啦啦啦demaxiya
Dangling modifiers are verbal phrases (participial, gerund, infinitive), or
prepositional phrases, or elliptical clauses that do not refer clearly and logically to any word in the sentence. Because of the use of a dangling modifier, such a sentence is not coherent and may be hard to understand.
To eliminate dangling modifiers, we can firstly name the proper or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause; secondly change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause; thirdly combine the phrase and the main clause into one.
A. Dangling participle phrase
[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]
[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]
B. Dangling gerund phrase
[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]
[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of ———————————————————————————————————————————————
the action in the clause.]
C. Dangling infinitive phrase
[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]
[Combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence.]
D. Dangling prepositional phrase
[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]
E. Dangling elliptical clause
[Name the logical doer of the action as the subject of the clause.]
Each of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier. Correct them.
1. To take good pictures, a good camera must be used. (Dangling infinitive phrase)
Revised1: A good camera must be used to take good pictures.
[Combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence.]
Revised2: To take good pictures, you must use a good camera must be used.
[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]
2. By doing right all the time, your conscience will not trouble you. (Dangling gerund phrase) Revised: If you do right all the time, your ———————————————————————————————————————————————
conscience will not trouble you.
[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]
3. Having submitted the conference registration form after the deadline, special permission by the chairperson was needed before she could give her presentation. (Dangling participle phrase)
Revised: Having submitted the conference registration form after the deadline, she needed special permission from the chairperson before she could give her presentation.
[Use the logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause.]
4. When purchasing a cellular phone, the wide variety of calling plans and features overwhelms many people.
Revised 1: When purchasing a cellular phone, many people become overwhelmed by the wide variety of calling plans and features.
Revised 2: When many people purchase a cellular phone, the wide variety of calling plans and features overwhelms them.
5. When in diapers, my mother remarried. (Dangling elliptical clause) Revised: When I was in diapers, my mother remarried.
[Use the doer of the action as the subject of the elliptical clause.]
6. The evening passed very pleasantly, drinking coffee and singing karaoke. We passed the evening passed very pleasantly, drinking coffee ———————————————————————————————————————————————
and singing karaoke.
7. At the age of five, my mother taught me how to play the piano. (Dangling prepositional phrase) Revised: When I was five, my mother taught me how to play the piano.
[Change the phrase into a complete clause by naming the doer of the action in the clause.]
8. Cooked in a sweet and sour sauce, he baked a delicious ham.
He baked a delicious ham in a sweet and sour sauce.
9. After releasing the suspect, new evidence was given to the police. After releasing the suspect, the police were given new evidence.
10. If lost, we shall have to pay compensation for the room key. If the room key is lost, we shall have to pay compensation for it.
———————————————————————————————————————————————
11.垂悬修饰语
第十一课 垂悬修饰语
（Dangling Modifier）
垂悬修饰语是指一个句子中同其他词没有明显修饰关系的成分。一般都出现在句子的句首，用作状语。形式有分词短语、介词+动名词、不定式短语和省略性子句等四种。判断该词组是滞为垂悬修饰语的基本原则是看它逻辑意义上的主语是否与所在句子的主语相一致，如不一致，该状语就成了垂悬修饰语，试以下面二句为例：
Hearing a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.
To remain healthy, a balanced diet is important.
在第一句，状语hearing a number of amusing stories的逻辑主语并非句子主语our visit， 第二句中状语to remain healthy与句子主语a balanced diet在逻辑意义也不一致。因此这两个状语词组都成了各自句中的垂悬修饰语，在意义上是错误的，改正的方法有二：
1．修饰主句中的主谓语部分，使与修饰语逻辑上的主语一致起来。如：
Hearing a number of amusing stories, we thoroughly enjoyed our visit.
To remain healthy, one needs a balanced diet.
2．修改垂悬修饰语部分，使其在逻辑上符合主句意义。
Since we heard a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.
If a person is to remain healthy, a balanced diet is important.
下面列举四种形式的垂悬修饰语及两种修改的办法：
1．分词短语
误：Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.
正：Looking out of the window, we found the grassland stretched as far as the eyes could reach.
正：If you look out of the window, you will find the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.
误：Rotten in the cellar, we had to throw away the potatoes.
正：Rotten in the cellar, the potatoes were thrown away (by us).
正：As the potatoes in the cellar had rotten, we had to throw them away.
2．介词+动名词短语
误：On entering the room, refreshments were being served.
正：On entering the room, I found that refreshments were being served.
正：When I entered the room, refreshments were being served.
3．不定式短语
误：To play tennis well, the racket must be held properly.
正：To play tennis well, one must hold the racket properly.
正：If one wishes to play tennis well, he must hold the racket properly.
4．省略性子句
误：When only five years old, my father took me to a circus.
正：When only five years old, I was taken to a circus by my father.
正：When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus.
如前所述，在大多情况下，垂悬修饰语可以根据“修饰语的逻辑主语是否即是主句中的主语”这一原则来判断。但要注意，当状语修饰语是用业表示对整个主句进行概括或总结意义时，它本身在逻辑上已具有独立意义，
这时就不要再受制于上述原则，不能把它看成是垂悬修饰语，可以看是句子子的独立状语部分或插入语。如：
To be frank, I don't think he is the right person for the job.
Generally speaking, girls at this age are more mature than boys.
To sum up, our vacation was a disaster from start to finish.
练 习 题
改正下列句中的垂悬修饰语错误，使句子在逻辑意义上一致。
1. To drive a car over a sandy road, special skill is required.
2. Having looked all over the campus for my umbrella, it was finally found in the library.
3. To compose an effective resume, specific information must be included.
4. Though retired, Grandfather's life continued to be a full, happy one.
5. From reading the timetable, no more trains were scheduled to depart today.
6. While waiting in line to buy tickets there was nothing to do but chat with me fellow sufferers.
7. After hearing the alarm, the clock was turned off.
8. Stepping into the classroom, my heart was beating very fast.
9. Comparing these two items, there are differences as well as similarities.
10. After graduation, they assigned me to teach at a middle school in the suburbs.
11. To be admitted to a college, the entrance examination must be passed.
12. By doing a lot of reading aloud, his pronunciation has improved.
13. Strung up on the Christmas tree, we were enchanted by the many colored lights.
14. Thirty dollars a week was earned by selling sandwiches at the football games.
15. Walking down the main street on Sunday, there was no place open for lunch.
16. To cut taxes without increasing the national debt, government spending must also be cut.
17. To discover unknown natural resources, some of the earth's surface should be surveyed.
18. Arriving in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.
19. If admitted, his tuition will cost him five hundred dollars a semester.
20. Once out of the city, the air pollution no longer made her eyes water.
21. Not being able to read it, the poem seems useless to Jane.
22. When on the top floor of the tall building, the care below looked like tiny fished in a stream.
23. Before submitting any written work, careful proofreading must be done.
24. Examining my shopping receipts, it became obvious that I was overcharged at the clothing store.
25. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people's living standard has greatly improved.
26. Shaving in front of the steamy mirror, the razor nicked his chin.
27. To become a first-class gymnast, great dedication and perseverance are necessary.
28. To impress the interviewer, punctuality is essential.
29. Burned to the ground, the Zhangs had to build a new house.
30. When confronted with these facts, not one word was said.
31. Having taken the seat, we began to question the witness.
32. Sitting alone in the bedroom, the strange noise frightened me.
33. Having run for several weeks, I considered the play a success.
34. To learn Chinese cooking, a lot of practice is necessary.
35. Before gaining admittance to the house, a bell must be rung.
36. Suddenly seized with a high fever, we were told he was unable to attend the meeting.
37. Written in good English, they recommended this book to us.
38. By practicing everyday, you typing speed will improve rapidly.
39. To improve one's writing skills, regular practice is essential.
40. Although seriously ill, the boss made him work ten hours a day in the hot workshop.
谈现在分词的“垂悬修饰语”功能
谈现在分词的“垂悬修饰语”功能 第22卷第4期
2006年l2月
沧州师范专科学校
JournalofCangzhouTeachers'College No.4Vo1.22
Dec.20O6
谈现在分词的"垂悬修饰语"功能
张庆梅,杨瑾
(1.江苏省盐城中学,江苏盐城224001;2.盐城纺织技术职业学院,江苏盐城224005) 摘要:现在分词短语做状语,我们称之为垂悬修饰语(或垂悬状语垂悬修饰语具有紧凑的结构,表达
的简练和措辞的简洁的特点,垂悬结构具有以下非动词功能:评注性状语或外加语功能;连词功能;
介词功能等.
/关键词:现在分词;垂悬修饰语;功能
中图分类号:G633.41文献标识码:A文章编号:1008-4762(2006)04-0092-02
一
,现代分词与垂悬短语
有一道高考题如下:
..................——
suchheavypollutionalready,itmaybetoolate tocleanuptheriver.
A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.Tosuffer D.Suffered
所给的参考答案为A项.它是现在分词的完成式形式.
现在分词的语法作用表现为表语,定语,补足语和状语等
功能.充当状语时,相当于一个状语从句.如:
ArrivingatthebusstationOcVherlhearrivedatthebus station),hefoundhiscomradeswaitingthere.(表时问)
Nothavingreceivedananswer(BecauseIhadn'treceivedan answer),1wroteagain.(表原因)
此外,现在分词还可以表示方式(伴随),条件,结果和
让步等意义.
从例旬中,我们可以看出:现在分词的使用与句子的主语
相关:现在分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语.我们一般不说:
Havingnothingtofeedherbabies.theycriedweakly. 上句中的现在分词短语做状语,我们称之为垂悬修饰语
(或垂悬状语),这个句子看起来好像在说,they因为没有东
西喂养她的孩子,they无力地哭泣.事实上句子中的they本想
指代herbabies.因此垂悬短语表达简练却易误解.
为方便正确理解—个垂悬短语,最通用的改写方法是:为
这个短语提供—个它能够明显修饰的词——主语.上句可改正
为:
Havingnothingtofeedherbabies,themothercouldn'tkeep themfromcrying.
当然,介词短语或省略的从句,也会出现在垂悬结构中.
如:
Attheageofsix,Judy'Sfathersoldhisadvertisingagency andboughtafarm.
可改写为:WhenJudywassix,herfathersoldhisadvertising agencyandboughtafarm.
二,垂悬结构的特点和功能
有些语法家虽然强烈反对使用垂悬修饰语,但对讲英语的
人来说,它还是有很大的吸引力.这是由垂悬结构的本身的特
点决定的:紧凑的结构(thecompactstyle),表达的简练
(tersenessofexpression)和措辞的简洁(brevityinwordingo
请比较下面两句:
Ifwetakehisageintoconsideration,Ishouldsayhis knowledgeofEnglishiswonderfu1.
Consideringhisage.hisknowledgeofEnglishiswonderfu1. 很显然,后者显得较简洁.
在中学课本中出现的现在分词的垂悬结构,常见的有:
judgingfrom?,generallyspeaking,considering(tllat)?,
providing(that)?.supposing(thaO?.concerning和including?
等.如:
Generallyspeaking,newspapersfollowtheAmericanway, butconferencereportsandschoolbooksuseBritishspelling. Aweeklater.hercompletere.portwasprinteAinthe newspaper,includingthenamesoftheshopsthatshehadvisited. Judgingfromwhathesaid,hehadn'ttheleastideaofwhathe wasdoing.
Consideringhisage,hefivesanactivelife.
Providingthathisparentsknewwhatheisbehaving.what wouldtheythink?
实际上.我们在使用中,已经把这种现在分词结构看作固
定用法,不考虑它们的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语了.
垂悬结构具有以下非动词功能:
(1)评注性状语或外加语功能
Therealetenpeoplehere,notcountingthechildren. 这儿有十人,小孩子不包括在内.
Takingeverythingintoconsideration,heisthepropermallfor thejob.
考虑一切因素,他是最佳人选.
(2)连词功能
Grantingthathemademistakes,shouldyoulookdownupon
him?
收稿日期:2006-02-25
作者简介:张庆梅(198o一),女,江苏盐城人,江苏盐城中学教师.研究方向:中学英语
教学研究.
?
92?
即使他犯了错误,你们就瞧不起他?
Seeingthatshe'SlawfullyoldenoughtOgetmarried.Idon't SCChowyoucallstopher.
既然她已到了法定结婚的年龄,我不明白你凭什么阻止
她?
(3)介词功能
Concerningyourletter.IampleasedtOinformyouthatyour plansarequiteacceptabletoUS.
关于你的信.我很高兴地告诉你,我们可以接受你的计划.
thepriceofthehatisnothigh,consideringitsquality. 就质量而言,这顶帽子的价格不高.
现在分词的垂悬修饰语的逻辑主语可能是:
(1)主旬的某一成分(主语除外)
Usingadifferentmethod,yourexperimentinplantingthetree mightfail.(逻辑主语是you)
(2)主句中动作的施动者
Usingadifferentmethod.theexperimentwon1dnothave beencarriedoutSOsuccessfully.(逻辑主语是one(whocarried
out?))
(3)—个不确定的人
Usingadifferentmethod.itisimpossibletohaveplantedthe
treesuccessfully.(逻辑主语可能是I,you,he等不确定的人) 现在分词的垂悬状语不是修饰某个特定的名词或动词等, 而是用于和整句(整个处境)有关的短语中,是说话者对客观 事实发表的看法或态度,或解释这一事实.所以应把它看作独 立成分.
我们再回头来看那遭高考题.该题中的现在分词的逻辑主 语应该是:主句中的某一成分(theriver).全句意为:"由于 (河流)已经受至4严重的污染,要清理这条河可能太迟了". 值得说明一下:中学生不要求掌握现在分词的垂悬状语功 能.中学生掌握了现在分词的常规用法就够了.我们可以将该 题的选项(A)和(D)(现在分词和过去分词)做比较;或将(A) 项和(B)项(现在分词的完成式和一般式)相比较;也可以对 (B),(c)(现在分词和不定式)两项考查.
理论上严格地讲,该高考题并没有语法错误.但出现在高 考试卷上,也许并不慎重.因为高考题除了具有选拔功能外, 还对中学教育有导向,反拨作用.
【责任编辑:尤书才】
(上接第91页)
的语法类(如过去时,复数,宾格等)具有相同的语法标志, 并将该标志推广开来.自从美国语言学家乔姆斯基提出转换生 成语法之后,句型教学在第二语言教学中成了风靡世界的潮 流,它在帮助学生迅速运用—些现成的语句形式来表达思想的 过程中发挥了积极有效的作用.如学生习得了句子"Thereisa bookonthedesl【",就会类推说出这样的句子:"Thereisaeaton
thebed";再如,英语中的具体名词有单复数之分,在学生习 得了"books"后就会类推出"cars","pens","desks",
"
windows"等.
4.语用习得中的类推
语音,语义,语法的习得最终为了语言的应用,这就到了 语用层面上.语用研究中最基本的两个概念是"意义"和"语 境".?H意义是指除了一个单词,—个句子本身的意指外, 还包括是谁在什么l青况下用了这个词或句子,也就是—个词一 句话在特定的语境中的交际价值.【5"语境是指影响交际的 所有语言内和语言外因素.学生在二语习得中不是仅仅想学会 读—个词,了解它的意指,会组成—个合乎语法的句子.而是 要学会具体的运用该语言去交际.那么了解了具有某种意义的 话语使用的语境,然后,就可以通过类推在正确的语境中使用 它.
如(1)A:I'Velostmywallet. B:Iarnsorrytohearthat. (2)A:I'vefailedintheexam. B:IamsorrytOhearthat. 学生从以上对话中习得"Ian1sorrytohearthat"是在听得 对方有不好的消息时使用,那么学生就可以类推出相似语境, 进而正确使用它.
结语
类比推理是前提和结沦之间没有蕴含关系的或然性推理, 其结论是或然性的.欲提高其结论的可靠性,必须注意以下几 点.第一,类比推理结论的可靠程度取决于相比较的两个对象 相同属性的多少.前提中确认的相同属性愈多,结论的可靠程 度愈高.第二,前提中所类比的事物的相同属性愈是本质的, 结论的可靠程度愈高.因为对象的本质属性常常决定非本质属 性.第三,相类比的两个对象的相同属性与推出属性之间的联 系性质,对结论的可靠程度起决定性作用.如果相同属性与被 推出结论之问的联系是必然的,结论的可靠程度就高;如果相 同属性与被推出结论之问的联系不是必然的,结论的可靠程度 就低.
总之,一切事物都是一分为二的,类推法也不例外,它有 积极的一面;可以帮助语言学习者提高学习效率,同时,它也 有消极的一面:在类比过程中,如果仅仅根据两个对象在个别 属性上的相同,或两个对象表面的,偶然的相似,从而推导出 结论,则结论的可靠性是很小的,如果类推不当,将不可类推 的语言现象进行类推,忽略个性现象,盲目地运用这一方法, 就会推导出荒谬的结论,犯"机械类比"的错误.因此,在语 言学习过程中,掌握一些规律是必要的,但决不可以将其泛化, 视之为放之四海而皆准的真理.
参考文献:
[1】索绪尔.普通语言学教程[M】.高名凯译.北京:商务印书 馆.1981.
[2】徐烈炯.生成语法理论[M】.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1988.
【3】胡壮麟等.语言学教程[M】.北京:北京大学出版社, 1988.
[4】布龙菲尔德.语言-V~-[M】.袁家骅等译.北京:商务印书馆, 1980.
[5】何兆熊.新编语用擎概要【M】.上海:上海外语教育出版 社.2000.
【责任编辑:尤书才】
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【doc】谈现在分词的“垂悬修饰语”功能——兼析2001年一道高考题
谈现在分词的“垂悬修饰语”功能——兼析
2001年一道高考题
盐城市广播电视大学二oo一年第四期
谈现在分词的"垂悬修饰语"功能.
——
兼析2001年一道高考题
杨谨,朱长华
(1.盐城市轻工学校,江苏盐城224000;2.盐都大冈中学,江苏盐都224043) 2001年苏,皖,闽高考题第35题是:
J
——
suchheavypollutionaready,itmaybetoolatetocleanupthefiver.
A.mvingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered
正确答案是A项.答案A是现在分词的完成式形式.
现在分词的语法作用表现为:主语,宾语,表语,定语,补足语和状语等功能.充当状语时,
相当于一个状语从句.如:Amvmgatthebusstation(enhearrivedatthebusstation),hefound
hiscomradesw~itingthere.(表时
间);Nothavingreceivedallanswer(BecauseIhadn'treceivedallall—
swer),1wroteagain.(表原因)
此外,现在分词还可以表示方式(伴随),条件,结果和让步等意义. 从例旬中,我们可以看出:现在分词与句子的主语有关:现在分词的主语必须是句子的主
语.我们一般不
说:Aftertakashower,thebathroomfloorusuallyhastobemoppedupbyClint.
(谁洗淋浴?这个句子看起来好象是说thebathroomfloor.(洗澡间的地板)洗淋
浴.);mving
nothingtofeedherbabies,theycriedweakly. 上述两个句中的现在分词短语做状语,我们称之为垂悬修饰语(或垂悬状语),因为它们在
句中,没有一个能被它们明显修饰的词.
改正一个垂悬短语的最通用的方法是:为这个短语提供一个它能够明显修饰的词——主
语.上述两句可改正
为:Aftertakingashower,Clintusuallyhastomopupthebathr~mfloor.mving
nothingtofeedherbabies,themothercouldn'tkeepthemfromccing..
当然,介词短语或省略的从句,也会出现在垂悬结构中.如:Attheageofsix,Judy'sfather
soldhisadvertisingagencyandhOiStafarm.应改正
为:WhenJudyWassix,herfathersoldhisadver—
tisingagencyandb0ughtafarm.
它还是有很大的有些语法家虽然强烈反对使用垂悬修饰语,但对讲英语的人来说,
吸引
力.这是由垂悬结构本身的特点决定的:紧凑的结构(thecompactstyle),表达的简练(terseness
ofexpression)和措辞的简洁(brevityinwording).请比较下面两句:
Ifwetakehisageintoconsidemtion,IshouldsayhisknowledgeofEnglishiswonderfu1.,
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收稿日期:2001—11—02
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Consideringhisage,hisknowledgeofEnglishiswonderfu1.
很显然,后者显得较简洁.
在中学课本中出现的现在分词的垂悬结构,常见的有:judgingfrom?,generally叩,in.
cluding?等.如:Generallyspeak~,newspapersfollowtheAmericanaway,butconferencerel~rtsand
schoolbooksUSeBritish8IuiIlg.
juagingfromwhathesaid,hehadn'ttheleastideaofwhatthewasdoing.
实际上,我们在使用中,已经把现在分词结构看作固定用法,不考虑它们的逻辑主语是不
是句子的主语了.
垂悬结构具有以下非动词功能:
(1)评注性状语或~l-lJn语功能
rpnerearetenpeoplehere,notc0uIlthechildren.这儿有十人,小孩子不包括在内o (2)连词功能
Seeingthatshe'slawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon'tseehowyouCallstopher?
既然她已到了法定结婚的年龄,我不明白你凭什么阻止她?
(3)介词动能
Cortcemi~yourletter,Ianlpleasedtoinformyouthatyourplansarequiteacceptabletolls.
关于你的信,我很高兴地告诉你,我们可以接受你的计划.
现在分词的垂悬修饰语的逻辑主语可能是:
(1)主句的某一成分(主语除外)
usiIadifferentmethod,yourexperimentinphntil1gthetreernight.(逻辑主语是you) (2)主句中动作的施动者
Usadifferentmethod,theexperimentwouldnothavebeencarriedoutsosuccesshdly.(逻辑主
语是one(whocarriedout?))
(3)一个不确定的人
Usadifferentmethod,itisimpossibletohaveplantedthetreesuccessfully.(逻辑主语可能是 I,you,he等不确定的人)
现在分词的垂悬状语不是修饰某个特定的名词或动词,而是用于和整句有关的短
语中,是
说话者对客观事实发表的看法或态度,或解释这一事实.所以应把它看作独立成分.
我们再回头来看那道高考题.该题中的现在分词的逻辑主语应该是:主句中的某一成分
(theriver).全句意为:"由于(河流)受到严重的污染,要清理这条河可能太迟了".答案(A)要
比(B)好.
值得说明一下:中学生对现在分词的垂悬状语功能不要求掌握.中学生掌握了现在分词
的常规用法已经足够了(参见2OOO年版全日制普通中学《英语教学大纲(试验修订本)》对动词
的.形式的要求).我们可以将该题的选项(A)和(D)(现在分词和过去分词)做比较;或将
(A)项和(B)项(现在分词的完成式和一般式)相比较;也可以对(B),(C)(现在分词和不定式)
这也许是命题者的真正意图. 两项考查.
理论上严格地讲,该高考题并没有语法错误.但出现在高考试卷上,也许并不慎重,因为
高考题除了具有选拔功能外,还对中学教育有导向作用
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修饰语
一、 修饰语(modifier)
1. 修饰语是修饰句中其他成分的字、片语或子句。
2. 名词、形容词、形容词子句、分词等都可以作名词或代名词的修饰语。
He went to the bus stop.
他去了公车站 。
名词bus 是名词stop 的修饰语。
I have a lovely dog.
我有一只可爱的狗。
形容词lovely 是名词dog 的修饰语。
He was the man who taught me English.
他是教我英语的那个人。
形容词子句who taught me English是名词man 的修饰语。 The running man is my brother. 正在跑的人是我的兄弟。 现在分词running 是名词man 的修饰语。
3. 副词、副词子句、不定词等都可以作形容词、动词或副词的修饰语。
His English is very good.
他的英语很好。
副词very 作形容词good 的修饰语。
He runs quite fast.
他跑得很快。
副词quite 作副词fast 的修饰语。
The sun rises in the morning.
太阳在早上升起。
介系词片语in the morning作动词rises 的修饰语。
I am glad to meet you.
我很高兴见到你。
不定词片语to meet you是形容词glad 的修饰语。
I haven't heard from him since he went to Taiwan.
从他去台湾后我便没有收到他的来信。
副词子句since he went to Taiwan是动词片语haven't heard from him的修饰语。
4. 副词可以作子句或句子的修饰语。 My father beat me only because I was late for school. 我的父亲只因为我上学迟到了而打我。 副词only 作副词子句because I was late for school的修饰语。
Evidently, he did not tell the truth.
很明显他没有讲实话。
副词Evidently 作句子he did not tell the truth的修饰语。
3、修饰语的位置不可改变，常见的改变词语
Only first often at once more even.
二、名词修饰语
所谓名词修饰语（noun modifiers）就是可以用来修饰名词的词类、短语和从句。 可以修饰名词的词或词类甚多，包括下面10种：
㈠形容词：good, bad, able, honest 等
㈡复合形容词：four-sided, dark-eyed, three-hour, high-rise, poverty-stricken 等
㈢现在分词：smiling, amusing, annoying, astonishing, thrilling 等
㈣过去分词：lost, damaged, frightened, disappointed, crowded, burnt, stolen 等
㈤名词：a flower garden, a basketball match, a tea party, an emergency meeting 等 ㈥动名词：walking stick, dining-room, laughing-stock, steering committee 等
㈦所有格：John's hat, tomorrow's weather forecast, two hours' discussion 等
㈧副词：the statement above, the branches overhead, the bedroom upstairs 等
㈨数目词：many, few, a few, some 等
㈩数量词：much, little, a little 等
这里有些事要注意。首先，除了复合形容词、所有格、数目词、数量词可以超过一个字之外，其余的名词修饰语，都是单字单词的。其次，除了副词（通常是时间性或地点性的）出现在名词后面之外，其余的都出现在名词前面。例如：
① Jason is an honest man.
② I have just received a hand-written letter.
③ Susan spoke with a smiling face.
④ The police pulled away the damaged car.
⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ Kim Seng likes his pocket dictionary. Miss Song got the first prize in the swimming match. All the players were allowed to have 10 minutes' rest. There are a few errors in this essay.
⑨ After the shopping trip, Janet did not have much money left.
⑩ All the facts and figures above have been checked.
（11） The lights overhead need cleaning.
（12） The children upstairs are very noisy.
（13） There will be some discussion afterwards.
①－⑨里的修饰语都在名词前出现。⑩－12里的地方副词和13里的时间副词却紧随名词之后。
既然副词必须摆在名词之后，像第14句里的地方副词“below” 就不对了。
（14） We hope that you will find the below information useful.
只要把“below”副词移到名词“ information”后面就对了。
“We hope that you will find the information below useful.”
不然，就把“below”改成意思相近的形容词“following”，这样位置就可以保持不变。 “We hope that you will find the following information useful.”
最后有一点要特别提醒的是数目词和数量词的运用。前者和复数名词连用，如例⑧及⑧a 和⑧b ：
⑧a. I have some good friends.
⑧b. There are too many mistakes in this letter.
后者只能和不可数名词连用，如例⑨及⑨a 和⑨b ：
⑨a. We need some help in this matter.
⑨b. Please put a little sugar in the tea.
有些词，既表示“数”又表示“量”，⑧a 和⑨a 里的“some”，便是个好例子。
三、同位语
用法1
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构, 其中前项与后项所指相同, 句法功能也相同, 后项是前项的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
（Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语, 指同一人。）
Y esterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
a friend of my brother's是受词Tom 的同位语, 指同一人。
用法2
如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开; 如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。
He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲, 他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。
（brother 和John 都是单一的字作同位语, 与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。） Y esterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。
（同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。）
用法3
同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外, 还可以表示部分意义。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
He is interested in sports, especially ball games.
他喜欢运动, 特别是球类运动。
四、 状语
8、状语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句，说明动作或状态的特征或对某一特征做补充说明。 状语(adverbial)分三类：修饰性状语、评注性状语和连接性状语。
（1）修饰性状语表示法
① 副词用作状语
可置于句末、句首、句中，具体情况如下：
a. 表地点和方向的副词和表示确切时间的副词，通常只用于句首或句末。
Here she comes!/She's coming here. 她来了。
Down came the rain!/The rain came down.下雨了。
b. 一般说来，用于句中的副词要放在动词之前，系动词之后。如果句子的动词由几部分组成，放在第一个助动词之后。
It usually contains very expensive cameras. 它通常装有非常昂贵的摄像机。
He had always been fond of music and had learned music as a young boy.他一直喜欢音乐，他小
时候就学过音乐。
c. “引起注意”的副词（这种副词把我们的注意力吸引到句子的某一部分），一般用于句中。 Canada is also the world's biggest producer of the kind of paper which is used for newspaper.加拿大还是世界上最大的生产新闻纸的国家。
He had only worked there for five months. 他只在那儿工作了五个月。
d. 但too 、either 、as well这几个“引起注意”的副词通常用于句末。only 和even 如果指主语，就要放在句首。
I can see how English is used in everyday life as well.我还可以看到在日常生活中是怎样使用英语的。
He made only six films between 1940 and 1966 and only the first of these is still popular today.在1940年至1966年之间，他仅制作了6部电影，其中只有一部至今仍受人欢迎。
e. 表程度的副词，如hardly 、almost 、nearly 等，一般用于句中。
The animal hardly makes any movement, hardly uses any energy , and hardly needs any food.冬眠的动物几乎没有什么活动，也就几乎不消耗什么能量，因此也就几乎不需要什么食物了。 f. 为了强调，副词位于句首。
Quickly and quietly he pushed a table against the door.他迅速地、轻轻地推了一下桌子把门顶上。
g. 副词作状语，修饰形容词或副词时，位于被修饰的词之前，但enough 用作状语时须后置。 Dr.Baker gave a very good talk later that day and everyone at the conference was very interested.当天晚些时候，贝克博士作了一次非常精彩的报告，到会的每一个人都很感兴趣。
Are you sure you're old enough to go travelling on your own?您是否肯定您己经长大了，能够独自旅行？
②名词用作状语
名词词组作状语大都表示时间、距离、重量、价格等意义。
They worked long hours for several weeks before everything returned to normal.他们长时间地工作了好几个星期，才使一切恢复正常。
They need to be strengthened every 3km~4km.每隔3公里~4公里信号就得增强。
We both worked day and night to pay back the money we had borrowed.为了偿还这笔借款，我们俩不分昼夜地干活。
③代词用作状语
有一些指示代词、不定代词可用作装语，多置于其所修饰的词语之前，that , this, any, some等。
Do you remember the boy who you followed when he had so much difficulty in buying a geography book, some thirty years ago? 你还记得大约30年前您跟着一个男孩去买一本地理书的事吗？
I'm not that foolish. 我不会那么蠢。
④数词用作状语。
I hate riding two on a bike. 我不喜欢两个人骑一辆自行车。
⑤形容词用作状语。
For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened. 她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，不能相信刚才发生的事情。
One woman was lying in bed , awake , listening to the rushing winds. 有位妇女醒着躺在床上，静听着那疾驰而过的大风。
⑥不定式用作状语，多置于句末，强调时亦可置于句首。
They go to the newspaper's own library to look up any information that they need. 他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。
To escape the pull of the earth, a rocket must reach a speed of 28, 440 km/h. 为了摆脱地球的引力，火箭必须达到每小时28,440公里的速度。
⑦分词用作状语。
Seen from space, the earth looks blue. 从太空望去，地球看上去是蓝颜色的。
⑧介词短语用作状语。
Hank Stram was on vacation travelling through Europe by train with his two children.汉克?斯特拉姆带着他的两个孩子外出度假，乘火车穿越欧洲旅行。
Besides his work in physics, he spent a lot of time working for human rights and progress.除了在物理学方面的工作之外，他还花大量的时间为人权和进步而工作。
⑨从句用作状语
When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930s, Einstein,who was a Jew, found it impossible to continue living in Germany.在20世纪30年代初期，希特勒统治着德国的时候，爱因斯坦作为一个犹太人，发现他不可能在德国继续生活下去。
Y ou might not be able to buy your ticket until three days before you travelled.过去你可能要在旅行前三天才能买到票。
（2）修饰性状语的种类
按其用途，可分为时间、地点、方面、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等状语11种。
The moment he entered the room, Bill fixed the chain across the door.比尔一进入房间，就用链条把门扣上(时间状语)
They put a cap on the ground in front of them so that people who like the music can drop coins into it. 他们把帽子放在身前的地上，以便喜欢这种音乐的人能把硬币投到帽子里。(地点状语)
She succeeded in taking a first-class degree in physics two years after arriving in Paris. 到巴黎两年以后，她顺利地取得了一级物理学位。(方面状语)
Thanks to the new computer, passengers at the offices of the CAAC can now buy their tickets much faster. 由于有了这台新电子计算机，中国民航售票处前的旅客现在买机票比以前快得多了。(原因状语)
Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. 由于他在探案方面的足智多谋是广为人知的，他能够帮助许多人解决他们的私人事务。(原因状语)
We have seen that the hibernating animal reduces movement to far below the ordinary level. 我们己经看到，冬眠动物的活动量减少到远远低于一般水平。(程度状语)
To earn enough money to continue his studies, he worked there first as a teacher, then in a government office. 为了挣钱来继续上学，他先在那儿当教师，后来又在政府部门工作。(目的状语)
So many copies were sold that the factory was producing 320,000 copies of the record every day. 唱片的销路非常好，以致唱片厂的日产量达32万张。(结果状语)
Neither I nor any of the soldiers will leave the ship so long as the ship remains above the surface of the sea. 只要这艘船还在海面上，无论是我还是水手都不会弃船而去。(条件状语)
All through his life Einstein was content to spend most of his time alone, although he married twice and had lots of close friends. 虽然爱因斯坦结过两次婚，也有许多亲密的朋友，但是在
整个一生中，他愿意单独度过他的大部分时间。(让步状语)
No matter what he's wearing, Tod, just show him the cheapest.托德，别管他的穿着了，给他最便宜的看看就得了。(让步状语)
As in China , the weather in Canada is different from area to are 同中国的情况一样，加拿大的气候也随着地区的不同而不同。(方式状语)
Y ou must do everything as I do.你们要我这样做。(方式状语)
Holmes and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour. 福尔摩斯和华生医生开着灯坐了半个小时。(伴随状语)
（3）修饰性状语的次序
①有一个以上的状语并列出现时，总的说来单词应在前，然后依次是名词短语、介词短语、非限定动词短语，最后是状语从句。
Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening。 开张后的头几天，许许多多的人到那家餐馆去吃饭。
We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot. 我们可以一清早就动身，以免太热了。 ②句中同时有两个以上的时间或地点状语，较小单位的放在前。
At 5:13 on the morning of April 18th , 1906,the city of San Francisco was shaken by a terrible earthquake. 1906年4月18日早晨5点13分，旧金山市受到一阵可怕的地震的震憾。 ③ 句中同时有几种状语时，排列顺序是方式状语、地点状语、时间状语。
In this way over sereral days the artist and his mouse became good friends. 就这样，一连好几天，艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。
Before the days of television, they used to be shown in cinema all over the country before the main film was shown.在电视问世之前，全国各地的电影院总是先放他们（指动画片），然后才放主片。
In France, it is the custom to shake hands with people in the office every morning.在法国，每天早上在办公室里和人握手是一种习俗。
（4）评注性状语
评注性状语与修饰性状语的区别在于它不是修饰谓语或谓语动词，而是对全句进行说明或解释，表示说话人对话语的看法或态度。
Worse still , the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth.更糟的是，狮子甚至可能把婴儿叼走。
Strangely, they looked as if they were twins for they looked so much like each other. 说来奇怪，这两个人看上去就像一对孪生兄弟，因为他们彼此长相太相似了。
Surprisingly, the weather report on the evening before the storm said there would be strong winds. 令人惊奇的是，风暴发生之前的那个晚上，天气预报说将有强风。
In my opinion, it has become necessary to spend all this money on the new computer. 以我看来，花这么大的一笔钱购置这台新计算机是必要的。
As far as I can see, the weather is not likely to clear up for a few days. 据我看，几天内不会睛天。
Personally, I'd rather go to the Science Museum. 就我个人来说，我倒想去科学博物馆。
（5）连接性状语
连接性状语在句子之间起连接作用。
①表列举、顺序或总结
For one thing they keep the water clean .Also they make the tank look much prettier. 一则它们可以使水保持清洁，再则它们可以使水箱看起来更漂亮。
First of all, let me say how glad I am to be here. 首先我要说来这里我是多么地高兴。 ②表等同
We got home late last night, or rather early this morning. 我们昨晚很晚才回家。更确切地说，是今天凌晨到家的。
In other words, you can walk to a distant part of the office or factory to check the information without putting the phone down. 换句话说，你可以走到远离办公室或工厂的地方去核查资料而无须把电话机放下。
③表意义转折或对比
如however 、on the contrary、instead 、though 、on the other hand、after all、otherwise 、yet 、still 等。
Light signals, however, can travel 150 km without getting weaker.然而光信号可以传输150公里而不减弱。
Instead they are writing once more about things that are common for every one. 相反他们现在再一次写常人常事。
So far I haven't had any success. However, I'll keep trying. 到目前为止我还没有取得成功，不过我会继续尝试下去。
He said he would come; he didn't, though.他说他会来，可是他并没有来。
④ 表示因果或推理
如as a result、therefore 、so 、then 等。
He had taken Swiss nationality in 1901 and therefore didn't have to join the army, as Switzerland didn't take sides in the war. 他于1901年取得了瑞士国籍，因此他不必参军，因为瑞士在大战中没有参加战争的任何一方。
It doesn't often rain in summer here. As a result we have to water the vegetable garden.这儿夏天不常下雨，因此我们不得不给菜园浇水。
