旁观者5151
现在式过去式否定式
cancouldcannot (can not)/couldnotcan’t/ couldn’t
maymightmay not/ might not
mustmustmust notmustn’t
willwouldwill not/ wouldnotwon’t/ wouldn’t
shallshouldshall not /
should notshan’t/ shouldn’t
needneedneed notneedn’t
daredareddare not/ darednotdaren’t /
ought toought toought not tooughtn’t to
二. 态动词现在式和过去
Can I borrow your book? / Could I borrow your book?
He said I could borrow his book.
1. 时态
（现在式于现在时态或将来时态，过去
2. 语气
（用在现时态，过去式比现在式更
三．情态动词考什么
1．情态动词基本
2．情态动词表推测
3．情态动词表虚拟
4．情态动词的省略
四. 情态动词基
1. can /could
(1) 能力(ability) 包括本能、体能、智能、权力能、权利能、财力能、环境能等。
He can speak French, but can not speak English.
You can not travel first-class with a second-class ticket.
Can / Could you lend me $ 100?
He could speak English when he was a child.
比较 was able to (VS) could
was able to 表示过去有能
The big hotel caught fire last night. Fortunately, all the peoplewere able to escape.
(2)
--Can I come in?
--Yes, certainly.( Yes, of course./ Certainly / Of course.)
--Could I use your telephone?
--Yes, you can.( Yes, of course.)
(3) 强烈情彩：惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度（主要用于
Can this be an excuse for not giving them help?
How can/could you be so careless!
What can he mean?
No, no, this can’t be true.
(4) 客观可能性（possibility) “理论上的可能”、“当然可能”、“有时候
One can hold his breath for 3 minutes, with practice.
Accident can happen to any drunken driver.
He can be very unreasonable.(= Sometimes he isunreasonable.)
(5)要求对为
Can/Could you please help me with this box?
(6)can/ could的惯用语
① can but= can only 只好
We can but (can only) do our best.
② cannot / can’t (help / choose) but do
=cannot / can’t help doing 禁不住、不得不
I cannot help but admire your decision.
③ cannot…too 再…也不
You cannot be too faithful to your duties.
2. may / might许可（Permission)
① 说话者向对方
② 主语被许可
--May / Might I borrow your car?
--Yes, of course. ( Yes, you may)
--May / Might I tell Sunny about it?
--I’d rather you didn’t .( I’m afraid not./ No, you mustn’t./No, you can’t.)
You may pay the bill either in person or by mail.
(2) 用在 “May + 主语 + do” 的结构里
May you be happy!
May you enjoy yourself!
(3) 用在 “may (might) as well” 里表示温和的劝告或建议———类似 had better （主语“I”， 说话者温和地表示自己的意向。）
I may (might) as well take it with me.
You may as well begin at once.
3. must
(1) 必须（Necessity)
① 规定或指令
② 说话者的命令
③ 说话者的强烈
You must have a passport if you want to travel abroad.
You must be here by ten o’clock. Otherwise you will bepunished.
I must be home by eight.
You must see the film; it’s wonderful.
注：
★Must I go with you?
Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.( you don’t have to. )
You mustn’t play with fire.
★比较have to 必须、不得不 (别人
I don’t have enough money to take the bus, so I have to walkhome.
I have to go off now. My mom asked me to be back home beforedark.
You have to do the work of two men
(2) 表示语固执，偏要做他人不希望他做的事
Just as I was busiest, he must come and bother me.
Why must you always leave your dirty clothes in thebedroom.
4. will/ would
(1) 表愿（用于第一人称） 主语是
I won’t argue with you.
I said I would do anything for him.
The drawer won’t shut.
My fountain pen wouldn’t write.
(2) 习或复的动作 主语是物时，表
You will always keep forgetting things.
John will fall asleep in class.
Oil will float on water.
(3) 和“you” 连用，表示请求 Could / Can you…?
Will you dine with me tomorrow, Lewis?
You will forgive me, won’t you?
Would you mind closing the door?
5. shall
(1) 表义务，用于
You shall do as you see me do.
▲ shall 常用
“The interest shall be shared between you two.” the judgedeclared.
(2) 表许诺，威胁， 用
You shall have my answer tomorrow.
You shan’t leave if you don’t finish your work.
(3) 征求对方的意见， 用于（一、三人称）
Shall I get you some fresh coffee?
What shall he do next?
6. should
(1) 主的
Children should be taught to respect their elders.
(2) 表示强烈情色，常用于以why,how开头的疑问句中（表示不
How should I know?
I don’t see why we shouldn’t make friends.
7. ought to主语的义务、责任 。 翻译成“应
You ought to obey your parents.
（语气：must＞shall＞ought to = should＞may as well= might as well=had better）
8. need / dare
(1) 肯句中于实义动词， 疑问否定句中用
He needs to escape.
He doesn’t need to / needn’t escape
Need we escape? / Do we need to escape?
She doesn’t dare to do / daren’t do anything.
(2) need 做情态动
(3) dare情态动词有现在式(dare)
五. 情态动
1．可能性 小
大
mightmaycouldcanmust
肯定√√××√
否定√√√√×
疑问××√√×
昨天晚上没下雨了，因为地
It couldn’t have rained last night, for the ground is dry.
咱们得快点，妈妈准在家
Let’s hurry up. Mum must be waiting for us.
2. 情态动
should have done
could have done
might have done
needn’t have done
一个人都没来呢，我们本不
There is nobody here. We needn’t have been in such a burry.
3. 情态动
--Could I use your telephone? --Yes, you can.
--Ought I to hand in the work? --Yes, you ought to.
--Should he have handed in his homework? --Yes, he should have.
小学英语重点语法
语法
一般现在时型:表示习惯性的动作或行为，或
句型基结构为:主语+行为
当主语是第三人称单数时，要在动词原形后加s或es，其他作主时则用动词原形;在
一般现在时基本用
一般现在时的功能
1.表示事物物
2.表示经常性或性的
3.表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
一般现在时的构成
1. be动词:
2.行为动词:+
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
一般现在时的变化
1. be动词
否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。
一般疑问句:Be +主语+其它。 如:-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑问
行为动词的变化。
否定句:主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+)。如: I don't like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如:He doesn't often play. 一般疑:Do( Does ) +
- Do you often play football?
- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
当主语为第人称单数时，要用does构
- Does she go to work by bike?
- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work?
动词+s的
1(一般情况下，直接加-s，如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 2(以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3(以“辅音
一般现在时用
一、 写出下列动词的第三
drink _drinks_______ go __goes_____ stay __stays______ make __makes______ look __looks_______ have__haves_____ pass__passes_____ carry __carries__ come__comes______ watch_watches_____ plant__plants_____ fly __flies______ study__studies_____ brush__brushes______ do__does_______ teach___teaches____
二、用括号内动词的适当
1. He often __has______(have) dinner at home.
2. Daniel and Tommy __are_____(be) in Class One.
3. We _don’t watch______(not watch) TV on Monday.
4. Nick _doesn’t go______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.
5. _Do_____ they __like______(like) the World Cup?
6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays? 7. _Are______ your parents __read_____(read) newspapers every day? 8. The girl _teaches______(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I __take______(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There ___is_____(be) some water in the bottle.
11. Mike _likes______(like) cooking.
12. They __have_____(have) the same hobby.
13. My aunt ____looks___(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always __do_____(do) your homework well.
15. I ___am____(be) ill. I’m staying in bed.
16. She _goes______(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao __does____(do) not like PE.
18. The child often __watches_____(watch) TV in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _have______(have) eight lessons this term. 20. ,What day __is_____(be) it today?
, It’s Saturday.
三、按照要求改
1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)
Daniel doesn’t watch TV every evening.
2. I do my homework every day.(
Do you do your homework every day? No, I don’t.
3. She likes milk. (改为一般
Does she like milk? Yes, she does.
4. Amy likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)
Does Amy like playing computer games? No, she doesn’t.
5. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)
t go to school every morning. we don’
6. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句)
He doesn’t speak English very well.
7. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问)
Where do you like taking photos?
对划线部分提
Where does John come from?
9. She is always a good student. (改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)
Is she always a good student?
10. Simon and Daniel like going skating.(改为否定句)
Simon and Daniel don’t like going skating.
五、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确
1. Is your brother speak English? Does
2. Does he likes going fishing? like
3. He likes play games after class. __playing____
4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. ___teaches_______________ 5. She don’t do her homework on Sundays. _____doesn’t____________
1. What do you have on Thursdays? We have English, math and science on Thursdays.
2. What do you do on Saturdays? I watch TV on Saturdays.
4. What do you have for lunch on Mondays? We have tomatoes, tofu and fish.
5. I like fruit. But I don’t like grapes.
1. When do you eat dinner? I eat dinner at 7:00 in the evening. 3. What do you do on the weekend? Usually I watch TV and go shopping. 4. Sometimes I visit my grandparents. I often play football. Sometimes I go hiking.
5. Which season do you like best? I like winter best.
1. How do you go to school, Sarah? Usually I go to school on foot. Sometimes I go by bike.
2. How does she go to work? She goes to work by bus. 3. I like collecting stamps. He likes collecting stamps, too. 4. Does she teach English, No, she doesn’t. She teaches math.
5. What does your mother do? What does your father do? 6. Where does she work? She works in a car company. 7. Where does the rain come from? It comes from the clouds. 8. How do you feel? I feel sick. How does Amy feel? 9. You look so happy. You look sad today.
现在进行时:
1. What are you doing? I’m doing the dishes. I’m reading a book.
2. Grandpa is writing a letter. Brother is doing homework. Mom is cooking dinner in the
kitchen.
3. He is writing an e-mail in the study. 4. What is it doing ? It’s eating bananas.
5. What is she doing ? She’s jumping.
6. What are they doing ? They’re swimming. They’ re climbing trees.
7. Are you eating lunch? No, we aren’t.
8. Are they eating the honey? Yes, they are. 9. Is he playing chess? Yes, he is. 10. Is she counting insects? No, she isn’t.
表示现在正在或生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动
标志词是:now ,也常用在Look! Listen! 等后面。
句型主要结构:be动词(am, is, are)+动词现
否定句在be后加not;一般问
现在进行时的特殊疑问的基
1. What+ am/are/is + you/they/he/she +doing? 动词加ing的变化规则
1(一般情
2(以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如:make-making, taste-tasting 3(如果末尾是一个音字母和一个辅音字母(重读闭音节，辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母)，双末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如:run-running, stop-stopping(音字:A E I O U 半元
现在进行时专项
一、写出下列动词的现
Play: Playing run: running swim: swimming make: making
go: going like: liking write: writing ski: skiing
Read: reading have: having sing: singing dance: dancing
Put: putting sit: sitting begin: beginning shop: shopping
二、用所给的动词的正确
1. The boy is drawing ( draw)a picture now.
2. Listen .Some girls are singing (sing) in the classroom. 3. My mother is cooking (cook) some nice food now. 4. What are you doing (do) now?
5. Look. They are having (have) an English lesson. 6. They aren’t watering (not, water) the flowers now. 7. Look! The girls are dancing (dance) in the classroom. 8. What is our granddaughter doing? She is listening (listen) to music. 9. Its 5 o’clock now. We are having (have)supper now 10.Is Helen washing (wash )clothes? Yes, she is. 三、句型转换:
1. They are doing housework. (分
Are they doing housework?
They are not doing housework.
2(The students are cleaning the classroom. ( 改成一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) Are students cleaning the classroom?
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
3(I’m playing the football in the playground. (对划线部分进行提问)
What are you doing in the playground?
4(Tom is reading books in his study. (对划线部分进行提问)
What is Tom doing in his study?
一般过去时型:表示过去发生的而现在已经结束
句型基本结构为:主语+动过式+其。标词通常是:yesterday, last week , last year 等，在问
Be动词在一般过去时
?am 和is在
?are在一过
?带有was或were的，其否、疑的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问
句中没有be动词的一般过
否定句:didn’t +
一般问:在句首加did，句子中的动
如:Did Jim go home yesterday?
特殊问句:?疑问词+did+
如: What did Jim do yesterday? 疑
如:Who went to home yesterday?
动词过去式变化
1(一般在动词末尾加-ed，:pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2(结尾
3(末尾只有一个元母和个
4(以“辅音字母+y”结
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went,
come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made,
read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke,
sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat
过去时练习
写出下列动词的过
was fly flew plant planted are were is\am
Drink drank play played go went make made
Does did dance danced worry worried ask asked
Taste tasted eat ate draw drew put put
throw__threw______ kick__kicked_______ pass__passed_____ do __did______
Be动词的过去时练
一、 用be动词
1. I _______ at school just now. (was)
2. He ________ at the camp last week. (was)
3. We ________ students two years ago. (Were) 4. They ________ on the farm a moment ago. (Were) 5. Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year. (Was) 6. There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday. (Was) 7. There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday. (Is) 8. The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening. (was) 二、 句型转换
1. It was exciting.
否定句:_It wasn’t exciting._________
一般疑问
肯、否定回答:__Yes,it was./ No, it wasn’t.___
2. All the students were very excited.
否定句:All the students weren’t very excited.
一般疑问句:Were all the students very excited?
肯、否定回答:Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
3. They were in his pocket.
否定句:They were not in his pocket.
一般疑问句:Were they in his pocket?
肯、否定回答:Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Be动词的过去时练
一、用be动词的适
1. I ______ an English teacher now. (am) 2. She _______ happy yesterday. (was) 3. They _______ glad to see each other last month. (were) 4. Helen and Nancy ________ good friends. (are) 5. The little dog _____ two years old this year. (is) 6. Look, there ________ lots of grapes here. (are) 7. There ________ a sign on the chair on Monday. (was) 8. Today _____ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children’s Day. All the students ______ very excited. (is, was, was, were)
二、句型转换
1. There was a car in front of the house just now.
否定句:There wasn’t a car in front of the house just now.
一般疑问句:Was there a car in front of the house just now?
肯、否定回答: Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
三、 中译英
1(我的故事书刚才还在
My storybook was besides the watch just now.
2(他们的外套上个礼拜放
They put their coats in the bedroom last week.
3(刚才花园里有两
The garden had two birds just now.
行为动词的过去时练
一、用行为动词的适当
1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago. (lived)
2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night. (ate)
3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween. (had)
4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week. (picked) 5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday. (made) 6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson. (played) 7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival. (cooked) 8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party.(sang, danced) 二、句型转换
1. Su Hai took some photos at the Sports day.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
2. Nancy went to school early.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
3. We sang some English songs.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
行为动词的过去时练
一、用be动词的适当
1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday. (watched) 2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night. (read) 3. We _________ to zoo yesterday. (go) (went) 4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival? (Did, visit)
5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______. (Did, fly, did)
6. Gao Shan _______ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday. (pulled) 7. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother ______. (didn’t sweep, did)
8. What ______ she _______ (find) in the garden last morning? She __________ (find) a beautiful
butterfly.(did, find, found)
二、句型转换
1. They played football in the playground.
否定句:________________________________________________
一般疑问句:____________________________________________
肯、否定回答:__________________________________________
三、中译英
1. 格林先生去年住
Mr. Green lived in China last year.
2. 昨天我们参观
We visited the farm yesterday.
3. 他刚才在找他
He was looking for his mobile phone just now.
过去时综合练习(1)
一、 用动词的
1. It ______ (be) Ben’s birthday last Friday. (was)
2. We all ______ (have) a good time last night. (had) 3. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day. (jumped) 4. Helen ________ (milk) a cow on Friday. (milked) 5. She likes ______ newspapers, but she ______ a book yesterday. (read) (read) 6. He _______ football now, but they _______ basketball just now. (play) (is playing, played)
7. Jim’s mother _________ (plant) trees just now. (planted)
8. _______ they ________ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _____. (Did, sweep, didn’t)
9. I _______ (watch) a cartoon on Monday. (watched)
10. We ___________ (go) to school on Sunday. (went)
二、 中译英
1. 我们上周五看了
We saw a movie last Friday.
2. 上个中秋节走亲访友
Did he visit his relatives last Mid-autumn Festival?
3. 你上个儿童节做了什么,我们
What did you do last Children’s Day?
We visited the zoo.
4. 你上周在哪儿?
Where were you last week?
In the garden.
过去时综合练习(2)
一、 用动词的
1. It _____ (be) the 2nd of November yesterday. (was)
Mr White ________ (go) to his office by car. (went/go)
2. Gao Shan ________ (put) the book on his head a moment ago.(put) 3. Don’t ______ the house. Mum _______ it yesterday. (clean) (clean, cleaned)
4. What ____ you ______ just now? I _______ some housework. (do) (did, do, did) 5. They _________ (make) a kite a week ago. (made) 6. I want to ______ apples. But my dad _______ all of them last month. (pick) (pick, picked)
7. _______ he ______ the flowers this morning? Yes, he _____. (water)( Did, water,watered) 8. She ____ (be) a pretty girl. Look, she _____ (do) the Chinese dances. (is, is doing) 9. The students often _________ (draw) some pictures in the art room.(draw) 10.What ______ Mike do on the farm? He ________ cows. (milk) (did, milked)
二、中译英
1. 他的朋友在照看
friend is looking after his brother. His
2. 年端午节我们没去看
We didn’t go to see the dragon boat match last Dragon Boat Festival.
3.
Did he play the violin in music lesson?
No, he didn’t.
将来时:
1. What are you going to do this weekend? I am going to visit my grandparents. 2. Where are you going? I am going to the cinema.
3. How is he going to Beijing? He is going to Beijing by plane. 4. When is she going to Xiashan? She is going to go there at 9:00 am 我们的教材中出现两种表示将来句
to句为主，表示将要做某事或
句型主要结构:am/is/are + going to + v.原形。
标志词有:tomorrow, next weekend (day/month/year?), soon, the day after tomorrow. 基
否定句:在be动
例如:I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.? I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.
一般疑问句: be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。
例如:We are going to go on an outing this weekend. ? Are you going to go on an outing this
weekend?
对划线部分问 :一般情况，一般将来时的对
1. 问人。Who 例如:I’m going to New York soon. ?Who’s going to New York soon.
2. 问干什么。What … do.例如: My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. ?What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.
3. 问什么时候。When.例如:She’s going to go to bed at nine. ?When is she going
to bed?
同义句:be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
练习:
填空。
1. 我打算明天和朋
I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends. (am going to) I ________ have a picnic with my friends. (will) 2. 下个星期一你
What ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ next Monday? I _______ ______
_____ play basketball.
What _________ you do next Monday? I ________ play basketball. (are you going to do, am going to; will, will )
3. 你妈妈这个周末去购物吗,
_____ your mother _______ ________ go shopping this ___________? Yes, she _________. She ______ ________ __________ buy some fruit. (Is, going to , weekend; is; is going to )
4. 你们打算什
What time _______ you _________ __________ meet each other?
(do; going to)
改句子。
5. Nancy is going to go camping.(改否定)
Nancy ________ going to go camping. (isn’t)
6. I’ll go and join them.(改否定)
I _______ go ______ join them. (won’t, or)
7. I’m going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.(改一般疑问句)
________ _______ ________ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow? (Are you going ) 8. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.(改一般疑问句)
_______ ________ meet at the bus stop at 10:30. (will you)
9. She is going to listen to music after school.(对划线部分提问)
________ _______ she ________ ________ _________ after school? (What does; going to do) 用所给词的适当形式填空。
11. Today is a sunny day. We ___________________ (have) a picnic this afternoon. (are going to have)
12. My brother _______________ (go) to Shanghai next week.( is going to) 13. Tom often ______________(go) to school on foot. But today is rain. He ______________ (go) to school by bike. (goes, went)
14. What do you usually do at weekends? I usually __________ (watch) TV and ____________(catch) insects? (watch, catch)
15. It’s Friday today. What _____she _________ (do) this weekend? She ______________ (watch) TV and _____________ (catch) insects.( will,do, will watch, catch) 16. What ___________ (d0) you do last Sunday? I ____________ (pick) apples on a farm. What (do)next Sunday? I ______________ (milk) cows.
(did, do; picked; are you going to do, will milked)
17. Mary ____________ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow. (will visit) 18. Liu Tao ____________ (fly) kites in the playground yesterday.(flew)
19. David ______________ (give) a puppet show next Monday. (will give)
20. I ________________ (plan) for my study now (am planning)
人称代词和物
1、人称代词主宾的区别:主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前(
宾格一般位于动词或介
2、物主代词词与名词性的区别:形容词性用时后面一
使用，后面不带
人称代词 物
主格 宾格 形容词
我 I Me 我的 Your Mine
你，你们 You You 你的，你们的 Your Yours
他 He Him 他的 His His
她 She Her 她的 Her Hers
它 It It 它的 Its Its
我们 We Us 我们的 Our Ours
他(她，它们) They Them 他(她，它们的) Their Theirs
用所给词的适当形式
1. That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
2. The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she ) 3. Is this _________ watch? (you) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
4. _________ is my brother. _________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
5. _________ dresses are red. (we) What colour are _________? ( you ) 6. Here are many dolls, which one is _________ ? ( she ) 7. I can find my toy, but where’s _________? ( you )
8. Show _________ your kite, OK? (they)
9. I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) 10. Are these _________ tickets? No, _________ are not _________. _________ aren’t here.
( they )
11. Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
12. _________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________ a nurse. ( she )
13. That is not _________ camera. _________is at home. ( he )
14. Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they ) 15. Don’t touch _________. _________ not a cat, _________ a tiger!
16. _________ sister is ill. Please go and get _________. ( she )
17. _________ don’t know her name. Would you please tell _________. ( we )
18. So many dogs. Let’s count _________. ( they )
19. I have a lovely brother. _________ is only 3. I like _________ very much. ( he )
20. May I sit beside _________? ( you ) 21. Look at that desk. Those book are on _________. ( it )
22.The girl behind _________ is our friend. (she ) 用am, is, are 填空
1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not. 2. The girl______ Jack's sister.
3. The dog _______ tall and fat.
4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5. ______ your brother in the classroom? 6. Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home.
7. How _______ your father?
8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school.
9. Whose dress ______ this?
10. Whose socks ______ they?
11. That ______ my red skirt.
12. Who ______ I?
13.The jeans ______ on the desk.
14.Here ______ a scarf for you.
15. Here ______ some sweaters for you.
16. The black gloves ______ for Su Yang. 17. This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling. 18. The two cups of milk _____ for me.
19. Some tea ______ in the glass.
20. Gao shan's shirt _______ over there. 21. My sister's name ______Nancy.
22. This ______ not Wang Fang's pencil.
23. ______ David and Helen from England?
24. There ______ a girl in the room.
25. There ______ some apples on the tree.
26. _______ there any kites in the classroom?
27. _______ there any apple juice in the bottle?
28. There _______ some bread on the plate.
29. There _______ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park. 30. You, he and I ______ from China.
名词复数规则
1(一般情况下～直接加-s～如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2(以s. x. sh. ch结尾～加-es～如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3(以“辅音字母+y”结尾～变y为i, 再加-es～如:family-families,
strawberry-strawberries
4(以“f或fe”
5(不规则名词
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,
mouse-mice child-children
foot-feet, tooth-teeth
fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 写出下列各词的复数
I _________him _________this ___________her ______ watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ paper_______ juice___________ water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________
英语四级重点语法
大
一、形容词与副词的比较级
as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2）as ? as 中间有名词时采用
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
3）表示倍数的词或其他
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4)
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
比
The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
比较 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is cleverer than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
比较 (错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）注意对应句型，遵循前后一致
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有
比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词
3）上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或
典型例题:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite 修饰级，well 的比较级
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much 可修饰比较级，因此B ，C 都得通，easier 本身
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D 。
和more 有关的词组
1) the more? the more? 越??就越??
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A 不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more? than? 与??一样??，不比??多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less? than? 与??一样??
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.
二、 虚拟语气 非真实条件句
1）态：可以表示过去，现和将来的情况。它的基本特点是
句型 ： 与现在事实相反 条件从句 主句
did/|were should( would) do
与过去
与将
Should do would/shoulddo
混合条件句
主句与从的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，句谓语词的虚拟气形式因时间不同而不同，
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
（从与过去事实相反，主与现在事实相反。） 虚拟
虚拟条件句的从部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if 省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句
=If they were here now, they could help us.
特殊
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that?结构中的主语句的语动词用should 加动词原形， should 可省略 important 重要的 advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate当 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意 better较的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible以置的 adamant 坚定不移 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required 要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity
注意：
来表，一般情况下，意思有什么差别。 在宾语
句型：主语+谓语+that +从句主语+(should)+do从句的
在表示愿、建议、命令、提、请求等动词后that 宾语从中，语用should +动词原形的结构，should 可以省略。这类动词有： ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 command命令 decide决定 demand要 desire望 determine决定 insist持 intend打算 maintain坚持主 move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 prefer建议 require 需要 request求 resolve下决心 recommend推 suggest建议 stipulate
注意：这类动词面除了可接that 虚拟句以外，也可以接doing 或者to do?来达，一情况下，意思没有么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（
在
在表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位从句中，从用should + do 的结构，should 可省略。这类名词常见
advice 忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence 坚持 motion提
preference 偏爱 proposal提
request 要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的
wish 的用
真
从句
（be 的过去式为 were）
从句作与主句动作同时发生 过去时
（had + 过去分词）
将来
动词原形
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That ’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy. Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
比
only if表示" 只有" ；if only则表示" 如果??就好了" 。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时
It is (high) time( that) sb did \ It is (high) time (that) sb should do sth 和It ’s time (for sb) to do
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动要用过去式或用should 加动词，但should 不可省略, 表示遭到了人做某师的间了。It is time （for sb） to do sth 表示到了做某事的
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
It is time (for us) to finish this class.
?would （had ）rather\ as soon \sooner\prefer sb did sth 宁可某人做某 要求过去式表示当时将来情况，用过去完成时表示过
I ’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 我真望你昨天把这本书
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.
含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄条件句指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而利用其他手段来暗示存在拟条件。但是类隐含式虚拟条句往往可以转化为if 引导的条件句。常表示含蓄虚拟条件的手
介词或介词
_____ the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B 。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest , provided (倘若??) ，
for fear that(唯恐) ，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是??就好了) 等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引的从句中谓动词多用should+词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动的陈述语气形式。)
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍师说得很慢以免我们听
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要心谨慎，以免会发生溢流
（3）通
I thought the children—— when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。
其它句型
由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身
if it were not for?与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
虚拟气用于as if （though ）引的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish 宾语从句的形式相。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发内心的微，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像们是我年的老朋友
She looks as if she would cry.她看起
(9)其
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
动词
admit 承认 appreciate 感, 赞赏 avoid 避 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨 endure 忍受 enjoy 欢 escape 逃脱 prevent止 fancy 想象，设想 finish 完成 imagine 想 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 迟 practise 训练 recall 回 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继，重
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 词组后接doing
admit to(允许，承认) prefer?to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to ， be busy(in) ， look forward to(to为介词) It’s no good\no use, It's worth?, as well as, can't help, be tired of （厌倦） ， be fond of ， be capable of ， be afraid of ， be proud of ， think of \ about , hold off （）, put off （推迟）, keep on ， insist on, count on / upon （依靠，指望）,set about , be successful in , good at , take up（开始从事，占
作表语
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
worth 的用法
worth ，worthy ，worth-while 都为adj. 意
1. worth： be worth + n 当
be worth doing sth. " ??某
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n.
be worthy to be done "某
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth- while to do sth.
典型例题
1.This book is worth _____. A)buying B) to buy C) of buying D) to be bought
2.It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while 动词不定式
不定式作宾语
1) 词+ 不定式 afford（买的起，担的起） \ aim \ appear \ agree \ arrange \ ask \ be \ decide \bother（烦恼，麻烦）\ care （关心，介意）\ choose \ come \ dare \ demand\ desire\ determine\ expect \ endeavor(企图，谋求) \ hope \ fail \ happen to （
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我
2) 动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help， intend， like， love, need， prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish? I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每
I want to speak to Tom. 我想
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让
3） 动+疑问词+ to (不定式作宾语，在不定式前加特殊
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise \ allow \ appoint\ believe\ cause\ challenge\ command compel consider \ declare \ drive \ enable \ encourage \ find forbid \ force guess \ hire \imagine \ impel \ induce inform \ instruct \ invite \ judge \ know \ like \ order permit \ persuade \ remind \ report \ request \ require \ select \send \ state \ suppose \ tell \ think \ train trust \ understand \urge \ warn 例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最加带to 动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find 的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补语作用。在分表达主动，也表达正在进
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 除B 、D 。. 此句只说明明这一个事实，定式后用原形即可。C 为现在成时，发明为点动一般不用完成时，且此处不强调对现在的影响，因此不
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean?
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他
不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To ? only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to? (如此??以便??)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我
2）结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与词连用时，常于" 形容词+动词不定式" 结构
to 有种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介+名词/名词, to 在
admit to承认， confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to始，着手于， devote oneself to 身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to
不
1）too ?to 太?以至于?
He is too excited to speak.
他
---- Can I help you ? 需
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这子 太重，恐怕你搬不动。
2) 如too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定表达肯， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常?
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
不
1） 表示目的；它的否定
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
不
"Why not +动词原形" 表达向某提出建议，翻译
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干
时
一般
进行
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进式 to have been doing
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常
不定表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
动
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 独立主格
10.1 独立主格
（
名
名
名
名
名
非
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高
It is good Playing chess after supper．
It is expensive running this car．开
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have 作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略) ，再接动名词。这类词还trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划
7)feel like + 名词 感觉
I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像一
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
I don't feel like studying tonight．
8) spend/waste time （in ）doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们
9) require 后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，管表示被动的意思也要用
This problem requires studying with great care．这
10）cannot help doing sth.忍不
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
有关分词句型
be busy + (in) +v-ing(现在分词) 忙着做?
I am busy writing my thesis．我
His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他
或者be busy with + n.忙
He is busy with his work．
5)What do you say to + ing分词?(??怎么样?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一
（3）有关动词不定式句型
下面些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不
can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(4)there be的非谓语形式
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和语。(其作宾语和状语1991年和1994年测试过，定
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作宾语如1991年题30)
1) 作动词宾时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。这样用的及物动为：expect ，like ，mean ，intend ，want ，prefer ，hate
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我
It isn't enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely．(作
2) 作状语多用there being 结构，但若置于介词之后，for 用there to be 整个介词短语作程度语，其它多半用there being 。 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近有人，我只得独自干了。(原因语) It ’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨，地面非常干燥。(原因
3) 主语时两种结构都可以，但是用for
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年人之间存在着沟通问题是很
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．儿园在校园内对女教师十分
4) 作语。 There be结构作定语时，定从句中谓为there be，there 之前的
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．这
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多
动词的时态 句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到??时间了" "该??了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该??了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.
would (had) rather\sooner sb. did sth. 表示' 宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow. (含义：她现在还活着)
used to + do：" 过去常" 表示过习惯性的动作或状态，
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
be used to + doing(be accustommed to doing)： 对??已到习惯，或" 习惯于" ，to 是 介词，后需加名词或动
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现
be used to do 为被动语态结构, 意思被用来做么,do 为动词原形. 用
1）It is the first / second time?. that?结构中的从句
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the? that?结构，that 从句要
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.
表
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that? 据说
It is reported that? 据报道
It is believed that? 大家相信
It is hoped that? 大家希望
It is well known that? 众所周知
It is thought that? 大家认为
It is suggested that? 据建议
It is taken granted that? 被视为当然
It has been decided that? 大家决定
It must be remember that?
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive?
The book sells well. 这
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (容词), deserve后用动名词主动形式或者
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间
This book is worth reading. 这
4) 特殊结：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听/理解自己) ，have sth. done ( 要某人做某) 。 被动形式表示主
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a famous university.
他
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.
（三）基本型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：语中千变万化句子归结底都是由以下五种基本句型合、扩展、变化而
1）主 + 动（SV ）例如：
I work. 我工作。
2）
John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）
She studies English.
4）
Time would prove me right. 时间会
5）
My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件
常
It is (was) 被强调分+ that (who) +
用助动词进行强调
强调还有一种类型，就是用助
She does like this horse. 她的
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。 四、从句 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的能相当于名词词组, 在复合句中能担任主、宾语、表语、同位语、词宾语等，此根据它在句中同的语功能，名词从句又可分别称为语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位
引
引
连接：that,whether,if 不充当从句
连接代
whose, which.
连接
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether 与if 均为" 是否" 的意。 但在列情况下，whether
1. whether引导主语从句
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部连接词引导的主语从句可以置于句末，用 it充
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
名
1）由从连词that 引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That 只连接句和从句的作用，在从句中
没有词。名词性that-从句在句中充当主 语、语、表语、同位语和形
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约说他星期三要到伦
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有
形容词宾
你
2）That-从句作主语通常用it 作先行词，将that-从句置
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很楚，整个计划注定要
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你
用it 作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that? 有必要??
It is important that?
It is obvious that? 很明显??
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that?
It is known to all that?
It has been decided that? 已决定??
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that? ??是常识
It is a surprise that? 令人
It is a fact that? 事实是??
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that? 似乎??
It happens that? 碰巧??
It occurred to me that? 我
日
表
hardly/scarcely?when/before, no sooner?than 和as soon as都可以表示" 一?就?" 的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
a lot of 为名词
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或
I have three times as many as you. 我
b.
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今
六 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句的谓语没有动词或情态动词，则需添助动词do, does 或did ，并将其置于主语
句首为否定或半否定
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，
注
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装题。当否定语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until?句型，我们知
改写为正常语序，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not 提前，后面就不能再用否定了, 否意思就变了。 以否定词开头作
如 Not only?but also, Hardly/Scarcely?when, No sooner? than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定义的副词放句首时，一般用装句(谓语前置) 。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only?but (also), no sooner?than, hardly? when scarcely? when 等等。 注意：只有当Not only? but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个句用倒装结构。如果于句首的Not only? but also仅连接两个并列词语，不
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
so, neither, nor位于句首，重复前句内容
表示" 也" 、" 也不" 的句子要
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思" 也不关心" ，因此句子应倒装。A 错在用 don't 再否定， C neither 用法不对缺乏连词。 D缺乏
注意： 当so 引出的句子用以对上文内加以证实或肯定
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
only 在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though（尽管，即使）引导的步从句必须将状语从句中强调部分提前，强调提前部分可是表语，谓语或状语 （即名词，形容词, 词, 分词, 实义动
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一
注意:
让步状语句中，有though ，although ，后面的句不能有but ，
so ? that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
介词语位于句首，表强调时，主句位于
Without permission did he take the book away.
中考英语重点语法
暑
中
(1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常习惯发生的动或存在的状态, 或
① 一般
等), once/twice,a (week 等), on (Sunday
(他
他
② 表客观真理、事实、人的技或现在的状态时句子里一般不用
The earth turns round the sun. (
sound .(光传播比声音快)
③ 表十分确定会发生(如安排好事情) 或按
以表达将
the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车)
④ 在时
状语从中(以if,unless 引), 用一般
时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就
给我打电
们就只好呆在家)
⑤ 一般在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的作, 词以come, go为主。如：(车来
⑥ 一现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓
⑦ 人心理活动和感官动作一般一般现在时而不用现在进行时表
有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为) ,understand, remember,
forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：(我想天要下雪
了) / I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的
(2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生动作或状态, 种动作或状态可能是一次
发生。
① 表
morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时状语从句。如：I got up at 6：(我是早上六点
nine (小汤姆今天早上九点半窗子打破了) / .(他走进房间
人正和他父亲谈话)
② 表过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一性动作时, 时
(year 等), in (1998 等) 。如：他2000年来
到我们市)
③ 表示过去一个
and borrowed books from him.
④ 讲事、对过去经历的回忆、方都明白的过去事件等一般用过
常省略时
露西)
(3) 一般将来时 表示来某一时刻或经常发生的
①一般将
day,now,soon,
someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。
② 用will 构成的将来时, 表示动作与的主观
用于所有
学毕业了) / You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之
③ “am/is/are going to +动词原形”
将要发的事情, 而“am/is/are to +动词原
告诉他们
雨了)
④ 表示个人临时决定要做某事, 可以用will
chemicals (化药剂) (我要到化学实
品, 请等我回头)
⑤ 在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(
⑥ shall 和will 在口语的些疑问句中相当
用,will 与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六
去动物园吗？) / Will you please open the door for me?(
⑦ “be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将发生的事
(4)在进行时 现在进行时表现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发
在进行的动作。
① 在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现
② 现进行时的时间状语有： now, this …, these…等, 但经常不用。
you doing up in the tree?(你树上干什么？) 我最近
③ 示即将发生的动作, 一般指近期排好的事情。常
leave, spend, do 等。如：I now. (我就来) / What tomorrow? (你明天干
④
满或讨厌
all about it some time later.(老是向我借钱, 过一些时
(5)过去进行时 过去进行表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正
① 去进行时由“was (第一、三称单数) 或were (第二人称单数
现在分词”构成。
② 过
yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when 引出的时间语从句。如：He (昨天这个候他正在做晚饭) / The little 我看到小女孩的时候她正
具)
③ 于宾语从句或时间状语从中, 表示与主句动作同时进行而
长。句子中通常用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking 她路过时看到事情的发) / They sang a lot of songs (他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了
④ 可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发或反复进行的
连用, 表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。
from me when he lived here.(他住在这里
(6)在完成时 现在完成时表示个发生在过去、对现在仍有影响的
始在去, 并且一直延续现在, 甚至还可能延续
①在成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去
②表示发生在过去的对在仍有影的动作时, 时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画) (
国)
③表示在过去开始一延续到现(可能延续下去) 的动作或状态时, 时间状语：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since 引导的状语句。如：I (我离开家乡有30年了) / Uncle 自从这家工厂开张, 王叔
那儿工作)
④口语中have got往往表示have (有) 的意思。：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万
⑤have been tohave gone to的区别：have gone to(“已经去了”) 表示不在这里, have been to(“去过”) 表示人在这。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK. (李生在哪里？他去了英国。) / --Do you know something about Beijing? – (你知道北京的情况吗？是
三次。)
⑥在完成时, 一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作) 不能与表示段时间的语连用, 时须将瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状
→
[注意] 在其的时态中也存在类似问题, 记住, 关键是：瞬间动词不能表达一段时间的状连用。如：How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句
(7) 过去完成时 过去完成时表过去某一时间某一动作发生之前已
言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去
①过完成时由“助动词had +动词的过去分
②过完成时时间状有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或由when,before 引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语, 也会有for… 或since…构成的时间状。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom (老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室) / 在他发那
子时她已经走掉了)
③过去完成时常于宾语从句中、after 引导的从句中, 或
鞋子戴上帽走进了黑暗之中) / He said that he had never seen a kangaroo (他他以前从来没有见过
(8) 过去将来时 过去将来表示在过去预计将要发生的动作
①过去将来由“助动词should (第一称) 或would (二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国语中, 过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原
②过去来时常由于宾语从句中, 时间状语
③在时间状语从和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时, 而该使用一般过
答应付给我多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目) / Every time when he was free,he (每次只要他空他就会坐下来看
④表示纯粹将来时用would 或should , 表示打或主观认为事情用was/were going to (+动原形) 。如：(她
她下个月就18岁了) / She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog. (她诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去
⑤过去将来时还以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把
(9)在完成进行时：现在完成进时指一个从过就开始一直延续到现
下去的动作, 它具有现完成时和现进行时双重特征, 结构是：“have/has + been +动词的现在分”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours. (已经在冷的水里游了将近两个小时) / How long you here? (你在这里一直
十
句子包含要句子成分(主语、谓语) 和次要句子成分(语、宾语、宾语补足语), 照动词的性质将英语简单句划
1、基
主谓句
主谓双句型：S －V t －O 间－O 直宾
3、例句）
） ） ） 个玩具。）
上爬。）
分, “√√√”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分。 “×”表
充当某个成分。
2、“ * ”表示该成分可以由从句充当, 如主语从句、
1、基本概念：
并列复合句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两简单句常由列连接词连在起；有时不用连接词, 只在两个简句之间用一逗号或
2、常见的并列句：
(1) 用来连接个并列概念的连接词有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等, and 所连接的前后分句往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后句的态往往保持一致关系, 若第一分句是祈使句, 那么第二个分句用
(2) 表示两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有o r,otherwise,or else,either…or…等, 前后分句时态往往保持一致系, 若第一个分句是使句, 那么第二个分句用将
(3) 明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用
(4) 说明原因, 用连接词for ,前后分
(5) 表示结果, 用连接词so , 前后分
十四、主从复合句
1、概念：
主从复合句由个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子主体, 从句只作句子的一个要成分, with them. ((点, 要不然就来不及了。我什么方法煮鸡蛋, 2、
从句按在复合句中的作用, 分为主语从句、表语从、宾语
3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：
(1) 从句：在句子中作连系动的表语的从句, 它位于主句中
例如：.
(2) 从句：在句子中作及物动词或介
①基形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓
② 关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句
若从
若从句来源于一个殊疑问句, 则连词就是疑问词(如what , who , where , when 等)
们相信计机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句) / I wonder whether I (我
长跟前说
headmaster? ) 他问
能搞到那
③ 宾从句的时态问题：如果主句是在时, 从句用现在某一时态, 甚
如主句过去时, 从句则相应使用过去某一时态, 遇到客观
在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会
学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩
地球是不是圆的。)
④ 列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句, 如： (对
/ 恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 从句：在复合句中作状语, 其位置可以在句前或主句后。状语
间、点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语
接词引导。
时间状语从
while, whenever 等引。时间状语从句般放在句首或句尾,
语从句允许使用将来时, 而应该用现在时
you may go out to play with Sam. (完成工作就可以出去和Jim
won’t leave 妈妈回来了我
地点状语句通常由 where, wherever
里来还滚到
(我远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,
哪里。)
原因状从句通常由because, since, as等引, 一般放在句首或句尾。
abroad 他出国了, 因为
他
目的状语
中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态词。如：He got up earlier so that (他起更早为的是赶上第一班
结果状语
示已经发生事情, 故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided (他丢了那么多辆自行车, 他决定再也不买新车
比较状语句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导, 一般省略从句的
名词或代
高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)
让步状语
whatever 等引导。(债务) for me, I will not thank you
because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我
它与我毫
衫, 尽管天很冷。)
条件状从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导, 条件状语从
尾, 别注意, 时间状语从句不允
certainly fail in the coming final exams . (即将来到
的期末考
shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要
[注意] 1、because 与so ；(al)though与but ；if 与so 不可以同在
2、间、条件、原因, 让状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号
(4) 从句：在复合句中作定语修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从
① 定语
② 语术语的改变：被修饰的词或代词称为先行词；引导定语
为关系词, 其中that 、which 、who 称为
③ 关系词或关系副词的作用： 关系代词who 、whom 和whose 指, 分别在从句中作主语、
指物that 多指物, 有时也指, 它们在从
系代词作
(这个是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a 请找一间
体的房。) 关系副词when 或where 引导定语从时, 它们在从句中分别
语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前
他们吵架
忘
④ 限性定语从句和非限制性定从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能
句意就不完整。非限制性定语
一种附说明, 如果从句子中省去, 也致于影响主句的
一个上都在谈论她最近的, 我们一个人都没有听说
[注解]
1、关代词只能用that 的情况：当先词是指物的不
或先行部分含有最高级, 或含有序词时, 不能其他的关系代词,
如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似不真实。) / Can you (能不能给点里面没有糖的东西？) . (这是第一辆运行于我
层公交车。)
2、关
which 指物。 如： (你认
识那个在
to do with me. (跟我无关的话, 请一个字
3、关系
代词常常省
(Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话
4、当系代词紧跟在介词后面时, 必须which 或whom , 而当介词
可以使用that 或who . 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is
the room (这是李小姐曾经居住过
(5) ：在句子中充当句子主的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语
由that,whether 以及疑问连引导。一般情况, 常用it 替代主
从句移到
始还是个问题呢。)
十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作
1、直引语和间接引语：在陈述句中, 直接引用说人原来的语句, 称为
时, 接引语用引号。用自己的词来转述表达原说话人说的内容,
2、直接引语改变为间接引语：
1、接引语如果是陈述句, 变为间接引语时应注
①不引号, 而用连接词that , 但有
②人称作相应变化；
③主句里的动词如是过去时, 间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变： 一般现在时一般过去时；一般将来变过去将来时；现在行时变过去进行时；现完成时变成过完成时；一般去时变过去完成时；但一般过去时如一个具体的过去时间连用, 则时
如：He says,"I am not from the USA.”→He says that he is not from the USA.
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.
2、直引语如果是一般疑问句, 变为间接语时, 需用从连接词whether
序要改变。
3、直引语如果是特殊疑问句, 变为间引语时, 需用问词引导, 词序是：
如：Lucy said to me, ―‖ →
4、直接引语如祈使句, 变间接引语时, 须将祈使句变为动词定式, 并
→He asked the little boy to go there.
5、直引语变为间接引语时, 指代词以及表示间和地点的词或词组
在直接
this that
these those now then ago before
today that day this week(month,etc.) that week ( month,etc.) next week ( month,etc.) the next week ( month,etc.)
yesterday the day before the next (following) day tomorrow there here
十六、倒装句： 谓语的一部或者全部放在主语之前的句子
1、THERE BE句型以及以here 、there 开头的句子。如： showroom. (在展览里有许多的小孩。) (铃响了。) , 李先生走了进
2 + 助动词 + 况相同。如：Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上个星期去了海滩, 我是。) / Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim 也
3、在疑问句中, 通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法, 对主语提问外。如：the lost book? (他是怎么样找到失的书的？) / Where summer vacation? (他们打算到哪儿过
4、感叹句通常将被感叹的部分前移, 而将句子的主谓语整体后置。 如：What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的
5、有引号引用某的原话时, 引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放句尾, 但是, 若主语是代词则不倒。如：“What on earth are you doing up there?” (父亲说：“你在上
上
十七、附加注释
die 、dead 、death 的用法：die 是动, 可以
式作句子的其他成分；dead 是容词, 作句子的定语、表语或宾语补足语；death 是名词, 作句的主语、宾语等。如：I’m going to die! (我要死了！) / The man has been dead for about three months. (那个人死了三个月左右。) (他急
、形
1、类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最
原级为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则
2、规则变化:
(1)音节和部分双音节形容词和副词, 在原级的后加上er,est 构成
a) 直接加er,est ：
b) 重读闭音节结尾的, 要
c) 以辅音字母+y结尾的, 先把y 改为i 再加上er,est ：
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音
(1)
如：(他现在很老了) (它们跑得相当快) / The
weather looks rather (天气上去相
乐)
如：(他和他妹妹一样兴奋) / Lily rode her bike
.(莉骑车像老太太一样慢)/ as the farmers (did).(他们摘的
. (莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢) /
They didn’t pick so / as . (他
农民多)
didn’t cost me
.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)
如：(我认为英语不比数学难) / Do you
think it to learn a foreign language? (你认
吗？)
(3) ) / He
.(三个男生中他跳得最高)
4、关于比较等级的重要注： 1、以上个句型中, 如果动词是及物或不及物动词, 则后面用副词；果后面是连系动词, 后面用形容词。如：This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词) (这辆汽车是四辆中最快的) / This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词) (这辆汽车是四辆之跑
2、“比
3、“the +比较级…,the +比较级…”表“越…就越…”。it will be. (们栽的树越多, 况就会越) / you progress is .(你越是努力, 进步就
4、般的形容词或词的比较前面可以加much/a little/even/still, 而表示数量的more 之前可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot词。如：It is much colder today than yesterday. (今天比昨天冷多) / Would you like coffee? (你还要些咖吗？) /He did not eat any more.(
5、more than / less than分可以理解为“多于/少于”, 相当于副词, more than=over; less than=under. ：.(我在纽约生活了四个
6、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数) ”整个短语单数含义, 谓语要用单数式。如：One of .(最古老的一幢子在一场大火中被烧
7、“Which / Who+动词+形/副, □, □or □? ”句型中, 如果有两个选项, 形/副用比较级, 如果有三选项, 形/副用最高级。如：Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁书最多？) / Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(猪、马、哪
8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时, 比较级, 而且往往还加the ；含有all/none/no one/ every 表示三个或三个以上物时, 用最高。如： --Do you like one? —Neither. (小一点的那个你喜吗？一个都不欢) / –All of them!(你最喜欢
英语四级语法重点
英语四语法重点.txt 举得起放下叫举重，举起放不下叫负重。头要
底气。学习加，骄傲要减，机会要乘，懒惰要除。人生三难题：思，相思，相思。 大学英语
动名词
1. 某些动词后要接动名词
某些及动词后能用动名词而不能用不定作宾语，其中
appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy,
finish, forgive, involve, imagine, can’t help, mind, miss, postpone, practise,
prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest等。
She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.
There ’s no way to escape doing the work.
She is considering asking her employer for a rise.
Note:
① 在need 、want 、require 、deserve 等动词后的动名词相
The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)
The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled deserve to be respected.)
② 在like 、hate 、prefer 等动后, 如表示一般倾向, 则用动名
体的次发生在将来的行动，则要用
I like reading books of this kind, but I don’t like to read that book.
She prefers walking to cycling.
I prefer to stay at home today.
③ 在remember 、forget 、regret 等动后, 如果用动名词作宾语，
发生在词谓语的动作之前；如果用定式作宾语，表示宾语的动作发生
作之后
I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I had locked the door.)
I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)
I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)
I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he has
fallen ill.)
2. 动名词作介词的宾语
动名词作介词的宾语，与介词
His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.
She left without saying goodbye to us.
动名词介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。类常用的词组主
believe in, confess to, dream of, feel like, give up, insist on, be interested in,
look forward to, object to, have an (no) objection to, pay attention to, put off,
be responsible for, succeed in, be tired of, be (get) used to, worry about,
试大论坛
He is used to living on his own.
He has made up his mind to give up smoking.
3. 带逻辑主语的动名词
动名词以有逻辑主语，其构成形
动名词称为动名词的复合结构，在句用作主语, 语, 表语和介词的宾
中，如果动词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主。但考生需意的是，在各种语测试，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的有格来作动名词的逻辑
Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.
I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.
Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.
What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming ’s having too much confidence in himself.
大
不定式
1. 某些动词后要接不定式
某些及动词后只能接不定式宾语，其中最常
What do you plan to do tomorrow?
She hated to move from such a nice village.
In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students
2. 定式的被动式考试大－全国
不定式有被动，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者，不定要用被动式，句中可作主语，语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表在谓语动作后将要发生的
The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently. She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.
3. 不定式的完成式
当不定式动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不式要用成式，在中可作宾语，状语以及构成复
She seemed to have heard about the news already.
He was believed to have been a very rich man.
4. 定式的完成被动式考试大－全最大教育类网
当不定式的逻辑主语这个不定所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，中可作主语，宾语或构
It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.
5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语考试大－全国最大
不定式可以逻辑主语，其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格（或名词） +不定式”。 逻辑语的不定式短语可在句子中作主、宾语、表语或状
It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.
I think it better for you to see the doctor.
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.
I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.
6. 带疑问词的不定式短语
不定式前可以加某些疑代词，如who 、what 、which, 或疑问副词，如when 、where 、how 、why 等，一种特殊的不定式短语，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或
We haven’t decided when to visit the place.
The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well. You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.
7. 某些词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不式不带to ，这些动词
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.
I often hear them sing this song
大
分词
1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表正在进行动作并表示主的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作表示被动的意义。
a changing world（一个变化着的世界）；a changed world（ 一个已经起变化的界） surprising news（令人惊的消息）；surprised people（感到惊讶
2. 词作状语考试大－全国最
作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、步和伴情况等。外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语
Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.
Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.
3. 分词作定语
分词常用来饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词定语时，通常放在被修饰之前；分词短作定语时，通常在被修词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定时，也可放在被修饰词
He ’s a spoilt child.
The man standing over there is our new English teacher.
Where are we to get the material needed?
4. 分词作宾语补足语
分词可在感觉动词和使役动后作宾语补语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell 等。用的使役动词主要：get, have, keep, leave, set, make, let等。此外，分还可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后宾
She watched her baby sleeping.
I got my hair cut.
I don’t want you worrying about me.
5. 分词与连词的连用
分词可与各种连词（如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though等）连用。连词+分词（语）的结构在句中作状语，相当于状
She ’ll get nervous when speaking in public.
He went on talking, though continually interrupted.
6. 分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，其辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的辑主语，构成词的独立结构。独立结般位于句首，作伴状语以及在科技文章中表示加说明时，常位于句末。分词独立构由名词、代词+分词构成，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随
Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.
He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.
There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students.
大
时态
1. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时
1) 现在完成时：
① 成：have / has +
② 语法意义及要点：
A. 现在完时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续现在并可能续持续下去，常表示一段时间
--He has worked as a teacher for many years.
--Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.
B. 现在完成时表一个过去生的对现在仍有响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet, just, before, recently等；也同表示频度时间状语连用，often, ever, never, sometimes, several times等；还可同括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能特定的过
--I have never learned Japanese before.
--We have been quite busy lately (recently).
C. 时间或条件状语从句中，当表示来完成时的意时，要用现在完成时来
--We ’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
Note: 行为能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join等常不能于这一语法意义，即该类动词在在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状
--He has joined the army for five years. （误）
--He has been in the army for five years. （正）
2) 过去完成时：
① 构成：had +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
过去成时表示某一动作或情发生在过去某一时刻之前并持
--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
--They had got everything ready before the party began.
Note: 现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以表示具体过
3) 将来完成时：
①
② 语法意义及要点：
将来成时表示某一动作在将来一时刻或将来某一动作之前已
--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday. --The shop will have closed already before you get there.
2. 哪些动词不能用于进行时
1)
He is being a used-car dealer.（误）
He is a used-car dealer.（正）
She is seeming always about to smile.（误）
She seems always about to smile.（正）
2) 表示
The medicine is tasting bitter. （误）
The medicine tastes bitter. （正）
I was seeing a car passing by our house. （误）
I saw a car passing by our house. （正）
3) 表示拥
He owns a luxurious car. （正）
The book is belonging to her. （误）
The book belongs to her.（正）
4) 表示思想状况、态
I ’m thinking that he is right. （误）
I think that he is right. （正）
I ’m understanding your feelings. （误）
I understand your feelings. （正）
5) 表示
He is loving his daughter very much. （误）
He loves his daughter very much. （正）
I ’m regretting to say we cannot come. （误）
I regret to say we cannot come. （正）
3. 时态的呼应
时态的呼又称时态一致(Sequence of Tenses)，指的是些从里的动词谓语时态必须和
如果主句里谓语动词是过去时态（过去时或过完成时），那么从句的谓动词时态也应地要用过去。时态的应主要发生在间接引语和宾语从句，但其他从句有时也存
一致的问题。
--He explained that he had learned Chinese for many years.（现完成时变为过去完
--He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.（去进行时变为过去完成进
--He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year. （将来完成时变为过去将来完
虽然主句了过去时等，如果从句表示的是科学真理、客观事或某人（）的经常性点时，时态可以不必遵守时态呼应
--Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.
--The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.
如果从句中有个表示绝对过去时间的状语，就不把一般过去时变为过去完成
大
虚拟语气
1. 表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚
虚
1) 表示现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，句谓语“动词的一般过去时”（动词be
If I were you, I would not accept his offer.
If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you.
2) 表与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + have +过去分词”，
If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train. If I had been more careful, I might have passed that exam.
3) 表示将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原
If I were to do the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study. If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you.
2. 虚拟条件句连接词if 的省略
如果虚拟条件句从句中含有were, had, should, could等词时，可以省连接词if ，但时必须把were, had, should, could 等词移到主语前面，成倒装。这种句型主要用于书
Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two weeks.
Had it not been for his help, we couldn’t have arrived there on time. Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成
动词wish 后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能现的愿，其宾语句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，
1) 示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句的谓语动词用一过去时。（be 的过去
I wish I had enough money to buy a car.
I wish I were as young and energetic as you.
2) 表示去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完时（had +过去分词）
I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.
I wish I could have done it better.
3) 表将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词
I wish I would not get old.
I wish I could travel around the world one day.
4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要
在一动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent. The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.
5. 某些名词后的表语从和同位语从句中谓语动词
在一些名词后面的表语从句同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张概念，主
My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.
He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.
6. 错综时间条件句
条件从句表示的动作和句表示的动，有时发生的时间是不一致的. 如从句是对过去情况的设，而主句可能是现在正在进行情况的假设。
7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用
某些表命令，要求，决定，建，主张以及“重性”和“紧迫性”等念的语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语句一般由 “It is (was) + 形容词／过去分词 + that引导的从句”成。该结中，常用的形容主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital等；常用的过分词
It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.
It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.
8. as if / though
当as if / though 引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹一种假设时，通常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示在的事实相反，谓语动词一般过去时；如果从句表示与过的事实相反，谓动词用过去完成时；果从句示与将来的事实相反，谓语词用would (might, could) +
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
It looks as if it might rain.
Note: 如果as if / though 起的从句表达的内被看作是事实或者有可能是真实
It seems as if it is going to rain.
The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
9. lest, for fear that和 in case引起的从句
当lest, for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”时，在们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词
He ran away lest he should be seen.
He ’s working hard for fear that he should fall behind.
He left early in case he should miss the last train.
10. If only引出的从句
If only出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是?就好了”。If only从句经省略结果主句，且要用在虚拟语气中，即句的谓语动用一般过去时示现或将来不可能实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现
If only the rain would stop.
If only I’d listened to my parents.
Note: if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用述语气，但考生须注的是，在各类测试中一般都以用
11. would rather（that ）引出的从句
would rather 意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省关系代词that 。would rather 的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓动词用一般过去时表现在或将来的愿望，用过完成时表示与过去事实相反
I ’d rather you told me the truth.
I would rather you came tomorrow than today.
I ’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.
12. It is (about/high) time (that) 句型
该句型表“（早）该做?”，其后的定语从句中谓语动要用虚拟气表示。在测试中从句的谓
It is time that we went to bed.
It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.
13. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义
一些情动词与动词的完成式连用够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未
1) could have +
A. 表示对过去可能发生事情的推测，意为，“可能
He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.
They could have lost their way.
B. 表示事在过去本有可能发生，但事实并未发生，意为，“本可
I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.
2) may (might) have + 过去分词
A. 表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已
He may have heard the news.
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.
B. 示一种未实现的可能性，即本以做某事，而际上并没有做，有时
It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.
A lot of men died who might have been saved.
3) must have + 过去分词
表示辑上的必然性，即按某些现象推断过去肯定发
She must have made a big mistake.
The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
4) needn’t have + 过去分词
表示过去不必做某事，已经
You needn’t have woken me up. I don’t have to go to work today.
He needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
5) should / ought to have + 过去分词
表示过去应该做
You should / ought to have done what your parents told you. (But you failed to do it.)
You should / ought to have been more careful. (But you weren’t.)
6) shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have + 过去分词
表示过去不应该
You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did.)
They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon. (But they did.)
7) would have + 过去分词
表示对现在或将来某时之业已完成的动作的推测。可译为，“可能”、“也许”、“想
She would have recovered by then.
大学英语四六
从句
I 定语从句
1．先行词为all, anything, something, nothing, everything, much, little, none等不定代时，关系代词一般只用that ，不用which 。在大多数
That ’s all (that) we can do at the moment.
2．as 引出的限制性定语从句考试大－国最大教类
在such ? as的结构中as 可作关系代词，引限制性定语从。有和same 用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.
I ’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.
I have the same trouble as you (have).
3．as 引
as 可作关系代词引出非限性定语从句，代替整个句，通常译为“（正）如?一样”，“（正）象?一样”等。as 引导的从句一用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后
I live a long way from work, as you know.
She did not, as her friend had feared, break down.
As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
4．分隔式定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会其他句子分先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从
The days are gone when power politics worked.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.
5. 介词+关系代词（which/whom等）引出的定语从句
如果关系代词（which/whom等）在定语从句中作介宾语，那么这个介词可以到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词（which/whom
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people.
6. 关系代词在限制性定语句中常以
1) 关系代词在从句中作接宾语
This is something (that) you must always keep in mind.
The man (whom) you just met is our manager.
关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系词可以省；介位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省
This is the room (which) Churchill was born in.
This is the room in which Churchill was born.（which 不可省
2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代在由there ? be存在构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省
This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.
The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.
3) 在way 后面的定语从
That ’s the way (that/in which) I look at it.
I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.
7. 非
非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个句，起补充说明的作用，如果省，原句句意仍保持完整。非制性定语从句要用逗号与主隔开，其引词用that 。非制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三
1) 由which 、as 引导的非制性定语句。which 、as 代表整个主
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
China is still a developing country, which is known to all of us.
2) 由 “介词+关系
He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
He failed to pass the exam, because of which his parents scolded him.
4) 由 “数词、代词或名词+of +系
He had three sons, one of whom was my son’s classmate.
There are about twenty students in this course, most of whom are freshmen. They are two different words, the spellings of which are easily confused. Ⅱ 状语
1. 状语从句中以下四从句考
1) 时间状语从句
时间状语从句主要由以下连词引
He didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.
You have changed a lot since we met last time.
时间状语从句还可由某些可充连词的名词（the moment, the instant, every time,等）和副（instantly, directly等）引
I will tell you the news the instant I know.
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
Note:
①before 除了可表示 “在?前”外，还可用来强调主句所表的间、距离很长或花费的力量比较大，可译为“?才”。（“not ? before” 可用来强
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
They had not been married a month before they quarreled.
②如果位于when 引导的分句之前的主句使用去进行时、过去完成时或“was/were about to, was/were on the point of ”等结构时，when 表示突然发生某事，可为“正在?突然”或“刚?就”等。这时，不能够用as
I was walking on the street when I ran into my old friend John.
She had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
We were about to leave when it began to rain.
2) 条件状语从句
条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if, unless, providing/provided (that), suppose/supposing (that), on condition (that), as/so long as, in case
So long as you work hard, you will surely achieve good results in examinations. I shall return next Thursday unless something unexpected happens.
I will go provided that you go with me.
Please give this letter to John in case he comes.
3) 让步状语从句
让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though, although, even if, even though, whatever, however, whoever, wherever, no matter how/ what/ where/ when等。下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从
(1)while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while 当
While I admit I did it, I didn’t intend to.
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
(2)短语“even now/then/so”相当于“though it is/was true”，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。
The fire was out, but even so, the smell of smoke was strong.
I ’ve tried my best, but even now/then she is not satisfied.
(3) as引导
Child as he was, he could speak four languages.
Hard as she tried, she failed to get the job.
4) 比较状语从句
比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not) as ? as, (not) the same as, (not) such ? as, not so ? as, than, the + 比较级?, the +比较级?
We have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.
She can speak English as fluently as her teacher (can).
Ⅲ 宾语从句
1) 及物动词后的宾语从句考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda 。com) 些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾
I remember that we have learned this word before.
I don’t understand what you have said.
She asked the teacher how she could learn English well.
2) 介
It depends on whether you want to do it or not
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
Note: 在介词in 后面跟that 引导的宾语从中，in that成是一个固
The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.
A turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.
大学英语四六
1. 常考
1) 当表示否定或基本否定的词或词位于句首作状语时用倒装。这类词或词组常的有：never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
Note: 当 “no sooner ? than”和“hardly/scarcely ? when/before”位于句首用倒装。该构表“一?就?”，在时态主句一般用过去完成时，when 或than 引导的从句用一般过去
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
2) 当here, there, then, thus, only, hence, little等副词位于句首，句中主、谓用倒
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
3) 当 “so/such ? that”结构的so 或such 位于句首时用倒
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
4) 分句以so, neither, nor, no more 等副词位句首，表前面句子所说明的情况也使用于后面的句子时用倒
Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.
2. 强调句型
这里讲的强调句主要是以it 为引导词的分裂句。其构形式为：It is (was) +被强调分+ that(who, which) + 句子的其他部分。被强的部分通常主
It is what you will do that is essential.
Note:
在被强调部分的后面，一用that 引出句子的其他部分。但是果强调的部分是表人的
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because 引导，不能由since, as或why 引导。 It was because(不用since 或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn ’t learned to drive.
有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和though, although, whereas 等引导的从
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages. （误） Although he is young, he can speak four languages. （
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. （误） I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs. （
3. 使役动
使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语足语才能使句子的意义完整。常的役动词有：have, want, make, get, leave, set, let等。可以当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right.
Note:
动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make, let, have
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分表示正在进的动意义，而去分词表示已经完成的被动意
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I ’ve just had some new photos taken.
