琳琳3
一、完型答案:
1-5: ADCAB?
6-10: BADDA?
11-15: DCBDB?
16-20: CACBC?
答案详解:
1. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义?和词汇辨析?
[选项分析] 本题考查动?词。根据上下文?意思，首先可以排?除[B]和[D]。这句话中 that 引导一个定?语从句，主要是说这?一优势赋予?了一种特定?的能力。[C]中tran?smit 为 传播，不符合上下?文意思。
2. [标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 上下文语义?
[选项分析] which? are unbia?sed 这个定语从?句做插入语?修饰 judgm?ent。这句话的意?思是“通过XXX?因素作出公?正判决的能?力”，由此可以排?除[A] 和 [B]。做这一题时?，我们需要理?解第一句话?，给我们提供?了一个大的?背景和条件?。第一句话说?“人们不擅长?利用背景信?息作决定”，所以可以推?出这儿并不?是“通过关键信?息”来做出公正?的判决，而是通过其?它一些信息?，如外部的信?息，作出判决。根据上下文?意思，可以推出 [D] 为正确答案?。 3. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义?和固定搭配?
[选项分析] big pictu?re 是一个固定?搭配，指(事情的)主要部分;重点，故选[A]。其它词语与?big 搭配，均没有这层?意思。
4. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题?
[选项分析] 根据上下文?的逻辑关系?判断，在提出一个?观点之后，接下来就是?进行例证。选项中只有?[A] 表示“例如”，符合这一逻?辑关系，故选[A]。[B]表示“平均”的意思;[C]为“大体上，原则上”;[D] 为“首先”，均不符合。
5. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 上下文语义?和词汇辨析?
[选项分析] 这四个选项?均可以与介?词 of 搭配，[A] 表示“喜欢”， [B] 表示“害怕，恐怕”， [C] 表示“能够，具有…能力”， [D] 表示“轻率的，考虑不周的?”。of 后面的短语?作 judge? 的定语，这句话意思?是“XXX地显?得对犯罪太?过软弱的法?官可能更倾?向于给被告?作出判刑的?判决”。根据上下文?的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“显得对犯罪?太过软弱”显然不是某?种能力，故可以排除?[C] 选项。根据上下文?意思，害怕显得过?于软弱的法?官，才会更倾向?于
作出较严?厉的判决。故选[B]。
6. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 介词搭配
[选项分析] soft on sb/sth 是一个固定?搭配词组，表示“对某人/某事态度偏?软，不够严厉”的意思，故选[B]。
7(标准答案A?
考点分析 逻辑衔接题?
选项分析 前半句含义?是“一个担心自?己会犯罪行?为上表现的?过分软弱的?法官可能会?判人入狱”，后半句含义?是“当天他已经?判五到六个?人缓刑”两句间的逻?辑关系明显?为假设。A if 表示假设“如果”。B until? “直到。。。才。。。”。C thoug?h “然而”，表转折。D unles?s “除非”，表让步。前半句是结?果主句，后半句是一?个假设条件?，所以选C
8(标准答案 D。考点分析 上下文语义?及动词辨析?
选项分析 本句话是说?要进行试验?来验证观点?。空格后的名?词idea?作宾语，对决定动词?十分关键。
动词意思应?为“测试”。A promo?te “促进”。B empha?size “强调”。C share? “分享”。D test “测试”。只有D 选项和“观点”搭配，符合语境。
9(标准答案 D。考点分析 上下文语义?及名词辨析?
选项分析 本句话含义?是讲其中一?个申请者与?其他申请在?面试中的关?系。申请者希望?成功。A decis?ioin “选择”。B quali?ty “质量”。C statu?s “身份”。D succe?ss “成功”。只有D 项搭配，符合语境。
10(标准答案 A。考点分析 后置定语
选项分析 本句意为测?试中随机选?出的其他申?请者。A chose?n “选出”。B stupi?d “笨的”。C found? “发现”。D ident?ified? “识别”。只有A 选项和申请?者搭配意为?选出来的申?请者，符合语境。
11(标准答案 D。考点分析 逻辑衔接题?
选项分析 后半句开头?的but已?经暗示了下?文的连接词?。内容上前半?句意为一个?申请者的面?试成功和其?他申请者没?有关系，后半句意为?西蒙森怀疑?事实。明显是转折?关系。A excep?tiona?l “例外的”。B defen?sible? “可防御的”。C repla?ceabl?e “可替换的”。D other?wise “相反的”。只有D项可?以表转折关?系，所以选D。
12. 标准答案 C。考点分析 后置定语
选项分析 本句前半句?是说西蒙森?研究了面试?者的结果，后半句含义?是招生办官?员。所以这里应?该是招生办?官员举行面?试，后半句做后?置定语。A inspi?re “鼓舞”。B expre?ssed “表达”。C condu?cted “举行”。D secur?ed “保护”。所以结合上?下文可以得?出只有C项?符合语境。
13(标准答案B?
考点分析 上下文语义?及动词词义?辨析
选项分析 文中句子含?义为，“面试官有1?3个申请者?一到五级打?分”A .assig?n 分配;指派; 将财产过户?(尤指过户给?债权人)B .rate 认为;估价，C.match? 使比赛D .arran?ge 安排，根据上下文?含义，应选B.
14([标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 固定搭配。 题干Thi?s scale? 14 numer?ous facto?rs into consi?derat?ion. 空格处需要?动词一个。因为后面有?into consi?derat?ion. 所以选to?ok. Take into consi?derat?ion 是把什么考?虑在内的意?思。
15.B。本题考查逻?辑关系，通过上下文?应该选择一?个表顺承先?后顺序的词?，只有B项t?hen合适?。
16. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义?和逻辑关系?
[选项分析] 这句话 which? 引导一个定?语从句，修饰 exam，考试都有一?个总分，这句话的意?思是说“以800分?计算的标准?测试”，可以排除[A]、[B]和 [D]选项。mark 表示“得分”，符合原文意?思，故选[C]。
17. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义?和逻辑关系?
[选项分析] 根据词语的?意思和搭配?，可以排除 [C] 和 [D] 选项。这题的选择?必须与后面?一题联系起?来进行选择?，这句话说“前面候选者?的分数比X?XX的候选?者高0.75分”，则“下一个候选?者则XXX?”，由此可知，“前面的候选?者”肯定不能是?比他后面的?人分数高，排除[B]。[A] 选项符合上?下文逻辑关?系，故选[A]。
18.B. 根据上下文?意思，是一种up?和down? 的趋势，17空前面?是up趋势?，所以18谓?语动词应该?选“下降”的趋势的动?词，A,B,C,D之中明显?的表下降的?是B项， drop相?对于前面的?high。
19.B。根据上下文?应该选一个?“消除”影响的含义?的动词，答案当中B?项和A,C相反，B是“消除”即“不会产生”，符合上下文?。
20.C。本题需要找?个形容词修?饰poin?ts, A 项prom?ising? “有前途的，有希望的”;意思不合适?，很明显B,C,D当中C项?neces?sary符?合上下文。
二、阅读答案
阅读一答案?: BDCCD?
详解:21(【答案】B(insen?sitiv?ity to fashi?on)
【解析】事实细节题?。根据题干，首先定位到?首段。由文章第一?句后半句“…scold?s her unatt?racti?ve assis?tant for imagi?ning that high fashi?on doesn??t affec?t her.”意思是:“……批评她没有?魅力的助理?，因为助理认?为高级时尚?对她的生活?影响不大”。可知
cri?ticiz?e是对sc?olds的?同义替换，B项中的“insen?sitiv?ity to fashi?on”是“imagi?ning that high fashi?on doesn??t affec?t her.”的同义替换?。所以B项为?正确答案。
(【答案】D(shop for their? garme?nts more frequ?ently?) 22
【解析】事实细节题?。根据题干，首先定位到?第二段。由倒数第二?句“these? label?s encou?rage style?-consc?ious consu?mers to see cloth?es as dispo?sable?, ……, and to renew? their? wardr?obe every? few weeks?.”意思是“这些商标(畅销商标)促使有时尚?意识的消费?者将服装看?成是用完就?可以丢弃的?，……，并且每周更?新他们的衣?橱。”D选项 “shop for their? garme?nts more frequ?ently?”的意思是“更加频繁地?购买服装”，正好是“renew? their? wardr?obe every? few weeks?”的同义替换?。
，B，C项均属于?无中生有项?。 A
23(【答案】A(accus?ation?)
【解析】词义题。题干中需要?猜测词义的?单词出现在?第二段的第?一句“……the fever?ish world? descr?ibed in Overd?resse?d, Eliza?beth Cline??s three?-year indic?tment? of ?fast fashi?on?”。再结合选项?可知，“indic?tment?”是Eliz?abeth? Cline?对“快时尚”的一种态度?。因此，解答此题的?关键在于联?系上下文语?境，找到Eli?zabet?h Cline?对“快时尚”的态度。由第二段最?后一句“By offer?ing on-trend? items? at dirt-cheap? price?s, Cline? argue?s, these? brand?s have hijac?ked fashi?on cycle?s, shaki?ng an indus?try long accus?tomed? to a seaso?nal pace.”，意思是“Cline?说，通过以特别?低的价格销?售潮流物品?，这些品牌破?坏了潮流周?期，动摇了这个?长久以来习?惯于季节周?期的产业”。由“hijac?k”和“shaki?ng”可知，Cline?对“快时尚”应该是持否?定态度的，所以选项A?“accus?ation? (谴责)”是正确选项?。
24(【答案】D(prici?ng is vital? to envir?onmen?tal-frien?dly purch?asing?)
【解析】推理判断题?。根据题干，可定位到最?后一段。解题关键在?于“Vanit?y is a
const?ant; peopl?e will only start? shopp?ing more susta?inabl?y when they can?t affor?d not to”，意思是“每个人都很?虚荣，这很常见。但消费者付?不起太多东?西的时候，他们才会以?更加可持续?的方式去购?物。”这句的关键?词是“affor?d”和“shop more susta?inabl?y”，对应于D项?中的“prici?ng”和“envir?onmen?tal-frien?dly purch?asing?”。A项对于本?段的曲解。B项说的是?“忽视环境的?可持续发展?”，与文中“sever?al fast-fashi?on compa?nies have made effor?ts to curb their? impac?t on labor? and the envir?onmen?t…”(一些时尚服?饰公司已经?做出努力减?少对劳动力?和环境)意思相悖。C项文中未?提及。
25(【答案】C(criti?cism of the fast-fashi?on indus?try)
【解析】主旨大意题?。此题考查对?全文主旨大?意的准确归?纳。从整个文章?脉络来看，文章的第一?段用事例引?入，第二段讲到?文章的主题?“快时尚”，并指出它破?坏了时尚周?期，动摇了时尚?产业。第三四段指?出“快时尚”这种变革的?弊端，比如:给自然资源?造成压力、使用大量有?害的化学物?质、浪费现象。最后两段提?到针对“快时尚”的不良影响?，可以采取的解决办?法。由此可知，C项统领全?文，为正确答案?。
A, B,D项都不是?文章所论述?的中心主题?。
阅读二答案?: BDCAD?
详解:
26. 标准答案:B
考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的把?握能力。此类题目的?解题关键在?于根据题干?信息定位，本题的“Parag?raph 1”，“behav?ioura?l”即为定位信?息。
选项分析:根据文章第?一段第二句?“this fract?ion can be much reduc?ed”在互联网时?代，至少在理论?上，被浪费的那?一部分资金?中，有很多都可?以节省下来?。对应文章“half of all adver?tisin?g budge?ts are waste?d”。故B项“降低运营成?本”是文章的同?义改写。ABD项文?章均为提到?。
27. 标准答案:D
考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的把?握能力。根据题干中?已经给出了?具体信息点?“The indus?try”应回第三段?定位。
选项分析:根据题干信?息“the indus?try”可推测th?e为前文指?代，所以应当定?位到该句之?前，
文章内容为?:“摩斯拉(Mozil?la)的火狐(Firef?ox)、微软(Micro?soft)的IE(Inter?net Explo?rer)及苹果的浏?览器Saf?ari都有?“不允许跟踪?”选项;今年，谷歌也将在?Chrom?e中加入这?一功能”，由此可推断?出选项D“网络浏览器?开发商”为正确选项?。
28. 标准答案:C
考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的把?握能力。结合题干中?所给出的人?名“Bob Liodi?ce”以及专有名?词DNT和?“defau?lt”可回文章定?位到第五段?。
选项分析:文章中Bo?b Liodi?ce称，“如果广告商?不能收集有?关用户偏好?的信息，那么这对于?消费者来说?将更为不利?。”原文中“consu?mers will be worse? off”对应C选项?“will not benef?it consu?mers”，“将对消费者?不利”，因此C应为?正确答案。A项与原文?相反，“垃圾广告”不是减少而?是增加。B项“对广告业没?有影响”以及D项“违背人性”均与文章不?符。 29. 标准答案:A
考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章的?细节信息的?把握能力，关键在于定?位和辨别细?节信息。 选项分析:根据题干信?息提示，我们不难定?位到文章第?六段最后一?句的后半部?分“…some may ignor?e a DNT signa?l and press? on anywa?y.” 一些公司可?能忽略“不允许跟踪?”信号，继续记录用?户的在线行?为。所以推知"不允许跟踪?"可能不会起?到预期的作?用。选项B广告?商很乐意实?行“不允许跟踪?”与本段第一?句话“It is not yet clear? how adver?tiser?s will respo?nd. 广告商们会?对此作何反?应仍不清楚?”不符。选项C"不允许跟踪?"已经不再收?到消费者的?欢迎与本段?第一句和最?后一句内容?“…some may ignor?e a DNT signa?l and press? on anywa?y.” 不符;选项C广告?商被迫提供?"行为"广告与文中?“Getti?ng a DNT signa?l does not oblig?e anyon?e to stop track?ing…”不相符。
30. 标准答案:D
考点分析:此题考查考?生对作者观?点态度的把?握。根据自然段?定位法可定?位到文章的?最后一段。
选项分析:根据关键信?息Bren?don Lynch?我们主要定?位到文章最?后一段的倒?数第二句以?及最后一句?。Brend?on Lynch?“在博客中写?道:?我们认为用?户应该有更?大的话语权?。?”紧接着最后?一句“Could? it reall?y be that simpl?e? 真的是这么?简单吗,”体现了作者?的态度。A项意为“纵容”;B项为““理解”之义;选项C为“感激”之义;D项为“怀疑”。因此只有D?项符合作者?本意，故为正确答?案。
阅读三答案?:31-35: BBDCA?
答案详解:
31. B 【解析】细节题。根据题干信?息，our visio?n of the futur?e used to定位为?文章第一段?。B选项为答?案，我们的对未?来的想象曾?经被我们对?于科技的信?心所鼓舞。 A 选项错误原?因为因果倒?置，lives? of fulfi?llmen?t是由sc?ience? and techn?ololg?y导致，与文章题干?要求our? visio?n of futur?e 无关。C选项为无?中生有，也未提到a?waren?ess of poten?tial risks?的概念。D选项eq?ual oppor?tunit?y为opp?ortun?ity for all所有?人都有相等?的机会的曲?解。
32.B 【解析】推理题。文章问题是?“Red List”表明人类怎?么是什么。根据关键词?定位到文章?的第三段。Look up Homo sapie?ns in the "Red List" of threa?tened? speci?es of the Inter?natio?nal Union? for the Conve?rsati?on of Natur?e (IUCN) ,and you will read….根据thr?eaten?ed speci?es知道是?被威胁的物?种，同时后面的?the Conve?rsati?on of Natur?e知道是对?自然的。那这个“threa?tened?”被人类威胁?就很明显。
33. D 【解析】判断题。 A 选项定位在?it's perha?ps best left to scien?ce ficti?on write?rs and futur?ologi?sts to explo?re the many possi?bilit?ies we can envis?age. That's one reaso?n why we have launc?hed Arc, a new publi?catio?n dedic?ated to the near futur?e.这里根本就?没有讲限制?。这2句话是?说要让科幻?小说的作者?和未来学家?去探索我们?能现象的可?能性。.这里发表的?Arc根本?就没有讲限?制。A 排除B讲科?技，但是文章说?完The poten?tial evolu?tion of today?'s techn?ology?, and its socia?l conse?quenc?es, is dazzl?ingly? compl?icate?d,讲科技和它?的社会意义?。后面一句 and it's perha?ps best…能看得到转?折。文章也没有?提到sol?ution?，也没有提到?社会问题(socia?l probl?em). C 选项是说对?科幻小说的?兴趣在上升?(on the rise)但是整段都?没有说到这?个趋势。D选项定位?文章第一句?话 Perha?ps willf?ully , it may be easie?r to think? about? such lengt?hy times?cales? than about? the more immed?iate futur?e.从这句话能?推测出im?media?te futur?e是比漫长?的时标更难?的事情，也是更不易?察觉的。
34. C 【解析】细节题。 定位的是f?uture? of the manki?nd ,文章第6段?，同时有个很?重要的标点?符号冒号，说明the? past holds? the key to the futur?e: 一直在点号?之前都是这?句话的具体?解释。也就是说这?句强调th?e past 的关键性，所以选择C?。A项B项和?D项都跟内?容无关。
35. A 【解析】主旨题 文章最好的?题目是A选?项，对未来的不?确定性。文章第一段?讲过去人们?对于未来的?想象，第二，三段为对现?在的看法。第四段至最?后一段为对?未来的不确?定性。B选项为人?类的演化，C选项为人?类美好的前?景，D选项科学?，技术与人类?不是文章的?主旨 。顾答案为,?。
阅读四答案?:36- CCDAD?
答案详解:
36.标准答案: C 考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的把?握能力
选项分析:根据题干中?的关键词 three? provi?sions? of Arizo?na定位到?文中第二段?。第一句提到?Arizo?na计划的?三个部分被?推翻是让州?和地方警察?实施联邦移?民法律。这句话没有?相对应选项?，所以看到后?面一句，意思是宪法?的规则是毋?庸置疑的，它认为华盛?顿本身就有?建立一个统?一的自然化?的规则的权?力，而且认为联?邦法律优先?于州法律。所以被推翻?就是因为它?超越了联邦?移民法的权?威。此题也可在?第三段第二?句话，因为它提到?on the overt?urned? provi?sion, 意思是大部?分人认为议?会故意占据?了领地，Arizo?na因此侵?犯了联邦的?享有特
权的?权力。所以，答案是B
37.标准答案: C 考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的把?握能力
选项分析:根据题干的?关键词th?e Justi?ce 和Para?graph? 4, 就可以准确?定位在第四?段。因为是判断?正误题，我们就可以?采用排除的?方法。通过观察选?项，发现B.C都是围绕?State?, 我们就可以?先找关于它?的内容。第四段第二?句话提到，议会通常想?象联邦和州?一起实施移?民法律，而且明确鼓?励州和联邦?的官员共享?信息以及合?作。所以C选项?，即州在移民?实施方面的?合法的作用?，是正确答案?。
38.标准答案: D 考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的推?理引申能力?
选项分析:根据题干中?的关键词P?aragr?aph 5和the? Alien? and Sedit?ion, 就可以精确?定位在第五?段第二句话?的最后，也就是回归?到the Alien? and Sedit?ion法案?的州特权，所以和法案?有关联的就?是选项D. 而且我们也?不难发现，B和D是一?对矛盾选项?，通过阅读文?章，排除D.
39.标准答案: A 考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章细?节信息的把?握能力
选项分析:根据题干中?的关键词t?he White? House?, 定位在第六?段。最后一句提?到白宫声称?它能够使任?何它不同意?的州法律不?合法，也就是选项?A.
40.标准答案: D 考点分析:此题考查考?生对文章主?旨的把握能?力
选项分析:根据前三段?得出文章的?主旨和移民?法律有关，只有A和D?提到，答案在其中?之一。而A是说通?常被议会决?定，和本段第三?段句话内容?冲突。所以答案是?D.
阅读新题型?答案:41-45:EFBGC?
答案详解 :
文章来源于?Luk Van Lange?nhon在?《自然》杂志中关于?对社会科学?研究的资金?未来取向，他的论据从?社会科学的?投资收益率?角度，建议我们应?该资助解决?在各学科大?环境下的大?问题的研究?。
41.[正确答案] :E
[考点分析] 复现结构+代词纸带关?系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段中?空，因此此空所?填内容是由?其上下文决?定的。上句中Ye?t this enorm?ous resou?rce 没有对如今?的glob?al chall?enges?做出足够的?贡献，这些glo?bal chall?enges? 包括 clima?te chang?e, secur?ity, susta?inabl?e devel?opmen?t and healt?h. E选项中T?hese issue?s指代上句?中的各种g?lobal? chall?enges?，并且all? have root cause?s in human? behav?ior解释?了为什么说?this enorm?ous resou?rce in not contr?ibuti?ng enoug?h to today??s globa?l chall?enges?。因此E 选项为正确?答案。
42([正确答案]:F
[考点分析] 上下文逻辑?关系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段首?空，其内容由下?一句决定。空后说Th?is is a shame?，那么此句之?前，即空中所填?的内容一定?是一个让人?感觉 shame?ful的事?情。只有F 选项中ma?ny socia?l scien?tists? seem reluc?tant to tackl?e such probl?ems 是应该羞愧?的事情。因此可以确?定F 选项为正确?答案
43([正确答案]:B
[考点分析] 复现结构定?位
[选项分析] 此题为段尾?空，其内容由上?句确定。上一句句子?主要意思是?包括关键词?envir?onmen?tal chang?ed 和 clima?te chang?e 的论文的数?量迅速增长?.，根据段落内?容一致性原?则，下面应该继?续讲此类论?文的数量问?题。只有选项B? 中继续说，“然而，这些数量还?是很小的”，从内容上来?说衔接十分?紧密，因此B 为正确答案?。
44([正确答案]:G
[考点分析] 代词指代关?系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段中?空，其内容由其?上下句决定?。空后面句子?说this? is an adequ?ate amoun?t，这是一个充?足的数字。那么空中一?定要出现的?是一些数字?，而选项中提?到数字的只?有B 和G 选项。B 选择数字之?前直接说明?the numbe?rs are still? small?，数字仍然很?小，与空后面说?充足的数量?矛盾，故排除。G 选项nat?ional? spend?ing …varie?d from aroun?d 4% to 25%, 符合空中所?要求的内容?，故为正确答?案。
45([正确答案]:C
[考点分析] 复现结构定?位+代词指代关?系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段中?空，其内容由其?上下句确定?。空后面有个?代词tha?t 并且说明T?hat shoul?d creat?e more colla?borat?ive endea?vors 那将带来一?个“合作性的”endea?vors. C选项中t?he idea is to force? socia?l to integ?rate 也就是整合? their? work with other? categ?ories?。Integ?rate 与coll?abora?tive 同义复现，故为正确答?案。 三、翻译答案
46. 然而当人们?观看那些由?无家可归的?人创建的花?园的照片时?，人们能会深?深的震撼。因为这些花?园不仅风格?各异，在它的装饰?和创造性之?外，也透露出了?其他其他基?本的诉求。 47. 然而，一块神圣的?和平之地，或许可能是?粗糙的，但它都是一?种人类本能?的需求，和庇护所相?反，那只是动物?的本能需求?。
48 无家可归的?人的花园，事实上是无?家可归的花?园。 它城市环境?引入了一种?形式。这些城市要?么没有，要么没有如?此显眼的花?园。
49.我们当中大?多数人都屈?服于精神上?的败坏，我们经常把?这种精神上?的败坏推卸?到心理环境?上，直到有一天?我们发现自?己处于一个?花园当中，并感受到这?种压迫感不?可思议的消?失了。
50. 正是这种隐?含或外露的?对自然的提?及充分地证?实了对花园?这个单词的?使用，尽管是从一?种解放的意?义上来说，描述了这些?综合建设。
详解:
2013年?的翻译文章?选自一本小?品文集:Garde?ns: An Essay? on the Human? Condi?tion。同往常一样?，英语一的翻?译文章，出题人习惯?于从某一书?中去改编。2013年?考研英语一?翻译这篇文?章就改编自?这本书的5?9页到61?页其中一篇?。
今年的翻译?题总体的感?觉是句子的?结构不太难?，但是很多的?词汇成为表?达的难点，当然，考到了一些?重要的核心?的词汇，都在课堂上?讲到过，最后冲刺班?讲的介词短?语“虽然、尽管”的意思介词?短语是固定?的短语是确?定的，所以说表达?起来并不是?太难。 总体来说，五个翻译句?子涉及到了?分词作定语?、定语从句、状语从句以?及插入语的?翻译。第46题考?查了时间状?语从句和i?t引导的形?式主语句的?翻译。第47和4?9题都有关?于定语从句?的翻译。同时，第47题和?50题都考?查到了插入?语的翻译。考生在英翻?汉的时候建?议采用拆分?组合的方法?来解题。即，首先将主句?的主谓宾弄?清楚，然后按照意?群划分句子?，最后在按照?汉语的表达?习惯，将各部分意?群串成一个?完整的，合乎中文表?达方式的句?子。 46【句子分析】本句的主干?为:it strik?es one，其中it为?形式主语，真正的主语?为that?引导的主语?从句。句首是wh?en 引导的时间?状语从句。Beyon?d后的th?at指代的?是上文的d?ivers?ity。For all在句?中是“尽管”的意思。
【译文】然而当人们?观看那些由?无家可归的?人创建的花?园的照片时?，人们能会深?深的震撼。因为这些花?园不仅风格?各异，在它的装饰?和创造性之?外，也透露出了?其他的基本?的人类需求?。 47【句子分析】本句的主干?为:A sacre?d place? of peace?...is a disti?nctly? human? need.主谓之间插?入了一个h?oweve?r引导的让?步状语从句?。as oppos?ed to shelt?er后为w?hich引?导的非限制?性定语从句?，修饰she?lter。In effec?t是“事实上，本质上”的意思。 【译文】尽管神圣的?和平之地是?原始的，但是它明显?是一种人类?本能的需求?，和庇护所相?反，那只是动物?的本能需求?。
48【句子分析】本句的主干?为:The garde?ns of the homel?ess...intro?duce form...where?引导的是修?饰envi?ronme?nt的定语?从句，在句子中作?地点状语。
【译文】无家可归的?人的花园，事实上是无?家可归的花?园。 它把一种形?式引入城市?环境中。在这些城市?环境中要么?没有这些花?园，要么没有如?此显眼的花?园。
49【句子分析】本句的主干?为:most of us give into a demor?aliza?tion of spiri?t...which?紧跟spi?rit之后?引导的是定?语从句。Until?引导的是时?间状语从句?，其中as if是“好像，正如”的意思。
【译文】 我们当中大?多数人都屈?服于精神上?的败坏，我们经常把?这种精神上?的败坏推卸?到心理环境?上，直到有一天?我们发现自?己处于一个?花园当中，并感受到这?种精神的败?坏不可思议?的消失了。
50【句子分析】本句是it? is...that...形式的强调?句型。强调的部分?是主语th?is impli?cit or expli?cit refer?ence to natur?e。主句的谓语?动词是ju?stifi?es。In a...sense?是“在某种意义?上，从某种意义?上”的意思。
【译文】正是这种隐?含或外露的?对自热的提?及充分证明?了从一种“解放”的意义上说?使用“花园”这个词来描?述人工建筑?是合理的。
四、作文答案
小作文范文?:
Dear profe?ssor,
I am the chair?man of the Stude?nts? Union? of Forei?gn langu?age schoo?l in Pekin?g Unive?rsity?. We are to hold an Engli?sh speec?h conte?st next week. I am writi?ng to ask wheth?er you can honor? us to be a judge? for the compe?titio?n. The conte?st will be held next Sunda?y, Dec, 20. 2012 in the Room 200, Teach?ing Build?ing No. 3 . It will begin? at 6:30 and last for 3 hours?. Parti?cipan?ts will be from diffe?rent major?s in our unive?rsity?. Judge?s to be invit?ed inclu?de anoth?er three? profe?ssors? who are very famil?iar to you.
We would? be great?ly honor?ed if you can show your prese?nce and provi?de us with your valua?ble comme?nts. Pleas?e conta?ct us at 12345?67 if you can come. Yours? since?rely,
Li Ming
详解解析:
今年小作文?不出预料，考到了邀请?信。Direc?tion要?求给你本校?的英语外教?写一封邀请?信，邀请他做一?个英语演讲?比赛的裁判?。要求 You shoul?d inclu?de the detai?ls you think? neces?sary. 因此本文格?式为书信，语域为正式?语域，即 不能出现缩?写和省略。 称呼: Dear profe?ssor, 鉴于此信是?写给本校的?外教教师，因此性别应?该是已知的?，故Dear? Sir/ Madam?, 是不合适的?。最好称呼写?成prof?essor?，以符合收信?人大学教师?的身份。
正文
第一段:写作内容需?涵盖两点:自我介绍，表明邀请。自我介绍要?求写明白你?写这封信是?有原因的，表明与此事?的相关性。根据本文d?irect?ion要求?，建议假定自?己是这次英?语演讲比赛?的组办方比?较合适。表明邀请的?句子一定要?注意礼貌，故用到了I? am writi?ng to ask wheth?er you can honor? us to be a judge? for the compe?titio?n 这一表达。 第二段: 写作内容为?活动安排及?其他被邀请?人想要知道?的信息。比如，活动的时间?，地点，是必不可少?的。参加比赛的?人员和其他?裁判的情况?对被邀请人?来说也是有?益的，可以帮助其?做决定。
第三段:写作内容为? 表达感谢，期盼对方接?受邀请，并提供给对?方给予反馈?的联系方式?。
注意语气真?挚礼貌。
落款: Yours? since?rely, 特别提醒s?incer?ely后面?逗号不能丢?
签名: Li Ming 特别注意 Ming 后面一定不?能出现句点?。
大作文范文?:
Decis?ions after? Gradu?ation?
Recen?tly, there? has been a growi?ng conce?rn among? the publi?c over the topic? of the choic?e after? gradu?ation?. As is descr?ibed in the pictu?re, a group? of gradu?ates is facin?g vario?us roads? such as: searc?hing for jobs, pursu?ing furth?er study?, going? abroa?d and entre?prene?urshi?p. The pictu?re inten?ds to conve?y to us this messa?ge: As adult?s, colle?ge stude?nts have to make decis?ions about? their? futur?e life. After? gradu?ation?, colle?ge stude?nts have to make decis?ions about? their? futur?e life. For those? who are eager? to becom?e econo?mical?ly indep?enden?t and to put into pract?ice what they have learn?ed in colle?ge, takin?g a job or doing? poine?ering? work will be both satis?fying? and rewar?ding. Getti?ng estab?lishe?d as a bread?-winne?r after? gradu?ation? is their? main desir?e. By contr?ast, those? who want to take advan?tage of the favor?able condi?tions? in colle?ge, howev?er, will try to enrol?l in gradu?ate progr?ams insid?e or outsi?de. For them, a Maste?r's degre?e or even a Docto?ral degre?e repre?sents? a much more ambit?ious goal than a bache?lor's degre?e. In the same way, their? lifet?ime succe?ss and inter?est lies more in acade?mic achie?vemen?ts than in makin?g money?.
As far as I am conce?rned, it is sensi?ble that we shoul?d take a ratio?nal attit?ude towar?ds the decis?ive choic?e. For the part of my own, getti?ng a highe?r degre?e abroa?d has long been my dream?. This is based? on my belie?f that I shoul?d do more resea?rch and learn? more while? I am still? young?.
范文解析:
2013年?考研英语 (一)大作文再次?考察图画作?文，这种题型广?大考生应该?不会陌生。图形中描述?的是毕业生?面临的不同?选择，属于意义分?析型中的人?生哲理类文?章，这也是跨考?写作课程(写作课件P?85-100)重点强调并?且要求学生?多次练习的?类型，并且在考前?跨考出版的?《考研英语命?题人考前8?天作文大预?测》P116，准确预测了?“选择”这一话题。历年真题2?004，2007，2008都?属于意义分?析型文章，其中200?4年-终点又是新?起点与20?13年作文?题目最为接?近。
2013年考研英语一真题完整版
2013年考研英语一真题完整版
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading
decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunction with an applicant ’ s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___.
1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers
2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external
3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external
4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all
5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless
6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless
8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success
9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified
11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged
14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took
15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather
16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below
18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate
19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard
20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn ’ t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’ s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’ t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in
2013考研英语一真题_0
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___.
1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers
2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external
3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external
4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all
5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless
6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless
8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success
9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified
11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured
13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged
14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took
15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather
16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced
17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below
18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate
19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard
20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’
t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater
descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at
odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year
indictment of ―fast fashion‖. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.
By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like
Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. ―Mass-produced clothing ,like fast
food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,‖ Cline argues.
Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per
person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and
beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious
Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when
they can’t afford not to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D] lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently. 23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to [A]
accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behavioural‖ ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and
Apple’s Safari both offer DNT ;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige
anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioural‖ ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs [C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services 27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciaction
[D] skepticism
Text 3
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our
species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD:
Living in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN’s "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity’s impact will be on the planet - in the
context of stratigraphic time.
Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about
the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its
social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated
to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and teched
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our bdief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN―Rod List‖suggest that human beings on
[A] a sustained species
[B] the word’s deminant power [C] a threat to the environment [D] a misplaced race 33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
s abundant resources. [A] explore our planet’
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.
[C] draw on our experience from the past.
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.
Text 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s
immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ‖and that federal laws
precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s
liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately ―occupied the field‖ and
Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress
has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as ―a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power‖.The
White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement
priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it
disagrees with .
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out
Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?
[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.
[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
[A] violated the Constitution.
[B] undermined the states’ interests.
[C] supported the federal statute.
[D] stood in favor of the states.
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A] outweighs that held by the states.
[B] is dependent on the states’ support.
[C] is established by federal statutes. [D] rarely goes against state laws. 40. What can be learned from the last paragraph? [A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges
including climate change, security,sustainable development and
health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
the community should be grasping the opportunity to (42)____This is a shame—
raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .
Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords ―environmental
changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____
When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social
scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly
specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing
elsewhere,such as policy briefs. [B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such
problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .
[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
Section III Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a ―still point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.
(47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we
can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.
Section IV Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college , inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments
Y
ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)
2008年英语一真题翻译
2008年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译
Section I Use of English
对于一些假设,人们尽管承认其合理性却不敢提出来, “有些民 族同其他民族相比天资聪颖”就是这样的假设之一,但 Gregory Cochran 准备将其提出。他是个少见的人,独立工作,不属于任何研 究机构, 曾经使这样一种观点得到普及, 即人们以前并不认为是由细 菌引起的一些疾病, 实际上也是传染病, 而这一观点一经提出就引发 了大量争论。
但即使是他这样的人, 一想到自己将要做的事也可能会不寒而栗。 他同其他两位科学家一起发表了一篇文章, 这篇文章中不仅提出有些 民族比其他民族聪明, 而且解释了产生这一现象的过程。 他们所讨论 的是源于欧洲中部的一个特殊民族,这一过程就是自然选择。 这一民族通常在智商(IQ )测试中都会取得很好的成绩,比平均 值 100高出 12-15分, 而且他们对西方的学术和文化生活做出了贡献, 其中的精英分子, 包括闻名世界的科学家, 用自己的事业证实了这一 点。另一方面,与多数人相比,他们更容易患有很多严重的遗传病, 例如乳癌。 然而以前认为这些现象之间是没有关联的。 人们把前者归 因于社会影响, 如尊重教育的坚定传统, 而后者被看作是遗传隔离的 结果。 Cochran 博士指出智商和疾病是紧密联系的,他认为这些民族 非同寻常的历史使他们服从于进化的压力, 而进化的压力导致了这一 看似矛盾的事实。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
现代生活中, 女性仍在很多方面努力超越男性, 但她们似乎已经 在一个领域位居前列, 尽管这一领域并不令人满意。 纽约退伍军人管 理医院的首席精神病专家 Yehuda 医生说:“同男性相比, 女性在面临 压力时更容易产生精神紊乱和焦虑不安。 ”
针对动物以及人类所做的研究表明, 性荷尔蒙在一定程度上影响 面临压力时所作出的反应, 面临压力的女性与同样条件下的男性相比, 会产生更多的突发化学物质。 在一些研究中, 当研究人员将极度紧张 的雌鼠卵巢 (女性生殖器官) 切除, 雌鼠产生的化学反应与雄鼠相同。 除了增加减压药品的服用剂量之外,女性面临压力的“机会”也 在逐渐增加。 Yehuda 医生说, “并不是女性不能处理好压力,而是她 们有更多压力需要处理。 ” 她发现, “ 女性承受压力的能力比男性更强, 但是她们有太多事情需要处理, 所以更容易感到筋疲力尽, 也更容易 呈现出疲惫的状态。 ”
Yehuda 医生还注意到男性与女性之间的另一不同之处。 “我认为 女性所面临的事情多具有长期性和重复性。 男性打仗与压力抗争, 他 们多面临随机的暴力行为。 而女性所面临的人际暴力往往出现在家庭 内部, 例如父母或者其他家庭成员之间, 这些都不是一次就可以解决 的。这种长期关系相当折磨人。 ”
Adeline Alvarez十八岁结婚, 生有一子, 但她决心完成大学学业。
“为了拿到大学学位我努力拼搏。过去我在生活中经历了太多挫折, 上学、前行、做得更好是我的出路。 ”后来,她遭遇婚姻失败,成为 一位单身母亲。 “那是我一生中最困难的时期,我需要照顾一个十几 岁的孩子,付租金,支付汽车贷款,偿还债务,每月的工资都用光, 根本存不下钱。 ”
并不是每个人都经历 Alvarez 所描述的严重压力,但是现在女性 需要面临很多责任,很少有休息的机会,所以压力重重。 Alvarez 的 经历表明在压力威胁到你的健康和工作能力之前找到分散压力的方 法非常重要。
Text 2
这个过程曾经非常简单。 在实验室工作的一组研究人员将研究成 果交给一本期刊, 期刊编辑去掉作者以及提交单位的相关信息后, 转 交给同仁审核, 然后根据他们的意见决定是否发表这一研究成果。 版 权属于期刊出版商, 其他研究人员如果想知道研究成果就必须订阅此 期刊。
不久之后, 因特网的出现和来自资助机构的压力使通过网络获知 研究成果成为现实, 这些资助机构质疑为什么出版商能够通过限制获 知研究成果的途径, 从政府资助的研究项目中获利。 经济合作与发展 组织(OECD )已经对此发表了报告,讲述了其深远影响。这份报告 是由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的 John Houghton 与经合组织的 Graham Vickery 共同提交的,触及了距今已获得巨大利润的出版商的要害。
不仅如此, 这份报告还标志着迄今为止在科学研究方面的一个关键因 素已经发生了改变。
知识的价值以及公众对于科研的投资回报, 部分取决于科研成果 的广泛推广和迅速获取。这是一笔很大的生意。在美国,核心科学出 版市场额估计是 70亿至 110亿美元。国际科学、技术及医学出版商 联盟说在这些领域的出版商全世界有 2000多家,这些出版商每年在 16,000份期刊上发表 120多万篇文章。
现在这一切正在发生改变。根据经合组织的报告,现在大约有 75%的学术期刊在线。全新的商业模式正在形成,该报告的作者确定 了其中最主要的三种模式。第一种是所谓的“用户协议” ,也就是机 构订阅者通过签署网站专利权协定支付阅览在线期刊的费用。 第二种 是开放式在线出版,特点是要求文章作者(或者雇员)支付所要出版 的文章的费用。 最后是开放式档案馆, 像大学或者国际实验室这样的 组织支持机构陈列馆。 现存的其他模式混合了以上三种, 例如延时开 放阅览, 也就是说前六个月只允许订阅者阅读期刊文章, 六个月后才 供其他读者免费阅读。 所有这些模式都会改变传统的同行审核出版模 式,至少在文章发表方面如此。
Text 3
二十世纪六十年代早期,国家篮球协会(NBA )只有三个身高七 英尺以上的队员, Wilt Chamberlain 是其中之一。但是如果他参加上 个赛季的比赛, 他会是 1/42。 这些年来, 参加主要职业运动的运动员
在身材方面发生了巨大变化,队员们变得更大、更高,经理们对于调 整队服以适应此变化不再心无怨言。
但是,体育界的这个趋势可能会模糊这样一个未被承认的事实:总体而言, 美国人身高已经停止了生长。 现在的美国人比 140年前要 高出两英寸, 但显然他们在二十世纪六十年代早期就达到了身高的极 限,尤其是那些祖祖辈辈生活在美国的人。他们不可能长得再高了。 赖特州立大学的人类学家 William Cameron Chumlea说:“基于目前的 遗传以及环境水平, 就总体人口而言, 我们已经接近极限。 ” 至于 NBA 球员身高的增长, 似乎源于他们是在全世界范围内征募球员, 这已经 成为惯例,而且这种行为日益增加。
想要生长就必须为不断扩大的组织提供卡路里和营养基——特 别是蛋白质,很少有人 20以岁后会继续生长。 20世纪初期,营养不 良和幼年传染病阻碍了生长。 但是随着饮食以及健康状况的改进, 每 20年儿童和青少年的平均身高就会增加大约 1.5英寸, 这种模式被认 为是身高增长的长期趋势。 但疾病控制与预防中心的数据显示, 二十 世纪六十年代以来男性 5'9
遗传的极限可以改变, 但是这不会在短期内发生。 Claire C. Gordon,
马萨诸塞州内迪克陆军研究中心的首席人类学家确认 90%的制服和 工作站都适合新兵,没有改变。她指出,一段时间以来,与篮球队服 不同的是, 军装的长度不曾改变。 如果你需要预测短期内人类身高以 便设计一套装备, Gordon 说大体上“你可以信心十足地利用现在的 数据。 ”
Text 4
1784年,也就是乔治·华盛顿成为美国总统五年前,他 52岁, 牙齿几乎掉光了。 所以他雇佣了一名牙医, 把九颗牙齿移植到他口中 ——这九颗牙齿是从他的奴隶口中拔出的。
这与多数人从历史书中获知的那个砍樱桃树的乔治形象迥然不 同。 但是最近, 很多历史学家开始关注奴隶在国家缔造者的生活中所 扮演的角色。 1998年由 DNA 提供证据成为可能,受此鼓舞,他们几 乎完全证实托马斯·杰弗逊与他的奴隶萨利·赫明斯 (Sally Hemings) 至少生有一子。仅仅 30年时间,历史学家已经颠覆了历史。有几部 著作揭露了早期国家领导人的道德妥协以及建国初期国家的脆弱。 值 得一提的是, 书中指出很多国家缔造者知道奴隶制是错误的——但他 们并不与其抗争。
此外,历史学家指出,国家缔造者们受到当时文化的牵制。华盛 顿和杰弗逊私下里都表述过对奴隶制的憎恶, 可他们也知道奴隶制是 他们所缔造的这个国家的政治和经济基础的一部分。
首先,美国南部不能失去奴隶。 《一个不完美的上帝:乔治·华
盛顿, 他的奴隶, 并创造美国》 的作者维恩塞克说, 拥有奴隶就像 “拥 有巨额银行存款” 。如果当时不对美国南部的黑奴制度进行保护,南 部各州就不会签署宪法,其中一个条款规定,选举国会代表时,一名 奴隶相当于 3/5个普通人。
其次,政治家的政治生涯依赖于奴隶制。 3/5的定则帮助杰弗逊 在 1800年的总统选举中获得险胜,他当时依赖的正是选举团中南部 诸州的大量选票。就职后,杰弗逊扩大了奴隶制的影响, 1803年通 过路易斯安那购买所获得的土地划分为 13个州,其中有三个州实行 奴隶制。
但杰弗逊仍然给赫明斯的孩子们以自由——尽管没有释放赫明 斯以及他的其他 150名奴隶。 华盛顿在目睹了独立战争中黑人奴隶的 勇敢表现后,开始相信人皆平等,他不顾亲戚的反对,在遗嘱中给他 所有奴隶以自由。 但距当时十年前, 这样的行为在弗吉尼亚还要获得 立法机关的批准。
Part B
终止削铅笔、收拾桌子以及做几乎任何事情而不是写作的时间。 停止做跟写作无关的事情,坐着、站着、躺着,想怎么写就怎么写, 才能作出初稿。 (41) 【 D 】写作的方式无关大局,肯写就好。既然要 试着把一个主题阐述为文章, 就可以把笔记集中起来, 开始充实文章 大纲。
要灵活。写作提纲有指导作用,可以使文章平稳地逐步过渡,但
创作时不应受其束缚。 如果在写作时涌现了相关又重要的灵感, 应在 创作中随时添加。 (42) 【 G 】草案初稿可以提供写作的大体内容,但 写作过程中极可能涌现你最初没有想到的想法。 很多好作家根本都不 用大纲, 而是边写边发现写作顺序。 因此不要试图第一次就写出很完 美的初稿来。语法、标点及拼写等问题则留待修改时考虑,初稿创作 精力应集中在思想观点的表述上。 热切的阐述比紧张的纠错更容易激 发好的作品。
(43) 【 A 】为了便于修改,行间距、边距要大,这样易于增添单 词、句子和改正之处。而且仅在纸的一面写字,背面不写。这么做的 好处是便于整理每一页的内容, 如果要剪切某个段落到别处去, 不会 损失写在背面的内容。
如果利用文字处理软件, 只需几个简单的键盘指令, 就可以轻松 删改、添加内容,并可进行拼写和语法检查。 (44) 【 C 】但是应该记 住, 尽管打印机打印的文章看上去光鲜照人, 但只有融入了作者的思 想和文风的文章才有可读性。 很多作者会把信息谨慎地存入磁盘, 每 写完一稿都会打印出来, 防止由于断电或者其他问题而丢失信息。 这 些打印出来的文本较之屏幕上的东西更便于修改。
完成初稿后,可以删掉无关材料,添加必要信息说明你的观点, 使文章更有说服力。一位学生在写文章《作为一种心境的 A &P》时 删去了一个段落,此段落讲述了 Sammy 是否对妇女有歧视。这是明 智之举。 (45) 【 E 】因为尽管这个段落很有趣,却与主题无关,文章 的主题是解释环境如何影响 Sammy 做出辞职的决定。同时她增加了
一个讲述伦格尔脾气乖戾的段落,由此切入他实行的 A &P“政策” 。 对初稿要求不要过高。只有不断修改才能最终清晰地表达思想。 甚至可能在写完了几稿之后再次重写。 每一段中的句子都应与一个主 题有关。应该有过渡句连接各段,避免突兀和混淆。晦涩冗余的措辞 以及模糊的句子和段落应该毫不留情地进行调整,使之成形。
Part C
达尔文在自传中非常谦虚地谈到了自己的智力。 他指出在清晰简 明的表述观点方面他总是存在困难,但是 (46)他认为或许正因为 (语 言表达上的 ) 这种困难,他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间 的认真思考, 从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误, 结果这反而成 为他的优点。他不像赫胥黎那样,拥有杰出的快速理解能力和才智。 (47)
他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。 据他所述, 他的记 忆力泛而不清, 以至于他对于一个日子或者一行诗的记忆不会超过几 天。 (48)另一方面, 某些人批评他虽然善于观察, 却不具备推理能力, 而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。他觉得原因在于 《物种起源》 自始至终都是一项长期论证,而且已经使很多能人信服。他认为,如 果不具备一定的推理能力没有人能完成此书。他如是说, “我具有一 定的创造力, 也像每一位成功的律师和医生一样拥有一定的常识和判 断力,但是我具备的能力并不比他们更高。 ” (49) 他又自谦地说,或 许自己 “在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并对其加以仔细观察方面优
于常人” 。
在达尔文去世的那一年, 他曾这样写道, 之前的二三十年间他思 想的两三个方面发生了改变。 到三十岁甚至是三十多岁时, 各种诗歌 给了他极大的乐趣。 此前, 绘画和音乐也使他欣喜万分。 但是在 1881年,他说:“很多年了我都无法读下一行诗,对于绘画和音乐,我也 几乎失去兴趣。 ” (50) 达尔文确信, 没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣, 而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力, 更有可能导致一个人道德品质 的下降。
2000年英语一真题翻译
2000 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译
Part I (略)
Part Ⅱ Use of English
一个农民要想成功，就必须在其消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距。他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉。农民若想养活自己及家人， 就必须有余粮。他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮： 留作种子， 留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障， 以及作为商品卖掉， 来替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠， 或在其他方面改善自己的农田。如果没有余粮， 农民就不能自给自足， 他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。自然， 他会尽量争取低息贷款，但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入这样的一段辉煌时期，当时它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技巧的。美国和美国人的繁荣是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚两大洲人民做梦都想像不出的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。同样不可避免的是逐渐失去主导地位的痛苦。在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。有些大型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。到l987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith(现在已经完全没有了：Zenith 已经被韩国的LG 电子兼并) 。外国汽车和纺织品正在大举进入美国国内市场。美国的机械工业岌岌可危。在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些引发了一种信心危机。美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收人很快就会下降。80年代中期人们对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。这些调查的发现，有些是耸人听闻的，都充满了对来自海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变! 1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人把它的原因归结为类似美元贬值或商业周期轮回这些显而易见的原因。对自身的怀疑已经被盲目乐观取代。“美国的产业结构已经改变，消除了滞涨，学会了快速反应，”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长Richard Gavanagh指出。“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力，我为自己是美国人而
感到自豪，”华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的StePhen Moore 说。哈佛经管学院的William Sahlman 相信，人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时期”。
Passage 2
身为一个男人从来都充满危险。男女出生的比例大约是105：100， 但到了成年期， 这个比例便降至基本持平， 而到70岁时， 女性的人数就已达到男性的两倍了。不过男性死亡率高的普遍规律正在改变。现在男婴的成活率与女婴基本一样。那意味着有史以来第一次男孩在他们择偶的关键年龄期有所过剩。更重要的是， 又一个自然选择的机会消失了。50年前，婴儿(特别是男婴) 成活的关键在于他的体重。多一公斤或少一公斤都会造成死亡。今天，体重几乎不起什么作用。因为大部分差异是由基因造成的， 所以又一个进化的因素消失了。
进化自杀还有另外一种办法：活着， 但少生孩子。现在很少有人像过去那样大批生育。除了在少数宗教团体中， 几乎没有女性生15个孩子。现在出生的数量，就像死亡的年龄一样，变得平均化。我们大多数都有同样数量的后代。而且，人与人之间的差异和利用这种差异进行自然选择的机会都已经减少。印度证实了这种状况。这个国家为大城市的少数人提供了财富，为其余大多数部落居民造成了贫穷。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度中、上阶层已经失去了80%的作用。
对于我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经来临。奇怪的是，它并未造成多少外形的改变。没有其他物种在自然界占据如此多的地方。但是在过去10万年中——甚至过去100年中——我们的生活发生了变化， 但我们的身体却没有改变。 我们没有进化，因为机器和社会在代替我们进化。 达尔文曾经用下面的语句来描述那些对生物进化过程一无所知的人： 他们“注视着有机体，就像原始人注视着轮船， 注视着那完全超出自己理解能力的事物。”无疑，我们将记住20世纪的一种生活方式， 尽管对其丑陋之处无法理解。但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之远感到多么吃惊， 他们看上去将和我们一样。
Passage 3
当一场新的艺术运动在某种程度上流行，人们最好去弄清其倡导者的目的是什么，因为不管它们的原则现在看来多么牵强附会、不可思议，很可能在将来它们会被视为正常。然而就未来派诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单，因为不管未来派诗歌是什么——即使承认它赖以存在的理论基础是正确的——这种形式也很难被界定为文学。
简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活状况一直在有条件地急剧变化，到现在我们已经生活在一个充满了噪声、暴力和快节奏的世界。因此，我们的感觉、思想和情感都发生了相应的变化。未来主义者说这种加速的生活节奏，需要一种新的表达方式。我们要理解现代社会的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们在下笔时必须让一长串表达意义的最基本词汇倾泄而出，不受句读停顿、限制修饰性形容词或限定性动词的牵制。我们不再描写声音，我们制
造词汇来模仿它们；我们使用的字体必须在同一页纸上大小不同，颜色不同，词汇可以随意地加长或缩短。
毫无疑问，他们对战斗的描述会令人费解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则更令人心烦。注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中——后来发现这一行诗文是由军官落水的声音和他们的体重组成的：“扑通！扑通！一百八十五公斤。”
虽然这符合未来派诗歌的规律和要求，但是它很难被界定为文学。与此同时，没有一个有思想的人能拒绝接受他们的基本主张：我们的感情生活的巨大变化要求表达方式的变化。但实际问题是：从根本上说，我们改变了吗?
Passage 4
战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此毫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，年轻人工作很勤奋，将工作视为他们生存的主要理由，但是现在日本已经大致满足了它的经济需求，年轻人不知道他们下一步目标在哪里。
战后生育高峰时出生的人口成人，以及女性进入以男性为主的劳动力市场，二者都限制了青少年的发展机遇，他们已经对攀登等级森严的社会阶梯以及获得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提出质疑。在最近的一次调查中，人们发现只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活感到满意，而在美国达到67.2%。而且，日本工人对他们的工作感到不满的人数要比其他10个被调查的国家多得多。
虽然日本的教育常常因重视基础知识而受到外国人士赞扬，但它对应试和机械的学习的重视程度超过了创造性和个性表现。“那些在考试分数中不能表现的东西——个性、能力、勇气和人道主义精神——被完全忽视了，”去年日本出现了2，125起校园暴力事件，包括929起殴打老师的事件。在抗议声中，许多保守的领导人呼吁回到战前对道德教育非常重视的状态。去年，当时的教育部长Mitsuo Setoyama 不无愤慨地说道，二战后美国占领当局所引进的自由化改革弱化了“日本人尊敬父母的传统道德”。
但那可能与日本人生活方式更有关系。教育学家Yoko Muro说道：“在日本，问题从来都不在于你是否喜欢你的生活和你的工作，而只在于你能够忍受多少。”经济的增长带来了居住集中化，日本1.19亿人口的76%都住在城市，传统社区和多代同堂家庭消失了，取而代之的是与外界很少往来的，仅由两代人构成的家庭。日本的城市人口长期以来忍受着漫长的上下班路途和拥挤的居住条件，但是，随着传统的群体和家庭价值观的弱化，不满逐渐显露出来。在过去的10年中，日本的离婚率虽然仍然在美国之下，但已经上升了50%多，自杀率上升了近四分之一。
Passage 5
如果雄心能被正确看待的话，那么它的回报——财富、荣誉、对自己命运的控制——则应该被认为是值得为之做出的牺牲。如果雄心的传统仍具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这
些人中也包括那些受过良好教育的。奇怪的是，正是这些受过教育的人们宣称他们已经放弃将雄心壮志作为人生理想的追求。更奇怪的，他们也许是雄心壮志的最大受益者——如果这些雄心壮志不是他们自己的，至少也是他们父母或祖父母的。这里面有很强烈的虚伪性，就好比等马全跑光了，才关上马厩的门——而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。
当然，人们现在对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。夏日别墅、欧洲旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度似乎比十年前或两年前有所减少。实际情况是人们不能像从前那样轻易、公开地坦陈他们有这样的梦想，以免被人认为爱出风头、贪得无厌或俗不可耐。而我们所看到的是许多极为虚伪的景象，这种景象比以往更多：批评美国实利主义的人却拥有南安普敦的消夏别墅；出版激进思想书籍的人却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在生活各方面实行公民参与决策的民主制的记者却将他们的孩子送进了私立学校。对于这些人，对于许多也许不如此特别的人，最恰当的解释是“不惜代价去追求成功，但避免表现得野心勃勃。”
对雄心的抨击层出不穷，且来自各个角度；公开为之辩解的则少之又少，虽不能说这些辩解毫无吸引力可言，但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。因此，对雄心壮志的支持，支持它作为一种健康的志向，一种受人尊敬并扎根于年轻人心中的品德的人们，也许下降到美国历史上的最低点。这并不是说雄心壮志穷途末路了，人们不再感到它的涌动和激励了；而是它不再公开被嘉奖，很少公开被承认。这种情形的结果当然是，在有些情况中雄心壮志被迫转入地下，或暗藏于胸。这就是目前的状况：在左边是恼羞成怒的批评者，在右边是不得力的支持者，而在中间像往常一样，是广大的想在生活中进取的认真的人们。
Part Ⅳ English -Chinese Translation
世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设，即，本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富。(71) 在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。(72) 再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门， 以便提高生产率，确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。例如， 政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究， 包括建立自己的研究中心； 政府可以改变教育结构， 或进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费， 开发尚未利用的资源； 或者在日益增多的跨国科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。无论如何， 一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才。
(73) 新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因， 政府常常得推出更多的革新。与此同时， 与过去相比， 世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快。例如， (74) 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革， 持续了大约一个世纪之久， 而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。所有这些在社会内部造成了巨大的压力和紧张气氛，从而给有关政府带来了严重问题。(75) 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动 (现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易) 造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。目前，以上所有这些因素产
生的后果就是，各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付诸实施，越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会学家。
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