為嚻
范文一：注意这些句子中的并列连词
注意这些句子中的并列连词
有这样一道题,该选哪个答案?注意与句中的并连词有关:
They weren’t a particularly good team, but they refused to give in and _________defeat. A. accept B. accepted C. accepting D. to have accepted
容易误选? B , 误认为? accepted 与 谓语? refused 并 列。其实,最佳答案为? A , 动词? accept 与 give 并列。请看类例:
(1)Mother told Jim to watch the milk until it boiled and then _________off the gas.
A. turn B . turning C . turned D . having turned
答案为? A , t urn off the gas 与 watch the milk until it boiled 并 列。
(2)H e just does what he pleases and never _________about anyone else.
A. think B . thinks C . thinking D . thought
答案选? B , t hinks 与 前面的? does 为 并列谓语,同用? 一 般现在时? 。
(3)I don’t know whether to stay in teaching or _________a nother job.
A. trying getting B . to try to get C . trying to get D . try get
答案选? B , t o stay in teaching 与 t o try to get another job 为 两个并列的选择成分,故同用不定式。 另外比较:? t ry to do sth=设 法做某事,? t ry doing sth=做 某事看看有何效果。
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范文二：并列连词的用法
并列连词的用法
as well as 用法
as well as 是英语中常用的连接词，学生在使用时常常会出现错误，本文将其用法作以下简要归纳和说明。
1. as well as 可连接并列的单词或短语。
It is unpleasant in summer as well as in winter. 夏天不好过，冬天也不好过。
The child is lively as well as healthy. 这孩子既健康又活泼。
2. as well as 连接两个谓语动词时，它们的时态应保持一致。：
He publishes as well as prints his own books. 他的书是他自己印刷出版的。
We are repairing the roof as well as painting the walls. 我们在粉刷墙壁同时也在修理屋顶。
as well as 与动词连用时，其后可用V-ing形式，尤其as well as 位于句首时，此时相当于in addition to。
As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。
3. 如果as well as 前面是动词不定式，那么其后的动词也是不定式，但to要省略。例如： You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.
你不可能叫她既照顾孩子又做家务。
4. 由as well as 连接的复合主语并不影响谓语动词的数。例如：
Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance. 海伦和我一样急于要看演出。
I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助你。
either
1.either用作代词，意为“（两者之中）任一、任何一个”。在句中可作主语（此时句中谓语动词用单数）、宾语、表语和定语（作定语时，有的词典把它称为形容词；either作定语时，只能修饰单数名词。） Either (of the books) is popular with the students. 两本书）随便哪一本都受到同学们的欢迎。（主语） I have bought two cakes;you may have either. 我买了两块蛋糕;你要哪块都行。（宾语） The books were either works on travel or detective novels. 这些书要么是旅游方面的书，要么是侦探小说。（表语） You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。（定语）
2. either用作副词，用于否定句作“也”解释，通常置于句末。如：
I don”t like the red shirt and I don”t like the green one either. 我不喜欢这件红衬衫，也不喜欢这件绿衬衫。 As for me, I shall not return there either. 如果是我，我也不会回到那儿的。
either还可用来强调含否定意义的短语。如：
I know a good ltalian restaurant. It”s not far from here either. 我知道一家意大利餐馆，离这儿并不远。
3. either可以构成短语，either…or…，意为 “要么…要么…”、“不是…就是…”，在句中连接两个并列成分。
Either you or Tom has done it.（连接并列主语） 不是你就是汤姆做了这件事。
You may either stay at home or go there with us.（连接并列谓语）你既可以待在家里也可以和我们一道去。 He must be either mad or drunk. 他不是疯了就是醉了。（连接并列表语）
You can go swimming or play tennis. 你可以去游泳也可以去打网球。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。
Are either you or I wrong? 是你错了还是我错了?
I want to visit either Paris or London. 我想去巴黎或伦敦游览一下。 （连接并列宾语）
Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well. 不是他没讲清楚，就是我没听明白。 （连接句子）
【注】通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分，但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致：
You can either have tea or coffee. 你喝茶也行，喝咖啡也行。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错，就是我错。
4. either的反义词为neither“（两者）都不”，either…or…的反义词组为neither…nor…“既不……也不……”。
You can drop either of the two courses. 你可以放弃这两门课程中的任何一门。
You can drop neither of the two courses. 这两门课程中的任何一门都不能放弃。
Either you or he has made the mistake. 不是你就是他犯了这个错误。
Neither you nor he has made the mistake. 犯错误的既不是你也不是他。
either…or…表示两种可能性中任选一种，其后面必须连接两个相同的句子成份。例如： The sentence can be either true or false.句子要么是对的要么是错的。
You can either come with me or walk home. 你要么跟我一块去，要么走回家去。
Either mum or I cook supper.要么我母亲要么我做晚饭。
neither…nor…连接两个相同的句子成分，表示否定的意思。动词的单复数形式与nor后的单词主谓语相一致。
Neither Li Lei nor Wang Hai was there.李雷和王海都不在那里。
I neither watch TV nor listen to the radio.我既不看电视也不听收音机
both…and…的用法
用于连接两个表示并列关系的名词或代词。如：
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish. 这位秘书不但能讲而且能写西班牙语。
You’ve given both your uncle and myself a lot of trouble. 你给了你姑父和我很多麻烦。
The food was both bad and insufficient. 食物既坏又不够吃。
She was ashamed, both for herself and for Diana. 她感到羞愧，既为自己也为戴安娜。
I did all this both for you and for myself. 我做这一切是为了你，也为我自己。
He both speaks and writes Spanish. 他既会说也会写西班牙语。
Tonight they will both sing and dance. 今晚他们将又唱歌又跳舞。
说明：作为关联并列连词，它通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分，但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。另外，若连接两个成分作主语，谓语总是用复数。如：
Both she and I are good at English. 她和我都擅长英语(
Both teaching and research work are making great strides. 教学与科研都在大踏步前进。
Both she and Sophia were pleased with the girl. 她和索菲娅都喜欢这个姑娘
rather than的用法
rather than 可作连词词组使用，连接两个并列成分，表示在两者中间进行选择，意为“是 A 而不是 B ”、“要 A 不要 B ”、“宁愿 A 而不愿 B ”等，后面可以接名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和动词不定式等。
1.名词。
He is a writer rather than a teacher. 与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。
John，rather than his roommates，is to blame. 要受责备的是约翰，而不是他的室友们。 The job will take months rather than weeks.完成这项工作需要几个月，而不是几个星期。
2.代词。
You，rather than she，are my guest.你是我的客人，而不是她。
We are to blame rather than they.该受责备的是我们，而不是他们。
3.形容词。
The colour seems green rather than blue.这颜色似乎是绿的，而不是蓝的。
It was made shorter rather than longer.它被缩短了，而不是加长了。
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty. 这些鞋子与其说漂亮，不如说舒服。
4.副词。
The ship sank quickly rather than slowly.船沉得很快，而不是很慢。
He usually gets up early rather than late.他经常起得早，而不是起得晚。
5.动词。
She left rather than stayed at home.她不是呆在家里，而是走了。
Rather than cause trouble，he went away.他宁可走开而不愿惹麻烦。
Rather than have the radio repaired，he’d like to buy a new one.与其修理那部收音机，他想还不如买一部新的。
6.介词短语。
I’d prefer to read in the library rather than at home.我宁愿在图书馆看书，也不愿在家里看书。 I’d prefer to do it in this way rather than in that way.我喜欢这样做，而不愿意那样做。
He went to the park in the evening rather than in the morning.他喜欢晚上去公园，而不喜欢早上去。
7.动词的－ ing 形式。
She likes dancing rather than singing.她喜欢跳舞，而不喜欢唱歌。
It is snowing rather than raining outside.外面在下雪，而不是在下雨。
She is laughing rather than crying.她是在笑，而不是在哭。
8.过去分词。
He had the house rebuilt rather than repaired.他宁愿重建房子，而不愿修缮。
9.句子。
We should help him rather than he should help us.我们应该帮助他，而不是他应该帮助我们。 It was what he meant rather than what he said.那是指他话中的意思，而不是他所说的话。
范文三：并列连词的用法
并列连词的用法
并列连词可表示多种意义，但主要有四种，即表示并列、转折、选择、因果等。注意并列连词在句子中位置比较固定，定位于所连接的语言单位之间，两个并列连词不能并用,而可以与从属连词并用。
1、表示并列关系的并列连词
（1）并列连词and的用法
① 可以连接两个的词，多用于肯定句中。
Go and fetch something to eat.（连接两个动词如go, come等表示目的）去取些吃的东西来。
He started to shout and sing.他开始大叫并唱歌。
Read it slowly and clearly.慢慢念，念清楚。
The balloon flew higher and higher.气球越飞越高。
You can meet teachers and students.你会见到许多老师和学生。
Proper diet and exercise are important to health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康很重要。
②连接两个句子，表示因果、对比、条件、假设、目的等。
They didn't catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night.他们没赶上汽车，只好在旅馆过夜。（因果）
Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports.玛丽喜欢音乐，莉莉爱好体育运动。（对比）
Work hard and you will succeed.（条件，前面部分常为祈使句）如果你努力工作，就会成功。
One more week and we’ll accomplish the task.再一星期，我们就完成任务。（条件）
（2）并列连词both…and, not only…but also, as well as的用法
①both…and意为：“不但…而且…； 既…又…”，是并列连词，可以并列主语、宾语、表语、状语、谓语等成分。并列主语时谓语动词用复数形式。
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish.这位秘书不但能讲而且能写西班牙语。
Both teaching and research work are making great strides.教学与科研都在大踏步前进。
The delegates visited both New York and Boston.代表们既访问了纽约，又访问了波士顿。
She both plays the piano and sings.她既会弹钢琴又会唱歌。
Both she and the headmaster were pleased with the boy.她和校长都喜欢这个男孩。
The situation both at home and abroad is in our favor.国内外形势对我们都很有利。
②not only…but also意为：“不但...而且”，是并列连词，可以连接两个词，也可连接两个句子。其中，but also中的also可以省略。
a.连接两个成分
not only…but also可以连接句中所有的成分，连接并列主语时，其谓语动词根据就近原则，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。
Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生们津津有味地看着这部电影，而且他们的老师也是如此。
He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但会讲法而且会讲英语。
He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影
片，而且记得影片的内容。
b.并列两个句子
not only…but also可以连接两个句子，not only位于句首时， not only后的句子要倒装。
Not only is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位科学家而且还是名战士。
Not only was evrything he had taken away, but his citizenship.不仅他的一切被拿走，而且他的国籍也被取消。
③as well as 其连词作用，表示“同、和、也”等。
The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime.编辑和校对者都在加班工作。
I have read his novels as well as his plays.我读过他的小说和剧本。
④when并列连词，意为“就在那时”
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我刚想走，突然电话铃响了。
We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.我们在户外一直玩到太阳下山, 那时天下起雨来了。
2、表示转折关系的并列连词
这类连词连接两个含义不同的甚至是反义的词、短语或分句。常见的还有yet(然而)，while(而)，however(可是)等。其中while与but的区别在于:while表示对比，而but表示意义正好相反。
Learning the guitar isn't difficult ,but you have to practice.学弹吉它并不难，但你得练习。
The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run. 改造城市需要花费很多的钱，但从长远来看还是省钱。
Excuse me for breaking in, but I have some news for you.请原谅我冒然闯入，但我有消息告诉你。
In some Asian countries , nodding the head means not “Yes”but “No”. 有些亚洲国家，点头并不表示“是”而是表示“不”。
He was in deep trouble , yet he didn't lose heart.他深陷困境，然而他没有丧失信心。
Rick was very successful. However, the last few years of his life were not happy ones.瑞克非常成功，然而他的晚年并不幸福。
You like sports, while I'd rather read.你喜欢体育而我却喜欢读书。
They were surprised that a child should work out the problem,while they themselves couldn't.他们很吃惊一个孩子能把这个题解出来而他们却不能。
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact I was talking about my daughter. 她认为我是在谈论她的女儿，而事实上我在谈论我女儿。
注意：not…but在连接主语时，谓语动词要按就近原则，与靠近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
Not the manager but the workers are hoping to do that.不是经理而是工人们希望那么做。
Not you but I am a teacher.不是你而是我是老师。
3、表示选择关系的并列连词
此类并列连词主要有or, or else, either…or, otherwise，neither…nor, not nor等。
（1）or的用法
① 可以连接两个的词，多用于否定或者疑问句中。主语的人称、数不一致时, 动词随着接近的主语而变化。
John or you are in Class Two.约翰或者你在二班
。
He never smokes or drinks.他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。
Will you have tea or coffee? 你喝茶还是喝咖啡？
Are you leavening for Beijing by train or by plane?你是坐火车还是坐飞机去北京？
She will be back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天回来，就是明天回来。
② 连接两个句子，常和else连用。
Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?你愿意先喝咖啡还是我们谈正事。
Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. 穿上你的大衣，不然你会着凉。
He must pay the debt or else go to prison."他必须还债,否则就得去坐牢。"
Hurry up, or/or else we'll be late for the meeting.赶快，否则我们开会要迟到的。
注意：or, or else, otherwise三者相比，or else语气较or强，而otherwise语气则最强。
Make haste, or (else) you'll be late.快点, 要不然就来不及了。
Let's begin, otherwise, we will fall behind.我们这就开始吧，不然会落后的。
I would like you to change this blouse, or else give me my money back.我想要你换掉这件衬衣，要不把钱退给我。
or和and与否定词连用之谜
先做下面三道题:用or或and填空，要求构成完全否定。
l.Tom______Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_______correctly,either.
汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语，日语也讲得不清楚，不正确。
2.The clock has no eyes____ears.And it has no mouth____ no legs,either. 时钟没有眼晴和耳朵，也没有嘴和腿。
3.Man can’t live without air______water.That’s to say,man will die without air_______water. 没有空气和水，人就不生活，也就是说，没有空气和水，人就会死。
说明:在否定句中，并列成分的列举通常用or连接构成完全否定，用and连接构成部分否定。但在中学英语课本中，否定词与and连用，有以下几种情况，仍构成完全否定:
1.列举成分是主语，又在否定词之前，用and连接，而在否定词之后的列举成分用or构成完全否定，所以句1的答案是and，or。
2.列举成分之前都有否定词时，用and连接，否则用or连接，也都构成完全否定，所以句2的答案是or，and。
3.在否定句中，without之后若有列举成分用and连接，构成完全否定；而在肯定句中，without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定，故句3的答案应是and，or。
再做如下练习，你心中之谜就可以迎刃而解了。
（2）either…or, neither…nor, not …nor的用法
①可以连接两个的词
either…or, neither…nor, not …nor等连接主语时，谓语动词也依据就近原则。
Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。
Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。
Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.不是教练就是运动员对这次失败负有责任。
He does not ride, nor shoot, no
r fish .他既不爱好骑马，也不爱好射击、钓鱼。
②连接两个句子，当neither, nor放句首时，该句倒装。
Either we go now or we remain here forever.要么我们现在走，要么我们永远在这呆下去。
Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.理论没有实践不行, 实践没有理论也不行。
Mrs. Smith doesn't smoke, neither/nor does her husband.史密斯夫人不抽烟，她丈夫也不。
4、表示因果关系的并列连词
这类连词常见的有so(因此)，for(因为)，therefore(因此)等。并列连词for表示原因，用以附加说明。这个词引导的分句必须放在第一个分句之后。
（1）for的用法
for可以表示原因，但引起的不是从句，而是分句，对前面的情况加以解释，有逗号把它和前面的分句分开，在书面语中用的较多。
I apologized to her , for I had wronged her.我向她道歉了，因为我错怪了她。
The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.商店相当新，因为它一星期前才开业。
He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。
比较：for 和 because 在表示“原因”的时候意思基本相同, 一般可以互相代用。for可以表示原因又可以用于提出说明, 语气比because轻得多。Because引导的从句一般放在主句后, 有时也可放在主句前, 而for引导的句子只能放在后面。另外在回答Why的问句时, 只能用because不能用for。再者, for不能跟not...but这一结构连用。
I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it. (正)我做这件事，不是因为我喜欢，而是因为我不得不这样做。
I did it not for I liked it but for I had to do it. (误)
（2）so的用法
so 表示结果，意为“因此，所以，于是”。
These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough. 这些建筑物已有50多年的寿命，因此不够坚固。
It was late, so we went home.天晚了, 所以我们就回家去了。
He was sick, so they were quiet.他病了, 所以他们 很安静。
（3）therefore的用法
therefore意为“因此, 所以”，语气比较文气，多放在分句或句子的前面。
It was rather late, so we decided to go home.天相当晚了，因此我们决定回家。
Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths,therefore it is our duty to master it.治疗中采用先进的技术就意味着减少痛苦与死亡，因此掌握先进的技术是我们的职责。
He broke the law ,therefore he was put into prison.他违犯了法律，因此被投入监狱。
范文四：并列连词的种类
并列连词的种类
并列连词的种类
and
(1) and和；与；及；同；并
Time and tide wait for no man . 时不我待。(and表示并列)
Everything ought to be beautiful in a human being: face，and dress，and soul，and ideas. 人的面貌，衣着，心灵，思想，一切都应是美丽的。
(2) and然后； 接着
They shook hands and began to talk at once. 他们握了手后立刻开始了谈话。(and表示顺序) He came and sat down and spoke to me. 他来后坐下来和我说话。
(3) and而且；还；又
I know that he has been arrested and that he is in prison.
我知道他已经被捕并且进了监狱。
Shute is healthy and handsome.
舒特既健康又英俊。
(4) and那么；则
Come early and you will see him.
早些来，那么你就会见到他了。
Try again and you will succeed.
再试一次，你就会成功。
but
(1) but但是；可是；然而
She wants to go to college but her parents want her to get married.
她想念大学，但她父母希望她结婚。
The car is very old but in good condition. 这辆车
旧了，但性能还不错。
(2) but(用于否定结构后)而(是)
Virtue dwells not in the tongue but in the heart. 看人看心不看嘴。
He didn’t come to help，but to hinder us. 他不是来帮忙，而是来阻碍我们的。
or
(1) or或；或者；还是
He must be mad or drunk.
他不是疯了就是喝醉了。
Scotch or Bourbon?
要苏格兰威士忌还是波旁威士忌？
(2) or否则； 要不然
Be quick，or it may be too late.
快点，不然就会迟到。
Do not move， or you are a dead man. 不要动，不然要你的命。
(3) or(用于否定句) 也不
He never smokes or drinks.
他从不抽烟，也不喝酒。
or else
or else 否则；要不然
Hurry up，or else you’ll miss the last bus. 快点，不然你就赶不上末班车了。
Let’s get moving，or else we’ll miss the train. 我们走吧，不然就赶不上火车了。
for
for 因为；由于……的缘故
Sanger has to stay up tonight ,for there is a lot of homework to do.
桑格今晚不得不熬夜，因为有许多作业要做。 The two brothers decided to leave at dawn，for they had many miles to cover.
两兄弟决定黎明启程，因为他们要走许多英里。 so
so因此；所以
It began to rain, so we went home． 天开始下雨了，我们就回家了。
Everybody lent a hand， so the task was done on time.
人人动手，所以任务按时完成了。
yet
yet可是；然而
He worked hard， yet he failed.
他工作努力，可是他失败了。
She said she would be late， yet she arrived on time.
她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。
15.9 whereas
whereas 然而； 但是； 尽管
Some people like fat meat， whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。 Some people like strong tobacco，whereas others don?t.
有些人喜欢抽烈性烟，而有些人则不喜欢。 She is diligent，whereas he is lazy.
她很勤快，而他却懒惰。
as well as
as well as 除……之外；既……又；与……一样；和 On Sundays， his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.
逢星期天，女房东除早饭外还供应他正餐。 Hiking is good exercise as well as fun. 徒步旅行很有趣味，也是很好的锻炼。
In theory as well as in practice，the idea is
unsound.
这个主意在理论上和实践上都站不住脚。 He would like to go as well as you.
他和你一样想去。
both...and...
both...and ... 和……（两者）都； 不仅……而且； 既……又
Both Mary and Peter are washing the dishes. 玛丽和彼得都在洗盘子。
Mary both washes the dishes and dries them. 玛丽不仅洗盘子，而且把它们揩干。
Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow.
小麦和大麦明天都要装船运走。
Chickens are raised for both meat and eggs. 养鸡既可吃肉，又可吃蛋。
not only...but also...
not only...but also... 不但……而且……
Such work is not only devalued in that country，its nature is widely misunderstood.
这种工作在那个国家不但被贬低，而且工作的性质也被许多人误解了。
He plays not only the piano，but also the violin. 他不仅弹钢琴，而且还拉小提琴。
He can speak not only English, but also French. 他不仅会说英语，而且会说法语。
I not only heard it，but saw it.
我不但听到而且也看到了。
但要注意：not only...but also...中的but或also有时可省略；当not only... but also...位于句首时，可能引起倒装。
either...or..
either...or...或……或……；要么……要么……；不是……就是……
Either come in or go out.
要么进来，要么出去。
He is either drunk or mad.
他不是醉了就是疯了。
The criminal refused to either speak or eat. 罪犯不肯讲也不肯吃。
neither...nor...
neither...nor... 既不……也不……； ……和……都不
Neither Mary nor Tom came to our party
yesterday.
昨天玛丽和汤姆都没来参加我们的晚会。
He neither drinks，smokes，nor eats meat.
范文五：并列连词的用法
并列连词的用法
1、 并列连词and和or：
①and 和or 是用得最多的并列连词，可以连接：
a. 两个并列的动词： We were singing and dancing all evening. 整个晚上我们都在唱歌跳舞。
b. 名词、形容词等：This apple is big and red. Would you like fish or beef? c. 两个并列的分句(句子)：I said it and I meant it. 我说话算数。
②and 可连接两个分句，表示递进关系。 Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。
③or可连接分句，表示"否则"：
Don't drive so fast or you'll have an accident. 别开这么快，不然你会出车祸。
2、 表示意思转折的连词：but, yet:
①but和yet的用法：
The weather will be sunny but cold. 天气会晴朗但很冷。
It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪，却是真的。
②however, still 等为副词，但可起连接作用，表示意思的转折---"但是"或"然而"。 a. however: His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind.
他的第一反应是不行，但后来他改变了主意。
b. still: It's raining; still I'd like to go. 天在下雨，但我还是要去。
③词组all the same: She is naughty, all the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 她很调皮，但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。
3、表示因果的连词：
① for可以表示"因为"，但引导的不是从句，而是并列分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中比较多见。
The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短，因为现在已经是十二月。
She must have gone out early, for she had not come for breakfast.
她肯定一早出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。
② so 表示结果，可译为"因此"、"所以"。
Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐了出租车 ③ therefore 为副词，也表示同样的意思---"因此"，可放句前：
He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me.他走了，于是她把钱给了我。
4、both... and 的用法
A man should have both courage and perseverance.一个人既要有勇气又要有毅力。
5、就近原则：
1)neither…nor… Neither Lucy nor Lily is a League member.
2)not only…but also… Not only you but also he likes football.
3)either…or… Either Jim or Peter is right.
4)not…but… Not Jim but Peter broke the cup.
6、as well as的用法:
I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays. 我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。
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