级翻译练习

屠皓民

(新浪微博：屠屠老师 / 公共微信：屠屠英语)

一、段落翻译

（一）大纲要求及评分标准

1. 段落翻译题型描述

翻译部分测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。翻译题型为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字，六级长度为180-200个汉字。

样卷试题

剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties) 特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

2. 评分标准及评卷实例

第一步：翻译部分计分方式从原来的语法点给分变成总体评分(global scoring)，也就是阅

第二步：在确定分数档之后，阅卷员需要通过对考生翻译中的语法、用词以及拼写错误进行量化，然

3. 评卷实例

许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition ）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既美味又健康。

（二）翻译方法与策略——“拆分组合+结构优化” 【翻译原文】

信息技术（Information Technology），正在飞速的发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。

第一步：拆分组合

1. 读懂句意、切分断句2. 抓住主干、再翻支干3. 注意时态、巧用语态4. 检查语法、确保通顺第二步：优化结构

1．并列句2. 定语从句

3. 名词性从句

4. 插入语及逻辑连接

【参考译文】

Nowadays, with the rapid development of information technology, Chinese Citizens are putting more emphasis on it. Some schools and universities even make Information Technology one of the compulsory courses. People hold different views on this phenomenon. Some people deem that it is unnecessary to make Information Technology a required course in schools. Students should learn traditional curriculum. However, other people think that it should be so, and they hold the attitude that China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology has drawn people’s attention.

（三）段落翻译话题演练

1. 基础练习

【练习一】

目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。保护野生动物，也就是保护人类自己。我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧! 否则，地球将毁灭在人类手中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。

【参考译文】

At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful. Protection of wild life is protection of man himself. Therefore, I appeal strongly to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animals. Only in this way can our human beings have more friends on the earth, and leave more wild life for future generations. Otherwise, the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

【练习二】

到中国来旅游观光的人很少不会注意到中国人学习英语的劲头。公园里有专门的英语角，人们会定期聚在一起操练。马路上外国游客常常被学习英语的人围住交谈，从天气到政治，无

所不谈。各种英语班如雨后春笋在到处出现。

【参考译文】

Few visitors to China will fail to notice the eagerness of the Chinese to learn English. In public parks there are special English corners where learners gather at regular time to practise their spoken English. Foreign visitors are often besieged on streets by English learners who want to talk with them in English about anything from weather to politics. English classes are mushrooming across the land. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

【练习三】

过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。从1900年到1950年，改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机——当然还有核武器和计算机。而近50年来，只有为数不多的发明。难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？答案并非如此。事实上，发明的新时代刚刚开始。

【参考译文】

Actually the past fifty years was not the golden age of invention and innovation. From 1900 to 1950, human life was transformed by such invention as cars, airplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention nuclear weapons and the computer. However, during the recent 50 years only a few inventions have been made. Was the wellspring of invention drying up? Not likely. Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning.

【练习四】

有些人担心电脑技术的广泛使用会进一步恶化就业形势。但另一种观点认为尽管这对个人来说会丢掉饭碗，对整个社会来说由于提高了生产率，因而有利于经济的发展。不管对社会影响如何，有一点是肯定的：有技术的人变得越来越吃香，没技术的人工作越来越难找。

【参考译文】

Some people are worrying that the wide use of computer technology will cause further unemployment. Another argument, however, holds that although some individuals will lose their jobs, society as a whole will benefit economically through increases in productivity. Whatever effects it will bring on the society, one thing is certain: the technically trained will become ever more valuable while the jobs for the blue-collar population will become less available.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

【练习五】

不管是在一个公司，还是在一个政府里，重大的决定总是个人作出的，而不是集体。我们需要集体的讨论，因为可以交流看法和经验。但是集体讨论不能代替个人的作用。理由很清楚，如要作出一个重大的决定，集体总是不能对迅速变化的事件作出同样迅速的反应。

【参考译文】

An important decision is always made by individuals not by committees whether it involves a company or a government. We need committees because that’s where people could share their opinions and experiences. But they could not replace individuals. The reason is obvious: a committee faced with a major decision can’t always move as quickly as the events it is trying to respond to. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

【练习六】

上大学给人们提供了在无边无际的知识海洋里遨游探索的机会。为了丰富多彩的人生，大学生应该充分利用目前读大学的大好时光。应该意识到上大学决不仅仅意味着得到一个学位，得到一个好的工作。他如果能多学习，不仅仅职位找一份工作，就会终生受益。

【参考译文】

College provides a chance to explore the vast areas of unlimited knowledge. To have a rich full life a college student should make the most of the opportunities at hand. He should realize that going to college means a lot more than earning a degree and securing a good job. If he can explore beyond his immediate career objectives he will enjoy the rest of his life.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

【练习七】

文化是不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体。通过举办文化节，许多中国城市在世界上的知名度提高了。已经证明，对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民之间的交流来说，这是最好的途径之一。这种交流不仅仅限于文化方面，还扩大到了经济和其他领域。

【参考译文】

Culture is the best medium for people of different countries to understand each other. Through culture festivals, many cities in China have raised their prestige in the world. As has been proven that, this is one of the best ways to promote the communication between Chinese people and the people from different parts of the world. This kind of communication is not only confined to culture, but extends to economy and other fields.

2. 强化练习

手机，是一项伟大的发明。但很显然，手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告：请与会者关闭手机。可是，会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然，手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization)

The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, it has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Nevertheless, we will not switch off our phones easily. Phones-on symbolizes our connecting with this world. Obviously, cell phone has been reflecting our “thirst for socialization”.

在过去20年中，世界上没有任何一个国家的外贸发展速度像中国那么快。日本用了20多年时间才将其外贸总额翻了一番而中国却翻了两番。中国现在已是全球第三大电器生产国，并且正在成为全球电器市场上的主角。中国还是世界上劳动密集型(labor-intensive)产品的主要生产国。

Over the last two decades, no country in the world has expanded its foreign trade as fast as China. Japan took more than 20 years to double its foreign trade, while China, for the same length of time, has quadrupled its foreign trade. Already the world’s third largest producer of electric appliances, China is now playing a major role in the global market of the electric wares. China has also become a major producer of labor-intensive manufactured goods in the world.

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that was created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going to Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

中国是丝绸的故乡。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。

China is the home of silk. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. F rom then on, China’s silk became well -known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture.

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节，即农历最后一个月的最后一天只新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运，迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联，对联的主题为健康，发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮，探亲访友等。

Chinese New Year, China's most important traditional festival in China, is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year’s celebration starts on New Year’s Eve and continue s up to the Lantern Festival, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar on the 15th day of the first month of the New Year. Customs and traditions of New Year’s celebration vary widely, but usually every family reunites to eat dinner together on New Year’s Eve. To drive bad luck, and welcome good luck, every household will carry out general cleaning. People will have red couplets pasted on the door, and the themes are about health, wealth and good fortune. Other activities include firecrackers, and visiting friends and relatives, and so on.

在中国，茶具有非常悠久的历史，并已形成了中国茶文化。与此同时，茶有益于我们的健康，因此受到许多人的喜爱。中国茶文化博大精深，不但包括物质文化层面，还包含深厚的精神文明层次。谈到中国的茶叶，可以追溯到古时代，它是从唐代与宋代兴盛起来的。从此茶的精神神渗透到了宫廷和社会，深入到中国的诗词，绘画，书法，宗教，医学。几千年来，中国积累了大量关于茶叶种植、生产的物质文化，而且丰富了有关茶的精神文化。

In China, tea has a very long history, and Chinese tea culture has been formed. Meanwhile, the tea is good for our health, so loved by many people. Chinese tea culture is broad and profound, includes not only the material and cultural level, but also a deep spiritual level. China's tea can be traced back to the ancient times, and experienced prosperity in Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. Tea spirit of God has infiltrated the Palace and the community, reaching out to Chinese poetry, painting, calligraphy, religion, medicine. For thousands of years, China has accumulated

a lot of material culture about tea cultivation and production, and also enriches the spiritual culture of tea.

京剧是一种传统的中国戏剧形式。它结合了音乐，声乐演唱，哑剧（mime ），舞蹈和杂技（acrobatics ）等表现形式。京剧兴起于18世纪晚期，并在19世纪中期前得到充分发展与认可。这种艺术形式在清朝时的宫廷极度流行，并且逐渐被视为中国的文化瑰宝之一。这种艺术形式在台湾也得以保存，称作国剧。并且也流传到诸如美国和日本等其他国家。

Peking opera is a form of traditional Chinese drama. It combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju. It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.

中国是风筝的故乡。放风筝有益于身体健康，所以，许多国家十分流行放风筝。中国人不仅把放风筝当作有趣的游戏和有益于身体健康的体育活动，也常常把风筝作为装饰挂在墙上。目前，中国的风筝已经远销到日本以及东南亚和欧美的许多国家，受到了世界各国人民的欢迎。近年来，山东潍坊每年都要举行国际风筝节。

China is the birthplace of kites. Because flying kites is beneficial to one’s health, it is gaining popularity in many countries. The Chinese not only regard it as an interesting game as well as a sport helping keep fit, but also hang kites on the wall for decoration. Chinese kites, which are popular all over the world, are now available for sale in Japan, Southeast Asia and many countries in Europe and America. In recent years, the annual International Kite Festival has been held in Weifang of Shandong Province.

“灯节”或者叫做“元宵节”是中国的传统佳节，在每年的农历正月十五这一天庆祝。元宵节的到来也标志着春节的结束。元宵节的传统可以追溯到西汉时期。根据传统，在这一天，人们吃元宵，猜字谜并观看焰火。元宵或者叫做汤圆是元宵节这一天必吃的食物。元宵这种食物实际上是甜馅“饺子”的一种，用粘糯米和甜的馅料制成。

The Lantern Festival, Yuanxiao Jie, is a traditional Chinese festival, which is on the 15th of the first month of the Chinese New Year. The festival marks the end of the celebrations of the Chinese New Year. Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival from the Han Dynasty. According to the tradition, people eat Yuanxiao, guess lantern riddles and watch fireworks on this day. Yuanxiao which is also called Tangyuan is the special food for the Lantern Festival. It is a kind of sweet dumpling, which is made with sticky rice flour filled with sweet stuffing.

如果某人说“我喜欢中国菜”，这种说法似乎过于简单了。其实并不存在所谓的“中国菜”这一简单的概念。确切地说法应该是喜欢某一种菜系，或者喜欢某一地区的中国菜。像中国这样幅员辽阔、历史悠久而又复杂的国家，千百年来必然会形成具有鲜明地方烹饪特色的区域性菜系或帮菜。不可避免的差异是由地理位置、气候条件、交通状况、人口迁移、海外文化影响等因素所决定的。

If you hear someone say “I love Chinese food”, he is taking too much for granted. As a matter of fact, there is no such simple thing as the so-called “Chinese food”. A more accurate statement in this instance should be such that expresses one’s preference for a particular Chinese cuisine or a particular regional way of cooking. With a territory as large and history as long and complex as Ch ina’s, it is inevitable that distinct regional differences in cuisine have evolved over the course of centuries. Numerous factors are involved in this inevitable distinction: geography, climate, transportation, migration, influence from overseas cultures, etc.

作为一种世代相袭的传统，中国人就餐时围桌而坐，人人手里都有一碗主食（staple food），炒菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。这一古老的风俗习惯反映了食物在中华文明史上的重要地位；占据餐桌中心位置的是炒菜，而不是鲜花，晚餐的主要话题常常是食物。菜肴的各种色彩和材料搭配，给人以美的享受，共食一碗菜的习俗有助于家庭成员之间的团结和友谊。当然，在一些卫生意识比较强的地方，人们在共食放在餐桌中央的菜肴时，必须使用“公筷”或“公用”汤匙，以防疾病传染。

Traditionally, everyone at the Chinese dining table has his or her own bowl of staple food, while the dishes are placed in the middle of the dinner table to be shared by all. This age-old custom is one manifestation of the importance of food in Chinese civilization. It is the cooked dishes, rather than flowers, that serve as centerpieces on a Chinese table; food is frequently the main topic of dinner-time conversation. Variety in the color and texture of the dishes serves aesthetic ends, while the ritual of sharing the food from the same dish plates is conductive to family togetherness and friendship. In more health-conscious environments, however, only “public” chopsticks and spoons are used to remove food from the plates in the middle of the dinning-table, so as to prevent any possible spread of diseases.

筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、玉石、象牙、塑料、银、金等。中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性，各人有各人的方法，就好像签名一样，不尽一致。中国人一般都能随心所欲地用筷子夹起一粒米、一粒豌豆、一只滑溜溜的蘑菇或海参。对于那些用餐时只会使用刀叉的西方人来说，掌握用筷的方法和技巧开始时难度也许很大，也很有趣，需要很大的耐心，需要用心练习。

Chopsticks, or kuaizi, are the most distinctive eating tool at the Chinese dining table. Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, silver and gold. The way Chinese handle our chopsticks is quite artistic and varied from person to person like one's signature. An average Chinese can very easily pick up a single tiny grain of rice, or a tiny piece of peas, or a slippery mushroom or sea cucumber. For those Westerners who use only forks and knives for their meals, the mastery of the method and skills for using chopsticks may be quite challenging, and amusing, at the beginning. A lot of patience and concentrated practice is required. This is not only very necessary and but also very rewarding if they wish to enjoy a real Chinese dinner.

北京是座有三千年历史的古城。早在公元前十一世纪，北京就是燕国的国都，因此北京有燕京之称。在以后的几千年里，北京又成为金、元、明、清各朝的国都。北京是中国的六大古都之一，其他五个是西安、南京、洛阳、开封和杭州。北京是座既古老又年轻的城市，有许多名胜古迹。从故宫、天坛到颐和园，你们可以看到北京保留了许多昔日的风采。

Beijing is an ancient city with a history of 3,000 years. As early as the 11th century, B.C., it was the capital of the Kingdom of Yan; that's why Beijing is also known as Yanjing. In the few thousand years afterwards, Beijing again served as the capital for the Jin,Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. B eijing is one of China's six ancient capitals; the other five are Xi’an，Nanjing, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Hangzhou. Beijing is a city both old and young, with many places of historical interest and scenic beauty. From the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, and the Summer Palace, you can see that Beijing has retained a lot of color of old Chinese life.

现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

College students now bear heavy academic pressure. You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations, too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies. In short they have become nothing but a robot. They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time. If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty. The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night. They study so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people. The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.

有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。

Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career. Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well. People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error. That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere. People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism. When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way. They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as “prickly”.

越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完

全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.

范文四：英语四六级翻译

请将下面的内容翻译成英文：

端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣(minister),他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤(vilify)而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子(glutinous dumplings)和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

参考译文：

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified .People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water ,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan's body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.

2014年英语六级翻译练习。端午节可以追溯到公元前227年的战国时代。这个节日是为了纪念楚国的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷的贪污****感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大家把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食) 的传统。2009年，端午节被联合国教科文组织宣布为非物质文化遗产

【精彩译文】The Dragon Boat Festival can date back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C. The festival commemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor. Despairing over corruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river. Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him. Then, hoping t o distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice into the water. Over the years, the story of Qu’s death transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi —a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves. The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival was proclaimed an intangible cultural heritage by the United Nations ’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2009. 请将下面的内容翻译成英文：

中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业(enterprises)意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

参考译文：

China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China's reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.

在中国，喝茶是一种仪式(ritual)，一种精致品味(refined taste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着(take delight in)品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶。也是为了议论当地的新闻或对政治话题进行激烈的(furious)争论。

Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea, people also take delight in the essence of tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese. In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea, but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates.

假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。

参考译文：

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people's consumption concept is undertaking great changes .According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development .Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted

accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people's demand for an improved quality of life.

中国扇子的历史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty) 。第一种扇子叫作“扇汗”(Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称为中山扇(Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装饰。

参考答案:

The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago ，around the Shang Dynasty. The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the passengers from the rainfall. The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella. Later this Shanhan became a long -handled fan made of thin and tough silk or birds5 feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.

清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。

Ching Ming Festival (the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting. In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports. According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise. Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.

1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot ）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（theTang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

2、T he Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China .The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which

can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.

吸烟之危害，可谓大矣，其严重性是不能低估的。吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使肺癌发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的5月31日定为“世界无烟日”。瘾君子们说，一天饭不吃可以，一个时辰不抽烟就难捱了，不能戒。只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。戒烟贵在坚持，坚持下去就是收获。

1.Smoking does great harm to human and its gravity should not be underestimated. Smoking pollutes air, damages health, and increases the incidence of lung cancer. To arouse the awareness about the prevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induced diseases and deaths, the WHO (World Health Organization) has defined May 31stin every year as World No-Tobacco Day. The tobacco addicts say that smoking is impossible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feel tortured without tobacco in two hours. However, when one realizes that smoking is harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse to others as well as to he himself, he will be determined to resist the temptation of tobacco. To quit smoking requires persistence and so long as one persists ,he will be rewarded.

2. 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。

3.An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’srise ha s fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.

范文五：英语四六级翻译

英语四六级翻译

1. 中国人对玉(jade) —向有着特殊的尊爱之情，从而延伸发展出一种优秀而古老的玉石文化。作为配饰供人赏玩是玉器的原始功能之一，也是玉器最广泛的一种用途。玉器作为一种文物，它也是历史的见证，有着不可复制的唯一性，更为当今世人所器重。玉器从一种美化生活的装饰品，到简单的生产工具，然后被融入各种礼节(ritual)内容，被人格化、道德化，继而被看成是财富的象征、宗教图腾(totem)的崇拜??这些无不反映出中国传统文化和中华民族爱玉的心理。

Chinese people always show special respect and love for jade, thus deriving and excellent andancient jade culture. Being used for decoration and admiration is one of the originalfunctions of jade, and is also the most widely used one. As a cultural relic，jade is also thewitness of history，the uniqueness of which cannot be copied,making it valued more bypeople around the world today. From ornaments that beautify our life ，to simple instrument ofproduction, and then being integrated into a variety of rituals, jade has been personified,moralized and further regarded as a symbol of wealth and worship for religious totems...All ofthese reflect Chinese traditional culture and Chinese people s love for jade.

1. 延伸发展出:即“衍生出”，翻译时可以使用derive —词来表达。

2. 配饰供人赏玩:“配饰”可译为decoration, “赏玩”可译为admiration 。

3. 历史的见证:可译为the witness of history。

4. 美化生活的装饰品:可译为ornaments that beautify our life。

5. 融入:可译为integrate into或blend into。

6. 被人格化、道德化:可译为be personified and moralized。

7. 宗教图腾的崇拜:可译为worship for religioiis totems。

8. 反映出:可译为reflect, 或者使用mirror —词来表达。

2. 当来中国的游客发现一桌标准的8人晚宴有4道凉菜、4道热菜，并配以汤和米饭时，他们往往会感到惊讶。一桌标准的宴席(banquet)包括4~8道准备好的凉菜，8道热菜—每次只上1道热菜，以及2-4道观赏大菜(whole-sized showpiece dish)。同坐一张桌子的人互相敬酒时通常会“干杯(Gan Bei) ”。“干杯”是指举起酒杯, 将酒全部喝完，让玻璃杯或酒杯“连最后一滴也干了”。人们干杯时传递给别人的信息是：自己是真诚、快乐的。向主人敬酒时，国人更愿意接受的方式是喝一小口而不是喝干整杯

Visitors to China are often surprised when a standard dinner for a table of eight people consistsof four courses of cold dishes and four courses of hot dishes,coupled with soup and steamedrice. A standard banquet consists of four to eight prepared cold dishes, eight hot dishesserved one at a time, and two to four whole-sized showpiece dishes. People at a table usually“Gan Bei" when toasting to each other. “Gan Bei” means to raise one's wine glass and drink it allthe way down so that the glass or cup is “dried up to the last drop”. People drink up their wineto communicate the message to others that they are sincere and joyful. It is quiteacceptable for a foreign guest to take a sip instead of emptying the glass when toasting to hisor her host.

1. 配以汤和米饭：可译为coupled with soup and steamed rice。用过去分词结构作状语。

2. 将酒全部喝完：可译为drink it all the way down。其中all the way down表示“一路下去”，此处是形象的比喻。

3. 传递给别人的信息：可译为communicate the message to others, 也可译为convey the messageto others。

4. 自己是真诚、快乐的：可译为that they are sincere and joyful,作“信息”的同位语。

5. 外国人更愿意接受的方式是喝一小口而不是喝干整杯：可以理解为“对于外国人来说，他

们更愿意接受喝一小口?翻译时可以使用“it is +形容词+ for somebody to do”的句式。其中，“喝一小口 ”可译为take asip。

3. 我国食品种类繁多，节日食俗也丰富多彩。春节(the Spring Festival)是我国的传统节日，人们通常从它的前夜—除夕就开始张罗了。除夕那天，家家户户都要吃很丰盛的年夜饭。因为“鱼”和“有余”的“余”读者相同，为了预示新年节庆有余，有些民族初一有吃鱼的习俗。端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)的重要食俗就是吃粽子(rice dumpling)。粽子越做越好，品种也越做越多。在中国，吃月饼是中秋节(the Mid-Autumn Festival)最具典型意义的食俗了。农历八月十五这一天，人们都喜欢合家团聚，边饮酒赏月，边吃月饼。中秋吃月饼的习俗已有悠久的历史。

China has a wide variety of food, and eating customs on festivals are also colorful. The SpringFestival is a traditional festival in China, and people usually begin to bustle on New Year's Eve,the evening before the Spring Festival. On that day, every family will have a hearty reuniondinner. In order to predict a surplus for the coming year, some ethnic groups have adoptedthe custom of eating fish on the first day of lunar January, because the sound of Chinesecharacter for “fish” is the same with that of “surplus”. Besides, the important custom of theDragon Boat Festival is eating rice dumplings, so rice dumplings are turning better and betterand the variety of them is becoming more and more diverse. In China, eating moon cakes isthe most typical custom on the Mid-Autumn Festival. On the 15th day of lunar August, peoplelike to get together and have a family reunion, drinking, appreciating the full moon and eatingmoon cakes which is a tradition of a long history.

1. 我国饮食品种繁多:如果直译为There be句型，略显僅硬，可以适当变通，译作China has a widevariety of food。

2. 它的前夜除夕:这里的“前夜”和“除夕”是指同一件事情，要译成英语的同位语形式on New Year's Eve, theevening before Spring Festival。

3. 很丰盛的年夜饭:可译为a hearty reunion dinner。

4. 节庆有余:根据汉语多用动词、英语多用名词的语言特征，把“节庆有余”译成名词surplus 。

5. 端午节的重要食俗就是吃粽子:用现在分词结构翻译“吃粽子”，作句子的表语。本句可译为 Theimportant custom of Dragon Boat Festival is eating rice dumplings.

6. 典型意义:不必逐字翻译成typical significance,用typical —词就可以表达“典型意义”。

7. 边饮酒赏月，边吃月饼:本句可以用现在分词作状语的形式翻译，即 drinking, appreciating the fullmoon, and eating moon cakes。

4. 中国结(Chinese knots) 是中国传统的装饰结。它是中国特有的民间艺术。中国结是以其形状或者按照其寓意来命名的。中国结有许多不同的形状，最常见的有蝴蝶、花、鸟、龙、鱼等。在中国，“结”代表着团结、友爱、和平、婚姻和爱情等。中国结与中国人的日常生活紧密相关，表达了他们对更美好生活的企盼。兼具实用性和装饰性的中国结具有传统的雅致和不断变化的形式，它充分反映了中国文化的魅力和精髓。

Traditional Chinese decorative knots, also known as Chinese knots, are typical folk arts ofChina. Chinese knots are named after their shapes or in accordance with what they suggest.There are many different shapes of Chinese knots, the most common being butterflies, flowers,birds, dragons, fish, etc. In Chi na, “knot” means unity, friendship, peace, marriage, love, etc.Chinese knots are closely related to the everyday life of the Chinese people and express theirwishes for a better life. So title Chinese knots, with their classic elegance and ever-changingvariations, are both practical and ornamental, fully reflecting the grace and essence ofChinese culture.

1. 装饰结:可译为decorative knots。

2. 代表着:理解为“意味着”，即mean, 也可以用represent 表示。

3. 表达了他们对更美好生活的企盼:可译为express their wishes for a better life。其中，“企盼”可以理解为“愿望”。

4. 兼具实用性和装饰性:可译为both practical and ornamental。

5. 不断变化的形式:可译为ever-changing variations。其中前缀ever-表示“持续不断的，一直”。比如，ever-increasing “不断增长的”。

6. 中国文化的精髓:可译为the essence of Chinese culture。其中，essence 表示“精华, 本质”

5. 在中国, 送常是为了表示尊重、感恩、友谊、一种普遍的礼节(Courtesy)。这其实是世界各地一种普遍的礼节。中国礼仪(etiquette)已有几千年的历史，代代相传。对于中国人来说，礼貌要求互惠(reciprocity)，这意味着对别人彬彬有礼的人将收到别人的友善和恩惠。如果他们收到礼物、邀请或款待，他们会在适当的时机回赠别人。互惠的习俗也被认为是建立和维持友谊的传统方式。与其他国家一样，在中国，从前会在生日、婚礼或聚会时赠送合适的礼物。礼物是否昂贵、是否很大，都不重要。

In China,gifts are usually given to show respect, gratitude, friendship, love or hospitality. Itis actually a common courtesy in the world. With a history of thousands of years, Chineseetiquette has formed and been passed down from generation to generation. For Chinesepeople, courtesy demands reciprocity, which 'means people who are well-mannered to otherswill receive kindness and favors. If they receive a gift, an invitation or hospitality treatmentfrom someone, they will :offer back to the one when it is suitable. The custom of reciprocity isalso considered a traditional way to build and maintain friendship. For birthdays,weddings orparties, giving suitable gifts in China is just as any other countries else i do. It does not matterwhether your gift is expensive and big or not

1. 送礼通常是为了表示尊重、感恩、友谊、爱情或热情：翻译时适当变通，把“送礼是为了表示”译作giftsare given to show?，比译作giving gifts is to show更简洁，更地道。

2. 世界各地一种普遍的礼节：可译为a common courtesy in the world。

3. 彬彬有礼的：汉语表达丰富，有许多成语表达了丰富的内涵，成语在翻译成英语时，直接译出其真正的含义即可。“彬彬有礼的”其实就是“有礼貌的”可译为 well-mannered 。

4. 在适当的时机回赠别人：可译为offer back to the one when it is suitable

5. 建立和维持友谊的传统方式：可译为a traditional way to build and maintan fiiendship。

6. 中国功夫(Kung fo) 是用于概括中国所有武术(martial arts) 风格的常用术语。事实上汉语的“武术”是用来描述中国武述的确切传统术语。功夫介绍了各种形式的内外风格，包括徒手(bare hands)武术和武器武术。近来，中国功夫已实现了现代化，训练和竞赛标准体系都已经设立。作为战斗功能的补充，功夫已变成更运动、更具审美性、更有竞争力的体育形式。比起其他习武之人，也许李小龙更好地让西方世界的人对中国武术的精彩招式大开眼界，因此越来越多的外国人到中国旅游，学习功夫的奥秘。

Chinese Kung fu is a commonly used term for summarizing all the martial arts styles in China.In fact,wushu1 in Chinese is the exact traditional term used to describe Chinese martial arts.Kung fu describes external and internal styles of martial arts in numerous forms, includingthose using bare hands and weapons. Recently, Chinese Kung fu has been modernized.Training and competing standard systems have been set up. Complementing its fightingfunction, Kung fu has become a more athletic, aesthetic and competitive sport. Perhapsbetter than any other practitioner, Bruce Lee opened the eyes of the Western world to thefascinating practices of Chinese martial arts. Consequently, more and more foreigners aretravelling to China for learning the mysteries of Kung fu.

1. 常用术语:即“通常使用的术语”，可译为commonly used term。

2. 传统术语:可译为traditional term。

3. 各种形式的:可译为numerous forms of，还可以用词组various kinds of。

4. 内外风格:可译为 external and internal styles。

5. 大开眼界:可译为open eyes to?

7. 《红楼梦》由曹雪芹和高鹗所著。小说以贾氏家族为故事核心，描述了贾家从一个富裕、有权有势的家族沦落为破落家庭的过程。小说成功塑造了100多个经典人物，他们分属于清朝的不同阶层。《红楼梦》对中国的封建社会有深刻的描绘, 如果要了解中国人复杂的价值观, 最好先能读懂《红楼梦》。 **评价道：“《红楼梦》不仅是爱情故事，也是历史故事，因为它描述了封建时代的兴败。”

重点词汇：

《红楼梦》 A Dream of Red Mansions

由?所著 be attributed to

家族 clan

富裕 affluent

权势 prestige

沦落为 descend to

塑造 portray

阶层 rank

封建社会 feudal society

复杂 complexity

译文内容：

A Dream of Red Mansions is attributed to Cao Xueqin and Gao-E. The author chose Jia Clan asthe focus, depicting how an affluent and influential family with prestige lost its favor anddescended to crash. In the novel, about 100 classic characters are successfully portrayed.These characters concern people of all ranks in the Qing Dynasty. A Dream of Red Mansions is aremarkable story about Chinese feudal society. To understand Chinese values in all itscomplexity, one can do no better than to read A Dream of Red Mansions. “It is not only a lovestory, but also a history story, because it describes the success and failure of the feudalperiod,” said Chairman Mao.

8. 远在文字出现之前，歌谣跟口头流传的神话就已大量产生。中国的文学正是开始于此。不过，歌谣本是人们在生活中随兴而发的东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的方式，因此也就很快湮灭，不留痕迹。如今，我们只能从一些古书中推断它们的存在。古书中记载了一些年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的伪托，能够断定出处的歌谣要到《诗经》里才能看见。从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为显著。

重点词汇：

歌谣 ballad

随兴而发 improvise

痕迹 trace

推断 deduce

年代非常久远的 time-honored

伪托 derivative

《诗经》 The Book of Songs

译文内容：

Long before the emergence of the written word, ballads and myths, passed around by word

ofmouth, were widely popular. Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions. However,ballads were what people improvised out of daily life, and due to lack of means to record andpreserve them in ancient times, they quickly disappeared without leaving much of a trace.Today, we can only deduce their existence from ancient books, which recorded sometime-honored ballads, though most of these are believed to be derivatives of later generations.Ballads in The Book of Songs are the earliest writings that can be dated. From this point ofview, ancient mythology has had a greater influence on Chinese literature.

9. 端午节可以追溯到公元前227年的战国时代。这个节日是为了纪念楚国的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷的贪污腐败感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大家把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食) 的传统。2009年，端午节被联合国教科文组织宣布为非物质文化遗产

重点词汇：

端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival追溯到 date back to战国时代 the Warring States Period 纪念 commemorate 大夫minister 因?感到绝望 despair over没有成功 in vain撒 scatter 引开 distract 演变成 transform into赛龙舟 race dragon boats

吃粽子 zongzi —a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves

联合国教科文组织 United Nations ’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)宣布 proclaim 非物质文化遗产 intangible cultural heritage

译文内容：

The Dragon Boat Festival can date back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C. The festivalcommemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor. Despairing overcorruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river. Townspeople jumped into their boats andtried in vain to save him. Then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the peoplescattered rice into the water. Over the years, the story of Qu’s death transformed into thetraditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi —a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves.The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival was proclaimed an intangible cultural heritage by the UnitedNations’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2009.

10. 中国人对龙的理解与西方人不一样。龙是帝王的象征。帝王的子孙被称为“龙种”，帝王的用品也常常被加上“龙”字，如“龙袍”、“龙椅”等，连帝王的面色也被称为“龙颜”。龙也是杰出人物的象征，汉语中有“卧虎藏龙”、“乘龙快婿”等。同时，龙也是一种祥瑞(auspicious)之物。因此，人们希望它能留在自己的家里，保佑自己家里一切平安，万事如意。每到舞龙灯(dragondance)的时节，人们会请人到家里来舞一回。又因龙呈威猛之相，故也有龙舟(dragonboat)驱鬼辟邪的说法。

Chinese people's understanding of dragon is different from that of Westerners.Dragon is thesymbol of emperors. The descendants of emperors are called “children of the dragon ”. Theobjects used by emperors are also usually named with the word “dragon ”，such as “dragonrobes' “dragon chairs' Even the face of the emperor is called “dragon face”. Dragon alsosymbolizes outstanding people. In Chinese, there are “crouching tiger, hidden dragon ”，“aproud son-in-law ” and so on. Meanwhile, dragon is also an auspicious sign. Therefore, peoplehope that dragon can stay in their homes to bless family members, thus everyone can behealthy and everything can go well. When it comes to dragon dance time, people will inviteperformers to perform in their own homes. As dragon appears awe-inspiring and fierce, it issaid that dragon boat can drive ghosts away and avoid the evil.

1. 帝王的子孙:即“帝王的后代”，可译为descendants of emperors,还可译为 offsprings of emperors 。

2. 帝王的用品:即“帝王使用的东西”，可译为objects used by emperors。

3. 卧虎藏龙:按字面意思翻译即可，即crouching tiger，hidden dragon。

4. 乘龙快婿:并不是乘着龙的女婿，而是称心如意、值得骄傲的女婿，可译为 a proud son-in-law 。

5. 祥瑞之物:即“吉利的象征”，可译为auspicious sign。其中，auspicious 意为“吉利的”。

6. 呈威猛之相:可译为appear awe-inspiring and fierce,其中“呈...... 之相”即“呈现...... 的相貌”之意，译为appear, “威猛”即“威严凶猛”，译为awe-inspiring and fierce。

7. 驱鬼辟邪:按字面意思翻译即可，“驱”译为drive away, “辟”译为avoid, 故 “驱鬼辟邪”就是drive ghostsaway and avoid the evil

11. 筷子，作为中国人的主要餐具（tableware), 已经有3000多年的历史了。筷子的出现使我们的祖先不再用手抓食物吃，因为它象征着文明的到来。最早的筷子是用骨头和玉制成的，在春秋时期(the Spring and Autumnperiod)又出现了铜制和铁制的筷子。在古代，富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以显示家庭的富有。许多帝王用银制的筷子以检查他们的食物是否被人投毒。筷子在传统意义上被当做新娘的嫁妆（dowry ）, 因为筷子在汉语中读作kuaizi, 听起来很像“快得子”。

As one of the main tableware of Chinese people ，chopsticks have a history of over 3,000 years.Thanks to the invention of chopsticks, our ancestors no longer grabbed food to eat. Sochopsticks are the signal of civilization. The earliest chopsticks were made of bones and jade.During the Spring and Autumn period, copper chopsticks and iron chopsticks appeared. Inancient times, rich people used I jade or gold chopsticks to show their wealth. Many emperorsand their family members used silver chopsticks to see if the food was poisoned.Traditionall y,chopsticks are part of dowry, for its pronunciation “kuaizi” in Chinese sounds like having ababy quickly.

1. 筷子的出现:“出现”即“发明”，可译为theinvention of chopsticks.

2. 象征着文明的到来:直接翻译成signal of civilization(文明的象征) 即可，“到来”不必译出。

3. 被人投毒:即“食物被下毒了”，可译为the food was poisoned.

4. 被当做新娘的嫁妆:可译为chopsticks are part of dowry, 也可译为chopsticksare used as dowry 。

5. 听起来很像:可译为sound like。

6. 快得子:即筷子的谐音，表达人们美好的祝愿，可译为having a baby quickly, 或者having a baby soon。

12. 从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。

【翻译词汇】

从某种意义上说 in a sense汉字 Chinese character演化 evolve 书写形式 script form 篆书 Seal script隶书 Clerical script楷书 Regular script行书 Running script

书法家 calligrapher 致使 render 取得 yield 旅游胜地 tourist resort石刻碑文 stone inscription 适时 in due time欣赏 appreciate

【精彩译文】

In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly fourthousand years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolvedinto many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script andRunning script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways thatexaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen intourist resorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinesecharacter system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the differentschools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinesecalligraphy.

13. 几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放也激励着中国梦. 中国梦最显著的特征是包容性和双赢合作。这些也是使中国梦扩大它的全球影响范围和被其他国家的人民认可的基本特征。中国梦是民族复兴的梦。它是建设一个强大繁荣的国家，给中国人民带来幸福生活的梦。中国梦需要维持稳定健康的经济发展，科学管理社会，以及有效应对外部发展的风险和挑战。

【翻译词汇】

中国梦 the Chinese dream改革开放 reform and opening-up激励 inspire 包容性 inclusiveness 双赢合作 win-win cooperation扩大 expand 民族复兴 national rejuvenation强大(的) powerful 繁荣的 prosperous 需要 entail 稳定健康的 steady and healthy应对 respond to

外部发展 external development风险 risk 挑战 challenge

【精彩译文】

The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture andinspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up. The mostnoticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation.These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach andbe recognized by people of other nations. The Chinese dream is the dream of nationalrejuvenation. It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringinghappiness in the lives of the Chinese people. It entails sustaining steady and healthy economicgrowth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks andchallenges of external development.

14. 每年4月4日到6日左右的清明节是传统的扫墓的日子。在这一天，人们祭悼去世的亲人，到先人的坟头上扫墓。唐朝著名诗人杜牧有一首著名的诗，描述了四月初令人伤感的一幕场景：“清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。”与清明节扫墓的悲哀相反，人们在这个日子怀揣着春的希望。清明时节，阳光明媚，树木和小草吐绿，大自然生机盎然。从古代起，人们就去春游。清明时节，游客遍地。如今，清明节是中国大陆的法定假日。

【翻译词汇】

清明节 the Qingming Festival扫墓 tomb-sweeping 去世 depart 唐朝 the Tang Dynasty 杜牧 Du Mu清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers-by withlowered spirits go.

与?相反 in contrast to春游 Spring outing中国大陆 mainland China

法定假日 statutory public holiday

【精彩译文】

The Qingming Festival, the traditional tomb-sweeping day, falls on April 4-6 each year. It isa time for remembering loved ones who departed. People visit their ancestors graves to sweepaway the dirt. A well-known poem by the Tang Dynasty Du Mu tells of a sad scene in earlyApril“Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go.” Incontrast to the sadness of the tomb-sweeping, people also enjoy hope of Spring on this day.The Qingming Festival is a

time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become greenand nature is again lively. Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Springouting. At this time tourists are everywhere. Today, the Qingming Festival is a statutory publicholiday in mainland China

15. 农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。

【翻译词汇】

中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival团聚 congregate 丰裕 abundance 和谐 harmony 尽情吃着 indulge in月饼 mooncake 嫦娥 Chang-E 赋予 endow...with...

神话色彩 mythological flavour围绕?旋转 circle(over)长生不老药 the elixir of life 产生 come into being

【精彩译文】

The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month. It is atime for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol ofabundance, harmony and luck. Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of variouskinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-litrabbit lanterns. The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, thebeautiful lady in the moon. According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 sunscircling over it. Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth. He stole the elixirof life, which can make people immortal. However, his wife, Chang-E drank it. Thus the legendof Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.

16. “七夕节”，农历七月七日，是一个充满浪漫色彩的传统节日，是庆祝牛郎和织女一年一度相会的日子。他们的爱情不被允许，因此他们被驱逐而分隔于银河两岸。每年的农历七月七日，喜鹊会来搭桥使这对情侣来相会。如今，一些传统的中国风俗仍在农村奉行，在城市却已经削弱。然而，牛郎和织女的传说已经深入人心。近些年来，尤其是城市的年轻人把它当作中国的情人节来庆祝。因此，花店、酒吧和商店的老板非常高兴，因为他们可以卖出更多的商品。

【翻译词汇】

七夕节 The Double Seventh Festival浪漫色彩 romance 牛郎 Niu Lang (Cowherd) 织女 Zhi nü (Weaver Maid)一年一度 annual 驱逐 banish 银河 the Milky Way 喜鹊 magpie 使相会 reunite 奉行 observe 削弱 weaken 情人节 Valentine ’s Day 商品 commodity

【精彩译文】

The Double Seventh Festival, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, is a traditionalfestival full of romance. It celebrates the annual meeting of Niu Lang (Cowherd) and Zhi n ü (Weaver Maid). Their love was not allowed, and thus they were banished to opposite sides ofthe Milky Way. Once a year, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, a flock of magpies wouldform a bridge to reunite the lovers for one day. Today some traditional customs are stillobserved in rural areas of China, but have been weakened in urban cities. However, thelegend of the Cowhand and Weaver Maid has taken root in the hearts of people. In recentyears, in particular, urban youths have

celebrated it as Valentine’s Day in China. As a result,owners of flower shops, bars and stores are full of joy as they can sell more commodities.

17. 中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏作出了巨大贡献。如今，中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局负责。现在国家已经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中草药、针灸、推拿、气功和食疗

【翻译词汇】

中医 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 不可分割的 integral 华夏 China

诊断手法 diagnostic method 系统的 systematic 治疗方式 cure approach 丰富的 abundant 国家中医药管理局 State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology

由?负责 under the adminstration of管理 govern 新兴产业 promising industry

在定义上 by definition中草药 herbal medicine针灸 acupuncture 推拿 Tuina 气功 Qigong 食疗 dietary therapy

【精彩译文】

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made greatcontributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being usedin providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods,systematic cure approaches, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot ofattention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration ofState Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulationsgoverning TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in thispromising industry. By definition, TCM is a medical science governing the theory and practiceof traditional Chinese medicine. It includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, Tuina, Qigong anddietary therapy.

18. 每年农历的正月十五日，迎来的是中国的传统节日——元宵节。元宵节主要的活动就是看灯。汉朝时期，佛教盛行。明帝听说佛教有正月十五日僧人观佛舍利点灯敬佛的做法，就命令这一天夜晚在皇宫和寺庙里点灯敬佛。以后这种佛教礼仪逐渐形成民间盛大的节日。各式各样美丽的花灯在这一天都会被悬挂, 从而吸引了无数游客。猜灯谜也是元宵节的一项重要活动，花灯的主人会将谜面写在纸上，然后贴在灯笼上，将灯笼挂在门口。如果有人可以猜中，就能得到小小的礼物。

【翻译词汇】

看灯 watching lanterns 汉朝 the Han Dynasty 佛教 Buddhism 明帝 Emperor Ming 敬佛 worship Buddha 皇宫 imperial palace 礼仪 ritual 盛大的 grand 无数的 countless 猜灯谜 Guessing lantern riddles 贴 paste

【精彩译文】

The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. Watching lanterns is thisday ’s important activity. Throughout the Han Dynasty, Buddhism flourished in China. EmperorMing heard that Buddhist monks would watch sarira and light lanterns to worship Buddha onthe 15th day of the 1st lunar month. Therefore, he commanded to light lanterns in the imperialpalace and temples to show respect to Buddha on this day. Later, the Buddhist ritualdeveloped into a grand festival among common people. Lanterns of various shapes and sizesare hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors. "Guessing lantern riddles" is an essentialpart of the Festival. Lantern owners write riddles on pieces of paper and paste them on

thelanterns. If visitors have got solutions to the riddles, they will obtain a little gift.

19. 老年为少年之过来人，少年为老年之候补者，老与少，只不过时间上之差别而已。然中国习惯，对老少之间，往往划有无形界限。在客观上，有时重老而轻少，有时重少而轻老。在主观上，老者自恃其老，少年自矜其少。几千年来，遂形成老者自以为持重练达而菲薄少年为少不更事；而少年自以为新锐精进而轻蔑老者为老朽昏庸。此真所谓偏颇两失之见也。 Old Age and Young The aged are the antecedents of the young, and the young are thecandidates of the aged. The difference between age and youth is only a matter of time. But,according to the Chinese custom, there is always an invisible line of demarcation betweenthem. Objectively speaking, sometimes the aged are held in esteem and the young are madelight of; sometimes it is just the other way round. Subjectively speaking, the aged areself-conceited because of their good old age, while the young think no small beer of their ownyouth. For thousands of years it has been assumed that the aged, thinking themselvesexperienced and more skillful, look down upon the young for their greenness in worldlyaffairs, while the young, thinking themselves fresh in life and more energetic, call the aged oldfogies. Either of these views, of course, is far from being impartial.

20. 九寨沟的山水风光，纵有万丽千奇，一旦离开原始的自然美，就一切都没有了。”他们的见解是精辟的。当你步入沟中，便可见树正群海荡漾生辉，瀑布舒洒碧玉。一到金秋，满山枫叶绛红。盛夏，湖山幽翠。仲春，树绿花艳?四时都呈现出它的天然原始，宁静幽深。 All the beauty of Jiuzhaigou is endowed by nature. If the natural charm were removed, therewould be no more of Jiuzhaigou.Mystic lakes and sparkling waterfalls captivate your eyes asyou enter the ravine.The trees are their greenest in spring when intensified by colorfulflowers.In summer, warm tints spread over the hills and lakelands.As summer merges intoautumn, the maple trees turn fiery-red, splashing color through the thickly forested hills.Tranquility pervades primitive Jiuzhaigou throughout the year.

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