201考研英语试题及答案

范文一：201考研英语试题及答案

2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题

National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS

Candidates (NETEM)

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on

ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several

instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.

Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to the code of

conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary.

This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____ between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law____ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions ____ they would be free to ____those in power and have no need to_____ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _____. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ______like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _____is inescapably political — which

is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust.

The justices must _____doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _____to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing as

law.

1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D recognize

2 A when B best C before D unless

3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated

4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted

5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded

6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone

7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies

8. A evade B raise C deny D settle

9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict

10. A by B as C through D towards

11. A so B since C provided D though

12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace

13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer

14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied

15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience

16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls

17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted

18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore

19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable

20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark

your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)

Text 1

Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals

improve their lives and possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among

their peers.

The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at

applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces

lasting changes is limited and mixed.

There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social

cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as

[A] a supplement to the social cure

[B] a stimulus to group dynamics

[C] an obstacle to school progress

[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors

22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should

[A] recruit professional advertisers

[B] learn from advertisers’ experience

[C] stay away from commercial advertisers

[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements

23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to

[A] adequately probe social and biological factors

[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

[C] illustrate the functions of state funding

[D]produce a long-lasting social effect

24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors

[A] is harmful to our networks of friends

[B] will mislead behavioral studies

[C] occurs without our realizing it

[D] can produce negative health habits

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is

[A] harmful

[B] desirable

[C] profound

[D] questionable

TEXT2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.

Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.

26 By saying "it is ... The rainbow"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink _______.

A should not be the sole representation of girlhood

B should not be associated with girls' innocence

C cannot explain girls' lack of imagination

D cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?

A Colors are encoded in girls' DNA

B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls

C Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders

D White is preferred by babies

28 The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by ________.

[A] the marketing of products for children

[B] the observation of children's nature

[C] researches into children's behavior

[D] studies of childhood consumption

29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________.

A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothes

B attach equal importance to different genders

C classify consumers into smaller groups

D create some common shoppers' terms

30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____.

A clearly explained by their inborn tendency

B fully understood by clothing manufacturers

C mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen

D well interpreted by psychological experts Text 3

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for

misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes

the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always

be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for

truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete

each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖

31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its

[A] uncertainty and complexity.

[B] misconception and deceptiveness.

[C] logicality and objectivity.

[D] systematicness and regularity.

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires

[A] strict inspection.

[B]shared efforts.

[C] individual wisdom.

[D]persistent innovation.

33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it

[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.

[B]has been examined by the scientific community.

[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.

[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.

34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that

[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.

[B]discoveries today inspire future research.

[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.

[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.

35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?

[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.

[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.

[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.

[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are

unionized.

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade

unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on

schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the

pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting

good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many

within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a

much bigger problem for America.

36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that

[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.

[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.

[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.

[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.

37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.

[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is

[A] illegally secured.

[B] indirectly augmented.

[C] excessively increased.

[D]fairly adjusted.

39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions

[A]often run against the current political system.

[B]can change people’s political attitudes.

[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

[D]are dominant in the government.

40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolerance.

[D]indifference.

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of

the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre,

paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture

machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload

are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture

- and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining

content to just consume. (44)

Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn

the power off after he has turned it on.

(45)

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations

and experiences to which others adhere.

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to

strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to

embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can

only begin to imagine.

[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced

by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.

[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful

downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

范文二：2016年考研英语试题及答案word版

2016年究生入考试英试试试试及答案研学真

Section I Use of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only hisparentsand his friend,_____(1)those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker A young man can_____(2)a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to _____(3)the marriage negotiation, or the young man's parents may make the choice ofa spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection._____(4). a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen._____(5)a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is carrying____(6)a good family.　　The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days,_____(7)by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half, Buddhist parents offer a short sermon and _____(8)prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting._____(9)cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and_____(10)a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the_____(11). Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may_____(12)with them up to a year,_____(13)they can build a new house nearby.　　Divorce is legal and easy to_____(14), but not common Divorced persons are_____(15)with some disapproval. Each spouse retains_____(16)property he or she _____(17)into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is_____(18)equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice_____(19)up: The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry_____(20)the woman must wait ten months.　　1.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.by way of

　　B.with regard to

　　C.on behalf of

　　D.as well as

　　【答案】D

　　2.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.decide on

　　B.provide for

　　C.compete with

　　D.adapt to

　　【答案】A

　　3.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.close

　　B.arrange

　　C.renew

　　D.postpose

　　【答案】B

　4.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.In theory

B.Above all　　C.In time　　D.For example

　　【答案】A

　　5.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.Unless　　B.Lest

　　C.After

　　D.Although　　【答案】C

　6.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.into

　　B.within　　C.from

　　D.through　　【答案】A

　　7.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.or

　　B.since

　　C.but

　　D.so

　　【答案】C

　　8.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.test

　　B.copy

　　C.recite　　D.create　　【答案】C

　9.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.folding　　B.piling　　C.wrapping　　D.tying

　　【答案】D

　10.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.passing　　B.lighting　　C.hiding　　D.serving　　【答案】B

　11.【试干】_____

【试试】

　　A.association　　B.meeting　　C.collection　　D.union

　　【答案】D

　12.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.deal

　　B.part

　　C.grow

　　D.live

　　【答案】D

　　13.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.whereas　　B.until

　　C.if

　　D.for

　　【答案】B

　14.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.obtain

　　B.follow

　　C.challenge　　D.avoid

　　【答案】A

　　15.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.isolated　　B.persuaded　　C.viewed

　　D.exposed　　【答案】C

　16.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.whatever　　B.however　　C.whenever　　D.wherever　　【答案】A

　　17.【试干】_____　　【试试】

　　A.changed　　B.brought　　C.shaped

　　D.pushed

【答案】B

　　　　18.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.withdrawn

　　B.invested

　　C.donated

　　D.divided

　　【答案】D

　　19.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.breaks

　　B.warms

　　C.shows

　　D.clears

　　【答案】C

　　　20.【试干】_____

　　【试试】

　　A.so that

　　B.while

　　C.once

　　D.in that

　　【答案】B

Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that "incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.

　　Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.　　The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women(and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

　　The French measures, however, rely too much on severs punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.

　　The fashion industry knows ti has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

　　In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish

Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: "We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people." The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.

　　Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

　　21.【干】题题题According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?

　　【】题题题

　　A.Physical beauty would be redefined.

　　B.New runways would be constructed.

　　C.Websites about dieting would thrive.

　　D.The fashion industry would decline.

　　【答案】A

　　　22.【干】题题题The phrase "impinging on" (Line 2, Para 2) is closest in meaning to　　【】题题题

　　A.heightening the value of.

　　B.indicating the state of.

　　C.losing faith in.

　　D.doing harm to.

　　【答案】D

　　23.【干】题题题Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?

　　【】题题题

　　A.The French measures have already failed.

　　B.New standards are being set in Denmark.

　　C.Model are no longer under peer pressure.

　　D.Its inherent problems are getting worse.

　　【答案】B

　　24.【干】题题题A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

　　【】题题题

　　A.setting a high age threshold for models.

　　B.caring too much about models' character.

　　C.showing little concern for health factors.

　　D.pursuing perfect physical conditions.

　　【答案】C

　　25.【干】题题题Which of the following may be the best title of the text?

　　【】题题题

　　A.The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

　　B.Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty

　　C.A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France

　　D.A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals

　　【答案】D

　　Text 2

　　For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) ad what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.

　　A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever." It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air." Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.　　At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning

where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.　　The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

　　The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?　　Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.　　26.【干】题题题Britain's public sentiment about the countryside

　　【】题题题

　　A.didn't start till the Shakespearean age.

　　B.has brought much benefit to the NHS.

　　C.is fully backed by the royal family.

　　D.is not well reflected in politics.

　　【答案】D

　　27.【干】题题题According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being　　【】题题题

　　A.gradually destroyed.

　　B.effectively reinforced.

　　C.largely overshadowed.

　　D.properly protected.

　　【答案】A

　　28.【干】题题题Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

　　【】题题题

　　A.Labour is under attack for opposing development.

　　B.The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building.

　　C.The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

　　D.Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

　　【答案】C

　　29.【干】题题题The author holds that George Osborne's preference_____

　　【】题题题

　　A.highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

　　B.shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

　　C.stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.

　　D.reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

　　【答案】A

　　30.【干】题题题In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of_____

　　【】题题题

　　A.the size of population in Britain.

　　B.the political life in today's Britain.

　　C.the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

　　D.the town-and-country planning in Britain.

　　【答案】D

　Text 3

　　"There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses," wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Firedman's premise and regard corporate social

responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

　　The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect," whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

　　Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

　　The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.　　In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials," says one researcher.

　　Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

　　31.【干】题题题The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with_____.

　　【】题题题

　　A.tolerance

　　B.skepticism

　　C.uncertainty

　　D.approval

　　【答案】C

　　32.【干】题题题According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by_____.

　　【】题题题

　　A.winning trust from consumers

　　B.guarding it against malpractices

　　C.protecting it from being defamed

　　D.raising the quality of its products

　　【答案】A

　　33.【干】题题题The expression "more lenient"(Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to_____.　　【】题题题

　　A.more effective

　　B.less controversial

　　C.less severe

　　D.more lasting

　　【答案】C

　34.【干】题题题When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record_____.

　　【】题题题

　　A.has an impact on their decision

　　B.comes across as reliable evidence

　　C.increases the chance of being penalized

　　D.constitutes part of the investigation

　　【答案】A

　　　　35.【干】题题题Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?

【】题题题

　　A.Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

　　B.The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.

　　C.Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

　　D.It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

　　【答案】D

　Text 4

　　There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.

　　Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks-isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.　　Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.

　　Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."

　　Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as a blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said. "I would raise pieces and make it into more of a legacy product."　　The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. which way be what the time is doing already .Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year-more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.

　　"It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."

　　36.【干】题题题The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to_____　　【】题题题

　　A.the high cost of operation.

　　B.the pressure from its investors.

　　C.the complaints from its readers.

　　D.the increasing online ad sales.

　　【答案】A

　37.【干】题题题Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation, the Times should_____　　【】题题题

　　A.seek new sources of readership.

　　B.end the print edition for good.

　　C.aim for efficient management.

　　D.make strategic adjustments.

　　【答案】D

　　38.【干】题题题It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5and 6 that a "legacy product"_____

　　【】题题题

　　A.helps restore the glory of former times.

　　B.is meant for the most loyal customers.

　　C.will have the cost of printing reduced.

　　D.expands the popularity of the paper.

【答案】B

　　　39.【干】题题题Peretti believes that,in a changing world,_____

　　【】题题题

　　A.legacy businesses are becoming outdated.

　　B.cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.

　　C.aggressiveness better meets challenges.

　　D.traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.

　　【答案】C

　　　　40.【干】题题题which of the following would be the best title of the text?

　　【】题题题

　　A.Shift Online Newspapers All at Once.

　　B.Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.

　　C.Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.

　　D.Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.

　　【答案】B

Part B

　　Directions:

　　Read The following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　A.Create a new image of yourself

　　B.Have confidence in yourself

　　C.Decide if the time is right

　　D.Understand the context

　　E.Work with professionals

　　F.Make it efficient

　　G.Know your goals

　　No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.

　　The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like Linked In. Chances are, Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.

　　So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:

　　41._____C_____Decide if the time is right

　　As an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK.

　　42._____G_____Know your goals

　　Get clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more"SoHo."(It's OKto use characterizations like that.)

　　43.______D_____Understand the context__

　　Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What converys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.

44._____E_____Work with professionals

　　Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.

　　45._____F_____Make it efficient___

　　The point a style upgrade isn't to become vain or to spend more time XXX over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision XXX. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes XXX once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.

　　Section III Translation

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us.(47)Our mental health doesn't really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.

　　Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem-confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.

　　(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought.(50)As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.　　46.我不必学如何保持健康的心理题题题题题题题题题题题题题题;它与生来,正如我的身体知道如俱题题题题题题题

何口痊愈,如何骨折好。题题题题题题题题题题题题题题

　　47.健康的心理其一直都在我身题题题题题题题题题;正如云背后的太阳,人有会题题题题题题题题题题题题题

看不它,但是它完全有能力立刻回来。题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题

　　48.健康的心理我在人陷入麻之,同情他人题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题;在人痛苦之,友善待人题题题题题题题题题题题;无

题题题题题题题题题题题题题是,都能予无条件的。

　　49.在我的生活中,尽管健康的心理可以包治百病,题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题

但是它也极其普通,你会,它一直都在,指引你度,做出。题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题

　　50.你会逐,健康的心理无不在,我可以信任它,题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题

题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题题会我恰到好地放慢生活的奏,上幸福的生活。

Section IV Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.　　You should write neatly on the ANSWAER SHEET.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Li Ming" instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

　　52.Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should

　　1) describe the pictures briefly,

　　2) interpret the meaning, and

　　3) give your comments.

　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

范文三：1980年考研英语试题及答案

1980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Use of Prepositions

1一、在所给的介词中选择一个适当的填入空白：（本大题共5分，每题分）（注2

意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）

to, at, instead of, from, of, with, on, among, between, because of, about, for into, with regard to, over

1. The findings are far ________ satisfactory.

2. We shall divide the work ________ us research workers.

3. The rainy season in that country varies ________ 3 - 4 months.

4. They have never heard ________ such an invention.

5. We must pay attention ________ the latest development of the

situation.

6. The newly-installed control computer will soon be put ________ use.

7. The news which I am going to tell you ________ is rather serious.

8. The engineer seemed to know what the sign stood ________.

9. The machine tool went out of control ________ mishandling.

10. Don’t be satisfied ________ what you have achieved.

Section II Verb Tenses

二、用所给动词的适当时态语态填入空白：（本大题共10分，第7题2分，其余各题均1分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）

11. Those who ’d like to visit the exhibition ________ (sign) your names

here.

12. A great number of small power stations ________ (set up) in their

county since liberation.

13. He asked me whether my brother ________ (fly) to Beijing.

14. He fell asleep immediately last night; he must ________ (be) very

tired.

15. “Have you moved into the new flat?”

“Not yet. The rooms ________ (paint).”

16. The director recommended that she ________ (study) more English

before going abroad.

17.The teacher told them since light ________ (travel) faster than sound,

lightning ________ (appear) to go before thunder.

18. How long ________ they ________ (dig) the ditch?

19. He refused to tell us whether he ________ (undertake) the job.

Section III Verb Forms

三、用所给动词的适当形式（不定式、分词、动名词）填入空白：（本大题共

115分，每题1分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分） 2

20. Matter is the name ________ (give) to everything which has weight

and occupies space.

21. I shall never forget ________ (meet) the late Premier Zhou during

his inspection of our factory.

22. I wonder if he could get it ________ (do) before tomorrow.

23. Night ________ (fall), we hurried home.

24. A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ________ (make)

to do so with the help of a reflecting device.

25. We were busy ________ (get) things ready for the trial production

when he phoned us.

26. Some molecules are large enough ________ (see) under the electronic

microscope.

27. The floor does not look so bad when ________ (sweep) clean.

28. ________ (fail) several times, they need some encouragement.

29. ________ (catch) in the rain, he was wet to the skin.

Section IV Structure and Vocabulary

四、选择填空：（本大题共15分，每题1分）在每题下面的[A], [B], [C], [D]四个答案中，将你认为最合适的答案画个“〇”。（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）

EXAMPLE:

He________ me that he decided to leave on Monday.

[A]spoke

[B]said

[C]talked

[D] told

ANSWER: [D]

30. This test ________ a number of multiple choice questions.

[A] composes of

[B] composes in

[C] consists of

[D] consists in

31. She writes as ________ as her sister.

[A] clear

[B] more clear

[C] clearly

[D] most clearly

32. I prefer this diagram ________ that one.

[A] than

[B] more than

[C] rather than

[D] to

33. I have been studying here for four years, by next summer I ________.

[A] shall graduate

[B] shall be graduated

[C] shall be graduating

[D] shall have graduated

34. Hardly had he finished his speech ________ the audience started

cheering.

[A] and

[B] when

[C] than

[D] as

35. I wish you ________ like that.

[A] don’t talk

[B] won’t talk

[C] wouldn’t talk

[D] not to talk

36. Only when you have obtained sufficient data ________ come to a sound

conclusion.

[A] can you

[B] would you

[C] you will

[D] you can

37. I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given.

[A] no possibility

[B] there was impossibility

[C] impossible

[D] it impossible

38. You ________ go now. It’s getting late.

[A] had rather

[B] would rather

[C] had better

[D] would better

39. Hot metal ________ as it grows cooler.

[A] contracts

[B] reduces

[C] condenses

[D] compresses

40. Wood does not conduct electricity; ________.

[A] so doesn’t rubber

[B] also doesn’t rubber

[C] nor does rubber

[D] nor rubber does

41. Comrade Li ________ be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a

few minutes ago.

[A] mustn’t

[B] can’t

[C] may not

[D] isn’t able to

42. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help ________ about it.

[A] but to think

[B] thinking

[C] think

[D] to think

43. The more we looked at the picture, ________.

[A] the less we liked it

[B] we like it less

[C] better we liked it

[D] it looked better

44. To succeed in a scientific research project ________.

[A] one needs to be persistent

[B] persistence is needed

[C] one needs be a persistent person

[D] persistence is what one needs

Section V Error-detection

五、认辩错误：（本大题共5分，每题1分）下面句子中有[A], [B], [C], [D]四处划线部分，在你认为是错误的一处画上“○”。（注意：各题只能填写一个

答案，多填答案不得分）

EXAMPLE: It is very kind ofyou to supply me withso many informations.

A B C D

ANSWER: [D]

45. Never before has so manypeople in our country been interested in

A B C D

athletic sports. 46. Thoseof us whowork in that chemical plant should have their lungs

A B C D

X-rayed. 47. Afterthe traffic accident he laidin bed for two weeks, waiting for

A B C his wound to heal. D

48. We advicehim to give upsmoking and doa lot of exercises. A B C D

49. The principalreason for the great numberof smoke is that there are

A B C too many factories in the city.

Section VI Chinese-English Translation

六、将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）

50. 水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。

51. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。

52. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。

53. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。

54. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。

55. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。

56. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。

Section VII English-Chinese Translation

七、将下列短文译成汉语：（本大题30分）（文科各类专业译第1段，理、工、医、农、体各类专业译第2段）

(1)

The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists.

First of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. He firmly believed as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe,” and through painstaking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible ” in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong.

Second, Einstein’s contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. Although he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led to many of the scientific advances which have shaped modern technology.

Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must have a moral and social consciousness. In this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the Communist movement.

Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a “genius ” whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand them. But he himself rejected the efforts to put him in a position far above other people. He was well known for his humble manner and often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived.

Actually, Einstein ’s theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein’s theories, his overall attitude towards science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

(2)

Between now and the end of the century, there will be many exciting developments and also many difficult problems to deal with. Perhaps the most urgent problem is to provide enough food. The world’s population is expected to reach 7,000 million by the year 2000, but already scientists have produced new and better varieties of wheat and rice and animal. They have also been experimenting with techniques of cultivating plants by using mixtures of chemical compounds and water only, and then there will be no need for ordinary soil. Another problem which the world will face is to get rid of refuse (废料). One solution is to burn refuse

at very high temperatures in incinerators (焚化炉). A development of this, which may prove very useful in the future, is to use these incinerators to generate steam power. In fact, any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum. To solve the energy problem, scientists will probably also try to make more use of solar energy.

The possible effects of some scientific fields, such as lasers and cryogenics (低温学), are difficult to imagine and both already have a number of uses. The supercooling effects of the cryogenics which convert liquid helium (液态氦) and other gases into “superfluids ” and metals into “superconductors ”, making them non-resistant to electricity, could change the world in a number of ways. The laser, with its beam of strong light, can drill a hole in a diamond, and yet can be so well controlled that it can be used in delicate eye operations. The question is whether it will be most used for peaceful purposes or as a deadly weapon.

But perhaps the most remarkable developments will occur in space flight. One of the difficulties in the past has been the high cost, but now the space shuttle is being developed, and can be used a large number of times instead of only once. Already man has been to the moon. Perhaps by the end of the century he will have had a close-up view of Venus (金星) or Mars (火星).

1980年考研英语真题答案

Section I:Use of Prepositions (5 points)

Section II: Verb Tenses (10 points)

Section III: Verb Forms (15 points)

Section IV: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)

Section V: Error-detection (5 points)

Section VI:Chinese-English Translation (20 points)

50. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.

51. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march

forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.

52. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).

53. The result is much (far) better than we expected.

54. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the

recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).

55. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and

technology.

56. It is impossible to accomplish (carry out, fulfill, materialize) the

socialist modernization of our country (our socialist modernization) without the leadership of the Party.

Section VII: English-Chinese Translation (30 points)

(1)

阿伯特·爱因斯坦的一生在许多方面，无论是对自然科学家，还是政治科学家，都是一个范例。

首先，他总是运用从事实中寻求真理的地。正如他所说的，他坚信“关于宇宙没有东西是不可知的，”并经过艰苦的劳动，了许多在他那个时代被认为是“不可知”的种种现象。而且，当事实证明他的理论是错误的时候，爱因斯坦也从不害怕承认错误。

其次，爱因斯坦的贡献说明理论工作对科学成就的巨大的重要性。虽然他自己很少在实验室工作，他所发展的各种概念使科学取得了许多进展，从而形成了现代技术。

第三，爱因斯坦深信科学家必须具有道德和社会意识。这样，他鼓舞了整个一代的科学家，使他们积极参加共产主义运动。

爱因斯坦在资产阶级的笔下被描绘为一个“天才”，他的理论是如此地难于理解，以致只有少数最杰出的科学家才能懂得。但是，他本人不同意别人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法。他的谦逊态度是众所周知的，他常常对来访者强调说，如果没有他的话，别人也肯定能够取得他那样的成就。

事实上，爱因斯坦的相对论以及他的其他科学论著稍加研究是不难懂得的。但是除了学习爱因斯坦的理论外，他对于利用科学作为一种工具来解放人类的总的态度是每个人能够学习的，而且也是应该学习的。

(2)

从现在到本世纪末，将有许多令人兴奋的发展，同样也有许多困难的问题，需要加以处理。也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的粮食。到2000年世界人口预期将达到70亿，但是科学家们已经培育出各种小麦、稻谷和牲畜的优良品种。他们还在实验只用化合物和水的混合剂来培植作物的技术，到那里就可不需一般的土壤了。世界将面对着的另一问题是处理废物。有一个解决办法就是在焚化炉中用高温的废物烧掉。这种方法的一个新发展，可能在将来证明极为有用，即是以这些焚火炉来产生蒸汽动力。事实是，任何新的能源都将是非常受欢迎的，因为石油已感不足。要解决能源问题，科学家们也许会高潮更多地利用太阳能。

诸如激光学和低温学，某些科学领域的可能作用是难以想象的，它们两者

考研英语

已经有若干用途。低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成“超流体”，将某些金属变成“超导体”，使它们没有电阻，从而可以在好些方面改变世界面貌。激光，以它强烈的光束，可在金刚石上钻孔，也可以很好地加以控制来进行难做的眼科手术。问题是它将被大量用于和平的目的呢，还是用途致使的武器。

但最惊人的发展也许将出现在宇宙飞行方面。过去的困难之一在于代价太高。但现在航天飞机正在发展，这种航天飞机可以使用多次而不是仅仅一次而已。人类已经到过月球。也许到本世纪末人类对金星或火星等将有一个精细的观察。

第 11 页共 11 页

范文四：2001年考研英语试题及答案

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Structure and Vocabulary

Part A

Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)

Example:

I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.

[A] from

[B] after

[C] for

[D] since

The sentence should read, “ I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].

Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [■ ]

1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.

[A] bury

[B] am burying

[C] buried

[D] would bury

2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

[A] to announce

[B] announced

[C] announcing

[D] was announced

3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself

范文五：2002年考研英语试题及答案

Text 2

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics -- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy -- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can?t yet give a robot enough ?common sense? to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the hum an brain?s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented -- and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can?t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don?t know quite how we do it.

46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.

[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction

[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry

[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work

[D] the elite?s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

47. The word “gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means ________. [A] programs

[B] experts

[C] devices

[D] creatures

48. According to the text, what is beyond man?s ability now is to design a robot that can ________.

[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery

[B] interact with human beings verbally

[C] have a little common sense

[D] respond independently to a changing world

49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.

[A] make a few decisions for themselves

[B] deal with some errors with human intervention

[C] improve factory environments

[D] cultivate human creativity

50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________. [A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure

[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately

[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information

[D] best used in a controlled environment

Text 3

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account

for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies -- to which heavy industry has shifted -- have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’ s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.

51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.

[A] global inflation

[B] reduction in supply

[C] fast growth in economy

[D] Iraq?s suspension of exports

52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.

[A] price of crude rises

[B] commodity prices rise

[C] consumption rises

[D] oil taxes rise

53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________. [A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive

[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices

[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed

[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP

54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.

[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now

[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks

[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices

[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry

55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.

[A] optimistic

[B] sensitive

[C] gloomy

[D] scared

Text 4

The Supreme Court?s decisions on physician -assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients? pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It?s like surgery,” he says. “We don?t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn?t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you?re a physician, you can risk your patient?s suicide as long as you don?t intend their suicide.”

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

Just three weeks before the Court?s ruling on physician -assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life . It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that m ay prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear… that painful deaths are presumptively on es that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”

56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.

[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients? pain

[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients? death.

[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. [C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

[D] A doctor?s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

58. According to the NAS?s report, one of the problems in end -of-life care is ________.

[A] prolonged medical procedures

[B] inadequate treatment of pain

[C] systematic drug abuse

[D] insufficient hospital care

59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (Line 3, Paragraph 7)?

[A] Bold

[B] Harmful

[C] Careless

[D] Desperate

60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.

[A] manage their patients incompetently

[B] give patients more medicine than needed

[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients

[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61)

Physics and biology once followed similar does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64)

to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65)

Section IV Writing

66. Directions:

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures --

National and International”.

In the essay you should

1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and

2) give your comment on the phenomenon.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20

points)

An American girl in traditional Chinese costume (服装

)

2002年考研英语真题答案

Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)

Part A (5 points)

Part B (5 points)

6. cameramen/camera men

7. a personal visit

8. depressed

9. among advertisements

10. take firm action

Part C (10 points)

Section II: Use of English (10 points)

Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)

Part A (40 points)

Part B (10 points)

61. 难题在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

62. 行为科学之所以发展缓慢, 部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

63. 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明, 而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

64. 自由和尊严 (它们 ) 是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

65. (如果 ) 这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

Section IV: Writing (20 points)

66. 参考范文

Cultures -- national and international

As is shown in the picture, a young American girl is wearing traditional Chinese dress and ornaments and is smiling sweetly. It may be an ordinary picture, but it conveys deep and profound meaning: national culture is also international culture. Ever since we opened our door to the world, we have attracted and influenced by things from other cultures, such as jeans, country music and fast food. We have shown such interest in them that some people, especially the younger generation, become crazy about them. The more exotic they are, the more fashionable they seem to be. Now, national culture begun to show its charm and gain popularity all over the world. Our national costume, just as shown in the picture, Beijing Opera, Cross Talk, for example, have won favor with a lot of foreigners.

As national culture becomes international culture, people in the world better understand each other. We are all villagers in this global village. Mutual respect and understanding make this world a better place to live in.

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