范文一：英语学术论文写作

Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法 I．释义练习

A.

The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.

B.

Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.

A.提纲：

The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation.

_ subatomic particles traveling

_penetrate deep inside the human body

_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer

_cause genetic diseases in progeny

释义：

The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cells

B提纲：

Technology has transformed education at several turning points.

the first technology

_the primitive modes of communication

释义：

Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication. The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.

II．概述练习

In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families

move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.

Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

第二段：

Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.

Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?

Answers(supporting details or evidence):

1.cut off the informal flow of information

2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living

3.family must be consciously learned.

Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.

第四段：

Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information

Controlling idea question: How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?

Answers(supporting details or evidence):

1.Computer technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.

2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .

3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.

Summary: The development of technologies promote the storage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.

III．文献结论部分概述

A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.

Controlling idea: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.

Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?

Answers(supporting details or evidence):

1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.

2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.

3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.

范文二：英语学术论文写作

课程论文

题 目Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present

situation and countermeasure

学生姓名 学 号 院 系 专 业 英语

课程名称 英语学术论文写作

任课教师

二Ｏ一二 年 五 月 十五 日

Analysis of rural primary school English teaching

present situation and countermeasure

By Gu Xiuli

Department of English

School of Language and Culture

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

May, 2012

Analysis of rural primary school English teaching

present situation and countermeasure

By Gu Xiuli

Department of English

School of Language and Culture

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

May, 2012

Abstract：Primary school English teaching is the start of students’ English learning. Although primary school English has been established for over ten years, there are a lot of problems in primary school English teaching all the same, especially in rural primary school English teaching. Under the premise of an anaiysis of the present situation of primary school English teaching, this article will put forward several related improvement measures and suggestions in order to perect China’s rural primary school English teaching.

Key words: rural primary school English; teaching present situation; countermeasure; suggestion

摘要：小学英语教学是一个人英语生涯的开端，虽然我国小学英语全面开设至今已有十余年的时间，但是小学英语教学依然存在很多问题，尤其是农村小学英语教学的现状令人堪忧。本文在分析了当前农村小学英语教学现状的前提下，提出了相关的改进措施，从而进一步完善我国的农村小学英语教学。

关键词: 农村小学英语； 教学现状； 对策； 建议

We can not deny that the primary school English in China has made tremendous achievements since it was fully opened in 1999 and can not ignore the problems. The society in moving on in the process of discovering and solving problems, English teaching is no different. Through my own experience and realization, in general, the present situation of rural primary school English teaching is not promising. So in the following content I will analyze the strength of teachers, the teaching methods in the

class and the curriculum arrangements，meanwhile related countermeasures and suggestions will be put forward.

1. the situation of rural primary school English teaching

1．1 teachers are in short supply and the comprehensive quality of teachers is low

As we all know, the teachers of primary school English teaching is still a big problem of primary school English teaching. The shortage of rural primary school English teachers is mainly embodied in the following three aspects:

(1) the heavy task of primary school English teachers. Due to the shortage of rural primary school English teachers, the teachers usually do much more work. It is a universal phenomenon that the teachers teach the students in different grades and different classes in one grade. A great deal of preparation and homework correcting make the teachers tired, so they have no more enery to design the teaching and censor the teaching task as well as make it workable. It also reflects the problem of inadequate rural primary school education funds. Although increasing the amount of work can cut down the expenditure and save some money for school, it is obviously unfavorable for the improvement of teaching quality and the progress of the teachers themselves.

(2) the lack of professional elementary school English teachers. Rural primary school English teachers are in short supply relatively, however, some of the teachers are not professional English teachers and some switch into the vocation of English teachers.

(3) the imbalance of teachers distribution and the lack of experienced and qualified teachers. English teachers in rural areas are almost non-English majors and the university graduates with a series of theory. The professional do not mean those of the standard as well as experience do not stand for sscience. Even though, we can not deny the professional strength and the important role of experience. If we can combine professional with experience validly, the rural primary school English teaching will progerss faster.

1.2 the unapt methods of English teaching

At present, the result of English classroom teaching in China’s rural is unpromising. Generally, there are mainly two reasons:

(1) lack of effective teaching methods and the English teaching in this period lack characteristic that it should have. To start with the first reason. Owning to a sreies of grounds which include the limited number of teachers, the relatively low level of the teachers, lack of language environment as well as the large-scaled classes teaching,

the direct teaching method have not implemented effectively in primary school English teaching. The students can not take the good result of memory through the true communications and the accurate imitation. Therefore, in most situations, the pupils in China’s rural acquire language mainly through the traditional mode. Obviously, it is very boring in the clsaaroom teaching. In more cases, both the teachers and the pupils do it just for completing the task mechanically.

(2) the backward teaching equipments can not catch up with the language classroom teaching. Then, take the poor teaching equipment and facilities for consideration. The resource of primary school English teaching is very poor. It lacks the necessary teaching equipment and facilities. Due to the shortage of money in most of the rural primary schools, expecially those township primary schools. There are not language lab in their schools. Some of them even have no basic teaching appliance and equipment. To a large extend, it restricts the improment of teaching quality seriosly. Many teachers complete their teaching process by a mouth, a piece of chalk and a blackboard. The single teaching methods as well as the tedious teaching atmosphere make it difficult to improve the teaching quality.

1.2 the unreasonable curriculum arrangement

The arrangemenr of curricula extent is unreasonable and the grades that start the course is not uniform. Some schools commence English studying in the third grade, some start in the fourth and fifith grade and some only set English classes in the sxith grade. There are some schools which set up English classes, but they don not implement the courses fully as the scheduled arranged. The English classes are always occupied by some other courses such as Chinese and Maths. And some schools have English classes at the beginning of the term,and then stop again. Most of them are doing it superficially with the strong randomness. So the quality of teaching is not too hign all the time.

2. the countermeasures and suggestions to improve rural primary school teaching situation

2.1 to strengthen the faculty

It can not be accomplished overnight to improve the English teaching situation in primary schools. Many factors can affect the process and the factor of teacher is the key. The teachers’ language, attitudes and educational ideas as well as the design of classroom activities and the way of evaluations would make effects on the students interest, motivation and cognitive level directly. Therefore, when choosing a primary school English teacher, we should be more cautious. First of all, the teacher should

have a strict examination to check that whether he or she has the qualification of being a primary school English teacher. Then, use the new standard to check and identify the ability of the primary school English teacher. The next step is to provide training opportunities for the teacher who has already taught, and implement plenty of training. The teacher training should include several aspects such as the ability of English language, the idea and methods of primary school education, the skills of primary school English teaching, the evaluation reform of primary school English teaching as well as the development and utilization of curriculum resources. Meanwhile, schools can employ a large number of foreign teachers and some natives who expert in English. Poeple like those can take part in the English teaching to strengthen the faculty. The whole quality of China’s rural primary school English teachers is relatively low, so the teacher training work is a long way to go.

2.2 to improve the classroom teaching methods

When having an English class,the teachers should not only take English as a subject to teach, to requir the students to recite the words, to learn the phonetic and to remember the syntax, but to enable them to gain language information through teaching activities with more listening, more speaking and more playing. Meanwhile, the appeopriate language practical training is an essential process of language learning and it is an effective method to develop listening and speaking skills. The teachers should make the clases well-designed according to the distinct teaching contents. Each f the classes should be designed in a form that the students are delighted to hear and see. Creating the language situation, enlivening the classroom atmosphere for learning and inspiring the students’ good quality of the language can promote their active and creative learning and develop the good quality of language. As a result, the students can achieve the purpose of training naturally in a relatively relaxed environment, thereby improve the effect of primary school classroom teaching.

2.3 to make curriculum arrangement reasonable

In order to guarantee the quality and effectiveness of English teaching, when setting courses, primary schools should obey the principle that classes should be combined with the long and short classes as well as the high-frequency principle. It is indispensable that primary schools should have at least four English teaching activities a week. A survey says that there are only at most two English teaching activities per week in rural schools. The number of class hours are in serious shortage, so that it is not helpful to the students language learning. In addition, in some rural schools,the scale of some classes are too large to carry out the teaching activities.

In addition to the problems mentioned above，there are some other problems in the primary school English teaching. For instance, primary school English teaching lacks appropriate evaluation system. The new curriculum standards require that we should pay much attention to the specific characteristic of English teaching evaluation in grade three to six. The form of evaluation should possess diversity and selectivity and the evaluation should be based on formative assessment. At present, primary school English teaching lack appropriate evaluation system. They mainly take period and final test as the means of evalution and the students’ performance are based on the scores on their test paper. The main form of examination is the written teast,and the contents of the test are mostly from the teaching materials. This kind of evaluation form is short of the evaluation of students’ learning process, so that it is difficult to motivate the students’ enthusiasm and initiative of English learnign, as well as can not check the students’ proficiency of usage of the language knowledge. It does not fit in with the physical and mental development and is not conducive to the students’ comprehensive development and llifelong development.

This artical mainly focus on the analyse on the three problems that survived in rural primary school English teaching. They are the strength of faculty, classroom teaching methods as well as the curriculum arrangement. Besides, the corresonding countermeasures and suggestions are listed. However, the artical is not comprehensive enough obviously. For instance, there are some other problems in rural primary school English teaching, such as the lack of appropriate evaluation system mentioned in the last but one paragraph. If I have some achienements on the research about this problem in the future, I will do a dissertation in particular.

References

[1] http://www.studa.net/jiaoxue/080524/09013679-2.html

[2] http://www.xslunwen.com/lw/xiaoxuejiaoyulunwen/201119254.html

[3] http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7f5c643c0912a2161479293f.html

[4] http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0cf1f3e981c758f5f61f672d.html

[5]http://wenku.baidu.com/view/471fd7d084254b35eefd3417.html?from=rec&pos=2&weight=8&lastweight=7&count=5

[6] http://blog.edudown.net/user070808/2954/archives/2012/201214124826.html

[7] http://www.zzqklm.com/w/yl/1660.html

[8] 梅德明 大中小学英语教学现状调查 上海外语教育出版社

[9] 国家基础教育英语课程标准（3-12年纪）【C】. 北京师范大学出版社

范文三：英语学术论文写作

Typical farmland soil fertility ascending mechanism research in guangdong province

Yankai chen

(College of resources and enviroument, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)

Abstract : Natural quality is not high, cultivated land resources in our country is limited.Although we do a lot of work to improve soil, soil still accounts for most of the arable land area, but now the middle reach 2/3.Since the second soil census, organic matter content in most of the farmland in China has improved, but the overall level is not high, the average content is low, only about European and American developed countries generally.With the improvement of farmland intensive utilization degree, a large number of large-scale planting farm sprang up, a large number of agricultural chemicals and the popularity of large machines, and cause a lot of new soil problems, such as soil compaction, structure degradation, aggregate stability decreased, soil biological degradation function, reduced water raise buffering capacity etc, is one of the most important content of soil organic carbon and reduce the stability of the aggregate.Generally takes up high quality cultivated land, cultivated land occupancy and the increasing number of cultivated land is often inferior exacerbate the problem of farmland soil fertility decline.This study by collecting different typical area of guangdong province farmland soil fertility level, through the analysis of components, quality and distribution of soil organic matter content, soil aggregate characteristics and its influencing factors,

explore can represent basic farmland soil indicator of soil fertility, improve the key by reveal limit soil processes and factors, looking for effective regulation pathway;Through the regulation of organic matter transformation process and its driving factors in increasing soil organic matter accumulation;Finally realize the ascension of farmland soil fertility, increasing food production, improve the quality of the food.

Keywords : Typical farmland、soil fertility、Ascending mechanism、Soil quality 1 Introduction : Farmland soil organic matter content of the large area appears lower in our country[1], the variation of soil physical and chemical properties, soil fertility decline trend.Soil aggregate is the basis of the formation of soil structure, soil is "keep depots".Research shows that, the higher the farmland foundation soil, in the same variety, dosage and control measures of water production and resource use efficiency is higher[2].So, to dig up effect of foundation soil fertility promoted, promote the yield and the cultivated land resource use efficiency, carry out the mechanism of promoting farmland soil fertility and directional cultivation countermeasure research, to improve soil fertility of large middle-and-low-yielding fields to provide theoretical and technical support.Through revealing limit soil fertility improving key process and factors, looking for effective regulation pathway;Through the regulation of organic matter transformation process and its driving factors in increasing soil organic matter accumulation;Finally realize the ascension of farmland soil fertility.To investigate the characteristics of soil structure and organic matter, provide the basis for farmland to raise soil fertility

and keep[4].

2.1 The definition of farmland soil fertility contribution and significance

Soil contribution refers to no fertilizer treatment crop yield of fertilizing crops yield percentage, is an important index of soil fertility.Ratio the higher the soil fertility[4], soil fertility level is higher, the lower the dependence on fertilizers to crops

2.2 Farmland index of soil fertility

2.2.1 Physical and chemical index of farmland soil fertility

Soil organic matter is one of the most important chemical indexes of farmland soil fertility.Except as a source of nutrition[5], it can improve soil structure and water holding capacity and improve the biological activity.It through the transformation equation to calculate the soil bulk density, water holding capacity, leaching potential, ion exchange capacity (CEC) and soil productivity.

On soil pH, conductivity, the assessment of CEC and nutrient content of farmland soil chemistry is necessary, because they provide a can reflect the soil nutrients and an improved ability to buffer the chemical measurement indicators[6].PH can affect a lot of the relationship between soil biological properties and chemical properties.Ion exchange capacity is the ability evaluation of soil conservation and nutrients important attribute.

Foundation soil physical quality index in the quality differences between the soil type is very useful.Soil physical properties of soil texture is the most basic, it can control the moisture, nutrients and gas exchange, maintain and absorption.Soil

layer thickness is affected plants per unit area of quantitative properties of the number of available resources.

Soil bulk density with the organic matter content of the soil texture, structure, and different variation is very big[7].But, for a specific soil type, density can be used for monitoring soil compaction degree.The change of soil bulk density besides itself affects the moisture and oxygen supply, may also affect many other properties and process.The soil strength is measured by cone penetrometer can be used as an index of soil compaction.

Moisture permeability, maintain, availability, drainage and indexes for the comprehensive monitoring soil moisture balance[8].Function is very important.Effective capacity according to the relative strength of the soil water supply.Saturated moisture conductivity is an index reflecting soil drainage speed, can be used to determine soil moisture balance[9].

Soil structure is refers to the organic matter and other chemical sediment size and shape of the binding together of aggregate.It can affect almost all the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.The stability of the aggregate can be used to describe when soil under different pressure maintain ability of the proportion of solid phase and liquid phase[10].Due to soil aggregate can reflect the soil biological properties, chemical properties and the relationship between physical properties, so the soil aggregate is a very important quality index.Narrow and Coen_9 points out that the crop and soil management practices on soil physical quality influence soil aggregate can be used to describe the size distribution and

stability[11].

2.2.2 Biological indicators of farmland soil fertility

Due to have a simple and feasible method, early farmland soil fertility evaluation focuses on the physical and chemical properties of the soil.However, soil physical and chemical properties as indicators of farmland soil fertility sometimes can not evaluate the effects of soil management and land use.

Farmland soil fertility evaluation in recent years, more attention paid to the biological indicators, biological indicators including soil on the growth of plants, soil animals and soil microbes, which applied the most were soil microbial indicators.Soil microbial research is divided into three levels: population level, community level, ecological system level, ecological system level research is considered to be the best possible ways of fast evaluating farmland soil fertility changes, most studies suggest that soil microorganisms (including microbial biomass, soil respiration) is the most sensitive indicator of farmland soil fertility changes.Soil animal is the important instructions of soil environmental quality and health quality characteristics, especially invertebrates such as nematodes, earthworms can sensitively reflect the poisonous substance content in soil.With plants as the farmland soil fertility evaluation index, mainly on plant growth, production pattern, the structure of the root system, plant tissue characteristics, dominant species of herbage species diversity and weeds, and the evaluation of soil fertility quality and environmental quality and health quality[12].

Kennedv PapendickJ and points out that soil biological properties and

biological chemical can be used as indicators to reflect the actual changes in agricultural ecosystem and soil productivity.Soil microbial properties can promote a lot of the change process of soil physical and chemical properties.Microbial activity was also involved in the decomposition[13].Nutrient and energy circulation, the formation and transformation of organic matter of soil aggregate control process, etc.

Soil microbial biomass was proved to be a stable and reliable parameters to do regional scale of quantitative analysis, sampling in vegetative growth late or early spring.It can be used as potential balance of farmland soil fertility index indicating levels of soil organic matter, and the trend of the future, can also be used for long-term monitoring of farmland soil fertility.Previous studies focused on the microscopic scales and soil nutrient cycling and farmland soil microbial activity of related research.However, the spatial distribution of soil microbial biomass on landscape scale analysis and study of the very few[14].Control of soil microbial activity of organic carbon conversion process and migration research helps to evaluate the function of the regional soil resources.Comprehensive microbial indicators have been chosen for farmland productivity potential index, and under the background of soil physical and chemical properties are analyzed.

Soil enzyme activity was used to evaluate the soil fertility at first, has recently been chosen for the potential of farmland soil fertility index.The activity of soil enzymes play an important role in nutrient cycling and has been used as microbial activity index.Enzyme activity can become a good farmland soil fertility index

because it in decomposition and plays an important role in the process of mineralization and is sensitive to soil management measures change reaction.

2.2.3 The farmland soil physical, chemical and biological indicators between the relationship

Soil microbial biomass, soil respiration and soil chemical properties there is close relationship between.Relevant research focused on the soil fertility or space of the farmland soil fertility index analysis, studied on landscape scale of farmland soil fertility index variation, very few studies on the regional scale.Other studies focus on the microbial activity on landscape scale spatial distribution, such as carbon mineralization and soil enzyme activities.Current regional variation on soil microbial research focused on the population level, according to the climate gradient using conventional statistical method to study the biological geographical pattern of the microbial diversity.Further work need to study spatial autocorrelation of soil properties and the time stability of the covariance, and topographical features, soil physical and chemical properties and the function of the correlation between soil microbial activity[15].

3 The prospect of research of farmland soil fertility

Farmland soil fertility is a very comprehensive concept, involved in soil science, land use, agricultural cultivation measures and management, and many other aspects.So, need a lot of research fields.At present, the farmland soil fertility studies have focused on farmland soil fertility status of the investigation and analysis, the theory and method of farmland soil fertility evaluation and index

system, the cause of the change of soil fertility of farmland and farmland soil dynamic monitoring and forecasting warning and countermeasure, etc., summarizes the latest progress in the study of the current international farmland soil fertility, combined with the actual situation of our country, the farmland soil fertility research should strengthen the following several aspects:

3.1 Farmland soil fertility index and evaluation method

Different scales research problem, need to use different technology was developed for the determination of different indicators.Which requires the development of the field scale indicators, in turn, provide timely information for farmers, in addition to also want to develop regional scale indicators to monitor the quality of soil resources development trend[16].

3.2 Farmland soil fertility change condition, process, influencing factors and mechanism and regularity of time and space.

Focus on land use change, the organic connection between farmland soil fertility and soil microbial environment and its inherent law of research[17].To explore the relationship between the change of land use and soil microbial diversity, and reveals the impact of land use change on farmland soil mechanism and law of this for the recovery of degraded land and regional land resources management and sustainable utilization of land has the vital significance.

3.2 Farmland soil fertility and improve approaches and key technologies

Not only is the composition of the soil minerals, it is minerals, microorganism, root system secretions, water sports and collection of non-biological and biological

dynamic process[18].To improve farmland soil fertility must extend interactions between the soil research, mainly in the root growth dynamic response to fertilizer and other measures, the water use efficiency of different system, simple method, the selection of time and space variation of soil nutrient test as farmland soil fertility index, etc.

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[20] 王效举, 龚子同. 红壤丘陵小区域水平上不同时段土壤质量变化的评价和分析. 地理科学,1997,17(2)141~149.

[21] Arshad MA, Coen GM. Characterization of soil quality: physical and chemical criteria. Am. J. Altern. Agric., 1992, 7: 25~31.

[22] 万存绪, 张效勇. 模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用. 应用科学学报, 1991, 9(4): 359~365.

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范文四：英语学术论文写作

citation 2. Experimental apparatus (Cai, 2003) The experimental apparatus comprises four basic parts: the experimental pipe system, the circulating water system, the data acquisition system and washing system, see Fig. 1. The experimental pipe

covered on the test section, which is packaged with an insulating layer. The oil temperature in the pipe system can be controlled by the water bath 1, and the wall temperature of the test section can be controlled by cause effect wax deposition layer can be calculated on the base of the differential method test. The geometric parameters of the test section and reference section: the internal diameter D=20.47 mm, the length L=4.75 m; the experimental conditions: flowrate Q=80.7 ml/s. The relationship between the physical property of the crude and the temperature is shown in Table

result

1. It can be seen from

Fig. 2a (the radial temperature field) that at the position 0.1 m from the entrance in the test section, the wall temperature is 40 °C, the oil temperature near the wall is 40.4 °C, and in the scope between the wall and the position 8.8 mm far from the wall in the radial direction, the oil temperature in the pipe change with radial position nearly linearly until the oil temperature is 45 °C in the center of the pipe. With the increase of the distance from the test section entrance the scope

results obviously larger than the center velocity

contrast

范文五：英语学术论文写作

英师，英非10级

“英语学术论文写作”期末考查题目

英语101 林丽娴 1 号

1．The perfect perspectives on female—compare the Moment in Peking andA Dream in Red Mansions

Abstract: as a typical scholar in the alternative time of china and a famous writer who had abundant experience，Linyutang wrote the book—Moment in Peking according to his fully understanding about the Chinese and western culture. The persons character in his book can represent some typical and traditional women in the old time. He considered the destiny in different culture resulting different ending through writing the experience about the women. The thought of Linyutang is the combination of the traditional and modern culture. So his thought about a perfect character that a traditional woman should have is special. And his thought about perfect woman is great represented in Moment in Peking. Linyutang wrote his book according to the Dream of Red Mansions. Our passage analyses the different personality about different people and conclude that combining the traditional culture and modern thought. Yao Mulan in his book is represented his thought about a perfect woman in the old time.

Key word: Lin Yutang Moment in Peking perfect woman traditional and modern culture

1.the summary of the thought to perfect woman

1.1 the thought of perfect woman in Confucian culture

1.2 Thought of women emancipation

1.3 The meaning of perfecting woman

2. imperfect woman in Moment in Peking

2.1 Mochou

2.2 Manniang

2.3 Hongyu

2.4 Suyun

3. perfect woman –Yao mulan

3.1 the combination of traditional and modern culture

3.2 The dialectical unity of worldly wisdom and transcendental thought

3 Generally in most cases, provide the last name of the author and page numbers. A page reference is unnecessary if you use a passage from a one-page work. If the student discusses only one work in the paper, both the author’s name and page number are cited in the first parenthesis and only page number is needed in the later citation. Use punctuations properly. Do not place a comma or other punctuations between the author’s name and the page number. The final punctuation goes outside the parenthesis. No citation is needed when an author’s entire work rather than a part of it is referred to. If the author’s name is included in a sentence, do not repeat the name in the parenthetical page citation. Place the parenthetical reference where a pause would naturally occur, as near as possible to the material indentified. Whatever cited in the text must also have its correspondence in the Works Cited pages.

Citing Two or More Authors

If the authors are introduced in the text, just place the page number(s)in the parenthesis. e.g.

McMahan, Elizabeth and Susan Day.The Writer’s Rhetoric and Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author

If two or more works by the same author are citied in the research paper, refer to the following rules in in-text citation:

1. Place a comma after the author’s last name and add the title of the work (if brief)or a shortened version and the page number(s).e.g.

Widdowson, H.G. Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.---.Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford UP,1978.

2. Provide only the title of the book (if brief)or a shortened version and page number(s) if the author’s name is stated in the text.e.g.

Widdowson, H.G. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford UP,1978.

3. Give only the page number(s) if both the author’s name and the title are included in text. e.g.

Citing Indirect Sources

Although it is always encouraged to cite from the original source, it is sometimes the case that only an indirect sources is available. Under such circumstances, add ―qtd.in‖(for quoted in)before the second-hand source in the parenthetical citation. e.g.

Hymes, Dell H. ―Phonological aspects of style: some English sonnets‖. qtd.in M.A.K.Halliday. ―Linguistic function and literary style: an inquiry into the language of William Golding’s ―The Inberitor‖‖, Freeman, Donald, C.ed. Essays in Modern Stylistic. New York:Methuen, 1981.

15. The Chicago Style Documentation style uses superscript numbers in the text to direct readers to listed sources and commentary appearing as footnotes or endnotes. A list of Works Cited or References may or may not be necessary, depending on the instructor’s preference.

In the Chicago style, there are two types of notes for documentation: footnotes and endnotes. As their names indicate, endnotes appear after the text while footnotes appear at the bottom of pages. In research papers, all notes should be made endnotes unless instructed otherwise.

Endnotes start on a new page and are numbered in sequence with the preceding page. Endnotes numbers iare consecutive, there is only one number 1, only one number7, and so on.

Footnotes begin four lines below the text. The same number sequence is repeated at the foot of each page.

Note form:

There are four main divisions in a documentation note: the author’s name in normal order, followed by a comma, the title, the publication data in parentheses, and a page reference. The only period appears at the end. e. g Deborah Tannen, You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (New York: Morrow, 1990), 52.

First notation of a source

The first note referring to a source should include the publication facts found in a bibliographic entry. Many entries require only the name of the authors, full underlined title, and publication information. When other information is needed, follow this sequence: authors, editors, or translator, title, series, volume number, or edition, publication data, pages. E.g. William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun. (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), 92.

Several Works by the Same Author

If more than one work by the same author are used, a shortened form of the title must be added to the name to avoid confusion. E.g.

First time for the first work

N. Fryer, Anatomy of criticism: Four essays.(Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957), 20.

Shortened title

Fryer, Criticism, 22.

First time for the second work

N. Fryer, ed, Sound and Poetry.(New York: Columbia University Press, 1957), 40.

Shortened title

Fryer, Poetry, 40

Previously cited work

Fryer, Criticism, 22.

i Subsequent note

Stern 196. A shortened title after the name of the author is required in some disciplines even if there is only one work by the author. E.g. Stern, Fitzgerald 194.

Several Works by the Same Author 1Milton R. Stern, The Golden Moment: The Novels of F. Scot Fitzgerald. (Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1970), 194.

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