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Geography of the United Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The United Kingdom occupies a substantial part of the British Isles.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or UK, is a
sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe.
With a total area of approximately 243,610 square kilometres (94,060 sq [1]mi), the UK occupies the major part of the British Isles archipelago
and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of
the island of Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands. The mainland
areas lie between latitudes 49?N and 59?N (the Shetland Islands reach
to nearly 61?N), and longitudes 8?W to 2?E. The Royal Greenwich Observatory, in South East London, is the defining point of the Prime
Meridian.
The UK lies between the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 mi) of the northwest coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. It shares a 360 km international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France.
The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are covered in their own respective articles, see below.
Content是
, 1 Area
, 2 Physical geography
o 2.1 Geology
o 2.2 Mountains and hills
o 2.3 Rivers and lakes
o 2.4 Artificial waterways
o 2.5 Coastline
, 2.5.1 Inlets
, 2.5.2 Headlands
o 2.6 Islands
o 2.7 Climate
, 3 Human geography
o 3.1 Demographics
o 3.2 Political geography
, 3.2.1 National government
, 3.2.2 Local government
o 3.3 Economic geography
, 3.3.1 Primary industry
, 3.3.2 Manufacturing
, 3.3.3 Finance and services
, 3.3.4 Regional disparity
, 4 Natural resources
, 5 Environment
o 5.1 Current issues
o 5.2 International agreements
, 6 Antipodes
, 7 Geography of dependencies
o 7.1 Crown dependencies
o 7.2 Overseas territories
, 8 See also
, 9 References
, 10 External links
Area
The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 245,000 square kilometres (94,600 sq mi), comprising the island of Great Britain, the
northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland) and
many smaller islands. England is the largest country of the United Kingdom,
at 130,410 square kilometres (50,350 sq mi) accounting for just over half
Scotland at 78,772 square kilometres (30,410 the total area of the UK. [2]sq mi), is second largest, accounting for about a third of the area of
the UK. Wales and Northern Ireland are much smaller, covering 20,758 square kilometres (8,010 sq mi) and 14,160 square kilometres (5,470 sq
mi) respectively.
The area of the countries of the United Kingdom is set out in the table
England, the largest country, is also below. Information about the area of
broken down by region.
Rank Name Area
England 130,427 km?
[3]1 – South West 23,837 km?
– East of England 19,120 km?
[4]– South East 19,096 km?
– East Midlands 15,627 km?
– Yorkshire and the Humber 15,420 km? [5]– North West 14,165 km? [6]– West Midlands 12,998 km? [7]– North East 8,592 km? [8]– London 1,572 km?
[9]2 Scotland 78,772 km?
[10]3 Wales 20,778 km?
4 Northern Ireland 13,843 km?
United Kingdom 243,820 km?
Overseas territories 1,727,570 km?
2The British Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of 1,709,400 km is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories 2followed by the Falkland Islands which covers an area of 12,173 km. The 2remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area 5,997 km.
Physical geography
UK's topography
The physical geography of the UK varies greatly. England consists of mostly lowland terrain, with upland or mountainous terrain only found
north-west of the Tees-Exe line. The upland areas include the Lake District, the Pennines, Exmoor and Dartmoor. The lowland areas are typically traversed by ranges of low hills, frequently composed of chalk. The physical geography of Scotland is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault which traverses the Scottish mainland from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. The faultline separates the two distinctively different
regions of the Highlands to the north and west, and the lowlands to the south and east. Wales is mostly mountainous, though south Wales is less mountainous than north and mid Wales. The geography of Ireland includes the Mourne Mountains as well as Lough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 [11]sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK and Ireland.
The overall geomorphology of the UK was shaped by the combined forces of
tectonics and climate change, in particular glaciation.
The exact centre of the island of Great Britain is disputed. Depending upon how it is calculated it can be either Haltwhistle in Northumberland, or Dunsop Bridge in Lancashire.
Geology
See also: Geology of Great Britain and Geology of Ireland
The geology of the UK is complex and diverse, a result of it being subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and
folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), often
associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a result of this eventful geological history, the UK shows [12]a rich variety of landscapes.
Lewisian gneisses, The oldest rocks in the British Isles are the
metamorphic rocks found in the far north west of Scotland and in the Hebrides (with a few small outcrops elsewhere), which date from at least 2,700 Ma (Ma = million years ago). South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands
sedimentary rocks in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean.
At 520 Ma, what is now Great Britain was split between two continents;
the north of Scotland was located on the continent of Laurentia at about
20? south of the equator, while the rest of the country was on the continent of Gondwana near the Antarctic Circle. In Gondwana, England and
Wales were largely submerged under a shallow sea studded with volcanic
islands. The remains of these islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in many places.
About 500 Ma southern Britain, the east coast of North America and
south-east Newfoundland broke away from Gondwana to form the continent of Avalonia, which by 440 Ma had drifted to about 30? south. During this period north Wales was subject to volcanic activity. The remains of these
volcanoes are still visible, one example of which is Rhobell Fawr dating
from 510 Ma. Large quantities of volcanic lava and ash known as the
Borrowdale Volcanics covered the Lake District and this can still be seen
in the form of mountains such as Helvellyn and Scafell Pike.
Between 425 and 400 Ma Avalonia had joined with the continent of Baltica,
and the combined landmass collided with Laurentia at about 20? south,
joining the southern and northern halves of Great Britain together. The
resulting Caledonian Orogeny produced an Alpine-style mountain range in
much of north and west Britain.
The collision between continents continued during the Devonian period,
producing uplift and subsequent erosion, resulting in the deposition of numerous sedimentary rock layers in lowlands and seas. The Old Red
Sandstone found in Devon originated from these processes.
Around 360 Ma Great Britain was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of the Rheic Ocean, during which time the Carboniferous
Limestone was deposited, as found in the Mendip Hills and the Peak District
of Derbyshire. Later, river deltas formed and the sediments deposited were
colonised by swamps and rain forest. It was in this environment that the
Coal Measures were formed, the source of the majority of Britain's extensive coal reserves.
Around 280 Ma the Variscan orogeny mountain-building period occurred,
again due to collision of continental plates, causing major deformation in south west England. The general region of Variscan folding was south of an east–west line roughly from south Pembrokeshire to Kent. Towards
granite was formed beneath the overlying rocks of the end of this period
Devon and Cornwall, now exposed at Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor.
By the end of the Carboniferous period the various continents of the Earth had fused to form the super-continent of Pangaea. Britain was located in
the interior of Pangea where it was subject to a hot arid desert climate with frequent flash floods leaving deposits that formed beds of red sedimentary rock.
As Pangaea drifted during the Triassic, Great Britain moved away from the
equator until it was between 20? and 30? north. The remnants of the Variscan uplands in France to the south were eroded down, resulting in layers of the New Red Sandstone being deposited across central England. Pangaea began to break up at the start of the Jurassic period. Sea levels
rose and Britain and Ireland drifted on the Eurasian Plate to between 30?
and 40? north. Much of the British Isles were under water again, and sedimentary rocks were deposited and can now be found underlying much of England from the Cleveland Hills of Yorkshire to the Jurassic Coast in
Dorset. These include sandstones, greensands, oolitic limestone of the
Cotswold Hills, corallian limestone of the Vale of White Horse and the
Isle of Portland. The burial of algae and bacteria below the mud of the
sea floor during this time resulted in the formation of North Sea oil and
natural gas
The modern continents having formed, the Cretaceous saw the formation of
the Atlantic Ocean, gradually separating northern Scotland from North
America. The land underwent a series of uplifts to form a fertile plain. After 20 million years or so, the seas started to flood the land again until much of Britain and Ireland were again below the sea, though sea levels frequently changed. Chalk and flints were deposited over much of
Great Britain, now notably exposed at the White Cliffs of Dover and the
Seven Sisters, and also forming Salisbury Plain.
Between 63 and 52 Ma, the last volcanic rocks in Great Britain were formed. The major eruptions at this time produced the Antrim Plateau, the basaltic
columns of the Giant's Causeway and Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel.
The Alpine Orogeny that took place in Europe about 50 Ma, was responsible for the folding of strata in southern England, producing the London Basin
syncline, the Weald-Artois Anticline to the south, the North Downs, South
Downs and Chiltern Hills.
During the period the North Sea formed, Britain was uplifted. Some of this
uplift was along old lines of weakness left from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before. The uplifted areas were then eroded, and further sediments, such as the London Clay, were deposited over southern
England.
The major changes during the last 2 million years were brought about by several recent ice ages. The most severe was the Anglian Glaciation, with
ice up to 1,000 m (3300 ft) thick that reached as far south as London and
Bristol. This took place between about 478,000 to 424,000 years ago, and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto its present
course. During the most recent Devensian glaciation, which ended a mere
10,000 years ago, the icesheet reached south to Wolverhampton and Cardiff.
Among the features left behind by the ice are the fjords of the west coast
of Scotland, the U-shaped valleys of the Lake District and erratics
(blocks of rock) that have been transported from the Oslo region of Norway
and deposited on the coast of Yorkshire.
Amongst the most significant geological features created during the last twelve thousand years are the peat deposits of Ireland and Scotland, and
of coastal and upland areas of England and Wales.
At the present time Scotland is continuing to rise as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern England is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1/25 inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of
the recent clay deposits.
Mountains and hills
At 1,344 metres, Ben Nevis is the highest peak in the UK.
Main article: List of mountains and hills of the United Kingdom
The ten tallest mountains in the UK are all found in Scotland. The highest
peaks in each part of the UK are:
, Scotland: Ben Nevis, 1,344 metres
, Wales: Snowdon (Snowdonia), 1,085 metres
, England: Scafell Pike (Cumbrian Mountains), 978 metres
, Northern Ireland: Slieve Donard (Mourne Mountains), 852 metres The ranges of mountains and hills in the UK include:
, Scotland: Cairngorms, Scottish Highlands, Southern Uplands, Grampian Mountains
, Wales: Brecon Beacons, Cambrian Mountains, Snowdonia, Black Mountains, Preseli
Hills
, England: Cheviot Hills, Chilterns, Cotswolds, Dartmoor, Lincolnshire Wolds, Exmoor,
Lake District, Malvern Hills, Mendip Hills, North Downs, Peak District, Pennines, South
Downs, Shropshire Hills, Yorkshire Wolds
, Northern Ireland: Mourne Mountains, Antrim Plateau, Sperrin Mountains
The lowest point of the UK is in the Fens of East Anglia, in England, parts
of which lie up to 4 metres below sea level.
Rivers and lakes
Main articles
, List of lakes and lochs in the United Kingdom;
, List of rivers of the United Kingdom;
, List of waterfalls of the United Kingdom.
The longest river in the UK is the River Severn (220 mi, 354 km) which
flows through both Wales and England. The longest rivers in the UK contained wholly within each of its
constituent nations are:
, England: River Thames (215 mi, 346 km)
, Scotland: River Tay (117 mi, 188 km)
, N. Ireland: River Bann (76 mi, 122 km)
, Wales: River Tywi (64 mi, 103 km)
The largest lakes (by surface area) in the UK by country are:
, N. Ireland: Lough Neagh (147.39 sq mi, 381.74 km?)
, Scotland: Loch Lomond (27.46 sq mi, 71.12 km?)
, England: Windermere (5.69 sq mi, 14.74 km?)
, Wales: Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake) (1.87 sq mi, 4.84 km?)
The deepest lake in the UK is Loch Morar with a maximum depth of 309 metres (Loch Ness is second at 228 metres deep). The deepest lake in England is Wastwater which achieves a depth of 79 metres (258 feet). Artificial waterways
Main articles: Waterways in the United Kingdom, Canals of Great Britain,
Reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom
As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an extensive
system of canals, mostly built in the early years of the Industrial
Revolution, before the rise of competition from the railways. The United
Kingdom also has numerous dams and reservoirs to store water for drinking and industry. The generation of hydroelectric power is rather limited,
supplying less than 2% of British electricity mainly from the Scottish Highlands.
Coastline
United Kingdom maritime claims
[citation needed]The UK has a coastline which measures about 12,429 km. The heavy
indentation of the coastline helps to ensure that no location is more than
125 km from tidal waters.
The UK claims jurisdiction over the continental shelf, as defined in
continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi), and territorial sea of 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).
Inlets
, Cardigan Bay
, Lyme Bay
, Bristol Channel
, Thames estuary
, Morecambe Bay
, Solway Firth
, The Wash
, Humber estuary
, Firth of Forth
, Firth of Tay
, Moray Firth
Headlands
The geology of the United Kingdom is such that there are many headlands
along its coast. A list of headlands of the United Kingdom details many
of them.
Islands
See main list of islands of the United Kingdom
In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. Climate
Main article: Climate of the United Kingdom
The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local
variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the coast. In general the south of the country is warmer than the north, and the west wetter than the east. Due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream, the UK is significantly warmer than some other locations at similar latitude, such as Newfoundland.
The prevailing winds are southwesterly, from the North Atlantic Current. [citation needed]More than 50% of the days are overcast. There are few natural
hazards, although there can be strong winds and floods, especially in winter.
Average annual rainfall varies from over 3,000 mm (118.1 in) in the Scottish Highlands down to 553 mm (21.8 in) in Cambridge. The county of
Essex is one of the driest in the UK, with an average annual rainfall of around 600 mm (23.6 in), although it typically rains on over 100 days per year. In some years rainfall in Essex can be below 450 mm (17.7 in), less than the average annual rainfall in Jerusalem and Beirut.
The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 38.5 ?C (101.3 ?F) at Brogdale, near Faversham, in the county of Kent, on 10 August 2003. The
lowest was ?27.2 ?C (?17.0 ?F) recorded at Braemar in the Grampian
Mountains, Scotland, on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 and Altnaharra, also in Scotland, on 30 December 1995.
Human geography
The United Kingdom is composed of four parts: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
The United Kingdom's cities, other large centres, and selected smaller places Demographics
Main article: Demographics of the United Kingdom
Political geography
Main article: Politics of the United Kingdom
National government
The UK is governed as a whole by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Of the four countries that make the UK, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland have devolved administrations and parliaments/assembly:
, Northern Ireland – Northern Ireland Assembly
, Scotland – Scottish Parliament
, Wales – National Assembly for Wales
[clarification needed]England has no devolved system of governmentthat is, the
Parliament of the United Kingdom serves as (and historically was) the English Parliament. It is governed by UK government ministers and legislated for by the UK parliament. Within England, London has a devolved assembly but proposals for elected Regional Assemblies in England were
rejected in the first referendum covering North East England. See
Government of England.
The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland of 360 km. There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of France and the UK on the Channel Tunnel.
Local government
Main articles: Local government in England, Local government in Scotland, Local government in
Wales, and Local government in Northern Ireland
Each part of the UK is subdivided in further local governmental regions:
, England: Unitary Authorities, county councils, district councils, parish councils
, Wales: Principal areas, communities
, Scotland: Council areas, communities
, Northern Ireland: Districts
Historically the UK was divided into counties or shires: administrative
areas through which all civil responsibilities of the government were
passed. Each county or shire had a county town as its administrative centre
and was divided into individual parishes that were defined along
ecclesiastic boundaries.
Between 1889 (1890 in Scotland) and 1974, the political boundaries were based on the traditional counties, but due to changes in population centres, the traditional counties became impractical as local government
Local Government Act 1972 areas in certain highly urbanised areas. The
created a new system of administrative counties, designed to take account of the widely differing populations across different parts of the country. In the 1990s further population growth led to more political changes on a local level. Unitary authorities were formed across the entire of
Scotland and Wales, and in larger cities in England. Many unpopular
administrative counties were also abolished at this time, leading to a mixture of two-tier and single-purpose authorities. Further reorganisations are planned if and when regional assemblies in England are revisited in the future.
Economic geography
Main article: Economic geography of the United Kingdom
The economic geography of the UK reflects not only its current position in the global economy, but its long history both as a trading nation and an imperial power.
The UK led the industrial revolution and its highly urban character is
a legacy of this, with all its major cities being current or former centres
of various forms of manufacturing. However, this in turn was built on its exploitation of natural resources, especially coal and iron ore.
Primary industry
The UK's primary industry was once dominated by the coal industry, heavily
concentrated in the north, the Midlands and south Wales. This is all but
gone and the major primary industry is North Sea oil. Its activity is
concentrated on the UK Continental Shelf to the north-east of Scotland.
Manufacturing
The UK's heavy manufacturing drove the industrial revolution. A map of the major UK cities gives a good picture of where this activity occurred, in particular Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, London,
Manchester, Newcastle and Sheffield. Today there is no heavy
manufacturing industry in which UK-based firms can be considered world leaders. However, areas of the UK still have a notable manufacturing base, including the Midlands which remains a strong manufacturing centre, and the North West which accounts for 60% of the United Kingdom's [13]manufacturing output. More recently, high technology firms have
concentrated largely along the M4 motorway, partly because of access to
Heathrow Airport, but also because of agglomeration economies.
Finance and services
Once, every large city had a stock exchange. Now, the UK financial industry
is concentrated overwhelmingly in the City of London and Canary Wharf,
with back office and administrative operations often dispersed around the south of England. London is one of the world's great financial centres and is usually referred to as a world city. There is also a significant
legal and ebusiness industry in Leeds.
Regional disparity
The effect of changing economic fortune has contributed to the creation of the so-called North-South divide, in which decaying industrial and
ex-industrial areas of Northern England, Scotland and Wales contrast with the wealthy, finance and technology-led southern economy. This has led successive governments to develop regional policy to try to rectify the
imbalance. However this is not to say that the north-south divide is uniform; some of the worst pockets of deprivation can be found in London,
whilst parts of Cheshire and North Yorkshire are very wealthy. Nor is the
North-South divide limited to the economic sphere; cultural and political divisions weigh heavily too.
Natural resources
Main article: Economy of the United Kingdom
Historically, much of the United Kingdom was forested. Since prehistoric
times, man has deforested much of the United Kingdom.
Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European
standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour
force. It contributes around 2% of GDP. Around two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one third to arable crops.
In 1993, it was estimated that land use was:
, Arable land: 25%
, Permanent crops: 0%
, Permanent pastures: 46%
, Forests and Woodland: 10%
, Other: 19%
, Irrigated: 1,080 km?
The UK has a variety of natural resources including:
, Geological: coal, petroleum, natural gas, limestone, chalk, gypsum, silica, rock salt, china
clay, iron ore, tin, silver, gold, lead.
, Agricultural: arable land, wheat, barley, sheep
The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Due to the island location of the UK, the country has
great potential for generating electricity from wave power and tidal power,
although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis.
Environment
Current issues
England is one of the most densely populated countries/regions in the [14]world, and the most densely populated major nation in Europe. The high
population density (especially in the southeast of England) coupled with
a changing climate, is likely to put extreme pressure on the United [15]Kingdom's water resources in the future.
The United Kingdom is reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It has met Kyoto
Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010. By 2015, to recycle or compost at least 33% of household waste. Between 1998-99 and 1999–2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3%
respectively.
International agreements
The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands and Whaling.
The UK has signed, but not ratified, the international agreement on Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Antipodes
The antipodes of the British Isles lie in the South Pacific, between New
Zealand's Campbell Islands (off southern Ireland) and Antipodes Islands
(across the Channel in Normandy). However, several British Overseas
Territories are antipodal to land.
The antipodes of the Falkland Islands overlie the border of Chinese
northern Inner Mongolia and Russian Siberia (Trans-Baikal Territory).
Neighboring uninhabited South Georgia Island equates to the northern tip
of Sakhalin. The southern South Sandwich Islands overlap with Russia near
Magadan.
Gibraltar just touches the coast of New Zealand between Auckland and
Whangarei. The Pitcairns are in Saudi Arabia, near the coast with Qatar
and Bahrain, while neighboring Ducie's are in the UAE between Dubai and
Abu Dhabi. Bermuda isn't antipodal to land, but is close, within 30 km of the Australian coast near Perth.
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范文三:英国能源与自然资源
英国能源与自然资源
Energy and natural resources
Britain has a wealth of fossil fuel resources and a more rational and balanced energy distribution than many other countries. In 1998, the country consumed 31.6% of the energy in transportation, 27.2% of civil energy consumption, 20.6% of industrial consumption, and 12.8% of energy consumption in commercial, agricultural and public facilities. The energy industry employs 200 thousand people directly.
energy policy
The government's energy policy is based on a competitive price to ensure the reliability, variety, richness, and
sustainability of the energy supply. All gas markets and power markets in the UK are open and fully competitive. In the long run, there must be a balance between the growth in demand and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. A new energy tax will begin in April 2001 with the aim of encouraging businesses to use energy more effectively.
Efficient use of energy
During the period of 1998-99 for effective use of British government kikinda 1 billion 470 million yuan energy plan. This is a key part of the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. According to the forecast, by 2010, from the civilian perspective, through improving the utilization rate of each year can save up to 6 million 500 thousand tons of carbon energy; commercial and industrial buildings can save 5 million tons of
coal, and public buildings can save 1 million 100 thousand tons. There are a series of projects to provide effective energy use advice for business and home users. England and Welsh each new family must abide by and set as home energy tax standard assessment program, this assessment program reflects the energy effect and the impact on the environment, and household equipment must have the energy label.
Oil and gas
In the British continental shelf, the first discovery of valuable offshore oil was made in 1969. Today, the daily output of crude oil and liquefied natural gas in Britain has exceeded 2 million 700 thousand barrels. Become the ninth largest producer of the world. By the end of March 1999, production has 204 offshore oil and gas fields, only in 1998 on the approval of 24 new mining projects. Britain's largest onshore oil field is located in Dorset Weiqi farm. Two large oil companies are BP and Shell transportation and trading companies.
In 1967, gas was first developed and replaced by gas in the city's public gas supply system in England, Scotland and Welsh by 1997. Gas now accounts for 38% of the UK's basic fuel consumption in the uk. By the end of 1998, its local output amounted to 95 billion 503 million cubic meters. At present, the total remaining reserves of natural gas is estimated to be 18000 cubic meters.
coal
In recent decades, with the closure of many coal mines, the size
of the coal industry has clearly narrowed. However, in 1998 the coal consumption still amounted to 63 million tons, of which more than three out of the four used for power generation. In 1997, the number of deep coal mines and open pit mines in the UK was 17% and 10% respectively. The low sulphur mines mined in Scotland and southern Welsh are mostly open pit mines.
power
There are 71 power companies in England and Welsh that sell power to power suppliers through a market mechanism known as "pooling".
The national power grid has and operates the power conversion system and is responsible for generating power generation plans as needed. Power transmission (the transfer of power from the national power network to consumers via local networks) is undertaken by 12 regional power companies across the country. Since 1999, consumers in England, Scotland and Welsh can all choose where to buy their own electricity.
In Scotland, the Scotland power group and the Scotland hydraulic power group develop, transform, transmit and supply the power within their respective lines of operation. At the same time, by contract, the electricity produced by two nuclear power plants of the British energy company will have to be purchased by 2005. In Northern Ireland, three companies are generating electricity from four power plants, and the city sells its power to Northern Ireland electric power, the company that controls power conversion, transmission and power supply in the region.
In 1998, the UK sold 305 trillion watts of power through a transmission system.
Nuclear power now accounts for 30% of total electricity supply, and its growth is offset by a decline in coal and fuel power generation and, consequently, reductions in greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions.
Renewable energy
New energy and renewable energy including large and small hydropower, wind power, solar energy and biomass energy (gas underground waste and energy produced by garbage and waste of energy), 1998 the total generating capacity of 2%. Power generation accounts for 3/4 of the total.
The government is conducting the development of renewable energy, and in 1999-2002 years the appropriation for research and development has increased to RMB 587 million yuan. The goal is to bring renewable energy to Britain by 10% by 2010.
Fresh water supply
3/4 of Britain's fresh water is collected from the mountains, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. About 1/4 of them are underground water. The quality of drinking water is very high. The eastern and southeastern parts of England depend more on ground water than anywhere else in britain. Scotland and Welsh can obtain relatively abundant fresh water from the uplands. Northern Ireland also has a wealth of fresh water and industrial
water resources.
To prevent future shortages of water resources, the government intends to speed up the licensing of water resources. Water industry companies must set targets to reduce the leakage of water pipes to less than 26%.
范文四:英国能源与自然资源[技巧]
英国能源与自然资源
能源和自然资源
英国拥有丰富的矿物燃料资源以及比其他许多国家都更为合理而平衡的能源分布。1998年全国在交通方面消耗了31.6%的能源,民用能源消耗量占27.2%,工业消耗量占20.6%,商业、农业及公共设施的能源消耗量则占12.8%。能源产业直接雇佣员工为20万人。
能源政策
政府的能源政策是在有竞争力的价格基础之上确保能源供应的可靠性、种类的丰富性以及持续性。英国所有燃气市场和电力市场都已开放,实行完全竞争机制。从长远来说,在经济需求的增长以及降低能源消耗所带来的温室废气排放物这两者之间必须找到平衡的办法。2001年4月将开始征收一种新能源税,目的是促使各商业机构更有效地使用能源。
能源的有效利用
1998-99年间英国用于有效利用能源计划的政府基金达14.7亿元人民币。这是减少温室效应下气体排放物对策的关键部分。据预测,到2010年,从民用角度来说,通过提高建筑物的能源利用率每年可以省下多达650万吨的炭;商业和工业建筑可以省下500万吨煤炭,而公共建筑则可以省下110万吨。有一系列的项目为企业和家庭用户提供有效利用能源的建议。英格兰和威尔士每一个新的家庭都要遵守为家庭能源税而设的标准评估程序,这一评估程序体现出能源的效力以及对环境造成的影响,并且家用设备必须拥有能源标签。
石油和燃气
在英国大陆架第一次发现值得开采的远洋石油是在1969年。现在英国的原油和液化天然气的日产量已超过270万桶。成为世界第九大生产国。到1999年3月底,已有204个海上油田和天然气田投产,仅1998年就批准了24个新的开采项目。英国最大的陆上油田是位于多塞特的威齐农场。两家量大的石油公司为英国石油公司及壳牌运输和贸易公司。
1967年天然气首次得到开发利用,到1997年它已在英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的城市公共供气系统中取代了煤气。现在天然气在英国的内陆基础燃料消费中已占到38%。到1998年底其本土产量达955.03亿立方米。而目前发现的剩余天然气储备总量估计还有18,000亿立方米。
煤炭
近几十年随着许多煤矿的关闭,煤炭业的规模明显地在缩小。然而,1998年岛内煤炭消耗量仍达6,300万吨,其中超过四分之三都用于发电。1997年,英国的深井煤矿开采量和露天矿开采量分别是17%和10%。在苏格兰和南威尔士开采的低硫煤矿大多为露天矿。
电力
英格兰和威尔士共有71家电力公司,通过一种所谓"联营"的市场机制将电力出售给供电商。国家电力网拥有并操纵着电力转换系统,并负责按需制定发电计划。电力发送(将电力从国家电力网上通过地方网络转给消费者)由全国12家区域电力公司承担。从1999年起,英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的消费者都可以自己选择从何处买电。
在苏格兰,由苏格兰能源集团和苏格兰水力集团在其相应的经营范围内对电力进行开发、转换、发送和供应。同时,按合同规定,在2005年前必须购买英国能源公司的两家核电站所生产的电。在北爱尔兰,则由三家公司从四个发电部进行发电,他们城将所发电力出售给北爱尔兰电力公司,该公司独掌该区域的电力转换、发送及供电大权。
1998年全英国通过发送系统售出的电力达305万亿瓦小时。
核电现在已占到电力总供应量的30%,它的增长抵消了煤炭和燃油发电量的下降,也因此而减少了温室效应下的气体和二氧化碳排放物。
能源的更新
新的能源和再生性能源包括大型和小型的水力、风力、太阳能和生物能源(地下垃圾产生的燃气以及由垃圾和能源垃圾产生的能源),1998年占全部发电容量的2%。流动水的发电项目则占这个总量的四分之三。
政府正在进行再生性能源的开发工作,1999-2002年间用于研究和开发的拨款已增至5.87亿元人民币。目标是到2010年前要使再生性能源为英国提供10%的电力。
淡水供应
英国的淡水有四分之三采自山中的湖水、水库蓄水以及河流。其中大约有四分之一是地下水。饮用水的质量很高。英格兰东部和东南部比起英国别的地方来说更依赖于地下水。苏格兰和威尔士则可以从高地获取相对丰富的淡水。北爱尔兰也拥有丰富的民用淡水和工业用
水资源。
为防止未来水资源的匮乏,政府打算加快对抽取水资源进行执照
管理的进度。水行业公司必须设定目标将供水管的渗漏减至26%以下。
范文五:英国能源与自然资源
能源和自然资源
英国拥有丰富的矿物燃料资源以及比其他许多国家都更为合理而平衡的能源分布。1998年全国在交通方面消耗了31.6%的能源,民用能源消耗量占27.2%,工业消耗量占20.6%,商业、农业及公共设施的能源消耗量则占12.8%。能源产业直接雇佣员工为20万人。
能源政策
政府的能源政策是在有竞争力的价格基础之上确保能源供应的可靠性、种类的丰富性以及持续性。英国所有燃气市场和电力市场都已开放,实行完全竞争机制。从长远来说,在经济需求的增长以及降低能源消耗所带来的温室废气排放物这两者之间必须找到平衡的办法。2001年4月将开始征收一种新能源税,目的是促使各商业机构更有效地使用能源。
能源的有效利用
1998-99年间英国用于有效利用能源计划的政府基金达14.7亿元人民币。这是减少温室效应下气体排放物对策的关键部分。据预测,到2010年,从民用角度来说,通过提高建筑物的能源利用率每年可以省下多达650万吨的炭;商业和工业建筑可以省下500万吨煤炭,而公共建筑则可以省下110万吨。有一系列的项目为企业和家庭用户提供有效利用能源的建议。英格兰和威尔士每一个新的家庭都要遵守为家庭能源税而设的标准评估程序,这一评估程序体现出能源的效力以及对环境造成的影响,并且家用设备必须拥有能源标签。
石油和燃气
在英国大陆架第一次发现值得开采的远洋石油是在1969年。现在英国的原油和液化天然气的日产量已超过270万桶。成为世界第九大生产国。到1999年3月底,已有204个海上油田和天然气田投产,仅1998年就批准了24个新的开采项目。英国最大的陆上油田是位于多塞特的威齐农场。两家量大的石油公司为英国石油公司及壳牌运输和贸易公司。
1967年天然气首次得到开发利用,到1997年它已在英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的城市公共供气系统中取代了煤气。现在天然气在英国的内陆基础燃料消费中已占到38%。到1998年底其本土产量达955.03亿立方米。而目前发现的剩余天然气储备总量估计还有18,000亿立方米。
煤炭
近几十年随着许多煤矿的关闭,煤炭业的规模明显地在缩小。然而,1998年岛内煤炭消耗量仍达6,300万吨,其中超过四分之三都用于发电。1997年,英国的深井煤矿开采量和露天矿开采量分别是17%和10%。在苏格兰和南威尔士开采的低硫煤矿大多为露天矿。
电力
英格兰和威尔士共有71家电力公司,通过一种所谓"联营"的市场机制将电力出售给供电商。国家电力网拥有并操纵着电力转换系统,并负责按需制定发电计划。电力发送(将电力从国家电力网上通过地方
网络转给消费者)由全国12家区域电力公司承担。从1999年起,英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的消费者都可以自己选择从何处买电。
在苏格兰,由苏格兰能源集团和苏格兰水力集团在其相应的经营范围内对电力进行开发、转换、发送和供应。同时,按合同规定,在2005年前必须购买英国能源公司的两家核电站所生产的电。在北爱尔兰,则由三家公司从四个发电部进行发电,他们城将所发电力出售给北爱尔兰电力公司,该公司独掌该区域的电力转换、发送及供电大权。
1998年全英国通过发送系统售出的电力达305万亿瓦小时。
核电现在已占到电力总供应量的30%,它的增长抵消了煤炭和燃油发电量的下降,也因此而减少了温室效应下的气体和二氧化碳排放物。
能源的更新
新的能源和再生性能源包括大型和小型的水力、风力、太阳能和生物能源(地下垃圾产生的燃气以及由垃圾和能源垃圾产生的能源),1998年占全部发电容量的2%。流动水的发电项目则占这个总量的四分之三。
政府正在进行再生性能源的开发工作,1999-2002年间用于研究和开发的拨款已增至5.87亿元人民币。目标是到2010年前要使再生性能源为英国提供10%的电力。
淡水供应
英国的淡水有四分之三采自山中的湖水、水库蓄水以及河流。其中大约有四分之一是地下水。饮用水的质量很高。英格兰东部和东南部比起英国别的地方来说更依赖于地下水。苏格兰和威尔士则可以从高地获取相对丰富的淡水。北爱尔兰也拥有丰富的民用淡水和工业用水资源。
为防止未来水资源的匮乏,政府打算加快对抽取水资源进行执照管理的进度。水行业公司必须设定目标将供水管的渗漏减至26%以下。