个主
文艺评论
仁爱曲侔量
——
浅谈《远大程》
?李宁李佳宏
摘要:数千年来爱一直是人永恒话题.?查尔?更的!"我又对你姐姐
斯在着名小说《远大前程》通过主人公皮普远前程想乔的同情心拯救了幼
的幻灭以及在这一过程正面物乔,马格韦契与皮之间对皮普的态度上非常显
相互关系,揭示了仁爱具有大力这一深刻主.姐和彭波契克舅舅说谎
关键字:爱;伟大力量;人性的复苏普得资时,觉得乔为他丢
一
,引言切,乔却一如既往的善待皮普.
查尔斯?狄更斯是十九世纪伟大批判现实主义家乔无私而热心,虽然皮
一
.1812年2月7日,他生一个贫的小职员家庭,l0时"远大前程"并且陷入
全家因负债入狱,11就承担起繁重的务动,他曾当过童且
_[,学徒,后来当了民事诉讼法的
的行为教
任报社派驻议会的记者.他上过年学,却靠刻自和艰大而朴实的爱,帮
辛劳动成为知名作家.狄更早期苦难经历为他写作2.马格韦契和皮普.
业提供了丰富的素材.人物,虽然他身
查尔斯?狄更斯是一位产的作家,创作许优秀的作大于消极
品,《远大前程》可谓是狄斯最优的作品之一,说主人皮普,听我说,我
公皮普是一个孤儿,由残忍,伪的姐葛奇里夫人带,子,对我来说,你比我亲
的姐夫乔?葛奇里是个忠厚善良的铁匠,他总是量保着些钱都是给你用的. 皮.皮普介绍到郝维仙小姐的处沙提斯,结了维仙我的心中也是这样存在
小姐美丽养女埃斯苔娜,维仙小姐领养这个孩目的是报一看我的
复男人.皮普爱上了埃斯苔,为她,皮普决定做名绅皮普曾经在孩提时
士.一位秘密的恩主想要资助普成一名绅士,皮一直工具,马格韦契决心回
为这位恩主是郝维仙小姐,自己将和埃斯苔娜结.这至在他流放期间,他
位恩主的资助下,皮普到了伦,为变得势力起来,离他英镑.正如乔和皮普一
真正的朋友毕蒂和乔.当皮普道他的助人是马格韦,也. 就是他小时候曾经帮
皮普意识到了
律制裁,虽然没有成,但皮普却在,
小说描写了皮普从一个普通男孩儿成长正的的过 程,在这一过中,无疑得到了很多良人的爱与帮
二,皮普
小说的主人公皮普是孤儿,他的最初的梦想只是成为一名 铁,而从对罪马格韦契的善举我们以看出,皮本性 善.后来他的遭遇使他逐渐迷了自我.运的是,他终 成为了一个好人,在此过程中,
1.乔和皮普.乔是皮普的姐夫,但是由于他们年龄上的差 ,乔实上扮着皮普父亲的角色,为人诚实,奋,善 良,易于相处,他本身并没有受什么教,甚至自己名 字都不会写,但是他却鼓励皮普
在我正式向你姐姐提出要成为终身伴侣时,就邀她 起到教堂去举行仪式,也就同要嫁到我这个铁匠.我当 时对她:"带上这个可怜的孩子
马格韦契也是儿,但是他
样的亲人和朋友,是以偷窃为生,后受到坏人的教唆和 威胁沦为罪犯.但幸运的是他遇了善良小皮普,良与人 性小皮普所唤醒.皮普与马格韦契间影响可以说是双 向.从一方面来说,普最终唤醒了马格韦契的人性,特 别是最后普像对待父亲一对待他时,变得"更良"了. 正是普的爱使马韦契的人性彻底复苏了;从另
梦想的破灭.
三,结语
正是善良的乔在皮普心中埋下了爱的种子,而是这伟 的爱使得皮普,马格韦契终恢复自己善良,美好的天, 可见仁爱的量是伟大的,是任何其他力
参考文献:
[11查尔斯?狄更斯着,罗志野译遗大前程IM】.江苏:凤凰出 版
[2】陈嘉.英国文学【MJ.北京:商印
群文天
英语论文 浅析《远大前程》主要人物性格变化的内外因素
摘 要 英国是一历史文化悠久古
帝统治的罗马时代,再到诺曼征服,文
仅是经济的强大,有无与伦比的烂
九世纪批判现实主杰出代表,小家
表作《远大前程》分析。狄更斯十
是因为他非凡的观力和想象力,章
中赋予角色独特的性与生命,更于
活经历而且生动地揭了 19 世
远远超过了同时代其它大部分作。
是集批判现实主义说之大成。小围
普“远大前程”的幻过程 ,事实明
价值。为了使人们好的理解这部
义的强大力量,本旨在对他的《大
进行分析。 《远大前程》 关键词: ;狄斯;主要人物;性格变
Britain is an ancient country with a long history and culture from early-age residents ofIberia to Roman times ruled by Julius Caesar and then to the Norman conquest theRenaissance the industrial revolution the British empire not only harvests all the economyboom but also has a sea of incomparable gorgeous culture. Among them Shakespeare pullsahead only the nineteenth century outstanding representative of critical realism novelistDickens is the comparable. Generally regarded as the greatest literary geniuses of his time inVictorian England Charles Dickens 1812 -1870 enjoyed a wider popularity than anyprevious author had done during his lifetime “because of the magnitude of his artisticachievement and because of the comprehensiveness of the picture it gives of his age. Thisarticle is about to analysis Dickens masterpiece quotgreat expectationsquot. Dickens was named thenineteenth century Britain greatest novelist not only because his special powers ofobservation and imagination but his article can hold characteristics into unique individualcharacter and life. His novels not only reflect the whole generation of life experience but alsovividly reveal the picture of middle age of the nineteenth century and the whole of the UKsocial reality. Their depth and breadth are far more than the contemporary other works. quotGreatexpectationsquot is an important work written by Dickens in his old age we can say this is thegreatest achievement of critical realism. This novel describes around the hero Pip and hisgreat expectations of disillusion process through the facts he finally realized his target for theflashy life in a luxury and dissipation in polite society was of no value. In order to makepeople better understand this works and more clearly see Dickens works great power ofcritical realism this article focus on the influence factors of the development of the maincharacters. Key words: quotgreat expectations quot;Dickens;main figures;development of character;
inner and outer factors Table of ContentsOutline 1Introduction 3Chapter I Dickens Cultural Position and the Content of the quotGreat Expectation quot 4 1.1 The Important Status of Dickens 4 1.2 The Main Content of the quotGreat Expectation quot 4Chapter II Several Main Characters’ Personality Development Process 7 2.1 The Original
Characteristics of the Main Figures 7 2.1.1 The Original Characteristic of Pip 7 2.1.2 The Original Characteristic of Joe Gargery 7 2.1.3 The Original Characteristic of Miss Havisham 8 2.2 The Development of Characteristics of the Main Figures 10 2.2.1 The Development of Characteristics of Pip 10 2.2.2 The Development of Characteristics of
Joe Gargery 11 2.2.3 The Development of Characteristics of Miss Havisham 12Chapter III Analysis of the Inner and Outer Factors for the Above Development 14 3.1 The Inner Factors 14 3.2 The Outer Factors 15Chapter IV Conclusion17Bibliography
18Acknowledgements 20 Outline Thesis statement: Through the analysis of several main characters’ personalitydevelopment process we get the inspiration that we should have
strong heart and use externalfactors positively.I . Dickens is the most important figure in the English literature knowing his cultural position is the first step to analysis the quotGreat Expectation quot. A. The important statue of Dickens will never be overestimated for that studying him can show us a panorama of his times. B .As the most distinctive master work of Dickens the quotGreat Expectationquot can not only indicate how Dickens is but also itself is a appreciating book.II . Character is the soul of a book and in order to know a work better we have to study its characters and in this book the development of the main characters is the most sparking point. A. We need to know how the original characteristics of the main figures are so that we can set the basis of the cooperation. 1. Pip is a kind hearted boy and full of sympathy. 2. Joe Gargery is an honest industrious mild good-natured and easy-going dear fellow. 3. Miss Havisham is an eccentric and most impressive woman. B. The development of the main characters is the more weighting part in this one we can find that how these figures grow up and change. 1. Pip changes little by little and almost becomes a bad man. 1 2. Joe becomes unselfish and warm-hearted. 3. Miss Havisham becomes an invalid in heart.III . For any development there are some reasons no matter they are about outside forces orinside eager so in this part I am going to analyses the inner and outer factor for the abovecharacters. A. Inner factors include family family condition faith and knowledge etc. B. Outer factors include environment friends other’s help etc.IV. Conclusion: We should actively use external factors to pursue the great expectations. 2 Introduction My first name was Philip but when I was a small child I could only manage to say Pip.So Pip was what everybody called me. I lived in a small village in Essex with my sister whowas over twenty years older than me... With the words we are into a story: This article is about to analysis Dickensmasterpiece quotgreat expectations”. Dickens was named the nineteenth century Britain greatestnovelist not only because his special powers of observation and imagination but his articlecan hold characteristics into unique individual character and life. His novels not only reflectthe whole generation of life experience but also vividly reveal the picture of middle age ofthe nineteenth century and the whole of the UK social reality. Their depth and breadth are farmore than the contemporary other works. quotGreat expectationsquot is an important work writtenby Dickens in his old age we can say this is the greatest achievement of critical realism. Thisnovel describes around the hero Pip and his great expectations of disillusion process throughthe facts he finally realized his target for the flashy life in a luxury and dissipation in politesociety was of no value. 3Chapter I Dickens Cultural Position and the Content of the quotGreat Expectation quot1.1 The Important Status of Dickens Dickens is the most significant novelist of the English. In English history of culturethere is one peak that cannot be surpassed by any other figures. Dickens is the onlycomparable outstanding figure with William Shakespeare. Dickens is the greatest novelist in 19th century critical realism outstanding delegates. Hisnovels is not only a true reflection of the whole generation of life experience but vividlyreveals the mid 19th century Britains entire social reality the depth and breadth is far beyondthe contemporary most other works .Dickens’s later work Great
Expectations 1861 which isconsidered as his artistic masterpiece is the most perfectly constructed of all Dickens’s novels.“Surely the characters in Great Expectations are the greatest collection in all of Englishfiction.”Dickens 2791.2 The Main Content of the
quotGreat Expectation” Dickens is one of the worlds best-loved writers and Great
Expectations may beDickens most autobiographical work. Although an earlier novel David copperfield followedthe facts of Dickens life more closely the narrator David seems a little too good to be true.The narrator of Great Expectations Pip is in contrast a man of many faults who hides noneof them from the reader. If Pip is a self-portrait Dickens must have been a reservoir ofinferiority complexes guilt and shame. 4 The beginning of the novel is set shortly after Dickens birthdates 1812 in the countryof his childhood--the Kentish countryside by the sea the nearest large town is Rochesterwhere Miss Havisham lives. Dickens wasnt an orphan as Pip is but he may well have feltlike one. His parents were sociable pleasant people but when Charles who was the eldestboy was nine the Dickens’s pulled up roots and moved to London to try to live more cheaply.Charles was appalled by the cramped grubby house they lived in there and even moreashamed when his father was arrested and taken to debtors prison. “The rest of the Dickens’swere allowed to move into prison with their father but twelve-year-old Charles
had to livealone.” Ashley 9 In spite of his depression Dickens managed to include in
Great Expectations theuntranscended comedy he was known and loved for. His driving need to please his public kepthim on balance. The novels themes however are very serious. He writes about human natureitself a mixture of misery joy hope and despair. Dickens wrote it because his vision of lifewas growing complex and he was too great a genius to simplify it. Luckily he was also agreat enough genius to write a book that people could enjoy. Though Dickens bared hispsychological problems in this novel he was still trying to reach out to his readers to makethem see their own lives more clearly.
because he isso human so honest and so much Perhaps this is why people love Dickens--
likes all of us. In this novel Dickens set the beginning in a village cemetery a small boy Pip isaccosted by a runaway convict Magwitch who demands food and a file to saw off his leg iron.Pip helped him. Not long after this Pip is invited to the gloomy home of rich eccentric MissHavisham who wants a boy to quotplayquot for her amusement. But Pips real role at Miss 5Havishams turns out to be as a toy for Miss Havishams adopted daughter Estella who hasbeen raised with one purpose--to break mens hearts Pip falls in love with Estella andbecomes self-conscious about his low social class and unpolished manners. From then on hisabiding dream is to be a gentleman. Then a London lawyer Jiggers comes to the village to tell Pip that he has come into afortune from an anonymous source. Finally he came to know that it was Magwitch whohelped him. Blamers 23 Back in London Pip learns that Magwitch once had a baby girl butshe was abandoned by her mother. Piecing together evidence Pip realizes with shock thatEstella was that baby girl. Later he accepted a job in an overseas branch of Herberts office.Returning to England many years later Pip visits Miss Havishams house which has beenpulled down. Estella is there too. As they walk away hand in hand it looks as though theywould finally get together. 6 Chapter II Several Main Characters’ Personality Development Process2.1 The
Original Characteristics of the Main Figures quotGreat Expectation” contains a lot of characters such as Pip his sister Mrs. Joe Gargerythe town blacksmith Joe Mr. Wopsle Mr. and Mrs. Hubble Miss Havisham eccentric oldlady who lives up town Estella Miss Havishams snooty beautiful daughter Biddy Orrick Vompeyson Abel Magwitch
Miss Skiffins and so on . In my paper I focus on threemain figures .They are Pip Joe Gargery and Miss Havisham.2.1.1 The Original Characteristic of Pip The novel begins at the church graveyard on Christmas Eve. Pip informs us that he is anorphan and lives in the marsh country. Julie 29 An escaped convict appears and threatensPip. He commands Pip to bring him a file and vittles food or hell cut Pips throat. AlthoughPip is scared to death and knows clearly that the man is a escaped dangerous prisoner hegoes back home to steal food and even a bottle of brandy for him and gives him a smooth fileto help him to cast off the iron chain. On Pips way to the church graveyard he imagines thatall the animals are sneering and blaming him. The leopard cat hung in the food cupboard iscalling Joe wake up to seize the thief and the cattle are talking about his misconduct andscoring him which are the typical illusion of a naive little kid. So at the first place Pip isdescribed as a kind hearted boy and full of sympathy. Douglas 192.1.2 The Original Characteristic of Joe Gargery 7 Joe is Pip’s brother-in-law but there is a big gap in their
ages. He actually plays the roleof Pip’s father. But this father is somewhat different
because he in fact has authority in thefamily run by Mrs. Joe. Compared with Pip Joe is only a fellow-sufferer of Mrs. Joe’s cruelty.Joe’s situation and influence is too feeble. He is an honest industrious mild good-natured and easy-going dear fellow. Pip alwaystreats him as a large species of child and as no more than his standard. He protects and lovesPip. Joe is not well educated and even has difficulty in spelling his own name but Joeencourages Pip to learn. Joe is also very forgiving. When talking about the causes of histolerance of Mrs. Joe Joe says: quotIm dead afraid of going wrong in the way of not doingwhats right by a woman and Id fur rather of the two go wrong the other way and be a littleill-conveniences myself. I wish it was only me that got put out Pip I wish there won’t notickler for you old chap I wish I could take it all on myself.quot(Dickens 101)
From this part of novel we can clearly see that Joe is the most kind-hearted person who iswilling to do every thing to help pip and to satisfy his wife. The image of Joe maybe the mostdirect influence positive factor that make Pip grow up as such an honest and simple boy thatat the very ending readers can have quite a beautiful picture.2.1.3 The original characteristic of Miss Havisham In Great Expectation the distinctive character Miss Havisham attracts critics’ andresearchers’ attention the articles at home referred to the analyses on the character and imageof Great Expectation are numerous. In a typical study of this type Li Guangming 2007suggested that Miss Havisham is a victim of complex forces which from her family and the 8bourgeois society. Miss Havisham is an eccentric and most impressive woman that Dickens had evercr.
析《远大前程》主要人物自我改进过程论文
析《远大
摘要:《远大前》英国著名批判现实义小说家查尔斯.狄更斯后期最为成的作品之一。这部小以维多亚早期的英格为背景,描了主人公匹普从少年到成熟成长发,自改进的过程。在书中,要人物都发生了转折变化,并不断地改进自己。本论文通过分析小说中要人物匹普,艾黛拉和郝薇香的活经历和想转变来说明他的自我改进的过。本文旨在告诉人们:幸福和快
关键词:
引言
《远大前程》是英国19世纪最伟大的判现实主义小说家查尔斯.狄更斯生前的最后一部小说,也是后期最为成熟作品之一。它以主人公匹普从少年到成年经历由天真到虚荣,到幻破灭,到找到新的的成长发展,自我改进的过程为主线,描述了普追求 “远大程”的过程。时,以他主要人物的自改进过程为辅,告诉人们:幸福和快乐与金
1、匹
匹普,一个热情,内心充满了忠诚与良知的地卑微乡孤儿,年少时只想成为像夫乔一的铁匠。即便是面逃犯马格韦契,他
从远大前程看狄更斯人物刻画的特点
摘要
文学史上有为数多继往开来的人物,们是走在时间前向的先知前辈,是富有创精神的艺术大师,们的品超越时间和空的局限,为全人类不朽的精神财富。在英国学史,乔叟、莎士比亚、狄斯可以算是这样不同的文学巨匠。对于狄更斯,也许有人不以为然。的,在十九世纪英国坛上除了狄更尚有一批华出众的小说家:·奥斯汀、乔·艾略特、威廉·麦克佩斯·萨
狄更斯是一个极为严肃的艺术家,他创作的人物,即使怪诞,乖庚,不合常情的人物,也不是凭空造出来达作者古怪念头的傀儡,们的相衣着,举手足,一颦一笑,一言一行都为
狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。《远大前程》是他晚期代表作。也是最具代表性的作品一,从中我可以看到更斯创作的一般特点。诙谐默的艺夸张、忘的象刻画、人道主义的奏鸣曲,使得
查尔斯·狄更斯功造了许多个性鲜明、形象独特的人物。这些人物非常有活,令人难以忘怀。狄斯小说的人物,在情甚至书名遗忘之后,仍然能久久萦绕于人们中。 本文是对狄更斯的经典说《远大前程》的人画分析,全文内容紧紧围绕着人物刻画展开,研究作品中的三种人形象塑造,即话式人物、双重性格人物、内丰富的圆形人;以及狄更斯小说人物刻画的特
关键词:
Abstract
There are a few persons who were contributed in the literature history, they were the predecessors ahead of the time; they were the art masters with creative spirit; their works has beyond the limitations of time and space, and become the enduring spiritual wealth to the human mankind. In the history of English literature, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Dickens all can be regarded as the extraordinary literature masters. For Dickens, maybe someone would hold disagreement, indeed, it does have many talented novelists besides Dickens in the 19th century British literary world: Jane Austen, George Eliot and William·Macbeth·Thackeray and so on. However, the style of Dickens is the most unique; the theme of Dickens is the most broad, and the influence of Dickens is the most far-reaching.
Dickens is a great critical realism writer. The “Great Expectations” is his master work in his late period, it is also one of his most representative works from which we can know general features in his writing .humorous artistic exaggeration, and unforgettable image depiction and humanitarian sonata make his novels have drastic artistic infection and perceived value.
Dickens mould many figures with vivid characteristics and unique images successfully. These figures are very energetic and memorizable .these figures among novels of Dickensian can still haunt in people‘s mind after plots even names of books are forgotten.
This paper makes a profound analysis on figures of classical novel the “Great Expectations” ,the content is spreaded out around characterization ,and it researches three kinds of image- building ,namely fairy tale-type figure, double character-type ,and round character with great charm .it also presents the features of characterizations ,such as exaggeration ,irony etc. it reveals relations among figures and discusses everlasting artistic charm of this work.
Keywords: Dickens, characters, exaggeration, irony
Ⅰ.Introduction
Charles Dickens (born Feb. 7, 1812, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.-died June 9, 1870), British novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period .The defining moment of Dickens‘s life occurred when he was 12 years old. With his father in debtors‘ prison, he was withdrawn from school and forced to work in a factory. This deeply affected the sensitive boy. Though he returned to school at 13, his formal education ended at 15. As a young man, he worked as a reporter. Dickens‘s early life was marked by both humiliation and ambition. Dickens never forgot the period of financial crisis during his childhood, when following his father‘s bankruptcy. His fiction career began with short pieces reprinted as Sketches by ―Boz‖ (1836). He exhibited a great ability to spin a story in an entertaining manner and this quality, combined with the serialization of his comic novel The Pickwick Papers (1837), made him the most popular English author of his time.
“Great Expectations” is the story of the orphan Pip, writing his life from his early days of childhood until adulthood and trying to be a gentleman along the way. The story can also be considered semi-autobiographical of Dickens, like much of his work, drawing on his experiences of life and people. In this article, I will analysis the characterization in “Great Expectations”. II Characterization in Great Expectations
2.1round character with rich contents
Round character means personal character is very full and gives expression to personal complexity and versatility .this sort of character is often such figure of ambiguity and variety. feature of this kind of character is that their personality have process of formation and development .the basic feature of round character is that shape of round character breaks the simple sorting technique ―good all the good, bad all the bad ―.it depicts portraits based on the true features of life, reveals humanistic complexity and richness much more authentically and deeply and has higher aesthetic value. The method of shaping figure leaves a multi-sided and spatial impression on readers, which can often cause psychical shock. The personality of round character is quite full, complicated and of strong dimension .this kind of figure is stable in their center of personality, meanwhile it presents different personal profile and level, these different personal profile and level blends and mixes together so as to make up one world which is independent, self-contained, majestic and grand.
The image of protagonist Pip is multifaceted and changeable in the novel; the personality of minor character reflects personal features of Pip from different aspects and points of view. The development and change of Pip‘s image reveals the theme of the novel—disillusion.
2.1.1 Development and level of round character
Pip of childhood was na?ve, nice and helpful. he showed sympathy to escaped prisoner ,just as Joe did, he considered blacksmith‘s shop as warm home and regarded labors as honest and glory since he went to Miss Havisham‘s finca ―Saris‖, and met beautiful but arrogant Miss Estella ,Pip began to become dissatisfacted. He found his coarse hands ,cumbersome shoes ,and own lack of courtesy; he realized the blacksmith‘s shop was simple ,old and shabby ,labor of forging iron was dirty and low and it seemed uninteresting to him at all .Pip became above himself ,his heart was loftier than the sky and greedy .when he knew that one rich man sponsored him for his study ,Pip jumped out his skin ,and scolded Biddy arrogantly that he was jealous of him ,he said it was deep-rooted bad habits of human being .Pip was ambitious ,he planned to make him way in high society in London and dreamt of marrying beautiful and cold Estella. To save his own appearance, he was shamed of meeting his poor relative Joe who was very kind and helpful to him .although Pip was contracted traits of hypocrisy and cold-blood in high society in London, but meanwhile he still reserved his kind-hearted nature, especially for pure friendship with Herbert. It embodied his complicated and contradictory character. The duplicity of his character was fully refracted on Wemmick .though Pip feel ashamed and hatred of Magwith‘s feeling of subsidizing, in order to pay back, he still took infinite risks helping him escape .it show his kind nature. When Pip‘s sweet dreams became vacant eventually, involved in debt and could not get away with illness, kind-hearted Joe came to look after him carefully and pay off debts for him. Pip felt deeply sorry for his own falling and bona na?ve nature then came back to him
2.1.2 Significance of round figure
The complicated and changeable portraits like Pip explores humanistic change and development regarding humanistic good and evil from dynamic view ,and it refutes heavily Foster‘s standpoint. According to shatter of The “Great Expectations” built in the sand ,the novel reveals influences on people‘s consciousness and behaviors social environment makes ,it says illusions far from reality will only contribute to moral false ,also ,love ,loyalty and conscience are much more important then wealth and social status.
2.2 typical characters with double personality
2.2.1 Flat character
The feature of flat character is quite single, prominent and lively. when some feature of this character is standing out ,other features profiles then are often overwhelmed and absorbed ,it seems become one way to present such kind of character . the way is one to
mould figure statically ,it only represent the most obvious characteristics which is dominant in figures or been put up in social life .so although flat character is placed in various environments ,and faced kinds of relations ,it is only related to one contradiction. Its character is consistent and rather stable, there is nearly no development and change occurred to it.
To mould character in this way, it inevitablely contributes to features of simple substance, and one way. obviously, flat character is rather exaggerating one ,as for its exaggeration, the character of figures is often bucking of common rules ,then lead to be comical ,then causes comic effects .at the same time ,such exaggerating expression often brings about abstraction, and makes figures become symbolism of some character so as to achieve own surpassingness, it makes flat character seemingly far away from life, but actually realize some profound holding on some life in a much higher level ,and therefore acquires some typical significance.
Forster points out in “Aspects of the Novel”, that figures of Dickensian are almost flat ―.namely personal character is single and always rooted on some level .the sentence is being rated by people in literary circles. Minor character Wemmick in the “Great Expectations” refutes the view powerfully by his lively double character.
2.2.2 Performance of double character
Among these figures with double character in novels of Dickens, as for the limitations from subjective and objective conditions, such kind figure as Wemmick have to develop another character system in the basis of original character in order to acclimatize themselves to survival. for instance , Wemmick was a professional attorney assistant in the law firm, he was as cold as marble ,did official business according to official principles and did not care others‘ faces ,he was scrupulous just like a cold machine .at home ,however ,he was ardent master, obedient son ,amorous lover and warmhearted man. He was reasonable and had his own hobbies and ideal. he managed his own family carefully .nay ,for the same matter ,in the law firm or at home ,he held entirely different standpoints .Pip wanted to help his friends, while Wemmick set himself against it in business premises ,however, when Pip dropped by at his home , Wemmick offered advices for him positively.
Working in law firms in Britain, Wemmick separates business and private life sharply .when at work, he was as cold as marble, just like a cold machine .what people see in law firm is mechanical Wemmick ―the squared face seemed to be made of stones, expression in the face was chiseled out by chisel from blunt head, mouth was like mail box, so hangs unconscious smile in the face all the time.‖ Wemmick at home is kind-hearted ,passionate and have deep love for life .he built one castle himself where there is a garden, drawbridge, pavilion, fountain, windmill, fort barbette inside, he served his father carefully ,helped friends passionately ,feel in love with Miss Stiffen ,and they married each other happily. W Wemmick explained to Pip that ―law firm is just law firm, private life is private. When I enter into law firm, then the castle is gone out of my mind, when I am into the castle, then I forget the law firm‖.
2.2.3 Significance of double character
The double character of Wemmick presents dissimilation of deformed society to humanity .under the stress of life, Wemmick becomes one machine of criminal justice regime in London and conceals his humanity. His double character reflects counterpoise of good and evil. he is not such figure who Dickensian compliments ,as he is cold ,greedy and selfish in the law firm ,which reflects bad .he is neither the figure hated by Dickensian ,as he is helpful and emotional .the mould of Wemmick‘s double character adds artistic charm to the novel ,and stand out the theme of criticizing the structure of the law in Britain .
2.3 Fairy tale characters
When in the 19th century of the Victorian area,Children's upbringing, welfare and education,is regarded as the common and serious social problem. And the common bourgeois writers pay little attention to the theme of children, particularly for the poor children theme. Under such circumstances, Dickens expanded a new way on image building. The original intention of Dickens‘ children's image writing is critical, by revealing the Society wrecked to children and the children know, to achieve the criticism to the society, the Critical sharpness pointing to the Money rules, the Asset class education, and the Bourgeois society directly.
Dickens' works not only deeply attract the adult readers, but also cater to the interest to the young readers According to the survey, In many countries of the world, each speak English spoken family, On the cold winter night, Parents often accompany with their children in front of the fire, reading dickens' works to promote each other's feelings. Though Dickens is not a Children's literature writer, his works did very well in shaping the fairy tale characters, which strongly attracted the innocent romance children, In the 1980s, when Dostoevsky recommend a number of children's reading books, All works of dickens was included without exception.
2.3.1 Fairy tale color on the characters named
The novel's character naming was full of fairy tale color and symbolism. For example, Magwitch refer to the word ―magic‖ witch Implied that he acted as a magician who can make a poor children reemergence, and make pip‘s life a miracle. Havisham, ―sham‖ means hypocritical behavior, ―having‖ refers to property, symbolizing that she was not the real funders of Pip.‖ Biddy‖ means maid, symbolizing that she was born in straitened and humble circumstances, but with noble mind, like Cinderella, she will gain the real happiness. Pip means depression, symbolizing that his struggle will be end in failure. Meanwhile, the word is round structure, Symbol his unusual process on self-made, Losing himself, and regressing.
2.3.2Devil, the witch type image
The writer shaped devil, the witch type character in the exaggeration, humor tone, and gothic style. In the first chapter of the novel, what have present to the reader is a macabre graveyard, a shudder swamp. It was a cold winter night, Little Pip could not stand his sister‘s unbearable beaten, and came to his parents‘ grave to cry. Looking at the leaden gray rivers, the urgent wind tight blow
to the sea, Pip was shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry. In the depressing atmosphere, among the graves at the side of the church porch, suddenly cried a terrible voice ?Hold your nose!‘ ?Keep still, you little devil, or I‘ll cut your throat!‘ poor Pip was too scared to say a complete sentence because of the sudden fear. This terrible person also threatened that he has a companion hide in the side, who has a secret way peculiar to himself, of getting at a boy, and at his heart, and at his liver. In the children eyes, the image of the fugitive Magwitch at the moment was just like the monster in the fairy tale. This may allow people to associate with the fear-drenched appearance of Pip, and arouse the reader‘s sympathy. However, the panic was not comes from the readers, and it do increase the comedic effects of the works to some extent. For example, when the fugitive asked Pip where his mother was, he said she was there. The fugitive then became started and made a short run. He was just coming back asking him some questions, when he saw Pip was pointing to a tombstone. Such description was full of gothic style and comedic effects, completely according with the psychological characteristics of the children. Afterwards, Pip grew up and became a gentleman; he found that the benefactor who subsidized him was the criminal he had helped in those days unexpectedly; the disgusting feeling to Magwitch arises spontaneously. He regarded himself was just like the Frankenstein as Mary Shelley described, he wanted to get rid of him, but failed to get the solution. ―The imaginary student pursued by the misshapen creature he had impiously made, was not more wretched than I, pursued by the creature who had made me, and recoiling from him with a stronger repulsion, the more he admire me and the fonder he was of me. Such description revealed that Magwitch was the monster incarnation in Dickens‘ heart. But the relationship between Pip and him haven‘t run to kill one another, because Pip‘s conscience and morality overcame his selfishness and prejudice.
Havisham was the representative of the witch type character; she was one of the most successful female images Dickens had shaped in his works. She lived an isolated life in a ghostly gothic old house. ―In an arm-chair, with an elbow resting on the table and her head leaning on that hand, sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or shall ever see.‖ When Pip met Miss Havisham the first time, it was impressive. ―I saw that the bride within the bridal dress withered like the dress, and like the flowers, and had no brightness left but the brightness of her sunken eyes.‖ This made him thought of the waxwork and the skeleton. ―The frillings and trimmings on her bridal dress, looking like earthy paper… Miss Havisham must have looked as if the admission of the nature light of day would have struck her to dust.‖ This aristocratic miss who was abandoned by her fiancé, weaving her revenge dream day by day, she tried to break all the men‘s heart by her young beautiful adopted daughter Estella. The moment when she strongly urged Pip fall in love with Estella, she looked like passionate, never-come-out, and eagle-eyed, she said the word ―love‖ again and again, As if ―love‖ was the most vicious curse in the world. The violent, cruel and deliberately revenge Miss Havisham, was just like the witches in the fairy tales, her crazy behavior not only brought tremendous pain to Estella and Pip, but more remorse and pain to herself.
2.3.3 Fairy type character
The novel shaped Biddy and Clara, who were characters like fairy and angel in romantic way. Biddy, a girl who had an appearance of ordinary, she was healthy, bright and capable, gentle and kind-hearted country girl. She cared, helped, and loved Pip like a fairy godmother. She taught the
most basic knowledge to Pip, she cared for his injured sister, she doped out the murderer who hurt his sister, she listened to the voice of Pip, and she exhorted him to give up the fallacious dreams. Biddy was the embodiment of the ideal female in Dickens‘ heart. And Clara is a angel who had a beautiful and graceful appearance, obliging personality, and filial to her father. Pip said of her as a fairy, let Barre, a old man like a cruel ogre, seized and ordered about for him.
Dickens was a author of myth rather than a novelist, perhaps the greatest author of myth. He was not always able to write his character like the man, but at last he can wrote it like god. The fairy tale color of characters can be divided into two categories as good guys and bad guys in Great Expectations. Havisham belonged to the bad guys, got the confession and death in the end, and therefore emphasized the theme of the novel: through repentance and compassion, the bad guys can be redeemed. Biddy and Clara, who belonged to good guys, got a happy marriage and family finally.
III.Characterization in Great Expectations
Great Expectations showed us how a young man led a life in capitalistic society. It tells the story about a young man called Pip and his childhood and great expectations of Pip. Pip was born in a poor family. He lost his parents as well as five little brothers in his infancy. As a result, he was brought up by his sister and her husband Mr. Joe Gargery.
Mrs. Gargery was really a strong and respectable woman. Although sometimes she was strict and cruel with Pip, she loved him very much. She was forced to do so by life for she had so heavy a burden on her shoulder to make a man out of a boy. Life was hard to her but she never gave up, otherwise Pip and Joe couldn‘t manage to go on with life. That was one reason why her death shocked Joe and Pip so deeply.
Joe, from beginning to end, was a true gentle man. He loved Pip very much and gave a lot of help to him. In Pip‘s infancy, they were both brought up by Mrs. Gargery by hands. In Pip‘s words, they were fellow-sufferers. He always stood with Pip though thus might offend his wife. When Pip found his great expectation, Joe chose to let Pip loose. He wanted Pop to deal with the good fortune all by himself. He even refused the money Miss Havisham offered him for bringing up Pip. We understand him because we all know that he brought up Pip just for Pip not for money. Joe got married to Biddy at the end of the story. He really deserved happiness.
Pip was the main character of this novel. He had a poor infancy and always stream of becoming rich. He happened to have helped a prisoner who had managed to escape from the prison and needed help badly. Pip might had never thought this would change his life and the prisoner would become.
3.1 The Exaggeration
From Great Expectations we can see that successful portrait description is the most conspicuous characteristic of Dickens‘ Art Style. Dickens not only meticulously portrays the distinct character of the major figure in the novel but also the peanuts in his writing still make enduring impression on the readers. He is good at using art hyperbole to outstand the figure‘s features and revealing their inner lives and thinking by their habitual behavior, gesture and the
words they use. What‘s more, Dickens is willing to adopt sketch gimmick to make the figures‘ remarkable characteristics outstood. In Great Expectations, Dickens describe Pumblechook‘s uncle like this: ―Uncle Pumblechook, a large hard-breathing middle-aged slow man, with a mouth like a fish, dull staring eyes, and sandy hair standing upright on his head, so that he looked as if he had just been all but chocked, and had that moment come to. ‖
3.1.1 Childishness Type of Exaggeration
Exaggeration is one of the main means of artistic expression in Dickens‘ novels. The artistic personality in Dickens‘ novels shows the strongly subjective emotions, which are ―he almost absorbs the life into his works‖. While he his wild imagination never avoid or get out from his childish. Hence, we always feel the character of his childishness boundless imagination which decides the special style and personality of portraying the figures‘ characters.
In Great Expectations, when Pip following with Estella went into the mansion, these sceneries seems too large from the view of the child. The beetles which are crawling on the rotten bride cake, spider webs, and house with full dust and even Miss. Havisham‘s odd appearance are exaggerative dreadful in Pip‘s eyes. When Pip visited the old place again after he grew up, all the imaginations, the exaggerative fascinating Magic points and the terrible demon alike imaginations caused by illusion in childhood are disappeared.
Dickens not only makes the people personally experienced the tragic situation in 19th century but also he opens the inner world of the figure which he doesn‘t do well in portraying through the exaggerative transformation in the outer world. Then, this makes people access to and understand their attitude. He most distinctly expresses her lust, sufferings and sad mood through the boldly transformation of Miss. Havisham‘s appearance and the Pip‘s tuition. Exaggeration is on of the most important article methods which makes the typical images in Dickens‘ writings full of vitality, vigor and humanity depth.
3.1.2 Humor Hyperbole
Using exaggeration in literatures not only can outstanding the humor factor but also can create strongly comic effect and make the images in the works outstood. Undoubtedly, using exaggeration is one of the unique features in his works.
Dickens is a humorist. And humor is the significant feature in his work s. ―humorous world itself is a fairy world‖. We understand Fairy Tales, so we should allow humorist to use their exaggeration. Great Expectations, which is full of emotional tones, can not lack of the peculiar humor and taunt of Dickens. He uses this method to make the plots in the works full of wit and humor. And he can put his figures in such a plot so that it can achieve comic effect. For example, the scene that Herbert teaches Pip the dinning etiquette really achieves the comic effect. His humor includes bitter ironies except for solely comic description. It was accomplished by successful irony and significant exaggeration. For instance, uncle Pumblechook is a ridiculous figure. Dickens adopts various ironies, exaggerations and so on to make the image of bullying the weak and flatter the rich full of life.
I should figure that they are not occurring as the purely humorous image but the writer‘s
intentional arrangement. In the literature, there is a man named Pocketwho knows nothing about manage the housework. When he meets a little bit problems, he will have nothing to do with it. And he has to use his hands to pull his hair as if he can handle the problem through this. However, the very person that is incapable is famous for teaching housecraft. The people around him often ask him to have lessons. Conspicuously, the humorous description demonstrates Dickens‘ satire to these people.
3.2 ironies
3.2.1 The characteristics of irony
The novel satirized some of the ugly human nature and social drawbacks in a humor way, there are still a lot of humorous irony of texts in "Great expectations”. In the novel, when "I" - Pip sponsored by a stranger and will become a gentleman, it happened a few interesting things. One is that I went to the tailor shop to make new clothes. When I enter the tailor shop, the boss thought I was originally the poor boy who once worked in the blacksmith shop; he looked at me very coldly, and also referred to show me the cheapest cloth. However, when I said I may have the money, and would take out money, the attitude of the boss was soon changed; he began to smile adoringly to me. When the boss's son suddenly came in, and found it was me, his attitude which can be understood as extremely harsh. The boss scolded at him fiercely. In the subsequent narrative, when I was on my way to Miss Havisham‘s house, and happen to meet Bentley ? Lang Daimler, I know he is one of the suitors of Miss Estella, and this man has no manners, so I hate him. So when we use the Roast, we shoulder each other off to each other, tried not to rely on each other into the fight. The irony of Dickens include the irony to the unreasonable social problems, the irony where money talks and control to the human soul and the depravity of the human soul. Out of the irony, Dickens often put forward his own reformist and humanitarian ideals of capitalism. On the whole, the irony of Dickens has the following characteristics.
3.2.1.1 Weird characters
Novels of Dickensian have created many portraits of many sorts. Among them, there were not only nice people and heroes, but also bad guys, even pimps. There were no lack of figures with weird behaviors and characteristics in these portraits. They tend to be characters with personal peculiarity and abnormal behaviors. It was their weird actions that cause humor. When he was shaping the images of the figures, Dickensian exaggerated the difference from the other normal people. He placed a lot of emphasis on their special points, even their peculiarities. In the novel “Great Expectations” Miss Havisham was bragged to be almost a freak .however, we can remember clearly her various images and actions and behaviors, such as supporting her own face with palms all the time etc. These behavioral characteristics were so drastic difference from the normal people that they make people can‘t help laughing. In the novel of Dickensian, it was also one important artistic characteristic or means of artistic expression. These figures with personal peculiarity and weird behaviors were often afflicted to act like that.
There were also lots of good guys with weird characteristics and behaviors in the novels of Dickensian. Mr. Providence in the “Great Expectations” was such a guy .he was an orphan since at early age, and lived by stealing and begging. As for that, he met the pimp –Compeyson, and then he was thrown into prison constantly and was set up by Compeyson. As he led a wandering life for a long time, he always took one shabby black Bible in his pockets which he usually used to prove what other said to him was true. When Herbert talked with him the first time; he then took out the Bible and asked Herbert to touch it to make promises. The action reflects that he came through so many bad guys that he was not accustomed to trust people, it also showed his loveliness. As it was ridiculous to make people tell the truth just by a small broken Bible. Humor of it was at a time rose up to serious state, as it proved he was not that bad, at least he trusted the instruction of Bible.
3.2.1.2 Funny aspects
In the novel, Dickensian often intended to tell some crazy things in normal opinions. He narrates fast and fluently .these figures did these tommyrots just because of some puzzled consciousness or impulses and so on, and it usually happens among several persons. In the “Great Expectations”, when ―I‖ said to Mr. Jaggers that I knew Estella‘ parents, Mr. Jaggers and Mr. Wemmick acted quite humorously. Mr. Jaggers always asked Mr. Wemmick ―what were they doing before I came in ―, it showed Mr. Jaggers‘ panic and terror to Mr. Wemmick‘s presence. The same action was being done time after time, which caused humorous effect. We can still see such humorous and comic behavior from the mutually jockeying between Bentley ? Lang Daimler and ―me‖ which was mentioned in the former passage. Dickensian narrated tommyrots carefully in the life, as we know, these were impossible, but still, many normal people can‘t stop making these mistakes. For example ,in the ―The Great Expectations ,when my fate was changed thanks to sponsor from anonymous person ,except that my brother –in law –May and the in-house nurse Miss Biddy were still kind to me and bless me happy ,all of other people in the town were full of curiosity ,jealousy and tried hard to please me. The behaviors of these people were so thinly veiled, then one funny figure image was painted where their eyes shines due to money matters. The humorous effect went out without saying.
3.2.1.3 Emotional languages
Dickens makes their images more humorous, their languages were full of great passion, wit or foolish. In novels of Dickensian, people‘s words have strong emotional coloring, for example, astonishment and excitement and so on were very common. Furthermore, in these conversations, it was commonly occurred that many same sentences were repeatedly said. For instance ,in the “Great Expectations” ,when Miss Havisham realized that she made a mistake ,what she said was the same words repeated for many times ―what on earth have I done ?‖ it was said around fifty times in front of me. And she didn‘t stop saying it when she was saved and was in coma from her own self-burning. Serious thinking was merged into seemingly humorous narration in novels.
3.2.1.4 The Mild satire
Dickens was never intended to make some vulgar words and stories to elicit others to laugh. On the contrary, while Dickens telling interesting stories, the seriousness contained, he not only make you laugh but also lead you to think.
Firstly, he showed his sharply satire to the social reality. Some people said that the humor of Dickens was just like the ―thorny rose‖, Dickens was often hidden his irony to the unreasonable social system in the banter surface in his novels. Reading Dickens‘s novels in general, we can understand his relentlessly ridiculed and satirized about British irrational social system in health, law, education, prison, children‘s welfare and so on. While making a lot of ruthless satire to the ugly human nature, Dickens created a group of bad guys, which reflected the ugly side of the human nature in various aspects, yet these people‘s bad behavior was always forgiven in Dickens‘s works, to state that the essence of the human nature is nice, only a very small part of people have bad nature. It was also this point which made the novels of Dickens gave readers the feeling of warm.
Secondly, exposed the ugly human nature and forgiven the bad guys. Dickens had made a bitter irony on the person‘s ambition, jealousy and other aspects of the bad nature. Yet Dickens expressed his satire, he had plenty of idealism composition included in them, he always showed the beautiful side to people and made people believe the existence of beauty. Dickens shaped a large number of lovely people in his works. Most of the characters he had shaped were the lower class, even if many were born better, they still gradually struggle with their work from the lower class to the upper class. Joe, Pip‘s brother-in-law, just was such a guy.
IV Conclusion
Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens first serialised in All the Year Round from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. It is regarded as one of his greatest and most sophisticated novels, and is one of his most enduringly popular novels; having been adapted for stage and screen over 250 times. Dickens also considered Great Expectations one of his "little pieces," and indeed, it is slim compared to such weighty novels as David Copperfield or Nicholas Nickleby. But what this cautionary tale of a young man raised high above his station by a mysterious benefactor lacks in length, it more than makes up for in its remarkable characters and compelling story.
Great Expectations is written in the genre of "bildungsroman" or the style of book that follows the story of a man or woman in their quest for maturity, usually starting from childhood and ending in the main character's eventual adulthood. Great Expectations is the story of the orphan Pip, writing his life from his early days of childhood until adulthood and trying to be a gentleman along the way. The story can also be considered semi-autobiographical of Dickens, like much of his work, drawing on his experiences of life and people.
Dickens just wants to tell us his theme of ethics is very simple: love, loyalty and conscience are more important than wealth and social status, and reveal the reality in that period.
References
《远大前程》中皮普的人物性格分析
摘要:本文深入细致的分析了狄更斯《远大前》一中的要人物皮普的生活经历与路历程,揭示了英国维多利亚代人与人之间赤裸的金钱关系,展现了生活
关键词:
《远大前程》是尔斯·狄更斯艺术生后期最具代表性的长篇说。小说描述了一名为普的孤儿的生活经和心路发展历程,艺术的揭示了这位孤儿从对幸福生活期望到幻想破灭的整个过。在这本书“,远大前程”是一句反话,并不是真的指孤儿皮有么远大的前程,而恰恰是指的一种“幻灭”,一种幻想的幻灭。如果读只是把本书理解一本描写孤儿想破灭的书,那就误解也低估了作者的本意,作是要在对孤儿皮普的描述中展现19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会活,露了资产阶级钱世界的种罪恶。主人公普自幼就失去了父母,作者在小说开始以第一人称的口吻这样叙述着主人公的身世“:我说皮利普是我父亲的姓,那是有根据的,因为我父亲的墓碑上刻着他,而且我姐姐也这么说。我姐姐嫁了匠乔·,现在是葛奇里夫人了。至于我,从没有见到过亲母亲,也有看到他们两位的照片。”这里我们可以了解到,这样一个自幼由嫁给铁匠的姐养长大的孤儿,在那个时代是不可获得什么好的教育的。育的缺失和家境的情况使得幼年的皮普把姐夫当做理想的奋斗目标。而事实上,在这个由姐姐掌握大权的家,姐夫也是唯一可以“以相待,心置腹”的人。而“一手”抚养他长大的姐姐呢“,的姐姐乔·葛奇里夫人比我要年长二十多岁。她一直说我是由她手带大的,因在左邻右舍享有很大名气,倍受夸奖。从小我就想解这里的“一”究竟是什么义。我所知道的她的,是结实重而又冷酷严厉的,因为她特别喜欢把她的巴掌打在她丈夫的上,当然也喜在我的身上。我想乔·奇里和我就是这样由她一手大的吧。”者可以在字里行间读作者的良苦用心,但即这样充满暴力的家庭里长大,皮普依然保持着天真、质的性格,文中作者还特意用一对吃面包的描述来展示普的天真爱“:在吃晚餐时,我有习惯,要比较一下吃面包的速度,不时地悄悄拿起所啃的面包比一下,并且相互会心地表示赞美。这样,我面包啃越有劲。”幼年的皮普也是善良的,这一点即使是在面对逃犯时也曾改变,
变了皮普一生的运。在这里我们要注一点,那就是作者查斯·狄更斯的哲学想之是环境对人思想影响。狄更斯认为,不同的环境可以造就成不同的人。然,我们知道,内因才是定一个人展的关键因素。皮普如果不是一个天真、质朴的少,而是一个成熟、倔强的少年,也许这个故事就不会是这样一个局了。一个一心想要“复男人”的哈莎姆小姐来说,皮普是一个绝佳的工具和发泄对。让年轻漂亮的养女埃斯特拉去动接近皮普,却又不断的嘲笑普,维莎姆的计是成功的。轻的皮普就像个提线木偶,被哈维莎姆小姐和命玩弄于股掌之间。对爱斯特拉的倾慕使皮普开始厌恶自己“那双粗糙的手那双笨头笨脑的皮靴”,用皮普自己的话就“我现在对这些东西是瞧不起,些东西有烦恼过我,现在却使我烦恼了。它确是些粗不的东西。”也开始怨起一直“以诚待,推心置腹”的“伙计”“我决定回家去问问乔,为什他总是告诉我那些牌叫做贾克,而际上应是奈夫。我想,如果当年乔的教养高一些,我也不至于落到这地步。”应该说,作为一个孩子,在虚荣面前有些抱怨还是以理解的,毕竟这也符人性。此同时,从这里开始我们也以看到,狄更斯在《远大程》中对人物心理的描写比之以往更加细腻、真实,对人物内世界的探索更坚决、彻底。与其前期人物形象相比,皮普的象更加丰富逼,这是作者脱了人物单一性和确定的一种现。也使得皮普这个人物更接近现实,更能反映当时的社会情。在皮普的,我们看不到狄更斯早作品中那种脸谱化的描写,看不到作者接定义的人物性格,是一个有其自身言行举,内心活动的崭新的形象。对皮普的是非要由读者自己来断、评价。皮普是真实的,就是从这一刻开始,那对虚荣的慕情结开始萌动,那种现状的想法开始不可遏制的出现,并很快的开始实施“一两天后的个早晨,我醒来时突然想到一个非常主意。我要使自己走向不平凡,最为上策的办是去找毕蒂,学会她所知道的切东
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