范文一：2012考研英语二大纲电子版

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试(二)考试大纲

考试性质

英语 (二) 考试是为高等学校和科研机构招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国 统一入学考试科目, 其目的是科学、 公正、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力,评价的 标准时高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平, 以保证被录取者具 有一定的英语水平,并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

考试形式和试卷结构

(一 ) 考试形式

考试形式为笔试。考试时间为 180分钟。满分为 100分。

试卷分试题册和答题卡。 答题卡分为答题卡 1和答题卡 2。 考生应将英语知识运用和阅读 理解部分的答案按要求填涂在答题卡 1上,将英译汉和写作部分的答案写在答题卡 2上。 (二 ) 考试内容与试卷结构

试题分四部分,共 48题,包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。

第一部分 英语知识运用

主要是考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。共 20小题,每小题 0.5分,共 10分。 在一篇约 350词的文章中留出 20个空白, 要求考生从每题所给的 4个选项中选出最 佳答案,使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡 1上作答。 第二部分 阅读理解

主要是考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。 该部分由 A 、 B 两节组成,共 25小题,每小题 2分,共 50分。

A 节 (20小题 )

本部分为多项选择题,共四篇文章,总长度为 1500词左右。要求考生阅读文章并回 答每篇文章后面的问题。考生需在每小题所提供的选项(A 、 B 、 C 、 D )中选出唯一正确或 是最合适的答案。

每篇文章设 5题,共 20小题。每小题 2分,共 40分。考生在答题卡 1上作答。 B 节 (5小题 )

本部分有 3种备选题型。每次考试从这 3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。或者这 3种形式中某几种的组合进行考查。本节文章设 5小题,每小题 2分,共 10分。

考生在答题卡 1上作答。

备选题型有:

1) 多项对应。

2) 小标题对应。

3) 正误判断。

第三部分:英译汉

考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。 要求考生阅读、理解长度为 150词左右的一个或几个英语段落,并将其全部译成汉语。 考生在答题卡 2上作答。共 15分。

第四部分 写作

该部分由 A 、 B 两节组成,主要考查考生的书面表达能力。共 2小题,共 25分。 A 节:

题型有两种,每次考试选择其中的一种形式。

备选题包括:

1) 考生根据所给情景写出一篇约 100词 (标点符号不计算在内 ) 的应用性短文, 包括私人 和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。

2)考生根据所提供的汉语文章,用英语写出一篇 80~100词的该文摘要。

考生在答题卡 2上作答。共 10分。

B 节:

要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲, 写出一篇 150词以上的英语说明文或议论文, 提供情景的形式为图画、图表或文字。

考生在答题卡 2上作答。共 15分。

考查内容:

考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能:

(一 ) 语言知识

1. 语法知识

考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;

(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;

(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;

(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;

(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;

(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;

(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;

(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。

2. 词汇

考生应能较熟练地掌握 5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组。考生应能根据具体语境、 句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。

(二 ) 语言技能※

1. 阅读

考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等, 体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。

对所读材料,考生应能:

1) 理解主旨要义;

2) 理解文中的具体信息;

3) 理解文中的概念性含义;

4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;

5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;

6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;

7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;

8) 区分论点和论据。

2. 写作

考生应能根据所给的提纲、 情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。 短文应中心思想明确、 切 中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。

范文二：2016考研英语一真题

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Section 1 Use of English

Directious:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

In Cambodia, the choice of a souse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’

s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.

The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around

a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with

them up to a year, 13 they can bulid a new house nearby.

Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorces persons are 15 with some disapproval. Easch spouse retains 16 property he or she Divorced persons may.

1.[A]by way of [B]with regard to [C]on behalf of [D]as well as

2.[A]decide on [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]adapt to

3.[A]close [B] arrange [C]renew [D]postpone

4.[A]In theory [B] Above all [C]In time [D]For example

5.[A]Unless [B] Lest [C]After [D]Although

6.[A]into [B] within [C]from [D]through

7.[A]or [B]since [C]but [D]so

8.[A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D]create

9.[A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying

10.[A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving

11.[A]association [B]meeting [C]collection [D]union

12.[A]deal [B]part [C]grow [D]live

13.[A]whereas [B]until [C]for [D]if

14.[A]avoid [B]follow [C]challenge [D]obtain

15.[A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed

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16.[A]wherever [B]whatever [C]whenever [D]however

17.[A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed

18.[A]invested [B]divided [C]donated [D]withdrawn

19.[A]warms [B]clears [C]shows [D]breaks

20.[A]while [B]so that [C]once [D]in that

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text1

France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion , has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways . The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive

thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’

s a start And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells

the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women , especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

The bans ,if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a govemment-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

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In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other

characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical

Charter clearly states:”We aware of and take responsibility for the impact the ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of

by the Danish enforcement is (CFW), which is run

21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?

【A】Physical beauty would be redefined.

【B】New runways would be constructed.

【C】Wcbsites about dieting would thrive.

【D】The fanshing industry would decline.

22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to

【A】heightening the value of.

【B】indicating the state of.

【C】losing faith in.

【D】doing harm to.

23. Which of the following is true od the fashion industry?

【A】The French measures have already failed.

【B】New standrds are being set in Denmark.

【C】Models are no longer under peer pressure.

【D】Its inberent problerma are getting wotse.

24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

[A] setting perfect physical conditions

[B] caring too much about models' character

[C] showing little concern for health factors

[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models

25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?

[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals

[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France

[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty

[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

Text 2

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the

country, In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons

www.yantubao.com rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family,Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) at what makes them proudest of their country，this has limited political support.

A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with space for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill is pressure

later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make

countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . it needs constant guardianship.

At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorsing “off-plan”

building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The liberal democrats are silent. Only ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.its Campaign

terror into many local conservative to protect rural England struck

parties.

The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where

people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents stirling ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green

belt.what is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

The idea that”housing crisis ”equals “concreted meadows” is pure

lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always，

where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osboyne favours rural

new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town,shopping sites against high streets . this is not a free market but a biased one. Rural town and villages have grown and will

26 Britain is public sentiment about the countryside

A has brought much benefit to the NHS

B didn’t start till the Shakespearean age

C is fully backed by the royal family

D is not well reflected in politics

27 According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust

are now being

A gradually destroyed

B effectively reinforced

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C properly protected

D largely overshadowed

28 which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

A Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation

B the conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“building

C the liberal democrats are losing political influence

D labour is under attack for opposing development

29 the author holds that George Osborne is preference

A reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas

B shows his disregard for character of rural areas

C stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis

D highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure

30 in the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of

A the size of population in Britain

B the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain

and-country planning in Britain C the town-

D the political life in today is Britain

Text 3

"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since

www.yantubao.com prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most

comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with

[A]uncertainty

[B]skepticism

[C]approval

[D]tolerance

32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by

[A]guarding it against malpractices

[B]protecting it from consumers

[C]winning trust from consumers.

[D]raising the quality of its products

33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to

[A]less controversial

[B]more lasting

[C]more effective

[D]less severe

34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record

[A]comes across as reliable evidence

[B]has an impact on their decision

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[C]increases the chance of being penalized

[D]constitutes part of the investigation

35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?

[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown

[B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated

[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked

[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry

Text 4

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.

Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."

Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."

The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In

www.yantubao.com other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription.

"It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."

36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to

[A] the increasing online and sales

[B] the pressure from its investors

[C] the complaints from its readers

[D] the high cost of operation

37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should

[A] make strategic adjustments

[B] end the print sedition for good

[C] seek new sources of leadership

[D] aim for efficient management

38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"

[A] helps restore the glory of former times

[B] is meant for the most loyal customers

[C] will have the cost of printing reduced

[D] expands the popularity of the paper

39. Peretti believes that in a changing world

[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected

[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving

[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges

[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated

40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?

[A] shift to online newspapers all at once

[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand

[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion

[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury Good

Part B

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Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)

[A] Create a new image of yourself

[B] Decide if the time is right

[C] Have confidence in yourself

[D]Understand the context

[E]Work with professionals

[F]Make it efficient

[G]Know your goals

No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.

The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.

So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:

41_________________________

As an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK

42________________________

Get clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken

www.yantubao.com more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that )

43 ________________________

Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.

44 _______________________

Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.

45 ________________________

The point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.

Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem -confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see

www.yantubao.com that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.

(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it

is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should

1) describe the pictures briefly

2) interpret the meaning , and

3) give your comments

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.

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Do not write the address. (10 points)

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范文三：2017考研英语一真题

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语,一,

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.

In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing

the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .

“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology

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at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”

Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes

attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

1,[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout

2,[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior

3,[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host

4,[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep

5,[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting

6,[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on

7,[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted

8,[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out

9,[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined

10,[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained

11,[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus

12,[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors

13,[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased

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15,[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record

16,[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of

17,[A] transfer [B] commit [C] attribute [D] return

18,[A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until

19,[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases

20,[A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influences \

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities

are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: 北京京师勤思教育科技有限公司

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Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to

mention infuriating.

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.

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Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long

past time to make the program work.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has_____.

[A] gained great popularity

[B] created many jobs

[C]strengthened community ties

[D] become an official festival

22. The author believes that London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to

_____.

[A] boost population growth

[B] promote sport participation

[C]improve the city’s image

[D] increase sport hours in schools

23. Parkrun is different form Olympic games in that it ____.

[A] aims at discovering talents

[B] focuses on mass competition

[C] does not emphasize elitism

[D] does not attract first-timers

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24. With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should______.

[A] organize “grassroots” sports events

[B] supervise local sports associations

[C] increase funds for sports clubs

[D] invest in pubic sports facilities

25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments have to done for sports is _____.

[A]tolerant

[B] critical

[C]uncertain

[D]sympathetic

Text 2

“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani,

Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s

view of the cosmos.

At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most

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powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises

above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow

telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.

Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian

culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to

explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

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The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility

around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates

[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.

[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.

[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.

[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.

27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to

[A] its geographical features

[B] its protective surroundings.

[C] its religious implications.

[D] its existing infrastructure.

28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because

[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.

[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.

[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.

[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.

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29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy

[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.

[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.

[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.

[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.

30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of

[A] severe criticism.

[B] passive acceptance.

[C] slight hesitancy.

[D] full approval.

Text 3

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything

except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the

European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’

s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 北京京师勤思教育科技有限公司

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million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case

with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very

different .

So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as 北京京师勤思教育科技有限公司

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environmental quality or education outcomes – all things that contribute to a

person’s sense of well-being.

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .

31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he

[A]praised the UK for its GDP.

[B]identified GDP with happiness .

[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .

[D]had a low opinion of GDP .

32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that

[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .

[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .

[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .

[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .

33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?

[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .

[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.

[C]Its criteria are questionable .

[D]Its results are enlightening .

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34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that

[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .

[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .

[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .

[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .

35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?

[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson

[B]GDP Figures , a Window on Global Economic Health

[C]Rebort F. Kennedy , a Terminator of GDP

[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

Text 4

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to

tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s

decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found. 北京京师勤思教育科技有限公司

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The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official

act”.

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.” The basic

compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John

Roberts for the court,” assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in

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treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court

[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.

[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.

[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.

37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves

[A] leaking secrets intentionally.

[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.

[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.

[D] breaking contracts officially.

38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are

[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.

[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.

[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.

[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.

39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to

[A] awaken the conscience of officials.

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[B] guarantee fair play in official access.

[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.

[D] inspire hopes in average people.

40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is

[A] sarcastic.

[B] tolerant.

[C] skeptical.

[D] supportive

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A]The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to

Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The

Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.

[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure. 北京京师勤思教育科技有限公司

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[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.

[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.

[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as

errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him

especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.

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[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His

father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but

wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a

more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s

father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s

increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s

Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for

debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.

[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.

D ? 41. ? 42. ? 43. ? 44. ? B ?45.

Part C

Directions:

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Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.

(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.

Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol

(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.

David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are 北京京师勤思教育科技有限公司

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introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.

If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.

(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.

The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.

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Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions,

You are to write an email to James Cook , a newly-arrived Australian

professor , recommending some tourist attractions in your city . Please give

reasons for your recommendation .

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET .

Do not sign your own name at the end of the email . Use “Li Ming”

instead.

Do not write the address . (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions,

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your

essay , you should

1,describe the pictures briefly,

2,interpret the meaning , and

3,give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.( 20 points )

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范文四：2014考研英语一真题

2014考研英语一

Section I Use of English

Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a

moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the

brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly

innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.

Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice,scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain

training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.

The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)

___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why

2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses

3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While

4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook 6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations 8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion 9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process 10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature 11.[A]Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D]However 12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of 13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around 14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility 15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows 16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace 17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on 18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually 19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take

20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar

Section?Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by

choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text1

In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne,

Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless

arrive at the job center with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the job seeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign

on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits

and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the

socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an

obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

Losinga job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job center with a song in your

heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if

you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20

years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “job seeker’s allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a “job

seeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national

insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on

actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ?71.70 a week, one of the least

generous in the EU.

21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to

[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. [B]encourage job seekers’ active engagementin job seeking.

[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. [D]guarantee job seekers’ legitimate right to benefits.

22. The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para.2) most probably means

[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the job center. [B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.

[C]to register for an allowance from the government. [D]to attend a governmental job-training program. 23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme? [A]A desire to secure a better life for all.

[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.

[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. 24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel [A]uneasy [B]enraged.

[C]insulted. [D]guilty.

25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

[A]The British welfare system indulges job seekers’ laziness.

[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

[C]The job seekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.

[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average

law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to

do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and

Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to

[A]the growing demand from clients.

[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.

[C]the prospect of working in big firms.

[D]the attraction of financial rewards.

27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.

[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.

[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.

[D]Receiving training by professional associations.

28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.

[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.

[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.

[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.

29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it

[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.

[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.

[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.

[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.

30.In this text, the author mainly discusses

[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.

[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.

[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.

[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.

Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only

one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for

researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News

Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. The yperpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will bedemonstrated by the

inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’

money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.

31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as

[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.

[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.

[C]an example of bankers’ investments.

[D]a handsome reward for researchers.

32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

[A]the profit-oriented scientists.

[B]the founders of the new awards.

[C]the achievement-based system.

[D]peer-review-led research.

33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is atypical case which involves

[A]controversies over the recipients’status.

[B]the joint effort of modern researchers. [C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes. [D]the demonstration of research findings. 34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?

[A]Their endurance has done justice to them. [B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute. [C]They are the most representative honor. [D]History has never cast doubt on them. 35.The author believes that the now awards are [A]acceptable despite the criticism.

[B]harmful to the culture of research. [C]subject to undesirable changes.

[D]unworthy of public attention.

Text 4

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and

Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more

harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal, state and local governments, universities,

foundations, educators,individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence inhumanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy

formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51

members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers,judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking, music and journalism.

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherentcurricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus

deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or

left-liberal propaganda.

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and

sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back

reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

[A] Critical

[B] Appreciative

[C] Contemptuous

[D] Tolerant

37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to

[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education

[B] define the government’s role in education

[C] keep a leading position in liberal education [D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education

38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests [A] an exclusive study of American history

[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects [C] the application of emerging technologies [D] funding for the study of foreign languages 39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are [A] supportive of free markets

[B] cautious about intellectual investigation

[C] conservative about public policy

[D] biased against classical liberal ideas

40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”

[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”

[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education

[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education

Part B

Directions:The following paragraphs are given in awrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your

answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10points)

[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the

Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Gizain Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident.Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztecartifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.

[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornateceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.

[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test

excavations on) largeareas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.

[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.

[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.

[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searchescan take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites.Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens,

Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these

engravingseventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.

[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buriedremains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording,and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.

41. ? A ?42. ? E ?43. ? 44. ?45.

Part C

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic,philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view,have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound.I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.

Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and

a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the

use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and

then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.

Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.

Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but

the courage to fight it renders life worth living.

Section ? Writing

Part A

51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your

university,suggesting how to improve students’physical condition.

You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) interpret its intended meaning,and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)

范文五：考研英语考研词汇5500课程电子版教材

考研词汇5500

主讲：刘一男

A

Angle

n.角

Alps 阿尔卑斯山 Altai阿尔泰山

1, 浊清互变 p/b t/d k/g f/v

2, 平卷音互换 s/sh c/ch t/th p/ph

3，近亲字母互换 r/l/n er el

acid

n.酸,尖酸的

a.酸的

an a ang =ac

ache

v.痛，刺痛

n.疼痛,酸痛

acute

a. 敏锐的,尖锐的;(疾病)急性的

ute-名词或形容词后缀

minute mini +ute

acute sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉

agony

n.苦恼,痛苦ony

（谐音“爱过你”）

architect

n.建筑师

1, 浊清互变 p/b t/d k/g f/v

2, 平卷音互换 s/sh c/ch t/th p/ph

3，近亲字母互换 r/l/n er = el-名词后缀

英语单词发展的三变化：

tect=cover t =top

arch拱形 arc弧形 ang角度

tect盖子 rect直立 ject喷射 fect制造、改造

detect发现，察觉

rectify纠正

inject注射

affect影响，感动

tect rect ject fect

top right jet fact事实 finger手指 feel抚摸 fist拳头 foot脚 factory工厂

浊清互变

dentist牙医 artist艺术家 scientist科学家

do did done

go went walk散步

talk谈话 teach讲 tell告诉 tongue way inward backward

dent d-tooth

adapt

v.(to)(使)适应,适合;改编,改写

apt容易

be apt to 容易…

adaptation

n.改编;适应

agitate

v.鼓动,搅动;搅拌

ag=act

distinct截然不同的 inct=ing-无义

aviation

n.航空,飞行

联想：（爱飞）

av-鸟

aviary养鸟笼

social社会的 actual现场的、活的

B

blackboard黑板

black黑色 blue蓝色 blush红色 blood血 blond金色 blank空白的

红 黑 褐 灰 黄 粉 h f

board板子 bar柜台 boat船 bed床 bone骨头 bench板凳

aboard

ad.在船(飞机,车)上,上船（飞机,车）

prep.在（船,飞机,车）上,上（船,飞机,车）

a-at-在

abundance

n.丰富,充裕

abundant

a.(in)丰富的,充分的,充裕的

abound 丰富、充裕

bound边界

board+er =border边缘

beam

n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱

stream小溪 string琴弦 street大街 stripe条纹 strap皮带

b-梆子

abolish

v.废除,取消

finish完成 final最终的

vanish消失 van词根：走 pan盘子 fan扇子 clan家族 scan扫描 scout侦察机、侦察员 r/l/n

v/w van=went

born～bor～bol生

beneficial adj. (to) 有利的，有益的

-ial 形容词后缀

fic fect 做

bene 好

benign

a.（病）良性的，（气候）良好的，仁慈的，和蔼的

abolish v.废除,取消

biography n. 传记

bio- 生命

biology 生物学 ology 学说

sociology 社会学

graph 写

gram

program 节目单，节目表

pave v. 铺

wave 波涛

grave 坟墓，碑刻

biology n. 生物学

bonus n. 奖金，红利(bon-born生出来的)

born a. 出身于??的，天生的，生来的

booth n. 电话亭，货摊

smooth 平滑的

(smile,smog,small sm-小 起伏很小的smooth)

tooth 牙齿

tongue 舌头

tail 尾巴

rail 铁轨

road 路

boundary n. 分界线，边界

bureau n. 局，处，屠

bur- 红色的绒布

burn v. 燃烧，烧毁，烧伤 n. 烧伤，灼伤

burst v. 爆裂，炸破；突然发生，突然发作 n. 突然破裂，爆发

embark 上船

embarrass v. 使窘迫，使为难

C

accelerate v. 加速, 促进

ac-

-ate 动词后缀

cel 速度 celerity

c- 走

kiss 吻 k 英语中表示嘴的概念

scar 刀疤 sc 有切割的含义

scissor 剪刀 iss 前面是核心的表义的辅音字母或词根

后面是单词的词性

renaissance 文艺复兴 (nation,nature na-生)

success 继续，成功

cess 走 c- 走

predecessor 前辈，前任

c- 说，唱

accent 重音

ch- 说，唱

chant 唱诗班、圣歌、圣诗

chorus 合唱团

echo 回声

church 教堂

purchases 购买 chase 追逐

p- 钱

penny

expensive 昂贵的

pension 年金，抚恤金

access 接近，入口

accumulate v. 积累，积蓄，堆积

simulate 模拟

stimulate 刺激

ate 动词后缀

ul 无意义的连字符

cum come

adult 成人

accuracy n. 准确，准确度

ac- 加强与其的前缀

-acy 名词后缀

-ate 动词后缀

cur 关心

ious 形容词后缀 curious

care 关心，关怀

accurate adj. 正确的，精确的

accuse v. (of) 控告，谴责

curse 骂人

c- 嘴，唱歌；走；抓

fuse 熔丝，保险丝

camp

n.野营,营地;帐篷,阵营

v.设营,宿营

lamp lumen light lanten lux

stamp

跺脚 盖邮戳 邮票

camp g-

genius generate

grass grain green grow

geometry metre geo

g c

campaign

n.战役;运动

sign标志

campus 关心的，好奇的

n.(大学)校园

casual

a.偶然的,碰巧的;临时的,非正式的

decide

cid

accident

incident

cid

catalogue cat

catastroph star

doom boom

cata

casualty

n.伤亡人员;受害人

catalog/catalogue

n.目录(册)

v.编目(录)

category

n.种类,类目，分类

cut leg negative

cathedral（可十一桌儿）

n.大教堂

Catholic

a.天主教的

n.天主教徒

cat hol ic whole

workholic

cattle

n.牛;牲口,家畜

caution

n.小心,谨慎;警告,告诫

v.警告

cauterise 烤

precaution 预警

cautious

a.(of)小心的,谨慎的

cease

v./n.停止,终止

please fease ible increase grow lease lend

census

n.人口普查(调查)(散射式)

ceremony

n.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪

Ceres

cereal

meat

character

factory fact

n.性格,品质,特性,特征;人物,角色;字符,(汉)字

cut

characteristic

a.(of)特有的,独特的

n.特征,特性

characterize/characterise

v.表示...的特性;描述...特性

charity

n.慈善(团体),仁慈,施舍

cherish

v.珍爱;怀有

chase

v./n.追逐,追求

chess棋

SCHOOL SGOOL orchard oral garden er el

chronic

a.(疾病)慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的

chron=time

crow-chron

synchronize同步

circle

n.圆,圆周;圈子,集团;周期,循环

bicycle

curse burse bag purse 泊 暴 堡

accuse turn tune调节

v.环绕,旋转

circuit

n.环行,周线,巡回;电路,线路

circular

a.圆(形)的,环形的;循环的

n.传单,通报

circulate

v.(使)循环,(使)流通 simulate stimulate sting

circumference ify

n.圆周,周围

circumstance

n.[pl.]情况,形势,环境;经济情形,境况

circus

n.马戏团,杂技团;马戏场,杂技场

coincide

v.和...一致,相符,相同

coincidence

n.巧合,巧事;一致,符合

cid-sid decide

comedy

n.喜剧;喜剧性事件 city duty

comic

conceal

v.隐藏,隐瞒,隐蔽 deal meal meat real right appeal

pan pie a piece of peace page peel palm pace ped

repeat 复述 seat坐 beat打 feat技艺

poem poet

cover

conceive

v.(of)设想,构思,想象;以为;怀胎,怀有

deceive欺骗

dive thrive eive ceive

perceive

concentrate

v.(on)集中,专心;浓缩

n.浓缩物

center

concept

n.概念,观念,思想

cept-cip accept

conception

n.概念,观念;设想,构想

concern

v.涉及,关系到

v./n.关心,挂念

n.(利害)关系

as/so far as...be concerned就...来说

be concened with关心,挂念,从事于

discern区分，辨别

cut

cern

modern moderate modest mod-middle

ribbon缎带 丝绸 or crisis cross

concerning

prep.关于

concession

n.迁就,让步

assess估计 评定 session say sess

cess go

come go

camp 田野 g stamp lamp 台灯

cess sess说，坐 fess phone

cess ceed ced

expand expansion

concession

n.让步,迁就

concise

a.简明的,简洁的

cise cut rise

concrete

a.具体的,有形的,实质性的

n.混凝土

v.用混凝土修筑,浇混凝土

aggregate segregate greg leg neg category cut greg-组合 greg crete create gr cordial

a.诚恳的,亲切的,热诚的

cord

core

n.果核;中心,核心

freedom obey听任摆布 obedience obedient

moon month deep depth wide width th-t-d

faith 信仰 信念 confidence

cord

cardinal

corporation

n.公司,企业,团体

court

n.法院,法庭;宫廷,朝廷;院子;球场

garden

orchard

hard

camp cult

courtesy

n.谦恭有礼;有礼貌的举止(或言词)

by courtesy of蒙...的好意(或准许),蒙...提供(或赠送);由于的...作用

policy pole democracy

cube

n.立方形, 立方体; 立方, 三次幂

bicycle bike

a

cubic

a.立方体的,立方形的;三次的,立方的

currency

n.通货,货币

cur car

go

current

n.电流,水流,气流;潮流,趋势

a.当前的,现在的;通用的,流行的

curriculum([pl.]curricula)

n.课程,(学校等的)全部课程

simulate

decay

v./n.腐朽,腐烂;衰减,衰退

pay penny pens pension expensive way clay

deceit

n.欺骗,欺骗行为

deceive

v.欺骗,蒙蔽

encounter

n./v.遇到,遭遇

count

calculate

calcium

counter

excursion

n.短途旅行,游览

curse burse

excuse

v.原谅,宽恕,免除

n.借口,辩解

D

condemn

v.谴责,指责;判刑,宣告有罪

damn

curse accuse

conductivity

n.传导性,传导率

conductor

n.领队,(乐队)指挥;(电车等的)售票员,列车员;导体,导线

duct

dict doct

predict t vict win dict doctrine

duct educate

duct

dense

a.浓厚的,密集的,稠密的

fense fence offense defense

density

n.密集,密度,浓度

condense

v.(使)压缩,(使)凝结,精简,压缩

dentist

n.牙医dictate

v.口授,(使)听写;命令

dent

tooth

duo two dec ten

went way walk

dict t

dignity

n.(举止,态度等的)庄严,端庄;尊贵,高贵

indignant dign

furious fury fire

dynasty dyn blast burst bur last

dyn dign

ditch

n.沟,沟渠,水沟

catch hatch patch fetch sketch scar scissor kitchen cook

dig

witch wise

dizzy

a.头晕目眩的,眩晕的;(可能)使人头晕的,极高的

doctrine

n.教义,教条,主义

doctor

document

n.公文,文献

documentary

a.文献的

n.记录片

abdomen belly well tell

dom en er

dome

top

home house hole pole sole same single

dome

domain

n.(活动,思想等)领域,范围;领地;努力范围

main grain strain explain

dome

n.圆屋顶

domestic

a.家里的;本国的;驯养的

fist last cluster frost

gross domestic product

dominant

a.支配的,统治的,占优势的

ine

dominate

v.支配,统治,控制;占优势

dull

a.单调的;迟钝的,愚笨的;不锋利的

mull cull choose

dubious

a.有问题的,靠不住的;(值得)怀疑的;犹豫不决的

double doubt

doub duo

dub

dynasty

n.王朝,朝代

edit

v.编辑,校订

indicate dict

edible eat

edition

n.版,版本,版次

editor

n.编辑,编者

editorial

n.社论

E

ex re de se

else

edge

edge

n.边,棱;刀口,刃

v.侧身移动,挤进

out e

ecology

n.生态学，环境适应学

biology bi body bi=life

sociology

economic

a.经济(上)的,经济学的

ec exchange

nomy

economical

a.节约的,经济的

economics

n.经济学,经济情况

economy

n.节约;经济

edible

a.可以吃的,可食用的

elastic

a.弹性的

n.松紧带,橡皮圈

element

n.元素;组成部分

elementary

a.初等的;基本的

F

affiliate

v.使隶属(或附属)于

n.附属机构,分公司

filial fil

descendant

ascend

descend

rail sail nail tail fail

fall fountain feeble faint

affirm

v.断言,肯定

confer

v.商谈,商议;授予,赋予

fist fan feel finger foot

pan clan scan

conference

n.会议,讨论会

parliament

fer

infer

inferior

infra-

structure

struct

pregnant genius generate

factory hectic struct

stream strait string stripe street strain strap

structure

stere- stereo solo

sphere-

infra- infer

ultra violet

confess

v.供认,承认,坦白,忏悔

kiss kettle

f=ph

professor

profession

fess

phone bone

metaphor meta

prophet fess

confine

v.(to,within)限制,局限于;管制,禁闭

fine

finish

final

line wine mine fine

definite

define

v.给?下定义;限定,规定

definite

a.明确的,肯定的,限定的

definition

n.定义,解释

finance

financial

fine

fee

conform

v.(to)遵守,依照,符合,顺应

normal abnormal enormous

neither

worm

uniform

confuse

v.使混乱,混淆

confusion

n.混乱,混淆

diffuse

v.扩散;传播,散布

a.(文章等)冗长的,漫无边际的;四散的,弥漫的

fall fountain

fuse

accuse

curse

deform

v.(使)变形

perform

formidable fear

effect

n.(on)作用,影响;结果;效果,效力

v.产生,招致

effective

a.有效的,生效的

efficiency

n.效率;功效

efficient

a. 有效的,效率高的;有能力的,能胜任的

effort

n.努力,艰难的尝试

fect fort ford

force

afford

ignorant i-im gn=know ant 堡

groan loan 呻 gr cry critic crazy crow

r l n w v u

ssh t th c ch

山 水 人 车

famine line wine gasoline famous fame

n.饥荒,饥馑（发米 乏米）

fare

n.车费,船费

v.过活,进展

fee 费

fascinate inate

v.迷住,强烈吸引

fatigue

n.疲劳

ic ue

ite id

faint

fax

n./v.传真(机,件);传真传输（facsimile摹写 传真）

facile fact f

feasible

a.可行的，可操作的

fease lease租借租约 lend please pl-说 请 increase grow

feast

n.节日;宴会

festival

n.节日;音乐节;戏剧节

fest 触 碰 touch

feminine

a.女性的;娇柔的

female

a.女的,雌的

fertile

a.肥沃的,富饶的;能繁殖的

fertilizer/fertiliser

n.肥料

transfer转学 转移 take

tile瓦片 瓦粒

feudal

a.封建的，封建制的，庄园制

field

form

n.形状,形式;表格

v.组成,构成;形成

norm neither

formal

a.正式的;形式的

formation

n.形成,构成

former

a.以前的,在前的

pron.前者

formula([pl.]formulae)

n.公式,程式

formulate

v.构想,规划;系统地阐述

fund

n.资金,基金

fundamental

a.基础的,基本的

n.[pl.]基本原则,基本原理

furious

a.狂怒的,狂暴的,猛烈的

fierce fire meter metre theatre theater see

furnace

n.炉子,熔炉

furnace

alter other

alter nate

sugar cigar vinegar

garlic

furniture

n.家具，设备

furn-fix

fuse

n.保险丝,导火线,引信

v.熔化,熔合

ac cuse curse 骂 诅咒 人

g

gain

v.获得,博得;增加,(钟,表)走快

n.收益,得益

galaxy

n.星系;[the Galaxy]银河(系);一群(杰出或著名的人物)

axy policy pole acy democracy demo c racy dem on str ate demo

gallery

n.长廊,画廊,美术馆

gallant

gallop

v./n.奔驰,飞奔 waloper walk go went

(赶老婆)

genius

n.天才

genuine

a.真正的,名副其实的

fake

geographic(al) graph

a.地理(学)的

geography

n.地理(学) man

graph

grave 坟墓，铭记，碑刻 wave pave

photograph

geology

n.地质(学)

ology log

geometry

n.几何(学) meter

giant

n.巨人

a.巨大的

gigantic

a.巨大的,庞大的

（g-土 大）

rigid migrate

v.胶合,粘贴

H

hazard

n.危险,冒险,危害

v.冒险,拼命

（harm）

heir

n.继承人

he+ir

her

inherent 内在的 固有的

heritage 遗产

inherit 继承

hemisphere

n.半球

hemi=half-半

vert invert倒置 vert whirl急转弯 wheel车轮 while然而 where when who what 什 谁 啥 孰

vol volume involve卷入，连累

spin 飞梭

sphere球体

r~ l~ n

line ene eme ere ele telephone

stere立体 stereo

stere

structure结构 construct建造 建立

hesitate

v.犹豫,踌躇;含糊,支吾

hesitation

n.犹豫,踌躇

cohesive 黏着的

hesion 吸引力

hes =her –词根：黏着，粘贴

coherent 粘在一起的

her-hes

hospitality

n.好客,殷勤,款待

hostile

a.敌对的,敌方的,敌意的

Benefit利益，恩惠 benign良性的 better best bad

nice

hypothesis

n.假说,假设,前提

behind

Hypnus [希神]许普诺斯(睡眠之神,与罗马神话中的Somnus为同一神)

hypocrisy伪善

hypocrite伪君子

hysterical

a.情绪异常激动的,歇斯底里的

I

identity card

identical

a.(to.with)同一的,同样的

identification

n.识别,鉴别

identify

v.识别,鉴别;(with)把...和...看成一样,打成一片

idiom

n.习语

idiot

白痴

idle

a.空闲的,闲置的;无用的,无效的;懒散的

v.空费,虚度

idleness

n.懒惰;赋闲无事

ignite

v.点火,引燃

ignatius

volcano

ignorance

n.无知,愚昧;不知道

ignorant

a.无知的,愚昧的;不知道的

ignore

v.不理,不顾,忽视

i gnore-know

knit打结

more多

score分数，得分，二十

im

recognize再认出

com

illiterate

a.文盲的,未受教育的

im in liter letter字母

illuminate

v.照亮,照明

il in im lumin lumen流明灯

illustrate

v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图

illustration

n.说明,例证;图解

lumen lamp lantern light luxury 奢侈品

il lus tractor tract attract

immense lux lus luc 光

a.广大的,巨大的

im mense-meter missile miss kiss man-手 miss 投 掷 miss mit

immerse

v.使沉浸在;使浸没

merse- merge-没 emerge浮现

immigrant

a.(从国外)移来的,移民的

n.移民,侨民

im migrate移民 migerate

rigid rig rect 直 hect高 fect做 real right

mig m-move mote mute mig mob

implement

n.[常pl.]工具,器具，用具

v.贯彻,实现

loyal忠诚 alloy 制造合金 loy绑 royal roy r right real rect

employ雇佣 ploy pl-用

apply申请 应用 please pl-用

implement

implicit

a.不言明的,含蓄的;(in)固有的;无疑问的;无保留的

play表演 explain解释 please请 pl-说

in +plic +it =implicit

index([pl.]indexes,indices)

n.索引;指标,标志;指数

v.附以索引,编入索引

finger digit手指 digital数字 digit exit dig挖掘

section部分 sect切分—sex性别 segment 片段 部分 g-ct-x

lecture讲座 lect legend传奇

mix mingle混乱 混淆

indignant

a.愤慨的,愤慨不平的

indignation

n.愤怒,愤慨

im +dign-尊严 +ant

dign dynasty

indispensable

a.(to,for)必不可少的,必需的

dispensable不重要的 pens-钱 价值 pension抚恤金 年金 expensive昂贵的 compensate 赔偿 pens-钱 bill money penny 便士 way clay粘土 pay工资

individual

a.个人的,单独的;独特的

n.个人,个体

divide 划分

inertia

n.不活动,惰性;惯性

ert动 ear alert警惕的 artery 动脉 factory

inevitable

a.不可避免的,必然发生的

invade入侵 vade v-w vent prevent vent ven-走 avenue大道 revenue财政收入

vade ——vit –走

in-不能 e往外 vit=vade-走 able能..的

ingenious

a.机灵的;有独创性的;精制的

genius天才 gen-生 g-Gaea gen pregnant怀孕的 pregnancy怀孕

ingredient

n.组成部分,成分

gred greg集合 segregate隔离 leg neg greg集合、聚集、增长 grain农作物

gen-生 gn-知道 know-gn-知道 gn-生——gr

gred=greg集合

instant

a.立即的,直接的;紧迫的;(食品)速溶的,方便的

n.瞬间,时刻

instantaneous

a.瞬间的,即刻的

instantly

ad.立即,即刻

instinct

n.本能,直觉,天性

stinct-sting-刺，刺激

institute

n.学会,研究所;学院

v.设立,设置,制定

institution

n.公共机构,协会,学校;制度,惯例

st-站立

itute polite ite minute ute

itute

insulate

v.隔离,孤立;使绝缘,使绝热

insul island 岛屿 ant isolate隔离 使孤独 sole唯一 hole洞穴

唯一

sole sul

isol-isl-insul

aisle 耳廊 侧廊

insulator

n.绝缘体,绝缘子

intact

a.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的

tact -touch

contact接触 fact

tact~teg

integral

a.构成整体所必需的;完整的

integrate

v.(into,with)(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起,(使)合并

integrity

n.正直,诚实;完整,完全

intense

a.强烈的,剧烈的;热烈的,热情的

tend～ tense expand expansion

intensity

n.强烈,剧烈;强度

intensive

a.加强的,集中的,深入细致的

interpret

v.翻译,解释,说明;口译 同一的 single same

inter pr et

pray祈祷 preach演讲 teach tell talk tongue bleach漂白

火 金 水 土 木

红 黄

burn brass黄铜 bronze青铜 brand烙印，商标 blue black blush blond

bleach漂白

preach演讲 pray祈祷

pr

parlor客厅 parliament议会，国会 parl-说

parlor客厅 parliament议会，国会 parl-说 beat打 feat功绩 neat干净 repeat复述 p-说 poem诗 poet诗人

parl说 parlor客厅 parliament国会、议会

parl——pr-说

down

drown淹死 溺水 （drop-掉）

down低 dwarf 侏儒

born生 breed 繁殖

short缩短 shrink 缩水 shrewd 精明的 smart聪明的 smile微笑 small小 smoke烟 smog雾

parl-说 pr-说 pr-前 pr-pl-说 explain解释 play表演 light光线 night黑夜（no light） fight打架 plight盟誓，情报

intricate

a.错综复杂的,复杂精细的

intr—— inter icate

irritate

v.激怒,恼火,使急躁

i?? in im

ridiculous荒谬的 可笑 rid 笑

ridicule奚落 嘲笑

rid笑

rid=rit

irritate 激怒 恼怒

rid rit ris

risible 爱笑的 喜欢笑的

issue

v.流出,放出;发行,发表,颁布

n.发行(物),(报刊)期号;问题,争论点,争端

is ex essay散文 随笔 fiction小说 虚构

ex es is e ~ i fict fect line scene风景 一场戏

fect lecture lingua lick leg neg elect lect选 collect挑选

L

latitude

n.纬度

attitude态度 altitude海拔高度

ite +ute =itute =itude 复合名词后缀

cat抓 pat拍 wat水 lat拉扯

longitude 经线

launch

v.发射;使(船)下水,发动,开展

n.发射,下水

satellite卫星

sat=set

lance

laundry

n.洗衣房(店);待洗衣物,所洗衣物

lavatory

n.厕所,盥洗室

lave洗 wave波涛 pave铺路

leisure

n.空闲,闲暇;悠闲,安逸

at leisure从容地,有空

leis =let-让 容许

谐音“镭射”

loan

n.贷款;出借,借出

v.借出

groan呻吟 cr- cry crow crazy

acre 亩 ground agro

loan l=lend

lounge

n.休息室,起居室,客厅,长沙发

词源 long

谐音 “老子”

M

man手

m-山、多

m-move

macroscopic

a.宏观的

macro major maj-mag jail 监狱 gaol

痂 接 介 给

magnitude众多 大量

mag-macro-大 scop- 看

scope范围 视野 stop暂停 throp词根：群 scop

malfunction

n./v.失灵;功能失常

maltreat

v.虐待

male-男性 –坏

好

manifest

a.明白的,明了的

v.表明,证明,显示

manipulate

v.操纵,控制;应付,处理

manual手的 手册

man +i +fest

marvelous/marvellous

a.惊人的,奇迹般的,妙极的

marine 海的 海洋

marvelous/marvellous

a.惊人的,奇迹般的,妙极的

marine 海的 海洋

submarine 海底

ive+el+ous=velous

mar-mir

manage minister管家 大臣

male militant好斗的 military军事的

same similar相似的 视野

miracle奇迹

mirror镜子

mirage

mar-mir

mar大海 car小汽车 bar 小木棒

measurable

a.可测量的

measure

meas

meter mend mens meas

symmetry对称 tremendous tr-through trans- form one to another

dimension维度

measure尺寸 测量

merchandise

n.商品,货物 v.经商

merchant商人

merc commerce商业 commercial商业的

merch ant ise

mercury 水银

Mercury 水星

merit

n.优点,价值,长处

v.值得,应得

merry 快乐

mercy 仁慈

mermaid 美人鱼

mer-好

monstrous

a.可怕的,极恶的

mon-

monotonous单调的 （ mon单 tone调

monopoly专卖 poly多 plus加

down dwarf 侏儒

section部分 sect scar scissor剪刀

poly pl-多 ample 大量的

Sunday

Monday

mon+ster—— monster怪物

mortal

a.致命的;终有一死的;人世间的

n.凡人

mortgage

n./v.抵押(借款)

mort gage词根：约定 engage订婚

tort词根 旋转 port港口 mort词根 死

multiple

a.多样的,多重的

n.倍数

mult =mount

ultimate最终的 ult-out

pl-折叠

diploma毕业文凭

complex复合的

折叠 fold fl-流动 弯曲 flection rect hect flexible pl-

pharmacy药房

farm

harm

municipal

a.市的,市政的;市立的

市 mun-交流 communicate交流

cip-cept –拿

mutual

a.相互的,彼此的

N

negotiate

v.谈判,交涉,商议

iate ot

iota patriot爱国者 patr-pater father patriotic爱国的

iot-ot otiate

neg

every is under negotiation.

nominate

v.提名,任命(nom-name ) 弯曲 折叠

nominal

notorious

a.臭名昭著的,声名狼藉的

notice通知 notify注意 not = know

nourish

v.提供养分,养育

nutrition营养 营养品 nut nat-生

nuisance

n.讨厌的人(或东西);麻烦事

nuis=nox 词根：毒

noxious有毒的

innocent清白的

谐音 “牛绅士”

o

ob [??]=ab-不

ob[???]=op-方向相反

obedience

n.服从,顺从

obedient

n.服从的,顺从的

free自由的——freedom自由

scar刀疤——scandal丑闻

obscure

a.暗的,朦胧的;模糊的,晦涩的（ob-不，sc-看）

obstinate

a.顽固的,固执的（ob-相对，st-停留、站着）

odor/odour

n.气味,臭气,香味（od=out-出来）

eat-ed——edible可以食用的

opaque

a.不透明(光)的;难理解的,晦涩的

aque-水

aquatic水生的

liquid-液体的

leak-滴漏

creep-爬行

reptile-爬行动物

burn-燃烧 brown-褐色 blue-蓝色 blond-金色 black-黑色

red-红色 yellow-黄色

optical

a.眼的,视力的;光学的（opt-光，spect-看）

optimize/optimise（opt-选择 变化自 out + put=opt）

v.使优化

optional

a.可以任选的,非强制的

proper——appropriate恰当的——apt-适合——adapt-改编、使适应

orphan

n.孤儿（orpheus 俄耳甫斯）

infant-婴儿（in-不能 f-说话 ant-的）

orthodox

a.传统的,符合社会风俗的;正统的(orth=right-正，dox=doct-说)

paradox 反论，似非而是的话

P

apparatus

n.器械,设备 （par=prepare-准备、备）

compensate

v.(for)补偿,赔偿

pension-年金

expensive-昂贵的

penny-便士

compulsory

a.强制的,义务的,必修的

puls=push-推

vulnerable易受伤害的（vuln=wound-伤）

ultraviolet紫外线（ult=out）

utter说出（ut=out）

despatch （dispatch）

v./n.

派遣（dis-分着, patch-拍）

paradise

n.天堂（para-反、旁、不，dise-死）

paradox

n.似非而是的话;反论（para-反、旁、不）

parallel

a.(to,with)平行的,并联的;(to)相同的,类似的

n.平行线,平行面;类似,相似物;对比,纬线

paralyze/paralyse

v.使瘫痪(麻痹);使丧失作用（para-反、旁、不，l-leg-走，yse=yze-动词后缀） parameter

n.参数（para-反、旁，meter-数量）

parasite

n.寄生虫（para-反、旁，site-位置）

parliament

n.国会,议会（parl-说）

parlor-客厅

parrot-鹦鹉

port-港口

repeat-复述

beat打

neat干净

feat功绩、作为

patriotic

a.爱国的

patriot爱国者

pater=father-父亲

peculiar

a.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的（pec=pick-挑、出众）

peculiarity

n.独特性,特色

penetrate

v.穿过,渗入,看穿(pene=刺，tr=through-穿过)

pene=pine-词根：刺

pi=bee-刺

peninsula

n.半岛（pen-半）

isolate-孤独、隔离

island-岛屿（isl-孤独的）

isl=insul-岛

perceive

v.察觉,感知;理解,领悟（ceive-拿）

concieve-怀孕、构想

decieve欺骗(de-往下)

perish

v.丧生;凋谢;毁灭,消亡（per-每一个、周、全）

persecute

v.迫害（sec-跟、随）

second第二的（sec-跟着，one-一，d-的）

pessimistic

a.悲观(主义)的（pess=ped-足，底部——悲）

optimistic乐观的（opt-选择）

pirate

n./v.海盗,盗版(pir=spear-矛)

pledge

n.誓约;保证

v.发誓;保证（pl-说，edge-边缘）

play-表演

explain-解释

parl-说

pr-说 pray祈祷 preach-传经、布道

pl-说

porcelain

n.瓷器

a.精制的,瓷器的（porc=pork-猪，el-后缀，ain-后缀）

terrine-陶器（terr-土）

porridge

n.粥,麦片粥

pore小孔、小口

precaution

n.预防,谨慎,警惕（caut-火）

cauterize烧烤、熏烤（caut-烤、火）

catch a fire –点火

predominant

a.(over)占优势的;主要的,突出的（dome=top-顶）

predict预言（dict=tict-说）

dentist牙医（dent=tooth）

dominate-支配

dominant-支配的

abdomen-肚子、腹部

preliminary

a.预备的,初步的（lim=line-线、界线、限定）

premier

n.首相,总理（prem-先、前）

prime

a.首要的,主要的;最好的,第一流的

n.青春,全盛期,青壮年时期（pr-前，ime=time）

primitive

a.原始的,远古的,早期的;粗糙的,简单的(prime-前面的时间)

prominent

a.突起的,凸出的;突出的,杰出的（min-突出）

eminent杰出的（min-突出）

prompt

a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的

v.激起,促进,推动（mpt=mote）

promote-促进、推进

propeller

n.螺旋桨,推进器(pell=push)

property

n.财产,资产,所有物;性质,特性(proper-恰当的)

appropriate-恰当的、适合的；拨款

prosper

v.繁荣,使繁荣,使成功（sper=spect-看）

prosperity

n.繁荣,兴旺

prosperous

a.繁荣的,兴旺的

psychology

n.心理学,心理（Psych-心里女神）

physiology生理学

R

radiate

v.放射,辐射;散布,传播（rad=root-根）

radiator

n.暖气片,散热器

radical

a.基本的,重要的;激进的,极端的;根本的（rad=root-根）

radical revolution

radioactive

a.放射性,放射引起的（rad=root-根）

radioactivity

n.放射性,放射现象（rad=root-根）

radium

n.镭（rad=root-根）

radius

n.半径（rad=root-根）

random

a.随机的,随意的

n.随机,随意(ran=run-跑、快速移动)

at random随机地,任意地

rare

a.稀有的,难得的,珍奇的;稀薄的,稀疏的（r-生长、突出）

bare-光秃的、赤裸的

fare-运费（fee-费）

mare-母马、母驴（m-mother）

pare-削皮（p-皮）

rear

n.后部,尾部

a.后方的,后部的;背后的

v.饲养,抚养（re-返回、后面）

reckon

v.认为,估计;指望,想要;测算（ckon=count-计算）

supersonic超音的（son-sound-声音）

compound-组合

component组合的（pon=pound-摆放）

reckon on依靠,指望

reckon with估计到,预料到;处理,对付

reclaim

v.要求归还,收回;开垦（claim-喊叫）

call-cl-喊

gold-金、金光、闪

glass玻璃 glory-光荣 glitter-炫耀

born-br-生

bring产生 breed繁殖

acclaim-欢呼、喝彩

proclaim声称

exclaim呼喊

reconcile

v.使和好,调解,使调和;(to,with)使一致

consult-商量、商讨

recruit

v.招募(新兵),招收(新成员)

n.新兵,新成员( cr-叫 cry crazy crow）

reign

v.(over)统治,支配;盛行,占优势

n.统治,统治时期,支配;朝代

rein-缰绳、驾驭（r-rope）

foreign-外国的（for-否，reign-统治）

sovereign君主、最高统治（over-高）

release

v.释放,解放;发表,发行（relax-放松的）

relic

n.纪念物,遗迹（lic= leave）

sergeant-警官、军士（serge=serve）

alleviate减轻（lev=light-轻）

render

v.使得,致使;提出,提供,呈报（r-返回、还给）

repent

v.后悔,悔悟（pent=ped-走）

regret-后悔（gret-前进）

progress-进步（gress-前进）

reproach

v./n.责备,指责（proach=road）

approach方法、途径（proach=road）

reptile

n.爬行动物(rep=creep-爬行)

weep泪水

deep深的

peep偷窥

creep爬行

reservation

n.保留,保留意见;预定,预订（serve-保留）

reserve

n.储备(物),储藏量,储备金;缄默,谨慎

v.保留,储备;预定,预约

reservoir

n.水库,蓄水池

resist

v.抵抗,反抗;抗,忍得住,抵制（sist-站着）

resistance

n.(to)抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,阻力;电阻

resistant

a.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的

resolve

v.决心,决定;(使)分解,溶解;议决,决议

n.解决,解答;决心;决议

solve-解决（s-牙齿、刀）

resort

v.(to)求助,诉诸,凭借

n.胜地,常去之处;手段（变化自 resource资源 ）

source来源 起源

respectable

a.可敬的,高尚的(respect-尊敬)

respectful

a.充满敬意的,有礼貌的(respect-尊敬)

respective

a.各自的,各个的(respect-尊敬)

responsibility

n.责任,责任心;职责,任务 （spond=speak）

responsible

a.(for,to)应负责的,有责任的;可靠的,可信赖的;责任重大的,重要的

sponsor n.发起人（spons= spond=speak）

restore

v.恢复,使回复;修复,重建(st-站立、站起来)

restrain

v.(from)抑制,制止（re-往回，str-拉紧、扯紧）

restrict

v.限制,约束（re-往回，str-拉紧、扯紧）

revenge

n.报复,复仇

v.替?报仇 （v=war）

challenge-挑战、挑衅

fence-剑

hall-大厅

small-小的

ribbon

n.缎带,丝带,带,带状物（rib=rope）

ridge

n.岭,山脉;屋脊;鼻梁(r-直、直的)

ridiculous

a.荒谬的,可笑的（rid-笑）

ridicule嘲笑、奚落（rid-ride-骑、欺负、奚落）

irritate激怒、恼怒（rit-笑）

risible爱笑的（ris-笑）

routine

n.例行公事,常规,路线

a.常规的,例行的（rout=road）

S

approximately

ad.近似地,大约(xim=same,pro-超出)

similar相似的

assimilate同化

assault

v./n.袭击,攻击

result结果

insult侮辱、凌辱、强奸

sult=sault-跳

assault攻击、攻打

consult商讨

consultant顾问

assemble

v.集合;组装

burst爆炸（bur=burn，st=ist）

loyalty忠诚（loyal-忠诚的，ty=ity）

second第二的（sec-跟着，on=one,d=id）

r l m n sem=same

assembly

n.集合,集会,会议;装配(sem=same-同、一)

resemble相似的（sem=same-同、一）

consequence

n.结果,后果,影响;重要性（sequ=sec-跟着）

sequence次序、秩序（sequ=sec-跟着）

in consequence因此,结果

in consequence of由于...的缘故

consequently

ad.因此,所以

sec跟着 /sect切分

second第二的

section部分

sec=sequ

execute执行死刑，执行，执政（ex往外，ec=sec=sect-切分，切掉 ，ute-后缀）

counsel

v./n.劝告,忠告（整词变化自“consult”）

result结果

consult商讨

consultant顾问

counsel忠告、劝告

council理事会、委员会

the U.N. Security Council 联合国安理会

episode

n.片断,插曲 （epi-在中间，s-song）

epidemic传染的（epi-在中间，dem-人民）

upon～epi

essential

a.(to)本质的,基本的,必要的,必不可少的; ( sent=sense)

execute

v.实施,执行,执行死刑（ex往外， ec=sec=sect-切分，切掉 ，ute-后缀）

executive

n.总经理,董事,行政负责人

a.执行的,实施的

expire

v.期满,(期限)终止;呼气;断气,死亡（pire=spire-呼吸）

scatter

v.散开,驱散;散布,散播（scat-切开）

bat梆子（b-棒子）

cat抓（c-抓）

lat拉扯（l-拉扯）

automatic自动的（m-move）

scheme

n.计划,方案;安排

v.计划,策划;阴谋(sch=sc-切割、划分)

scope

n.(活动)范围;机会,余地（sc-看）

scorn

v./n.轻蔑,藐视（sc-看） （联想：s-死，corn-玉米）

seam

n.缝,接缝（s-象形）

beam梁, 桁条, (光线的)束,横梁（b-棒子）

stream小溪

scream尖叫（s-尖，cr-叫）

seize

v.抓住,逮住;（s-牙齿，咬住）（联想：se-色狼，抓色狼）

seminar

n.(大学的)研究班,研讨会

semester

n.学期(se=six,mest=month)

shave

v.剃,刮,刨,削

n.刮脸(sh=s-刀、切)

simultaneous

a.同时的,同时存在的（sim=same,tane=time）

siren

n.警报声,警报器

skeleton

n.骨骼;骨架,框架;梗概,提要

skull头脑、头骨、头盖骨(sk-sky)

pull-pel-propeller推进器

consult-counsel商讨、劝告、忠告

skull-skel-skeleton骨骼、骨架

sleeve

n.袖子(谐音——死力舞)

silk-丝——sl-瘦、滑

born-br-breed繁殖

call-cl-claim喊

slender

a.修长的,细长的,苗条的;微小的,微薄的（sl-瘦、滑，联想：lend-借）

slice

n.薄片,切片;（sl-瘦、滑，联想：ice-冰）

slim

a.苗条的

slogan

n.标语,口号（log-说）

slit

n.细长裂缝,狭长切口（sl-瘦长、滑，联想“lit-裂它”）

slope

n.斜坡,斜面;倾斜,斜度

v.(使)倾斜（slip滑）

slum

n.[pl.]贫民窟,贫民区,陋巷（slave奴隶）

smuggle

v.走私;偷运

naked裸体的

fake伪造；赝品

snake蛇

sn-大口，鼻子

snack

n.快餐（sn-大口）

snatch

n./v.攫取,抢夺（sn-大口，虎口）

sneak

a.鬼鬼祟祟的

sn-sm-鬼鬼祟祟，偷

smuggle

v.走私;偷运(辅助联想：什么狗)

snobbish

a.势利的（snob=snoopy-狗）

solemn

a.庄严的,隆重的;严肃的（联想：索罗门）

specimen

n.标本,样本（spec=spect-看，imen-后缀，联想：men-男人）

spectacle

n.[pl.]眼镜;场面,景象;奇观,壮观

spectacular

a.壮观的,引人注目的

n.壮观的演出

speculate

v.(about,on)推测,推断;投机（spec-看）（联想：late-迟到）

spin

v.旋转;纺纱

n.旋转;自转（象声词）

sphere 球（象声词） hemisphere 半球 （ hemi =half）

stere立体的

spirit

n.精神;气概,志气;[pl.]情绪,心情;[pl.]酒精,烈酒

inspire吸气（spire-气）

expire呼气、断气（pire=spire）

speak说

spit吐

spill喷、溅

spiritual

a.精神(上)的,心灵的

splendid

a.壮丽的,辉煌的;灿烂的（spl=spr=spire-气、喷）

spring喷泉 sprinkle洒、喷、淋

spire——spr-spl

tend延伸（t-to）

splend辉煌（spl=spr-喷）

spoil

v.损坏,搞错;宠坏,溺爱

spontaneous

a.自发的,自然产生的

sponsor发起人（spons=speak）

respond回应（spond=spons=speak）

spur

n.靴刺,马刺;刺激,刺激物

v.刺激,激励

spear矛（spur=spear）

blear模糊的（b+clear=blear）

blur弄脏、污点

statistical 统计的,统计学的（state统计 statist统计学家）

state国家、州

statistics n.统计(学)

store

n.商店,店铺;贮藏,贮备品

v.贮藏,贮备(st=停留)

storage

n.贮藏(量),保管;库房

strain

n.过多的疲劳,紧张;张力,应变

v.扭伤,拉伤;拉紧,扯紧;紧张,尽力（str-拉扯、拉紧/grain农作物/main主要的） strap

n.带,皮带

v.捆扎（str-拉扯）

stretch

v.拉长,伸,延

n.一段时间,一段路程;拉长,延伸（str-拉伸）

stride

v.大步走(过),迈进,跨过

n.迈步,阔步（str-拉紧、扯紧）

strip

v.剥,剥去

n.窄条,条纹（str-拉扯）

strategy

n.战略,策略（str-立体的、空间的）

stere立体的——structure结构- construction建设、建造

sphere球体、地球

stubborn

a.顽固的,倔强的;难对付的,难以克服的（stub=stop-停止的、不走的）

obstinate倔强的，顽固的（st-站着）

stumble

v./n.跌,绊（st-站）

subsequent

a.随后的,后来的（sequ=sec-跟着）

suicide

n.自杀;自取灭亡（sui=self,cide=cut）

surrender

v.投降,交出,放弃(render-交出、给回)

suspicion

n.猜疑,怀疑

suspicious

a.(of)可疑的,多疑的,疑心的

suspect怀疑（inspect检查、视察 prospect前景、远景）

sustain

v.支撑,撑住;维持,持续,经受,忍耐（su-sub，stain-站着）

symposium

n.论坛,讨论会,专题报告会;专题论文集（pos-pot-坛子、罐子）

symptom

n.症状;征候,征兆（sym-seem，pt-pet-追求、要，om-后缀）

synchronize/synchronise

v.使同步（syn-sym，chron-时间）

chronic慢性的，积习难改的（chron-时间）

clock=chron

syndrome

v.综合症(drome=drive-驱动、发作)

synthesis

n.综合,合成（thesis-理论、论题）

synthetic

a.合成的,人造的;综合的

T

contempt

n.轻蔑,藐视（con-加强语气，tempt=damn-骂、看不起）

damn责骂、大骂

tempt诱惑

attempt企图、尝试

tactics

n.策略,战术

tact敏感、智慧（tact=touch）

contact接触、联系

touch接触、碰

tame

a.驯服的,温顺的;

v.驯服,制服

lame跛子

blame谴责（speak evil of）

same

name

tease

v.戏弄,取笑;挑逗,撩拨

n.(爱)戏弄他人者;戏弄,挑逗（t-说）

cease彻底终结

easy 容易

ease 容易

lease 租借、租约

请 情 山青

ease=ise

disease疾病

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